1
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Leib N, Cheney M, Burkhardt JN, Nelson E, Diffley S, Salvator A, Davis T, Robinson FE, Brown DJ, Frasier L, Sams V, Strilka RJ. Impact of Rank, Provider Specialty, and Unit Sustainment Training Frequency on Military Critical Care Air Transport Team Readiness. Mil Med 2024:usae113. [PMID: 38687580 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Critical Care Air Transport (CCAT) Advanced Course utilizes fully immersive high-fidelity simulations to assess personnel readiness for deployment. This study aims to determine whether simple well-defined demographic identifiers can be used to predict CCAT students' performance at CCAT Advanced. MATERIALS AND METHODS CCAT Advanced student survey data and course status (pass/fail) between March 2006 and April 2020 were analyzed. The data included students' Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC), military status (active duty and reserve/guard), CCAT deployment experience (yes/no), prior CCAT Advanced training (yes/no), medical specialty, rank, and unit sustainment training frequency (never, frequency less often than monthly, and frequency at least monthly). Following descriptive analysis and comparative tests, multivariable regression was used to identify the predictors of passing the CCAT Advanced course for each provider type. RESULTS A total of 2,576 student surveys were analyzed: 694 (27%) physicians (MDs), 1,051 (40%) registered nurses (RNs), and 842 (33%) respiratory therapists (RTs). The overall passing rates were 92.2%, 90.3%, and 85.4% for the MDs, RNs, and RTs, respectively. The students were composed of 579 (22.5%) reserve/guard personnel, 636 (24.7%) with CCAT deployment experience, and 616 (23.9%) with prior CCAT Advanced training. Regression analysis identified groups with lower odds of passing; these included (1) RNs who promoted from Captain to Major (post-hoc analysis, P = .03), (2) RTs with rank Senior Airman, as compared to Master Sergeants (post-hoc analysis, P = .04), and (3) MDs with a nontraditional AFSC (P = .0004). Predictors of passing included MDs and RNs with CCAT deployment experience, odds ratio 2.97 (P = .02) and 2.65 (P = .002), respectively; and RTs who engaged in unit CCAT sustainment at least monthly (P = .02). The identifiers prior CCAT Advanced training or reserve/guard military status did not confer a passing advantage. CONCLUSION Our main result is that simple readily available metrics available to unit commanders can identify those members at risk for poor performance at CCAT Advanced readiness training; these include RNs with rank Major or above, RTs with rank Senior Airman, and RTs who engage in unit sustainment training less often than monthly. Finally, MD specialties which are nontraditional for CCAT have significantly lower CCAT Advanced passing rates, reserve/guard students did not outperform active duty students, there was no difference in the performance between different RN specialties, and for MD and RN students' previous deployment experience was a strong predictor of passing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Leib
- University of Cincinnati Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Mark Cheney
- University of Cincinnati Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Joshua N Burkhardt
- University of Cincinnati Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- University of Cincinnati Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Shannon Diffley
- University of Cincinnati Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Ann Salvator
- Air Force Research Laboratory Airman Biosciences Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Tyler Davis
- United States Air Force En route Care Research Center/59th MDW/Science and Technology, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - F Eric Robinson
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, USA
| | - Daniel J Brown
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
| | - Lane Frasier
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Valerie Sams
- University of Cincinnati Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Richard J Strilka
- University of Cincinnati Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
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Aftab S, Nelson E, Hildreth M, Wang X. Silencing RNA-Mediated Knockdown of IFITM3 Enhances Senecavirus A Replication. Pathogens 2024; 13:290. [PMID: 38668245 PMCID: PMC11054092 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes vesicular diseases in pigs. Interferon-induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that exhibits broad antiviral activity. We investigated the role of IFITM3 in SVA replication. Both viral protein expression and supernatant virus titer were significantly increased when endogenous IFITM3 was knocked down by approximately 80% in human non-smallcell lung carcinoma cell line (NCI-H1299) compared to silencing RNA control. Interestingly, overexpression of exogenous IFITM3 in NCI-H1299 cells also significantly enhanced viral protein expression and virus titer compared to vector control, which was positively correlated with induction of autophagy mediated by IFITM3 overexpression. Overall, our results indicate an antiviral role of endogenous IFITM3 against SVA. The exact molecular mechanisms by which endogenous IFITM3 limits SVA replication remain to be determined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamiq Aftab
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Michael Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (S.A.); (M.H.)
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Wongkuna S, Ambat A, Ghimire S, Mattiello SP, Maji A, Kumar R, Antony L, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Janvilisri T, Nelson E, Doerner KC, More S, Behr M, Scaria J. Identification of a microbial sub-community from the feral chicken gut that reduces Salmonella colonization and improves gut health in a gnotobiotic chicken model. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0162123. [PMID: 38315031 PMCID: PMC10913435 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01621-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A complex microbial community in the gut may prevent the colonization of enteric pathogens such as Salmonella. Some individual or a combination of species in the gut may confer colonization resistance against Salmonella. To gain a better understanding of the colonization resistance against Salmonella enterica, we isolated a library of 1,300 bacterial strains from feral chicken gut microbiota which represented a total of 51 species. Using a co-culture assay, we screened the representative species from this library and identified 30 species that inhibited Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro. To improve the Salmonella inhibition capacity, from a pool of fast-growing species, we formulated 66 bacterial blends, each of which composed of 10 species. Bacterial blends were more efficient in inhibiting Salmonella as compared to individual species. The blend that showed maximum inhibition (Mix10) also inhibited other serotypes of Salmonella frequently found in poultry. The in vivo effect of Mix10 was examined in a gnotobiotic and conventional chicken model. The Mix10 consortium significantly reduced Salmonella load at day 2 post-infection in gnotobiotic chicken model and decreased intestinal tissue damage and inflammation in both models. Cell-free supernatant of Mix10 did not show Salmonella inhibition, indicating that Mix10 inhibits Salmonella through either nutritional competition, competitive exclusion, or through reinforcement of host immunity. Out of 10 species, 3 species in Mix10 did not colonize, while 3 species constituted more than 70% of the community. Two of these species were previously uncultured bacteria. Our approach could be used as a high-throughput screening system to identify additional bacterial sub-communities that confer colonization resistance against enteric pathogens and its effect on the host.IMPORTANCESalmonella colonization in chicken and human infections originating from Salmonella-contaminated poultry is a significant problem. Poultry has been identified as the most common food linked to enteric pathogen outbreaks in the United States. Since multi-drug-resistant Salmonella often colonize chicken and cause human infections, methods to control Salmonella colonization in poultry are needed. The method we describe here could form the basis of developing gut microbiota-derived bacterial blends as a microbial ecosystem therapeutic against Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supapit Wongkuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Achuthan Ambat
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Samara Paula Mattiello
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Abhijit Maji
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Linto Antony
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | | | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Kinchel C. Doerner
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Sunil More
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Melissa Behr
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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4
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Pranda PA, Hedegaard A, Kim H, Clapper J, Nelson E, Hines L, Hayward RC, White TJ. Directional Adhesion of Monodomain Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:6394-6402. [PMID: 38266384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are widely employed in consumer goods, health care, and commercial industry. Anisotropic adhesion of PSAs is often desirable to enable high force capacity coupled with facile release and has typically been realized through the introduction of complex surface and/or bulk microstructures while also maintaining high surface conformability. Although effective, microstructure fabrication can add cost and complexity to adhesive fabrication. Here, we explore aligned liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) as directional adhesives. Aligned LCEs exhibit direction-dependent stiffness, dissipation, and nonlinear deformation under load. By varying the cross-link content, we study how the bulk mechanical properties of LCEs correlate to their peel strength and peel anisotropy. We demonstrate up to a 9-fold difference in peel force measured when the LCE is peeled parallel vs perpendicular to the alignment axis. Opportunities to spatially localize adhesion are presented in a monolithic LCE patterned with different director orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Pranda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Hyunki Kim
- 3M Company, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55144, United States
| | - Jason Clapper
- 3M Company, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55144, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- 3M Company, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55144, United States
| | - Lindsey Hines
- 3M Company, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55144, United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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5
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Dee S, Clement T, Nelson E. Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in domestic pigs via oral ingestion of feed material. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:1-4. [PMID: 38103379 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.08.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this case study was to describe the transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) under field and experimental conditions via the consumption of PRRSV-positive swine feed. ANIMALS 1 domestic swine breeding herd and 20 laboratory-maintained experimental domestic pigs. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES A 2,500-sow PRRSV-naïve biosecure breeding herd became infected during the autumn months. It experienced a feed outage involving a specific bin on October 23 (day 0), with the bin refilled on October 24 (day 1). From October 28 to 30 (days 5 to 7), signs of anorexia and hyperemia were observed in 30 gestating sows after consuming feed from this bin. On November 1 (day 9), blood samples from 10 affected sows were PRRSV positive by reverse transcriptase PCR. In contrast, sows in the same room that had consumed feed from other bins were clinically normal and PRRSV negative. To investigate whether the feed delivery introduced PRRSV to the herd, on November 2 (day 10) 4 samples of feed material from the interior walls of the index bin were collected and tested by reverse transcriptase PCR. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME All 4 samples were positive for PRRSV RNA with cycle threshold values ranging from 26 to 29. Nucleic acid sequencing indicated that the open reading frame 5 region of the PRRSV in feed samples was 100% homologous to PRRSV from index cases. To assess viability of the virus, PRRSV-naïve pigs were allowed to consume the index feed bin samples and became infected with PRRSV based on viral RNA in oral fluid samples, clinical signs, and postmortem lesions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggest that feed was a likely source of PRRSV introduction to the herd. This is the first report of PRRSV transmission through feed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis Clement
- 2Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Eric Nelson
- 2Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
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6
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Jain S, Armstrong M, Luna J, Thakkar RK, Fabia R, Groner JI, Noffsinger D, Ni A, Nelson E, Xiang H. Features of virtual reality impact effectiveness of VR pain alleviation therapeutics in pediatric burn patients: A randomized clinical trial. PLOS Digit Health 2024; 3:e0000440. [PMID: 38271320 PMCID: PMC10810440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Key features of virtual reality (VR) that impact the effectiveness of pain reduction remain unknown. We hypothesized that specific features of the VR experience significantly impact VR's effectiveness in reducing pain during pediatric burn dressing care. Our randomized controlled trial included children 6 to 17 years (inclusive) who were treated in the outpatient clinic of an American Burn Association-verified pediatric burn center. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to active VR (playing the VR), passive VR (immersed in the same VR environment without interactions), or standard-of-care. On a scale from 0 to 100, participants rated overall pain (primary outcome) and features of the VR experience (game realism, fun, and engagement). Path analysis assessed the interrelationships among these VR key features and their impact on self-reported pain scores. From December 2016 to January 2019, a total of 412 patients were screened for eligibility, and 90 were randomly assigned (31 in the active VR group, 30 in the passive VR group, and 29 in the standard-of-care group). The current study only included those in the VR groups. The difference in median scores of VR features was not statistically significant between the active (realism, 77.5 [IQR: 50-100]; fun, 100 [IQR: 81-100]; engagement, 90 [IQR: 70-100]) and passive (realism, 72 [IQR: 29-99]; fun, 93.5 [IQR: 68-100]; engagement, 95 [IQR: 50-100]) VR distraction types. VR engagement had a significant direct (-0.39) and total (-0.44) effect on self-reported pain score (p<0.05). Key VR features significantly impact its effectiveness in pain reduction. The path model suggested an analgesic mechanism beyond distraction. Differences in VR feature scores partly explain active VR's more significant analgesic effect than passive VR. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04544631.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumil Jain
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Megan Armstrong
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Luna
- IT Research and Innovation, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rajan K. Thakkar
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Trauma and Burn Program, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Renata Fabia
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Trauma and Burn Program, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan I. Groner
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Trauma and Burn Program, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dana Noffsinger
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Trauma and Burn Program, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ai Ni
- Division of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric Nelson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Henry Xiang
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Yu J, Sreenivasan C, Sheng Z, Zhai SL, Wollman JW, Luo S, Huang C, Gao R, Wang Z, Kaushik RS, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E, Hause BM, Li F, Wang D. A recombinant chimeric influenza virus vaccine expressing the consensus H3 hemagglutinin elicits broad hemagglutination inhibition antibodies against divergent swine H3N2 influenza viruses. Vaccine 2023; 41:6318-6326. [PMID: 37689544 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The global distribution and ongoing evolution of type A swine influenza virus (IAV-S) continue to pose significant challenges against developing broadly protective vaccines to control swine influenza. This study focuses on the hemagglutinin (HA) consensus-based approach towards developing a more broadly protective swine influenza vaccine against various H3 strains circulating in domestic pig populations. By computationally analyzing >1000 swine H3 full-length HA sequences, we generated a consensus H3 and expressed it in the context of influenza A WSN/33 reverse genetics system. The derived recombinant chimeric swine influenza virus with the consensus H3 was inactivated and further evaluated as a potential universal vaccine in pigs. The consensus H3 vaccine elicited broadly active hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against divergent swine H3N2 influenza viruses including human H3N2 variant of concern, and strains belong to genetic clusters IV, IV-A, IV-B, IV-C, IV-D and IV-F. Importantly, vaccinated pigs were completely protected against challenge with a clinical swine H3N2 isolate in that neither viral shedding nor replication in lungs of vaccinated pigs were observed. These findings warrant further study of the consensus H3 vaccine platform for broad protection against diverse swine influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshi Yu
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Zhizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shao-Lun Zhai
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Jared W Wollman
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ben M Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Thomas M, Hause B, Christopher-Hennings J, Miskimis D, Pillatzki A, Nelson E, Wang D, Li F. Prevalence and characterization of seven-segmented influenza viruses in bovine respiratory disease complex. Virology 2023; 587:109859. [PMID: 37544044 PMCID: PMC10592214 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial respiratory disease of cattle. Seven-segmented influenza C (ICV) and D (IDV) viruses have been identified in cattle with BRD, however, molecular epidemiology and prevalence of IDV and ICV in the diseased population remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a molecular screening of 208 lung samples of bovine pneumonia cases for the presence of IDV and ICV. Our results demonstrated that both viruses were prevalent in BRD cases and the overall positivity rates of IDV and ICV were 20.88% and 5.99% respectively. Further analysis of three IDV strains isolated from lungs of cattle with BRD showed that these lung-tropic strains belonged to D/Michigan/2019 clade and diverged antigenically from the circulating dominant IDV clades D/OK and D/660. Our results reveal that IDV and ICV are associated with BRD complex and support a role for IDV and ICV in the etiology of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Ben Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dale Miskimis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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9
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Cheney MA, Smith MP, Burkhardt JN, Davis WT, Brown DJ, Horn C, Hare J, Alderman M, Nelson E, Proctor M, Goodman M, Sams V, Thiele R, Strilka RJ. The Ability of Military Critical Care Air Transport Members to Visually Estimate Percent Systolic Pressure Variation. Mil Med 2023:usad281. [PMID: 37489875 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inappropriate fluid management during patient transport may lead to casualty morbidity. Percent systolic pressure variation (%SPV) is one of several technologies that perform a dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness (FT-DYN). Trained anesthesia providers can visually estimate and use %SPV to limit the incidence of erroneous volume management decisions to 1-4%. However, the accuracy of visually estimated %SPV by other specialties is unknown. The aim of this article is to determine the accuracy of estimated %SPV and the incidence of erroneous volume management decisions for Critical Care Air Transport (CCAT) team members before and after training to visually estimate and utilize %SPV. MATERIAL AND METHODS In one sitting, CCAT team providers received didactics defining %SPV and indicators of fluid responsiveness and treatment with %SPV ≤7 and ≥14.5 defining a fluid nonresponsive and responsive patient, respectively; they were then shown ten 45-second training arterial waveforms on a simulated Propaq M portable monitor's screen. Study subjects were asked to visually estimate %SPV for each arterial waveform and queried whether they would treat with a fluid bolus. After each training simulation, they were told the true %SPV. Seven days post-training, the subjects were shown a different set of ten 45-second testing simulations and asked to estimate %SPV and choose to treat, or not. Nonparametric limits of agreement for differences between true and estimated %SPV were analyzed using Bland-Altman graphs. In addition, three errors were defined: (1) %SPV visual estimate errors that would label a volume responsive patient as nonresponsive, or vice versa; (2) incorrect treatment decisions based on estimated %SPV (algorithm application errors); and (3) incorrect treatment decisions based on true %SPV (clinically significant treatment errors). For the training and testing simulations, these error rates were compared between, and within, provider groups. RESULTS Sixty-one physicians (MDs), 64 registered nurses (RNs), and 53 respiratory technicians (RTs) participated in the study. For testing simulations, the incidence and 95% CI for %SPV estimate errors with sufficient magnitude to result in a treatment error were 1.4% (0.5%, 3.2%), 1.6% (0.6%, 3.4%), and 4.1% (2.2%, 6.9%) for MDs, RNs, and RTs, respectively. However, clinically significant treatment errors were statistically more common for all provider types, occurring at a rate of 7%, 10%, and 23% (all P < .05). Finally, students did not show clinically relevant reductions in their errors between training and testing simulations. CONCLUSIONS Although most practitioners correctly visually estimated %SPV and all students completed the training in interpreting and applying %SPV, all groups persisted in making clinically significant treatment errors with moderate to high frequency. This suggests that the treatment errors were more often driven by misapplying FT-DYN algorithms rather than by inaccurate visual estimation of %SPV. Furthermore, these errors were not responsive to training, suggesting that a decision-making cognitive aid may improve CCAT teams' ability to apply FT-DYN technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Cheney
- Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Maia P Smith
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
| | - Joshua N Burkhardt
- Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - William T Davis
- United States Air Force En Route Care Research Center, 59th Medical Wing, Science and Technology, Lackland AFB TX 78236, USA
| | - Daniel J Brown
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
| | - Christopher Horn
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Jonathan Hare
- Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Mark Alderman
- Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Melissa Proctor
- Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Michael Goodman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Valerie Sams
- Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Robert Thiele
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Richard J Strilka
- Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
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Sreenivasan CC, Liu R, Gao R, Guo Y, Hause BM, Thomas M, Naveed A, Clement T, Rausch D, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E, Druce J, Zhao M, Kaushik RS, Li Q, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Influenza C and D Viruses Demonstrated a Differential Respiratory Tissue Tropism in a Comparative Pathogenesis Study in Guinea Pigs. J Virol 2023; 97:e0035623. [PMID: 37199648 PMCID: PMC10308911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00356-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza C virus (ICV) is increasingly associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and its disease severity is worse than the influenza B virus, but similar to influenza A virus associated CAP. Despite the ubiquitous infection landscape of ICV in humans, little is known about its replication and pathobiology in animals. The goal of this study was to understand the replication kinetics, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis of human ICV (huICV) in comparison to the swine influenza D virus (swIDV) in guinea pigs. Intranasal inoculation of both viruses did not cause clinical signs, however, the infected animals shed virus in nasal washes. The huICV replicated in the nasal turbinates, soft palate, and trachea but not in the lungs while swIDV replicated in all four tissues. A comparative analysis of tropism and pathogenesis of these two related seven-segmented influenza viruses revealed that swIDV-infected animals exhibited broad tissue tropism with an increased rate of shedding on 3, 5, and 7 dpi and high viral loads in the lungs compared to huICV. Seroconversion occurred late in the huICV group at 14 dpi, while swIDV-infected animals seroconverted at 7 dpi. Guinea pigs infected with huICV exhibited mild to moderate inflammatory changes in the epithelium of the soft palate and trachea, along with mucosal damage and multifocal alveolitis in the lungs. In summary, the replication kinetics and pathobiological characteristics of ICV in guinea pigs agree with the clinical manifestation of ICV infection in humans, and hence guinea pigs could be used to study these distantly related influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Similar to influenza A and B, ICV infections are seen associated with bacterial and viral co-infections which complicates the assessment of its real clinical significance. Further, the antivirals against influenza A and B viruses are ineffective against ICV which mandates the need to study the pathobiological aspects of this virus. Here we demonstrated that the respiratory tract of guinea pigs possesses specific viral receptors for ICV. We also compared the replication kinetics and pathogenesis of huICV and swIDV, as these viruses share 50% sequence identity. The tissue tropism and pathology associated with huICV in guinea pigs are analogous to the mild respiratory disease caused by ICV in humans, thereby demonstrating the suitability of guinea pigs to study ICV. Our comparative analysis revealed that huICV and swIDV replicated differentially in the guinea pigs suggesting that the type-specific genetic differences can result in the disparity of the viral shedding and tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Ahsan Naveed
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Travis Clement
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Dana Rausch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Julian Druce
- Virology Section, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miaoyun Zhao
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Radhey S. Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Remiszewski N, Bryant JE, Rutherford SE, Marquand AF, Nelson E, Askar I, Lahti AC, Kraguljac NV. Contrasting Case-Control and Normative Reference Approaches to Capture Clinically Relevant Structural Brain Abnormalities in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis Who Are Antipsychotic Naive. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:1133-1138. [PMID: 36169987 PMCID: PMC9520436 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance To make progress toward precision psychiatry, it is crucial to move beyond case-control studies and instead capture individual variations and interpret them in the context of a normal range of biological systems. Objective To evaluate whether baseline deviations from a normative reference range in subcortical volumes are better predictors of antipsychotic treatment response than raw volumes in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) who were naive to antipsychotic medication. Design, Setting, and Participants In this prospective longitudinal study, patients with first-episode psychosis who were referred from different clinical settings (emergency department, inpatient units, and outpatient clinics) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham were included. A total of 286 patients were screened, 114 consented, 104 enrolled in the treatment trial, and 85 completed the trial. Patients were observed for 16 weeks. Controls were matched by age and sex. Data were collected between June 2016 and July 2021, and data were analyzed from August 2021 to June 2022. Interventions Risperidone on a flexible dosing scheme for 16 weeks. There was an option to switch to aripiprazole for excessive adverse effects. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome of this study was to evaluate, in patients with FEP who were naive to antipsychotic medication, the association of baseline raw volumes and volume deviations in subcortical brain regions with response to antipsychotic medication. Raw brain volumes or volume deviation changes after treatment were not examined. Results Of 190 included participants, 111 (58.4%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 23.7 (5.5) years. Volumes and deviations were quantified in 98 patients with FEP, and data from 92 controls were used as comparison for case-control contrasts and reference curve calibration. In case-control contrasts, patients with FEP had lower raw thalamus (P = .002; F = 9.63; df = 1), hippocampus (P = .009; F = 17.23; df = 1), amygdala (P = .01; F = 6.55; df = 1), ventral diencephalon (P = .03; F = 4.84; df = 1), and brainstem volumes (P = .004; F = 8.39; df = 1). Of 98 patients, 36 patients with FEP (36%) displayed extreme deviations. Associations with treatment response significantly differed between raw volume and deviation measures in the caudate (z = -2.17; P = .03) and putamen (z = -2.15; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance These data suggest that normative modeling allows capture of interindividual heterogeneity of regional brain volumes in patients with FEP and characterize structural pathology in a clinically relevant fashion. This holds promise for progress in precision medicine in psychiatry, where group-level studies have failed to derive reliable maps of structural pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Remiszewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - James Edward Bryant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Saige E. Rutherford
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andre F. Marquand
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Ibrahim Askar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Adrienne Carol Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Nina Vanessa Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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More‐Bayona JA, Ramirez‐Velasquez M, Hause B, Nelson E, Rivera‐Geronimo H. First isolation and whole genome characterization of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs in Peru. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1561-e1573. [PMID: 35184388 PMCID: PMC9790302 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus is a newly emergent enteric pathogen affecting swine farms worldwide. It has been detected in several countries in Europe, Asia and North America; yet, it has not been reported in South America. In November 2019, an enteric disease outbreak in a pig farm located in San Martin, Peru, was reported along with submission of three intestinal samples from pigs who succumbed to the disease. Samples were processed for molecular detection by qRT-PCR, viral isolation and further sequencing analysis. A taqman-based RT-PCR was performed to differentiate among the most relevant swine enteric coronaviruses described to date. All samples were positive to porcine deltacoronavirus with a cycle threshold (Ct) value between 9 and 14, revealing a high viral load, while testing negative to porcine epidemic diarrhea and transmissible gastroenteritis viruses. Following detection, viral isolation was performed using PK-15 and Vero cell lines. After 5 days of inoculation, no cytopathic effect was observed. A second blind passage allowed the observation of cytopathic effect on PK-15 cells, while it remained absent in Vero cells. A fluorescence test using an anti-N monoclonal antibody confirmed viral replication. One sample was processed for whole genome sequencing (WGS). In short, raw reads were imported into CLC genomics and assembled de novo. Out of 479k reads generated from the sample, 436k assembled into a 25,501 bp contig which was 99.5% identical to a reference porcine deltacoronavirus strain from the USA within the North American phylogroup. Yet, there are relevant differences at the nucleotide and amino acid levels compared with previously described porcine deltacoronavirus strains. Altogether, our findings represent the first report of porcine deltacoronavirus in South America, which provides information of its evolutionary origin. Thus, this study offers new insights into the molecular epidemiology of porcine deltacoronavirus infections in the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. More‐Bayona
- Laboratory of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Mercy Ramirez‐Velasquez
- Laboratory of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Ben Hause
- Cambridge TechnologiesWorthingtonMinnesotaUSA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth DakotaUSA
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13
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Dee N, Havas K, Shah A, Singrey A, Spronk G, Niederwerder M, Nelson E, Dee S. Evaluating the effect of temperature on viral survival in plant-based feed during storage. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2105-e2110. [PMID: 35363949 PMCID: PMC9790369 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Viruses of veterinary significance are known to survive for extended periods in plant-based feed ingredients imported into North America. To reduce the likelihood of virus introduction, high-risk ingredients, such as oil seed meals, are stored in designated facilities for extended periods under controlled environmental conditions to minimize viral infectivity prior to use in diets. While 30 days has become a standard storage period, the required ambient temperature to inactivate viruses during this time is not known. To address the question, 1-metric tonne totes of conventional soybean meal were inoculated with PRRSV 144 lineage 1C variant and SVA prior to storage for 30 days at 23.9°C, 15.5°C or 10°C, and feeding to pigs. Virus infectivity was evaluated through detection of viral RNA in oral fluid samples, along with clinical signs. Results indicated that inactivation of both viruses occurred in soy stored at 23.9°C. In contrast, SVA infectivity was observed in soy stored at both 15.5°C and 10°C, while PRRSV 144 L1C variant infectivity was only observed in soy stored at 10°C. These results suggest that a storage period of 30 days and a temperature of 23.9°C may assist in the reduction of the risk of virus contaminated plant-based feed ingredients, such as soybean meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dee
- School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Karyn Havas
- Pipestone Applied ResearchPipestone Veterinary ServicesPipestoneMinnesota
| | | | - Aaron Singrey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth Dakota
| | - Gordon Spronk
- Pipestone Applied ResearchPipestone Veterinary ServicesPipestoneMinnesota
| | - Megan Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKansas
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth Dakota
| | - Scott Dee
- Pipestone Applied ResearchPipestone Veterinary ServicesPipestoneMinnesota
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14
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Louis R, Pu R, Logan TD, Trimmer-Smith L, Chamblain R, Gallagher A, De Rochars VMB, Nelson E, Cummings DAT, Long MT, Morris JG. SARS-CoV-2 infections in infants in Haiti 2020–2021; evidence from a seroepidemiological cohort. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273482. [PMID: 36006976 PMCID: PMC9409576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data are available on frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infection among very young children in low- to middle-income countries (LMIC), with the studies that are available biased towards higher income countries with low reported infection and seroconversion rates. Between February 2019 and March 2021, 388 dried blood spot (DBS) samples were obtained from 257 children less than 30 months of age as part of a prospective observational cohort study of pregnant women and their infants in Haiti; longitudinal samples were available for 107 children. In a subsequent retrospective analysis, DBS samples were tested by ELISA for antibody targeting the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein. Over the course of the study, 16·7% of the infants became seropositive. All seropositive samples were collected after March 19, 2020 (the date of the first reported COVID-19 case in Haiti) with the highest hazards measured in August 2020. Sampling date was the only covariate associated with the hazard of seroconversion. Our data provide an estimate of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates among very young children without prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure during the initial pandemic waves in Haiti, and demonstrate that these children mount a detectable serological response which is independent of patient age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigan Louis
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Faculte de Medicine et de Pharmacie, Universite d’Etat d’Haiti, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Ruiyu Pu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Tracey D. Logan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Luke Trimmer-Smith
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Richard Chamblain
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Faculte de Medicine et de Pharmacie, Universite d’Etat d’Haiti, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Adriana Gallagher
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Valery Madsen Beau De Rochars
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Eric Nelson
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Derek A. T. Cummings
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Maureen T. Long
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - J. Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Katwal P, Aftab S, Nelson E, Hildreth M, Li S, Wang X. Role of zinc metalloprotease (ZMPSTE24) in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication in vitro. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2281-2286. [PMID: 35857144 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 works in cooperation with interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) to restrict entry of several enveloped viruses. We investigated the role of ZMPSTE24 in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication. ZMPSTE24 overexpression significantly reduced PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. Interestingly, knockdown of endogenous ZMPSTE24 did not significantly impact virus replication. There was no significant difference in the percentage of PRRSV-positive cells and viral RNA copies at 3 hours postinfection (hpi) between cells transfected with ZMPSTE24-FLAG and the vector control. Our results suggest that ZMPSTE24 overexpression may restrict PRRSV replication at a post-entry step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Katwal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Shamiq Aftab
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Michael Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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16
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Lesandrini J, Agans G, Chester R, Dunkley J, Lewis N, McClennen E, Nelson E, Parrish L, Potter J. Advance Care Planning. Health Aff (Millwood) 2022; 41:1061. [PMID: 35787084 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Nelsen A, Lager KM, Stasko J, Nelson E, Lin CM, Hause BM. Identification of Pulmonary Infections With Porcine Rotavirus A in Pigs With Respiratory Disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:918736. [PMID: 35812854 PMCID: PMC9260157 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.918736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While rotavirus (RV) is primarily known to cause gastroenteritis in many animals, several epidemiological studies have shown concurrent respiratory symptoms with fecal and nasal virus shedding. However, respiratory RV infections have rarely been investigated. By screening clinical samples submitted for diagnostic testing, porcine rotavirus A (RVA) was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in 28 out of 91 (30.8%) lungs obtained from conventionally reared pigs with respiratory signs. Among the positive cases, intensive RVA signals were mainly localized in alveolar macrophages (n = 3) and bronchiolar epithelial cells (n = 1) by RNAscope® in situ hybridization (ISH). The signals of RVA in bronchiolar epithelial cells were verified by ISH with different probes, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, additional cases with RVA ISH-positive signals in alveolar macrophages (n = 9) and bronchial epithelial cells (n = 1) were identified by screening 120 archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded lung samples using tissue microarrays. Overall, our study showed a high frequency of RVA detection in lungs from conventional pigs with respiratory disease. Further research is needed to determine if RVA infection in the respiratory epithelium correlates with nasal shedding of rotavirus and its contribution to respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Nelsen
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Kelly M. Lager
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith Stasko
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Chun-Ming Lin
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States,Chun-Ming Lin
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States,*Correspondence: Ben M. Hause
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18
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Conic RRZ, Caylor J, Cui CL, Reyes Z, Nelson E, Yin S, Lerman I. Sex-specific differences in the efficacy of traditional low frequency versus high frequency spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. Bioelectron Med 2022; 8:8. [PMID: 35484578 PMCID: PMC9052649 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-022-00090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), an FDA-approved therapy for chronic pain, uses paresthesia (low frequency SCS (LF-SCS)) or paresthesia-free (such as high-frequency SCS (HF-SCS)) systems, providing analgesia through partially-elucidated mechanisms, with recent studies indicating a sexual dimorphism in pain pathogenesis (Bretherton et al., Neuromodulation, 2021; Paller et al., Pain Med 10:289–299, 2009; Slyer et al., Neuromodulation, 2019; Van Buyten et al., Neuromodulation 20:642–649, 2017; Mekhail et al., Pain Pract, 2021). We aim to evaluate SCS therapy sex effects based on paradigm, utilizing visual analog scores (VAS), perceived pain reduction (PPR), and opioid use. Methods A retrospective cohort study of SCS patients implanted between 2004 and 2020 (n = 237) was conducted. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed methods analyses were used. Results HF-SCS (10 kHz) was implanted in 94 patients (40 females, 54 males), and LF-SCS in 143 (70 females, 73 males). At 3 months and 6 months, HF-SCS (p < 0.001) and LF-SCS (p < 0.005) had lower VAS scores compared to baseline (p < 0.005), with no differences across groups. PPR improved in both post-implantation (p < 0.006) and at 3 months (p < 0.004 respectively), compared to baseline persisting to 6 (p < 0.003) and 12 months (p < 0.01) for HF-SCS, with significantly better PPR for HF-SCS at 3 (p < 0.008) and 6 (p < 0.001) months compared to LF-SCS. There were no differences in opioid use from baseline for either modality; however LF-SCS patients used more opioids at every time point (p < 0.05) compared to HF-SCS. VAS was improved for all modalities in both sexes at 3 months (p = 0.001), which persisted to 6 months (p < 0.05) for HF-SCS males and females, and LF-SCS females. Female HF-SCS had improved PPR at 3 (p = 0.016) and 6 (p = 0.022) months compared to baseline, and at 6 (p = 0.004) months compared to LF-SCS. Male HF-SCS and LF-SCS had improved PPR post-implantation (p < 0.05) and at 3 months (p < 0.05), with HF-SCS having greater benefit at 3 (p < 0.05) and 6 (p < 0.05) months. LF-SCS males but not females used less opioids at 6 months (p = 0.017) compared to baseline; however this effect did not persist. On linear mixed model analyses, including age, sex and stimulator type, VAS decreased with age, at each timepoint, and had a trend towards increasing with female sex, while PPR increased at 3 and 6 months and lastly HF-SCS was associated with decreased opioid use. Discussion PPR at 3 and 6 months improved to a greater extent in HF-SCS. HF-SCS females had improved PPR at 3 and 6 months, and only LF-SCS males used less opioids at 6 months, potentially indicating sex-based pathway. Future studies should further elucidate differences in sex-based pathways and identify optimal SCS opioid-sparing paradigms for chronic pain patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42234-022-00090-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalynn R Z Conic
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Caylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Northwest Pain Care, PS, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Christina L Cui
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zabrina Reyes
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Sopyda Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Imanuel Lerman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Affiliate Electrical and Computer Engineering, VA San Diego Healthcare System, Center for Stress and Mental Health, Center for Pain Medicine, UC San Diego Health, Qualcomm Institute, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2), VA San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, (MC116A), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
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19
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Hage M, Nelson E, Bocchino A, Ginsberg J, Potter J. A Model for Standardized and Proactive Advance Care Planning. J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care 2022; 18:34-45. [PMID: 34931936 DOI: 10.1080/15524256.2021.2015737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the importance of Advance Care Planning (ACP) has become well-known and accepted, health systems have begun placing more emphasis on ACP. However, many health systems still have not standardized this process, and most health systems still approach ACP in a reactive-rather than proactive-manner. This paper discusses one system's innovative approach to ACP that standardizes ACP in the inpatient and outpatient settings, while focusing on a proactive rather than reactive orientation to ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Hage
- Advance Care Planning Facilitator, Wellstar Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Manager - Advance Care Planning, Wellstar Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Manager - Advance Care Planning, Wellstar Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy Bocchino
- Manager - Advance Care Planning, Wellstar Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Ginsberg
- Clinical Ethicist, Wellstar Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jordan Potter
- Clinical Ethicist/Supervisor, Wellstar Fellowship in Clinical Ethics, Wellstar Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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20
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UNEQUAL Crisis Study Group, Manchanda E, Marshall A, Erfani P, Olufadeji A, Otugo O, Nelson E, Jacquet G, Lupez K, Vogel L, Janneck L, Samuels-Kalow M. 263 UNderstanding EQUity in Crisis Standards of Care (the UNEQUAL Crisis Study). Ann Emerg Med 2021. [PMCID: PMC8536262 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.09.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Gainey M, Qu K, Garbern S, Barry M, Lee J, Nasrin S, Nelson E, Rosen R, Alam N, Schmid C, Levine A. 288 Assessing the Performance of Clinical Diagnostic Models for Dehydration among Patients With Cholera and Undernutrition in Bangladesh. Ann Emerg Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.09.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Hause BM, Nelson E, Christopher-Hennings J. Identification of a novel statovirus in a faecal sample from a calf with enteric disease. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34554084 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel clade of RNA viruses was identified in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract by next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetically, these viruses are related to the genera Tombusviridae (plant viruses) and Flaviviridae, which includes mammalian, avian and insect hosts. Named in line with their characterization as stool-associated Tombus-like viruses, it is unclear if statoviruses infect mammals or are dietary in origin. Here, metagenomic sequencing of faecal material collected from a 10-week-old calf with enteric disease found that 20 % of the reads mapped to a de novo-assembled 4 kb contig with homology to statoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the statovirus genome found a clear evolutionary relationship with statovirus A, but, with only 47 % similarity, we propose that the statovirus sequence presents a novel species, statovirus F. A TaqMan PCR targeting statovirus F performed on faecal material found a cycle threshold of 11, suggesting a high titre of virus shed from the calf with enteric disease. A collection of 48 samples from bovine enteric disease diagnostic submissions were assayed by PCR to investigate statovirus F prevalence and 6 of 48 (12.5 %) were positive. An ELISA to detect antibodies to the coat protein found that antibodies to statovirus F were almost ubiquitous in bovine serum. Combined, the PCR and ELISA results suggest that statovirus F commonly infects cattle. Further research is needed to elucidate the aetiological significance of statovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Hause
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA
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23
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Abstract
Bovine enteric disease has a complex etiology that can include viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens and is a significant source of losses due to morbidity and mortality. Boosepivirus was identified in calves with enteric disease with unclear etiology in Japan in 2009 and has not been reported elsewhere. Metagenomic sequencing and PCR here identified boosepivirus in bovine enteric disease diagnostic submissions from six states in the USA with 98% sequence identity to members of the species Boosepivirus B. In all cases, boosepivirus was identified as a coinfection with the established pathogens bovine coronavirus, bovine rotavirus, and cryptosporidia. Further research is needed to determine the clinical significance of boosepivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Hause
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
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24
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Hamoutene D, Hua K, Lacoursière-Roussel A, Page F, Baillie SM, Brager L, Salvo F, Coyle T, Chernoff K, Black M, Wong D, Nelson E, Bungay T, Gaspard D, Ryall E, Mckindsey CW, Sutherland TF. Assessing trace-elements as indicators of marine finfish aquaculture across three distinct Canadian coastal regions. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 169:112557. [PMID: 34089964 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several trace-elements have been identified as indicators of finfish aquaculture organic enrichment. In this study, sediment sampling at finfish farms was completed as part of an Aquaculture Monitoring Program in three distinct Canadian regions. Despite diverse datasets, multivariate analyses show a consistent clustering of known direct (Cu and Zn) and indirect (Cd, Mo and U) tracers of aquaculture activities with sediment organic matter (OM) and/or total dissolved sulfides concentrations. OM content was also a predictor of Cu, Zn, Mo and U concentrations according to decision tree analyses. Distance from cages did not emerge as a strong driver of differences among sampling points; however, a tendency towards negative associations is clear especially for Zn. Enriched stations as determined after geochemical normalization were mostly localized within 150 m of net-pens. Selected trace-elements (in particular Zn) can be useful indicators of aquaculture organic enrichment in different ecosystems and valuable tools for monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hamoutene
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada.
| | - K Hua
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - A Lacoursière-Roussel
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - F Page
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - S M Baillie
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - L Brager
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - F Salvo
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - T Coyle
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - K Chernoff
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - M Black
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - D Wong
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - E Nelson
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - T Bungay
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - D Gaspard
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - E Ryall
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - C W Mckindsey
- Institut Maurice Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850 Route de la mer, Mont-Joli, QUE G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - T F Sutherland
- Pacific Enterprise Science Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
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25
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Neises JZ, Hossain MS, Sultana R, Wanniarachchi KN, Wollman JW, Nelson E, Specker BL, Hoppe AD, Lawson SR, Thiex NW. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among rural healthcare workers. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6611-6618. [PMID: 34289148 PMCID: PMC8426917 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this longitudinal cohort study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in healthcare workers employed at healthcare settings in three rural counties in eastern South Dakota and western Minnesota from May 13, 2020, through December 22, 2020. Three blood draws were performed at five clinical sites and tested for the presence of antibodies against the SARS‐CoV‐2. Serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies using a fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA), neutralization of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike‐pseudotyped particles (SARS‐CoV‐2pp) assay, and serum virus neutralization (SVN) assay. The seroprevalence was determined to be 1/336 (0.29%) for samples collected from 5/13/20 to 7/13/20, 5/260 (1.92%) for samples collected from 8/13/20 to 9/25/20, and 35/235 (14.89%) for samples collected from 10/16/20 to 12/22/20. Eight of the 35 (22.8%) seropositive individuals identified in the final draw did not report a previous diagnosis with COVID‐19. There was a high correlation (>90%) between the FMIA and virus neutralization assays. Each clinical site's seroprevalence was higher than the cumulative incidence for the general public in the respective county as reported by state public health agencies. As of December 2020, there was a high percentage (85%) of seronegative individuals in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Z Neises
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Md Saddam Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Rifat Sultana
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Kevin N Wanniarachchi
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jared W Wollman
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Bonny L Specker
- EA Martin Program in Human Nutrition, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Adam D Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Steven R Lawson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Natalie W Thiex
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
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26
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Dee S, Shah A, Jones C, Singrey A, Hanson D, Edler R, Spronk G, Niederwerder M, Nelson E. Evidence of viral survival in representative volumes of feed and feed ingredients during long-distance commercial transport across the continental United States. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:149-156. [PMID: 33763985 PMCID: PMC9290857 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that feed ingredients could serve as vehicles for the transport and transmission of viral pathogens was first validated under laboratory conditions. To bridge the gap from the laboratory to the field, this current project tested whether three significant viruses of swine could survive in feed ingredients during long-distance commercial transport across the continental US. One-metric tonne totes of soybean meal (organic and conventional) and complete feed were spiked with a 10 ml mixture of PRRSV 174, PEDV and SVA and transported for 23 days in a commercial semi-trailer truck, crossing 29 states, and 10,183 km. Samples were tested for the presence of viral RNA by PCR, and for viable virus in soy-based samples by swine bioassay and in complete feed samples by natural feeding. Viable PRRSV, PEDV and SVA were detected in both soy products and viable PEDV and SVA in complete feed. These results provide the first evidence that viral pathogens of pigs can survive in representative volumes of feed and feed ingredients during long-distance commercial transport across the continental United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | | | - Cassandra Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Dan Hanson
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | - Roy Edler
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | - Gordon Spronk
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | - Megan Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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27
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Yu J, Sreenivasan C, Uprety T, Gao R, Huang C, Lee EJ, Lawson S, Nelson J, Christopher-Hennings J, Kaushik RS, Nelson E, Diel DG, Hause BM, Li F, Wang D. Piglet immunization with a spike subunit vaccine enhances disease by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:22. [PMID: 33526776 PMCID: PMC7851141 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with an insect cell lysate/baculovirus mixture containing recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike protein induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies in both mice and piglets. However, immunization of piglets with this vaccine resulted in enhancement of disease symptoms and virus replication in vaccine recipients exposed to PEDV challenge. Thus, these observations demonstrate a previously unrecognized challenge of PEDV vaccine research, which has important implications for coronavirus vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshi Yu
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ella J Lee
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Steven Lawson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Julie Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ben M Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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28
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Okda FA, Griffith E, Sakr A, Nelson E, Webby R. New Diagnostic Assays for Differential Diagnosis Between the Two Distinct Lineages of Bovine Influenza D Viruses and Human Influenza C Viruses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:605704. [PMID: 33363244 PMCID: PMC7759653 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.605704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV), a novel orthomyxovirus, is currently emerging in cattle worldwide. It shares >50% sequence similarity with the human influenza C virus (HICV). Two clades of IDV are currently co-circulating in cattle herds in the U.S. New assays specific for each lineage are needed for accurate surveillance. Also, differential diagnosis between zoonotic human influenza C virus and the two clades of IDV are important to assess the zoonotic potential of IDV. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on two different epitopes HEF and NP and four peptides, and fluorescent focus neutralization assay to differentiate between IDV bovine and swine clades. Calf sera were obtained, and bovine samples underwent surveillance. Our results highlight the importance of position 215 with 212 in determining the heterogeneity between the two lineages. We needed IFA and FFN for tissue culture-based analysis and a BSL2 facility for analyzing virus interactions. Unfortunately, these are not available in many veterinary centers. Hence, our second aim was to develop an iELISA using specific epitopes to detect two lineages of IDVs simultaneously. Epitope-iELISA accurately detects neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies against the IDV in non-BSL2 laboratories and veterinary clinics and is cost-effective and sensitive. To differentiate between IDVs and HICVs, whole antigen blocking, polypeptides, and single-peptide ELISAs were developed. A panel of ferret sera against both viruses was used. Results suggested that both IDV and ICV had a common ancestor, and IDV poses a zoonotic risk to individuals with prior or current exposure to cattle. IDV peptides IANAGVK (286-292 aa), KTDSGR (423-428 aa), and RTLTPAT (448-455 aa) could differentiate between the two viruses, whereas peptide AESSVNPGAKPQV (203-215 aa) detected the presence of IDV in human sera but could not deny that it could be ICV, because the only two conserved influenza C peptides shared 52% sequence similarity with IDV and cross-reacted with IDV. However, blocking ELISAs differentiated between the two viruses. Diagnostic tools and assays to differentiate between ICV and IDV are required for serological and epidemiological analysis to clarify the complexity and evolution and eliminate misdiagnosis between ICV and IDV in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A Okda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.,Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth Griffith
- Department of Chemical and Therapeutic, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ahmed Sakr
- Department of Business Administration and Management, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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29
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Katwal P, Uprety T, Okda F, Antony L, Thomas M, Chase C, Diel DG, Nelson E, Young A, Li F, Scaria J, Kaushik RS. Characterization of bovine ileal epithelial cell line for lectin binding, susceptibility to enteric pathogens, and TLR mediated immune responses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101581. [PMID: 33260019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, primary and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs) were characterized for the expression of surface carbohydrate moieties. Primary BIEC-c4 cells showed staining greater than 90 % for 16 lectins but less than 50 % staining for four lectins. Immortalized BIECs showed significantly different lectin binding profile for few lectins compared to BIEC-c4 cells. BIEC-c4 cells were studied for infectivity to E. coli, Salmonella enterica, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Bovine strain E. coli B41 adhered to BIEC-c4 cells and Salmonella strains S. Dublin and S. Mbandaka showed strong cell invasion. BIEC-c4 cells were susceptible to bovine rotavirus. LPS stimulation upregulated IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6 expression and Poly I:C upregulated TLR 8 and TLR 9 expression. This study provides important knowledge on the glycoconjugate expression profile of primary and immortalized BIECs and infectivity and immune responses of primary BIECs to bacterial and viral pathogens or ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Katwal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Faten Okda
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Dept. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA; National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Linto Antony
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Christopher Chase
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alan Young
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Andrzejczyk NE, Greer JB, Nelson E, Zhang J, Rimoldi JM, Gadepalli RSV, Edwards I, Schlenk D. Novel Disinfection Byproducts Formed from the Pharmaceutical Gemfibrozil Are Bioaccumulative and Elicit Increased Toxicity Relative to the Parent Compound in Marine Polychaetes ( Neanthes arenaceodentata). Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:11127-11136. [PMID: 32794702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from pharmaceutically active compounds has been observed in water supply systems following wastewater chlorination. Although research has been limited thus far, several studies have shown that halogenated DBPs may elicit increased toxicity compared to their parent compounds. For example, the lipid regulator gemfibrozil has been shown to form chlorogemfibrozil (Cl-gemfibrozil) and bromogemfibrozil (Br-gemfibrozil) following chlorination, which are more potent antiandrogens in male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) compared to their parent compounds. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the bioaccumulative ability of halogenated gemfibrozil DBPs in marine polychaetes via chronic sediment exposures and, consequently, to assess the chronic and acute toxicity of halogenated gemfibrozil DBPs through sediment (in vivo) and aqueous (in vivo and in silico) toxicity evaluations. Following 28 day sediment exposures, Cl-gemfibrozil and Br-gemfibrozil bioaccumulated within Neanthes arenaceodentata, with both compounds reducing survival and growth. The biota-sediment accumulation factors determined for Cl-gemfibrozil and Br-gemfibrozil were 2.59 and 6.86, respectively. Furthermore, aqueous 96 h toxicity tests with N. arenaceodentata indicated that gemfibrozil DBPs elicited increased toxicity compared to the parent compound. While gemfibrozil had an acute LC50 value of 469.85 ± 0.096 mg/L, Cl-gemfibrozil and Br-gemfibrozil had LC50 values of 12.34 ± 0.085 and 9.54 ± 0.086 mg/L, respectively. Although acute toxicity is relatively low, our results indicate that halogenated gemfibrozil DBPs are bioaccumulative and may elicit effects in apex food web organisms prone to accumulation following lifelong exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette E Andrzejczyk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Justin B Greer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- San Jose Creek Water Quality Laboratory, Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, Whittier, California 90601, United States
| | - Junqian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - John M Rimoldi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Rama S V Gadepalli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Isaiah Edwards
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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To AT, Wilke TJ, Nelson E, Nash CP, Bartling A, Wegener EC, Unocic KA, Habas SE, Foust TD, Ruddy DA. Dehydrogenative Coupling of Methanol for the Gas-Phase, One-Step Synthesis of Dimethoxymethane over Supported Copper Catalysts. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2020; 8:12151-12160. [PMID: 38435970 PMCID: PMC10906941 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OMEs), CH3-(OCH2)n-OCH3, n = 1-5, possess attractive low-soot diesel fuel properties. Methanol is a key precursor in the production of OMEs, providing an opportunity to incorporate renewable carbon sources via gasification and methanol synthesis. The costly production of anhydrous formaldehyde in the typical process limits this option. In contrast, the direct production of OMEs via a dehydrogenative coupling (DHC) reaction, where formaldehyde is produced and consumed in a single reactor, may address this limitation. We report the gas-phase DHC reaction of methanol to dimethoxymethane (DMM), the simplest OME, with n = 1, over bifunctional metal-acid catalysts based on Cu. A Cu-zirconia-alumina (Cu/ZrAlO) catalyst achieved 40% of the DMM equilibrium-limited yield under remarkably mild conditions (200 °C, 1.7 atm). The performance of the Cu/ZrAlO catalyst was attributed to metallic Cu nanoparticles that enable dehydrogenation and a distribution of acid strengths on the ZrAlO support, which reduced the selectivity to dimethyl ether compared to a that obtained with a Cu/Al2O3 catalyst. The DMM formation rate of 6.1 h-1 compares favorably against well-studied oxidative DHC approaches over non-noble, mixed-metal oxide catalysts. The results reported here set the foundation for further development of the DHC route to OME production, rather than oxidative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh The To
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Trenton J. Wilke
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Eric Nelson
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Connor P. Nash
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Andrew Bartling
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Evan C. Wegener
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Kinga A. Unocic
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Susan E. Habas
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Thomas D. Foust
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Daniel A. Ruddy
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
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Dee SA, Niederwerder MC, Edler R, Hanson D, Singrey A, Cochrane R, Spronk G, Nelson E. An evaluation of additives for mitigating the risk of virus-contaminated feed using an ice-block challenge model. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:833-845. [PMID: 32706431 PMCID: PMC8247034 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of animal feed as a vehicle for the transport and transmission of viral diseases was first identified during the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) epidemic in North America. Since that time, various feed additives have been evaluated at the laboratory level to measure their effect on viral viability and infectivity in contaminated feed using bioassay piglet models. While a valid first step, the conditions of these studies were not representative of commercial swine production. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of feed additives to mitigate the risk of virus‐contaminated feed using a model based on real‐world conditions. This new model used an ‘ice‐block’ challenge, containing equal concentrations of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Senecavirus A (SVA) and PEDV, larger populations of pigs, representative commercial facilities and environments, along with realistic volumes of complete feed supplemented with selected additives. Following supplementation, the ice block was manually dropped into designated feed bins and pigs consumed feed by natural feeding behaviour. After challenge, samples were collected at the pen level (feed troughs, oral fluids) and at the animal level (clinical signs, viral infection, growth rate, and mortality) across five independent experiments involving 15 additives. In 14 of the additives tested, pigs on supplemented diets had significantly greater average daily gain (ADG), significantly lower clinical signs and infection levels, and numerically lower mortality rates compared to non‐supplemented controls. In conclusion, the majority of the additives evaluated mitigated the effects of PRRSV 174, PEDV and SVA in contaminated feed, resulting in improved health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Roy Edler
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dan Hanson
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Roger Cochrane
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gordon Spronk
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
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Dee SA, Niederwerder MC, Patterson G, Cochrane R, Jones C, Diel D, Brockhoff E, Nelson E, Spronk G, Sundberg P. The risk of viral transmission in feed: What do we know, what do we do? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2365-2371. [PMID: 32359207 PMCID: PMC7754325 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of animal feed as a vehicle for the transport and transmission of viral diseases was first identified in 2014 during the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus epidemic in North America. Since the identification of this novel risk factor, scientists have conducted numerous studies to understand its relevance. Over the past few years, the body of scientific evidence supporting the reality of this risk has grown substantially. In addition, numerous papers describing actions and interventions designed to mitigate this risk have been published. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the risk of feed (what do we know) and the protocols developed to reduce this risk (what do we do) in an effort to develop a comprehensive document to raise awareness, facilitate learning, improve the accuracy of risk assessments and to identify knowledge gaps for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | - Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gil Patterson
- Center for Animal Health in Appalachia, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Roger Cochrane
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | - Cassie Jones
- Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Diego Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Gordon Spronk
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
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Dee S, Shah A, Cochrane R, Clement T, Singrey A, Edler R, Spronk G, Niederwerder M, Nelson E. Use of a demonstration project to evaluate viral survival in feed: Proof of concept. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:248-252. [PMID: 32536022 PMCID: PMC8247332 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, the hypothesis that feed ingredients could serve as vehicles for the transport and transmission of viral pathogens was proposed and evaluated by multiple investigators under laboratory conditions. In an attempt to validate these data, we used a demonstration project to test whether three significant viruses of swine could survive in feed ingredients under real‐world shipping conditions. Samples of soya bean meal (organic and conventional), lysine, choline and vitamin A were spiked with a mixture of PRRSV 174, PEDV and SVA and transported for 21 days in the trailer of a commercial transport vehicle, encompassing 14 states and 9,741 km. Samples were tested for viral genome and viability at the end of the transit period. Regarding viability, PRRSV, PEDV and SVA were all detected as infectious in bioassays following inoculation with both soy products. In addition, viable PRRSV and SVA were detected by bioassay pigs inoculated with samples of vitamin A, and infectious SVA was detected in pigs inoculated with samples of lysine and choline. These results provide further evidence that select viral pathogens of pigs can survive in certain feed ingredients during commercial transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | | | - Roger Cochrane
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | - Travis Clement
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Roy Edler
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | - Gordon Spronk
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA
| | - Megan Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State, University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Polineni D, Lindwall J, Muther E, Durkin K, Ahrabi-Nejad C, Ruvalcaba E, Nelson E, White M, Bord E, Goodman A, Riekert K, Duncan C. P342 Development of a pilot trial of a novel tele-coaching intervention to improve treatment adherence in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(20)30671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kekic A, Seetharam M, Singh P, Kunze K, Golafshar MA, Azevedo C, Welp S, Bofferding A, Koep T, Ross J, Nelson E, Grilli C, Samadder J. Integrating pharmacogenomics panel testing for supportive care medications in patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e24114 Background: Pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing is used increasingly in cancer supportive care for drug and dose selection, and side effects prediction with antidepressants, antiemetics, and pain medications. Genetic variants in genes that encode for drug metabolizing enzymes (CYPs), transporters (SLC6A4) and drug receptors (HTR2A, OPRM1, etc) are well known for these medications. They contribute to inter-individual differences in medication safety and efficacy. We report on their frequency and effect on supportive care drugs in patients with solid tumors. Methods: Between 06/06/19 and 12/18/19, solid tumor cancer patients at Mayo Clinic Arizona were enrolled in a PGx prospective study. They were genotyped using a multi-gene panel, OneOme RightMed. The panel assessed 27 genes, including CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, COMT, OPRM1, GRIK4, HTR2A, SLC6A4, associated with pain medications, antidepressants, and antiemetics. PGx pharmacist provided medication recommendations and dose adjustments based on PGx test results and concurrent medications. Results: 200 patients were swabbed and 196 patients were genotyped. The results were available within 5 days. All patients were also assessed for pheno-conversion (drug-drug-gene interactions) by a pharmacist. Recommendations were made based on predicted phenotype. Various solid tumor types were represented, including prostate (19.9%), colorectal (17.9%), melanoma (14.8%), and others (47.4%). Median age was 65 with 59.2% patients being male and 40.85% female. All had at least one actionable polymorphism related to these medications. The most significant findings were related to CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genes. Of 196 patients, a total of 132 (67.3%) had other than normal CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotype and 112 (57.1%) had other than normal CYP2C19 metabolizer phenotype. Based on these genotypes, alternatives to pain medications were recommended for 37 patients, to ondansetron in 9 patients, and to anti-depressants in 51 patients. Conclusions: Genetic variants were commonly found that affect supportive care medications used in oncology practice and contribute to inter-individual differences associated with increased risk of adverse drug effects and reduced efficacy. PGx guided recommendation may help physicians in individualizing medication treatment outcomes for patients with different cancer types and with polypharmacy. PGx trained pharmacist can serve as a valuable asset in optimizing personalized medication management.
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Papakostas G, Shelton R, Zajecka J, Rickels K, Clain A, Baer L, Schoenfeld D, Nelson E, Barbee J, Lydiard B, Mischoulon D, Alpert J, Zisook S, Fava M. L-methylfolate augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS) for major depressive disorder: Results of two randomized, double-blind trials. Eur Psychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionTwo randomized, controlled trials of L-methylfolate augmentation of SSRIs for major depressive disorder (MDD) were conducted using a novel study design (sequential parallel comparison design- SPCD).Objectives/aimsTo evaluate the efficacy of L-methylfolate augmentation using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.MethodsIn study one (TRD-1), 148 outpatients with SSRI-resistant MDD were enrolled in a 60-day, SPCD study, divided into two 30-day periods (phases 1 and 2). Patients were randomized 2:3:3 to receive L-methylfolate (7.5mg/d in phase 1, 15mg/d in phase 2), placebo in phase 1 followed by L-methylfolate 7.5mg/d in phase 2, or placebo for both phases. Study two (TRD-2) involved 75 patients and was identical in design to TRD-1 except for the dose of L-methylfolate (15mg only).ResultsIn the TRD-1 Study, L-methylfolate 7.5 mg/d was not found to be more effective than placebo. In phase 1 of the TRD-2 Study, 37% of patients on L-methylfolate 15mg/d responded and 18% of placebo patients responded, while in phase 2 among placebo non-responders, the response rates were 28% on L-methylfolate 15mg/d and 9.5% on placebo. When phases 1 and 2 were pooled according to the SPCD model, the difference in response rates was statistically significant in favor of L-methylfolate (p = 0.0399). The rates of spontaneously reported AEs and rates of study discontinuation appear r comparable between L-methylfolate and placebo in both studies. Rates of study discontinuation were also comparableConclusionsThese studies suggest that L-methylfolate 15 mg/d may be a safe and effective augmentation strategy for inadequate response to SSRIs.
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Nahata L, Chen D, Quinn GP, Travis M, Grannis C, Nelson E, Tishelman AC. Reproductive Attitudes and Behaviors Among Transgender/Nonbinary Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:372-374. [PMID: 32029201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine reproductive health attitudes and behaviors related to contraception use, provider counseling, parenthood goals, and fertility preservation (FP) in TNB adolescents. METHODS A 24-item survey was administered to 44 TNB adolescents aged 12-19 years. RESULTS Contraceptive use was variable even among the 46% who reported sexual activity. Half denied or were unsure if they had been offered options from their provider to prevent sexually transmitted infections, and more than one third denied or were unsure about the offer of pregnancy prevention options. Importantly, the majority did not desire more information about contraceptive options. Few used FP, although many thought their feelings about parenthood may change in the future. CONCLUSIONS TNB adolescents are at risk for sexually transmitted infections, unplanned pregnancies, and future infertility, yet many do not desire more information about contraception or FP. Tailored counseling strategies should be developed and researched to protect this vulnerable group of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Nahata
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Division of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Diane Chen
- Potocsnak Family Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gwendolyn P Quinn
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Meika Travis
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Connor Grannis
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric Nelson
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amy C Tishelman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Benfield D, Lunney JK, Murtaugh M, Nelson E, Osorio F, Pogranichniy R, Ramamoorthy S, Rowland RRR, Zimmerman JJ, Zuckermann FA. The NC229 multi-station research consortium on emerging viral diseases of swine: Solving stakeholder problems through innovative science and research. Virus Res 2020; 280:197898. [PMID: 32061619 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The NC229 research consortium was created in 1999 in response to the emergence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a viral agent responsible for devastating economic losses to the swine industry. The project follows the traditional "consortium" approach for Multistate Agricultural Research driven through the US State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES), wherein stakeholder-driven needs to combat swine infectious diseases are identified and scientific solutions pursued by combining funds from federal, state, commodity groups, and the animal health industry. The NC229 consortium was the main driving force in successfully competing for a USDA multi-station Coordinated Agricultural Project (PRRS CAP-I) in 2004-2008, immediately followed by a renewal for 2010-2014 (PRRS CAP-II)-, resulting in an overall record achievement of almost $10 million dollars. The CAP funding was not only useful for quality research, extension, and education in PRRS and related diseases, but also instrumental in enabling the group to leverage swine industry funding of more than $34 million dollars, distributed between creative research and extension on PRRS during the last 20 years. The North American/International PRRS Symposium, now recognized by the community as a highly effective platform for the exchange of basic research findings and fundamental translational technology, is directly derived from the NC229 consortium. Other significant offshoots from NC229 include the PHGC (PRRS Host Genomic Consortium), a platform for discoveries on the role of host genetics during PRRSV infection, since 2007. Since 2009, the NC229 consortium has expanded its collective research interests beyond PRRSV to include nine other emerging viral diseases of swine. In the current project (2019-2024), African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) retains a central focus, with the goal of harnessing the group's expertise in promoting preparedness for the global control of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Benfield
- Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, The Ohio State University, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, 44691, United States
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Northeast Area, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
| | - Michael Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States
| | - Fernando Osorio
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0900, United States.
| | - Roman Pogranichniy
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2065, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, United States
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011-1240, United States
| | - Federico A Zuckermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, United States
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Ghimire S, Wongkuna S, Kumar R, Nelson E, Christopher-Hennings J, Scaria J. Genome sequence and description of Blautia brookingsii SG772 sp. nov., a novel bacterial species isolated from human faeces. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 34:100648. [PMID: 32055403 PMCID: PMC7005547 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An anaerobic isolate SG772 belonging to the genus Blautia was isolated from a healthy human faecal sample. When compared using 16s rRNA sequence identity, SG772 showed only 94.46% similarity with its neighbour species Blautia stercoris. As strain SG772 showed both phenotypic and genomic differences from other members of the type species within the genus Blautia, we propose the designation of SG772 as novel species 'Blautia brookingsii SG772T'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - S Wongkuna
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - R Kumar
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - E Nelson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - J Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - J Scaria
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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41
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Zhang Y, Sharma A, Joo DJ, Nelson E, AbuRmilah A, Amiot BP, Boyer CJ, Alexander JS, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Martin J, Moreira R, Chowdhury SA, Smart M, Dietz AB, Nyberg SL, Heimbach JK, Huebert RC. Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Introduced by Biliary Stents or Local Immersion in Porcine Bile Duct Anastomoses. Liver Transpl 2020; 26:100-112. [PMID: 31742878 PMCID: PMC7061488 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biliary complications (strictures and leaks) represent major limitations in living donor liver transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising modality to prevent biliary complications because of immunosuppressive and angiogenic properties. Our goal was to evaluate the safety of adipose-derived MSC delivery to biliary anastomoses in a porcine model. Secondary objectives were defining the optimal method of delivery (intraluminal versus extraluminal) and to investigate MSC engraftment, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. Pigs were divided into 3 groups. Animals underwent adipose collection, MSC isolation, and expansion. Two weeks later, animals underwent bile duct transection, reanastomosis, and stent insertion. Group 1 received plastic stents wrapped in unseeded Vicryl mesh. Group 2 received stents wrapped in MSC-seeded mesh. Group 3 received unwrapped stents with the anastomosis immersed in an MSC suspension. Animals were killed 1 month after stent insertion when cholangiograms and biliary tissue were obtained. Serum was collected for liver biochemistries. Tissue was used for hematoxylin-eosin and trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry for MSC markers (CD44 and CD34) and for a marker of neoangiogenesis (CD31). There were no intraoperative complications. One pig died on postoperative day 3 due to acute cholangitis. All others recovered without complications. Cholangiography demonstrated no biliary leaks and minimal luminal narrowing. Surviving animals exhibited no symptoms, abnormal liver biochemistries, or clinically significant biliary stricturing. Group 3 showed significantly greater CD44 and CD34 staining, indicating MSC engraftment. Fibrosis was reduced at the anastomotic site in group 3 based on trichrome stain. CD31 staining of group 3 was more pronounced, supporting enhanced neoangiogenesis. In conclusion, adipose-derived MSCs were safely applied to biliary anastomoses. MSCs were locally engrafted within the bile duct and may have beneficial effects in terms of fibrosis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN;,Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - DJ Joo
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN;,Department of Surgery, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - E Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - A AbuRmilah
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - BP Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - CJ Boyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - JS Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - N Jalan-Sakrikar
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - J Martin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - R Moreira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - SA Chowdhury
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - M Smart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - AB Dietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - SL Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN;,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - JK Heimbach
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN;,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - RC Huebert
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
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42
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Vinson H, Singh G, Pillatzki A, Webb B, Nelson E, Ramamoorthy S. Delivery of a thermo-enzymatically treated influenza vaccine using pulmonary surfactant in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108492. [PMID: 31767065 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) infections are a major cause of economic losses for the swine industry. The vast genetic and antigenic diversity often results in mismatch between the vaccine and field strains, necessitating frequent updates of vaccines. Inactivated IAV-S vaccines are of questionable efficacy. Intra-nasally administered live vaccines are more effective but are associated with safety concerns. The objective of this study was to develop a first-generation vaccine which combines the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated vaccines respectively. The approach targeted fragmentation of viral nucleic acids while preserving structure. Hence, cultures of influenza A/CA/04/09 H1N1 were exposed to 44 °C for 10 min. to reversibly denature the capsid, followed by RNase treatment to digest the genomic RNA and then refolded at lower temperatures. As targeted, treated virions retained an intact structure and were not detected in the first passage in infected cells. To improve intra-nasal delivery of the vaccine antigen, the vaccine antigen was delivered in porcine lung surfactant. Both the treated vaccine alone or vaccine in combination with the surfactant elicited strong anti-HA and virus neutralizing antibodies, protection against viral shedding and lung lesions in 3-week-old piglets. There were no significant differences between the groups. Vaccine viral replication was not detected in the vaccinated pigs. The described approach can advance current immunization practices against swine influenza viruses due to the relative simplicity, high efficacy and safety and ease of adaptation to newly emerging field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Vinson
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
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43
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Singh G, Singh P, Pillatzki A, Nelson E, Webb B, Dillberger-Lawson S, Ramamoorthy S. A Minimally Replicative Vaccine Protects Vaccinated Piglets Against Challenge With the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:347. [PMID: 31696121 PMCID: PMC6817509 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is an economically important enteric coronavirus, with over a 90% mortality rate in neonatal piglets. The virus emerged in the US in 2013, resulting in severe production losses. Effective vaccine development against PEDV is a challenge. Inactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy. Attenuated vaccines, while more effective, require a relatively long lead development time, are associated with safety concerns and are also unable to prevent new field outbreaks. To combine the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated PEDV vaccines, respectively, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that subjecting PEDV virions to heat treatment at 44°C for 10 min to reversibly unfold structural proteins, followed by exposure to RNAse to fragment the genome, would result in a vaccine preparation with intact viral structure/antigenicity but highly diminished replicative abilities. We expected the vaccine to be both safe and effective in a piglet challenge model. Following the heat and RNAse treatment, PEDV virions had an intact electron microscopic ultrastructure and were amplified only in the 3rd passage in Vero cells, indicating that diminished replication was achieved in vitro. Strong PEDV spike-protein specific and virus neutralizing antibody responses were elicited in vaccinated piglets. Upon challenge, all vaccinated pigs were protected against fecal viral shedding and intestinal pathology, while the unvaccinated controls were not. The vaccine virus was not detected in the fecal matter of vaccinated pigs prior to challenge; nor did they develop intestinal lesions. Thus, the described approach has significant promise in improving current approaches for PEDV immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Steven Dillberger-Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Gehring TM, McFadden LM, Prussing SA, Bickersmith SA, Buchanan C, Nelson E, Swanson BJ. Spatial Ecology of Re- introduced American Martens in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The American Midland Naturalist 2019. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-182.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Gehring
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant 48859
| | | | - Sara A. Prussing
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant 48859
| | | | - Clay Buchanan
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant 48859
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant 48859
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45
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Pandey K, Zhong S, Diel DG, Hou Y, Wang Q, Nelson E, Wang X. GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) plays an antiviral role against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 236:108392. [PMID: 31500725 PMCID: PMC7117524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Knockdown of G3BP1 significantly increases PEDV replication. Overexpression of G3BP1 lowers virus replication. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in PEDV-infected G3BP1 depleted cells. PEDV induces stress granules in infected Vero cells.
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae. PEDV causes severe diarrhoea and dehydration in nursing piglets, which leads to significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Stress granules (SGs) are sites of mRNA storage that are formed under various stress conditions including viral infections. Increasing evidence suggests that SGs function in antiviral innate immunity of host cells to limit virus replication. Ras-GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain) binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is a key stress granule-resident protein that nucleates stress granule assembly. Depletion of G3BP1 inhibits SGs formation and overexpression of G3BP1 nucleates SGs assembly. We observed that knockdown of G3BP1 by silencing RNA significantly increased PEDV replication. Overexpression of exogenous G3BP1, on the other hand, lowered virus replication by 100-fold compared to vector control. An increase in the levels of mRNAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was also observed in PEDV-infected G3BP1 depleted cells compared to PEDV-infected control cells. Taken together, our results suggest that G3BP1 plays an antiviral role and impairs PEDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
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46
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Krishnamurthy R, Wang DJJ, Cervantes B, McAllister A, Nelson E, Karampinos DC, Hu HH. Recent Advances in Pediatric Brain, Spine, and Neuromuscular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 96:7-23. [PMID: 31023603 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful radiologic tool with the ability to generate a variety of proton-based signal contrast from tissues. Owing to this immense flexibility in signal generation, new MRI techniques are constantly being developed, tested, and optimized for clinical utility. In addition, the safe and nonionizing nature of MRI makes it a suitable modality for imaging in children. In this review article, we summarize a few of the most popular advances in MRI techniques in recent years. In particular, we highlight how these new developments have affected brain, spine, and neuromuscular imaging and focus on their applications in pediatric patients. In the first part of the review, we discuss new approaches such as multiphase and multidelay arterial spin labeling for quantitative perfusion and angiography of the brain, amide proton transfer MRI of the brain, MRI of brachial plexus and lumbar plexus nerves (i.e., neurography), and T2 mapping and fat characterization in neuromuscular diseases. In the second part of the review, we focus on describing new data acquisition strategies in accelerated MRI aimed collectively at reducing the scan time, including simultaneous multislice imaging, compressed sensing, synthetic MRI, and magnetic resonance fingerprinting. In discussing the aforementioned, the review also summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each method and their current state of commercial availability from MRI vendors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny J J Wang
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Barbara Cervantes
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Eric Nelson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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47
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Singh G, Zholobko O, Pillatzki A, Webb B, Nelson E, Voronov A, Ramamoorthy S. An amphiphilic invertible polymer as a delivery vehicle for a M2e-HA2-HA1 peptide vaccine against an Influenza A virus in pigs. Vaccine 2019; 37:4291-4301. [PMID: 31235376 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a group of genetically diverse and economically important zoonotic pathogens. Despite decades of research, effective and broadly protective vaccines are yet to be developed. Recent breakthroughs in epitope-based immunization for influenza viruses identify certain conserved regions of the HA2 and M2e proteins as capable of inducing broad protection against multiple influenza strains. The M2e and HA2 peptides have been evaluated in mice but not as a combination in pigs, which play an important role in the transmission and evolution of IAV. Peptides are inherently weak immunogens; and effective delivery of peptide antigens is challenging. To enhance the delivery and immunogenicity of peptide-based vaccines, the conserved M2e and HA2 and a strain-specific HA1 epitope of Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 were expressed as a chain in a bacterial expression system and entrapped in a novel amphiphilic invertible polymer made from polyethyelene glycol (PEG, molecular weight 600 g/mol) and polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF, molecular weight 650 g/mol), PEG600PTHF650. Piglets vaccinated with polymeric peptide vaccine mounted significantly stronger antibody responses against the peptide construct when compared to piglets immunized with the multi-epitope peptide alone. When vaccinated pigs were challenged with Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, viral shedding in nasal secretions and lung lesion scores were significantly reduced when compared to the unvaccinated controls and pigs vaccinated with the peptide alone at six days post-challenge. Thus, the combination of the PEG600PTHF650 polymer and trimeric peptide construct enhanced delivery of the peptide antigen, acted as an adjuvant in stimulating strong antibody responses, reduced the effects of viral infection in vaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Oksana Zholobko
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Andriy Voronov
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
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48
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Sabadosa K, Gifford A, van Citters A, Nelson E. P083 Coproducing cystic fibrosis care: a Registry-enabled learning health system. J Cyst Fibros 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(19)30377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Koerber S, Nelson E, Winterfield J, Gold M. ANESTHESIA UTILIZATION IN CARDIAC ABLATIONS IN THE US: PRIMARY RESULTS OF A NATIONWIDE SURVEY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(19)31121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Antony L, Behr M, Sockett D, Miskimins D, Aulik N, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E, Allard MW, Scaria J. Genome divergence and increased virulence of outbreak associated Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Heidelberg. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:53. [PMID: 30603048 PMCID: PMC6304783 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg is primarily a poultry adapted serotype of Salmonella that can also colonize other hosts and cause human disease. In this study, we compared the genomes of outbreak associated non-outbreak causing Salmonella ser. Heidelberg strains from diverse hosts and geographical regions. Human outbreak associated strains in this study were from a 2015 multistate outbreak of Salmonella ser. Heidelberg involving 15 states in the United States which originated from bull calves. Our clinicopathologic examination revealed that cases involving Salmonella ser. Heidelberg strains were predominantly young, less than weeks-old, dairy calves. Pre-existing or concurrent disease was found in the majority of the calves. Detection of Salmonella ser. Heidelberg correlated with markedly increased death losses clinically comparable to those seen in herds infected with S. Dublin, a known serious pathogen of cattle. Whole genome based single nucleotide polymorphism based analysis revealed that these calf isolates formed a distinct cluster along with outbreak associated human isolates. The defining feature of the outbreak associated strains, when compared to older isolates of S. Heidelberg, is that all isolates in this cluster contained Saf fimbrial genes which are generally absent in S. Heidelberg. The acquisition of several single nucleotide polymorphisms and the gain of Saf fimbrial genes may have contributed to the increased disease severity of these Salmonella ser. Heidelberg strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linto Antony
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Melissa Behr
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Donald Sockett
- 3Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Dale Miskimins
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Nicole Aulik
- 3Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Marc W Allard
- 4Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD USA
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