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Harris JC, Trigg NA, Goshu B, Yokoyama Y, Dohnalová L, White EK, Harman A, Murga-Garrido SM, Ting-Chun Pan J, Bhanap P, Thaiss CA, Grice EA, Conine CC, Kambayashi T. The microbiota and T cells non-genetically modulate inherited phenotypes transgenerationally. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114029. [PMID: 38573852 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The host-microbiota relationship has evolved to shape mammalian physiology, including immunity, metabolism, and development. Germ-free models are widely used to study microbial effects on host processes such as immunity. Here, we find that both germ-free and T cell-deficient mice exhibit a robust sebum secretion defect persisting across multiple generations despite microbial colonization and T cell repletion. These phenotypes are inherited by progeny conceived during in vitro fertilization using germ-free sperm and eggs, demonstrating that non-genetic information in the gametes is required for microbial-dependent phenotypic transmission. Accordingly, gene expression in early embryos derived from gametes from germ-free or T cell-deficient mice is strikingly and similarly altered. Our findings demonstrate that microbial- and immune-dependent regulation of non-genetic information in the gametes can transmit inherited phenotypes transgenerationally in mice. This mechanism could rapidly generate phenotypic diversity to enhance host adaptation to environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Harris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natalie A Trigg
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics - Penn Epigenetics Institute, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruktawit Goshu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuichi Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lenka Dohnalová
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ellen K White
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adele Harman
- Transgenic Core, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sofía M Murga-Garrido
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jamie Ting-Chun Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Preeti Bhanap
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Colin C Conine
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics - Penn Epigenetics Institute, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Xing PY, Agrawal R, Jayaraman A, Martin KA, Zhang GW, Ngu EL, Faylon LE, Kjelleberg S, Rice SA, Wang Y, Bello AT, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Whiley L, Pettersson S. Microbial Indoles: Key Regulators of Organ Growth and Metabolic Function. Microorganisms 2024; 12:719. [PMID: 38674663 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes supporting body growth are known but the mechanisms are less well documented. Using the microbial tryptophan metabolite indole, known to regulate prokaryotic cell division and metabolic stress conditions, we mono-colonized germ-free (GF) mice with indole-producing wild-type Escherichia coli (E. coli) or tryptophanase-encoding tnaA knockout mutant indole-non-producing E. coli. Indole mutant E. coli mice showed multiorgan growth retardation and lower levels of glycogen, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose, resulting in an energy deficiency despite increased food intake. Detailed analysis revealed a malfunctioning intestine, enlarged cecum, and reduced numbers of enterochromaffin cells, correlating with a metabolic phenotype consisting of impaired gut motility, diminished digestion, and lower energy harvest. Furthermore, indole mutant mice displayed reduction in serum levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and lipids. In stark contrast, a massive increase in serum melatonin was observed-frequently associated with accelerated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This observational report discloses functional roles of microbe-derived indoles regulating multiple organ functions and extends our previous report of indole-linked regulation of adult neurogenesis. Since indoles decline by age, these results imply a correlation with age-linked organ decline and levels of indoles. Interestingly, increased levels of indole-3-acetic acid, a known indole metabolite, have been shown to correlate with younger biological age, further supporting a link between biological age and levels of microbe-derived indole metabolites. The results presented in this resource paper will be useful for the future design of food intervention studies to reduce accelerated age-linked organ decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Yuli Xing
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637335, Singapore
| | - Ruchi Agrawal
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Anusha Jayaraman
- ASEAN Microbiome Nutrition Centre, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Katherine Ann Martin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - George Wei Zhang
- ASEAN Microbiome Nutrition Centre, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Ee Ling Ngu
- ASEAN Microbiome Nutrition Centre, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Llanto Elma Faylon
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Scott A Rice
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yulan Wang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Singapore Phenome Centre, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Adesola T Bello
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2NA, UK
| | - Luke Whiley
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sven Pettersson
- ASEAN Microbiome Nutrition Centre, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
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3
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Wongkuna S, Ambat A, Ghimire S, Mattiello SP, Maji A, Kumar R, Antony L, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Janvilisri T, Nelson E, Doerner KC, More S, Behr M, Scaria J. Identification of a microbial sub-community from the feral chicken gut that reduces Salmonella colonization and improves gut health in a gnotobiotic chicken model. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0162123. [PMID: 38315031 PMCID: PMC10913435 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01621-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A complex microbial community in the gut may prevent the colonization of enteric pathogens such as Salmonella. Some individual or a combination of species in the gut may confer colonization resistance against Salmonella. To gain a better understanding of the colonization resistance against Salmonella enterica, we isolated a library of 1,300 bacterial strains from feral chicken gut microbiota which represented a total of 51 species. Using a co-culture assay, we screened the representative species from this library and identified 30 species that inhibited Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro. To improve the Salmonella inhibition capacity, from a pool of fast-growing species, we formulated 66 bacterial blends, each of which composed of 10 species. Bacterial blends were more efficient in inhibiting Salmonella as compared to individual species. The blend that showed maximum inhibition (Mix10) also inhibited other serotypes of Salmonella frequently found in poultry. The in vivo effect of Mix10 was examined in a gnotobiotic and conventional chicken model. The Mix10 consortium significantly reduced Salmonella load at day 2 post-infection in gnotobiotic chicken model and decreased intestinal tissue damage and inflammation in both models. Cell-free supernatant of Mix10 did not show Salmonella inhibition, indicating that Mix10 inhibits Salmonella through either nutritional competition, competitive exclusion, or through reinforcement of host immunity. Out of 10 species, 3 species in Mix10 did not colonize, while 3 species constituted more than 70% of the community. Two of these species were previously uncultured bacteria. Our approach could be used as a high-throughput screening system to identify additional bacterial sub-communities that confer colonization resistance against enteric pathogens and its effect on the host.IMPORTANCESalmonella colonization in chicken and human infections originating from Salmonella-contaminated poultry is a significant problem. Poultry has been identified as the most common food linked to enteric pathogen outbreaks in the United States. Since multi-drug-resistant Salmonella often colonize chicken and cause human infections, methods to control Salmonella colonization in poultry are needed. The method we describe here could form the basis of developing gut microbiota-derived bacterial blends as a microbial ecosystem therapeutic against Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supapit Wongkuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Achuthan Ambat
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Samara Paula Mattiello
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Abhijit Maji
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Linto Antony
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | | | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Kinchel C. Doerner
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Sunil More
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Melissa Behr
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Vagnerová K, Gazárková T, Vodička M, Ergang P, Klusoňová P, Hudcovic T, Šrůtková D, Petr Hermanová P, Nováková L, Pácha J. Microbiota modulates the steroid response to acute immune stress in male mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330094. [PMID: 38361932 PMCID: PMC10867242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbiota plays a role in shaping the HPA-axis response to psychological stressors. To examine the role of microbiota in response to acute immune stressor, we stimulated the adaptive immune system by anti-CD3 antibody injection and investigated the expression of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes and profiling of plasma corticosteroids and their metabolites in specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice. Using UHPLC-MS/MS, we showed that 4 hours after immune challenge the plasma levels of pregnenolone, progesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone (CORT), 11-dehydroCORT and their 3α/β-, 5α-, and 20α-reduced metabolites were increased in SPF mice, but in their GF counterparts, only CORT was increased. Neither immune stress nor microbiota changed the mRNA and protein levels of enzymes of adrenal steroidogenesis. In contrast, immune stress resulted in downregulated expression of steroidogenic genes (Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Hsd3b6) and upregulated expression of genes of the 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase pathway (Akr1c21, Dhrs9) in the testes of SPF mice. In the liver, immune stress downregulated the expression of genes encoding enzymes with 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) (Hsd3b2, Hsd3b3, Hsd3b4, Hsd3b5), 3α-HSD (Akr1c14), 20α-HSD (Akr1c6, Hsd17b1, Hsd17b2) and 5α-reductase (Srd5a1) activities, except for Dhrs9, which was upregulated. In the colon, microbiota downregulated Cyp11a1 and modulated the response of Hsd11b1 and Hsd11b2 expression to immune stress. These data underline the role of microbiota in shaping the response to immune stressor. Microbiota modulates the stress-induced increase in C21 steroids, including those that are neuroactive that could play a role in alteration of HPA axis response to stress in GF animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Taťána Gazárková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Klusoňová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czechia
| | - Dagmar Šrůtková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czechia
| | | | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Jiří Pácha
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Domínguez-Santos R, Baixeras J, Moya A, Latorre A, Gil R, García-Ferris C. Gut Microbiota Is Not Essential for Survival and Development in Blattella germanica, but Affects Uric Acid Storage. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:153. [PMID: 38276282 PMCID: PMC10821347 DOI: 10.3390/life14010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cockroaches harbor two coexisting symbiotic systems: the obligate endosymbiont Blattabacterium cuenotii, and a complex gut microbiota. Blattabacterium is the only bacterium present in the eggs, as the gut microbiota is acquired by horizontal transmission after hatching, mostly through coprophagy. Blattella germanica, a cosmopolitan omnivorous cockroach living in intimate association with humans, is an appropriate model system for studying whether the gut microbiota is essential for the cockroach's survival, development, or welfare. We obtained a germ-free cockroach population (i.e., containing normal amounts of the endosymbiont, but free of microbes on the insects' surface and digestive tract). Non-significant differences with the controls were detected in most fitness parameters analyzed, except for a slight shortening in the hatching time of the second generation and a reduction in female weight at 10 days after adult ecdysis. The latter is accompanied by a decrease in uric acid reserves. This starvation-like phenotype of germ-free B. germanica suggests that the microbiota is not essential in this species for survival and development throughout its complete life cycle, but it could participate in complementation of host nutrition by helping with food digestion and nutrient absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Domínguez-Santos
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Baixeras
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (ICBiBE), University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Ferris
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (R.D.-S.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Genomic and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Calle Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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Figueras A, Wang L, MacKenzie S, Galindo-Villegas J. Editorial: Exploring the health of aquatic organisms through an immune viewpoint. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1356400. [PMID: 38264663 PMCID: PMC10803401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1356400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dailan, China
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Science, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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Oldereid TS, Jiang X, Øgaard J, Schrumpf E, Bjørnholt JV, Rasmussen H, Melum E. Microbial exposure during early life regulates development of bile duct inflammation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:192-201. [PMID: 37997753 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2278423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The early life microbiome has been linked to inflammatory diseases in adulthood and a role for the microbiome in bile duct inflammation is supported by both human and murine studies. We utilized the NOD.c3c4 mouse model that develops a spontaneous immune-driven biliary disease with a known contribution of the microbiome to evaluate the temporal effects of the early life microbiome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Germ-free (GF) NOD.c3c4 mice were conventionalized into a specific pathogen free environment at birth (conventionally raised, CONV-R) or at weaning (germ-free raised, GF-R) and compared with age and gender-matched GF and conventional (CONV) NOD.c3c4 mice. At 9 weeks of age, liver pathology was assessed by conventional histology and flow cytometry immunophenotyping. RESULTS Neonatal exposure to microbes (CONV-R) increased biliary inflammation to similar levels as regular conventional NOD.c3c4 mice, while delayed exposure to microbes (GF-R) restrained the biliary inflammation. Neutrophil infiltration was increased in all conventionalized mice compared to GF. An immunophenotype in the liver similar to CONV was restored in both CONV-R and GF-R compared to GF mice displaying a proportional increase of B cells and reduction of T cells in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Microbial exposure during early life has a temporal impact on biliary tract inflammation in the NOD.c3c4 mouse model suggesting that age-sensitive interaction with commensal microbes have long-lasting effects on biliary immunity that can be of importance for human cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine S Oldereid
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiaojun Jiang
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas Øgaard
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Schrumpf
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen V Bjørnholt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Rasmussen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Division of Oslo Hospital Services, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Ye H, Ghosh TS, Hueston CM, Vlckova K, Golubeva AV, Hyland NP, O’Toole PW. Engraftment of aging-related human gut microbiota and the effect of a seven-species consortium in a pre-clinical model. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2282796. [PMID: 38010168 PMCID: PMC10854441 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2282796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human aging is characterized by gut microbiome alteration and differential loss of gut commensal species associated with the onset of frailty. The administration of cultured commensal strains to replenish lost taxa could potentially promote healthy aging. To investigate the interaction of whole microbiomes and administered strains, we transplanted gut microbiota from a frail or healthy elderly subject into germ-free mice. We supplemented the frail-donor recipient group with a defined consortium of taxa (the "S7") that we identified by analyzing healthy aging subjects in our previous studies and whose abundance correlated with health-promoting dietary intervention. Inoculation with a frail or a healthy donor microbiome resulted in differential microbiota compositions in murine recipients 5 weeks post-transplantation. Fecal acetate levels were significantly higher in healthy donor recipient mice than in frail donor recipient mice after 4 weeks. However, the frailty-related phenotype was not replicated in recipient mice with single-dose microbiota transplantation from a healthy and a frail donor. Five S7 species colonized successfully in germ-free mice, with a relatively high abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis and Eubacterium rectale. The engraftment of five S7 species in germ-free mice increased fecal acetate levels and reduced colon permeability and plasma TNF-ɑ concentration. Supplementation with the S7 in frail-microbiota recipient mice did not increase alpha-diversity but significantly increased the abundance of Barnesiella intestinihominis. S7 supplementation showed the potential for improving spatial reference memory in frail-microbiota recipient mice. Collectively, these data highlight the challenge of elderly microbiota engraftment in the germ-free mouse model but show promise for modulating the gut microbiome of frail elderly subjects by administering an artificial gut microbe consortium associated with healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ye
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tarini S. Ghosh
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cara M. Hueston
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Klara Vlckova
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P. Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W. O’Toole
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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9
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Zhou H, Yu B, Sun J, Chen H, Liu Z, Ge L, Chen D. Gut microbiota absence and transplantation affect diarrhea: an investigation in the germ-free piglet model. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3971-3977. [PMID: 37906091 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2248200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of gut microbiota on neonatal diarrhea in a germ-free (GF) pig model. Twelve hysterectomy-derived GF piglets were housed in six sterile isolators. Among them, six piglets were treated as the GF group, and the other six piglets were orally introduced with healthy sow fecal suspension and regarded as the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) group. Another six piglets from natural birth were considered as the conventional (CV) group. The GF and FMT piglets were hand-fed with sterile milk powder for 21 days, and the CV piglets were suckled for the same days. Then, all piglets were fed with sterile feed for another 21 days. Results exhibited that the GF group's fecal score and moisture level were higher than those in the CV and FMT groups (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the abundances of colonic AQP1 and AQP8 in the GF group were the greatest among these treatments (p < 0.05). However, FMT piglets had a lower fecal score in d 22-28 and d 29-35 than that in the CV piglets (p < 0.05). Collectively, the absence of gut microbiota may cause diarrhea in the piglet model, and transplantation of maternal fecal microbiota may reverse it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Dremova O, Mimmler M, Paeslack N, Khuu MP, Gao Z, Bosmann M, Garo LP, Schön N, Mechler A, Beneich Y, Rebling V, Mann A, Pontarollo G, Kiouptsi K, Reinhardt C. Sterility testing of germ-free mouse colonies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275109. [PMID: 38022683 PMCID: PMC10662041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomedical research, germ-free and gnotobiotic mouse models enable the mechanistic investigation of microbiota-host interactions and their role on (patho)physiology. Throughout any gnotobiotic experiment, standardized and periodic microbiological testing of defined gnotobiotic housing conditions is a key requirement. Here, we review basic principles of germ-free isolator technology, the suitability of various sterilization methods, and the use of sterility testing methods to monitor germ-free mouse colonies. We also discuss their effectiveness and limitations, and share the experience with protocols used in our facility. In addition, possible sources of isolator contamination are discussed and an overview of reported contaminants is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dremova
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Mimmler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadja Paeslack
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - My Phung Khuu
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zhenling Gao
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lucien P. Garo
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nathalie Schön
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexa Mechler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunes Beneich
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vivian Rebling
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Abstract
The role of the gut microbiota in determining body fatness has been a prominent area of research and has received significant public attention. Based largely on animal studies, recent attempts to translate these findings into interventions in humans have not been successful. This review will outline the key mouse research that initiated this area of study, examine whether those results warranted the initial enthusiasm and progress into human studies, and examine whether later follow-up research supported earlier conclusions. It will look at whether the absence of a gut microbiota protects germ-free mice from obesity, whether microbiota can transfer obesity into germ-free mice, the evidence for the role of immune system activation as a causal mechanism linking the gut microbiota to body weight, and consider the evidence for effects of individual bacterial species. Finally, it will examine the outcomes of randomized controlled trials of microbiota transfer in human participants that have not shown effects on body weight. With a more critical reading, early studies did not show as large an effect as first appeared and later research, including human trials, has failed to support a role of the gut microbiota in shaping body weight. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Dalby
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
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12
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Thiran A, Petta I, Blancke G, Thorp M, Planckaert G, Jans M, Andries V, Barbry K, Gilis E, Coudenys J, Hochepied T, Vanhove C, Gracey E, Dumas E, Manuelo T, Josipovic I, van Loo G, Elewaut D, Vereecke L. Sterile triggers drive joint inflammation in TNF- and IL-1β-dependent mouse arthritis models. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17691. [PMID: 37694693 PMCID: PMC10565626 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is the most common extra-intestinal complication in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Conversely, arthritis patients are at risk for developing IBD and often display subclinical gut inflammation. These observations suggest a shared disease etiology, commonly termed "the gut-joint-axis." The clinical association between gut and joint inflammation is further supported by the success of common therapeutic strategies and microbiota dysbiosis in both conditions. Most data, however, support a correlative relationship between gut and joint inflammation, while causative evidence is lacking. Using two independent transgenic mouse arthritis models, either TNF- or IL-1β dependent, we demonstrate that arthritis develops independently of the microbiota and intestinal inflammation, since both lines develop full-blown articular inflammation under germ-free conditions. In contrast, TNF-driven gut inflammation is fully rescued in germ-free conditions, indicating that the microbiota is driving TNF-induced gut inflammation. Together, our study demonstrates that although common inflammatory pathways may drive both gut and joint inflammation, the molecular triggers initiating such pathways are distinct in these tissues.
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13
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Stepanova H, Scheirichova M, Matiasovic J, Hlavova K, Sinkora M, Stepanova K, Faldyna M. Interleukin-17 producing cells in swine induced by microbiota during the early postnatal period - a brief research report. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1214444. [PMID: 37799720 PMCID: PMC10548118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the immune response to many pathogens playing also a role in certain chronic and autoimmune diseases. The presented study focused on the early postnatal development of IL-17 producing cells in swine. In agreement with previous studies, αβ T-helper (CD3+CD4+) and γδ T (CD3+TCRγδ+) cells were found to be the major producers of IL-17. In newborn conventional piglets, αβ T-helper cells positive for IL-17 were almost undetectable, but their frequency increased markedly with age in all issues examined, i.e., blood, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Additional analyses of CD8 and CD27 expression showed that the main αβ T-helper producers of IL-17 has CD8+CD27- phenotype in all tissues. IL-17 positive CD8+CD27+ αβ T-helper subpopulation was found only in blood and spleen. The production of IL17 in CD8-CD27+ αβ T-helper cells was always minor. In contrast, γδ T cells positive for IL-17 did not show a similar age-dependent increase in blood and spleen, whereas they increased in MLN. Because of the age-dependent increase in conventional animals, we included a comparison with germ-free piglets to show that the increase in IL-17 positive cells was clearly depended on the presence of the microbiota as the production in germ-free animals was negligible without any age-dependent increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Stepanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marketa Scheirichova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Matiasovic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Karolina Hlavova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
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14
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Sakaguchi H, Sato Y, Matsumoto R, Gomikawa J, Yoshida N, Suzuki T, Matsuda M, Iwanami N. Maturation of the medaka immune system depends on reciprocal interactions between the microbiota and the intestinal tract. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259519. [PMID: 37767090 PMCID: PMC10520778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the host immune system and intestinal microorganisms have been studied in many animals, including fish. However, a detailed analysis has not been performed in medaka, an established fish model for biological studies. Here, we investigated the effect of immunodeficiency on the microbiota composition and the effect of gut bacteria on intestinal epithelial development and immune responses in medaka. Chronological analysis of the intestinal microbiota of interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma (il2rg) mutant medaka showed a gradual decrease in the evenness of operational taxonomic units, mainly caused by the increased abundance of the Aeromonadaceae family. Exposure of wild-type medaka to high doses of an intestine-derived opportunistic bacterium of the Aeromonadaceae family induced an inflammatory response, suggesting a harmful effect on adult il2rg mutants. In addition, we established germ-free conditions in larval medaka and observed large absorptive vacuoles in intestinal epithelial cells, indicating a block in epithelial maturation. Transcriptome analysis revealed a decrease in the expression of genes involved in the defense response, including the antimicrobial peptide gene hepcidin, whose expression is induced by lipopolysaccharide stimulation in normal larvae. These results show that reciprocal interactions between the microbiome and the intestinal tract are required for the maturation of the medaka immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
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15
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Muralitharan RR, Snelson M, Meric G, Coughlan MT, Marques FZ. Guidelines for microbiome studies in renal physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F345-F362. [PMID: 37440367 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00072.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome research has increased dramatically in the last decade, including in renal health and disease. The field is moving from experiments showing mere association to causation using both forward and reverse microbiome approaches, leveraging tools such as germ-free animals, treatment with antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantations. However, we are still seeing a gap between discovery and translation that needs to be addressed, so that patients can benefit from microbiome-based therapies. In this guideline paper, we discuss the key considerations that affect the gut microbiome of animals and clinical studies assessing renal function, many of which are often overlooked, resulting in false-positive results. For animal studies, these include suppliers, acclimatization, baseline microbiota and its normalization, littermates and cohort/cage effects, diet, sex differences, age, circadian differences, antibiotics and sweeteners, and models used. Clinical studies have some unique considerations, which include sampling, gut transit time, dietary records, medication, and renal phenotypes. We provide best-practice guidance on sampling, storage, DNA extraction, and methods for microbial DNA sequencing (both 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenome). Finally, we discuss follow-up analyses, including tools available, metrics, and their interpretation, and the key challenges ahead in the microbiome field. By standardizing study designs, methods, and reporting, we will accelerate the findings from discovery to translation and result in new microbiome-based therapies that may improve renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikeish R Muralitharan
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Matthew Snelson
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guillaume Meric
- Cambridge-Baker Systems Genomics Initiative, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Tomal F, Sadrin G, Gaboriaud P, Guitton E, Sedano L, Lallier N, Rossignol C, Larcher T, Rouille E, Ledevin M, Guabiraba R, Silvestre A, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Schouler C, Laurent F, Bussière FI. The caecal microbiota promotes the acute inflammatory response and the loss of the intestinal barrier integrity during severe Eimeria tenella infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1250080. [PMID: 37680750 PMCID: PMC10482108 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1250080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coccidiosis, a disease caused by intestinal apicomplexan parasites Eimeria, is a threat to poultry production. Eimeria tenella is one of the most pathogenic species, frequently causing a high prevalence of opportunistic infections. Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of severe Eimeria tenella infection. Methods We have previously shown that microbiota can promote parasite development. To study the effect of the microbiota on the pathogenesis of this infection, we used an experimental condition (inoculum of 10 000 oocysts E. tenella INRAE) in which the parasite load is similar between germ-free and conventional broilers at 7 days post-infection (pi). Thirteen conventional and 24 germ-free chickens were infected. Among this latter group, 12 remained germ-free and 12 received a microbiota from conventional healthy chickens at 4 days pi. Caeca and spleens were collected at 7 days pi. Results Our results demonstrated caecal lesions and epithelium damage in conventional chickens at 7 days pi but not in germ-free infected chickens. Administration of conventional microbiota to germ-free chickens partially restored these deleterious effects. At day 7 pi, both infected conventional and germ-free chickens exhibited increased gene expression of inflammatory mediators, including IL15, IFNγ, TNFα and the anti-inflammatory mediator SOCS1, whereas the inflammatory mediators CXCLi2, CCL20, IL18, CSF1, NOS2, PTGS2, IL1β, IL6, the receptor CCR2, and the anti-inflammatory mediators TGFβ1 and IL10 were upregulated only in infected conventional chickens. Notably, the IL18, PTGS2 gene expression was significantly higher in the infected conventional group. Overall, the inflammatory response enhanced by the microbiota might be in part responsible for higher lesion scores. Epithelial tight junction protein gene expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of CLDN1 with the infection and microbiota, indicating a potential loss of the intestinal barrier integrity. Conclusion These observations imply that, during E. tenella infection, the caecal microbiota could trigger an acute inflammatory response, resulting in a loss of intestinal integrity. Increase in bacterial translocation can then lead to the likelihood of opportunistic infections. Hence, modulating the microbiota may offer a promising strategy for improving poultry gut health and limiting caecal coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomal
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | | - Laura Sedano
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | | - Elodie Rouille
- INRAE, Oniris, PAnTher, APEX, Nantes, France
- Laboratoire IHP VETO, Nantes, France
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17
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Lange ME, Clarke ST, Boras VF, Brown CLJ, Zhang G, Laing CR, Uwiera RRE, Montina T, Kalmokoff ML, Taboada EN, Gannon VPJ, Metz GAS, Church JS, Inglis GD. Commensal Escherichia coli Strains of Bovine Origin Competitively Mitigated Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a Gnotobiotic Murine Intestinal Colonization Model with or without Physiological Stress. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2577. [PMID: 37627368 PMCID: PMC10451813 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are a primary reservoir of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7. Currently, there are no effective methods of eliminating this important zoonotic pathogen from cattle, and colonization resistance in relation to EHEC O157:H7 in cattle is poorly understood. We developed a gnotobiotic EHEC O157:H7 murine model to examine aspects of the cattle pathogen-microbiota interaction, and to investigate competitive suppression of EHEC O157:H7 by 18 phylogenetically distinct commensal E. coli strains of bovine origin. As stress has been suggested to influence enteric colonization by EHEC O157:H7 in cattle, corticosterone administration (±) to incite a physiological stress response was included as an experimental variable. Colonization of the intestinal tract (IT) of mice by the bovine EHEC O157:H7 strain, FRIK-2001, mimicked characteristics of bovine IT colonization. In this regard, FRIK-2001 successfully colonized the IT and temporally incited minimal impacts on the host relative to other EHEC O157:H7 strains, including on the renal metabolome. The presence of the commensal E. coli strains decreased EHEC O157:H7 densities in the cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon. Moreover, histopathologic changes and inflammation markers were reduced in the distal colon of mice inoculated with commensal E. coli strains (both propagated separately and communally). Although stress induction affected the behavior of mice, it did not influence EHEC O157:H7 densities or disease. These findings support the use of a gnotobiotic murine model of enteric bovine EHEC O157:H7 colonization to better understand pathogen-host-microbiota interactions toward the development of effective on-farm mitigations for EHEC O157:H7 in cattle, including the identification of bacteria capable of competitively colonizing the IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximo E. Lange
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (M.E.L.); (S.T.C.); (C.L.J.B.)
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Sandra T. Clarke
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (M.E.L.); (S.T.C.); (C.L.J.B.)
| | - Valerie F. Boras
- Chinook Regional Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB T1J 1W5, Canada;
| | - Catherine L. J. Brown
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (M.E.L.); (S.T.C.); (C.L.J.B.)
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (G.Z.); (E.N.T.)
| | - Chad R. Laing
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada;
| | - Richard R. E. Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Tony Montina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
| | - Martin L. Kalmokoff
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada;
| | - Eduardo N. Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (G.Z.); (E.N.T.)
| | - Victor P. J. Gannon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada;
| | - Gerlinde A. S. Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
| | - John S. Church
- Natural Resource Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada;
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (M.E.L.); (S.T.C.); (C.L.J.B.)
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18
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Ka Y, Ito R, Nozu R, Tomiyama K, Ueno M, Ogura T, Takahashi R. Establishment of a human microbiome- and immune system-reconstituted dual-humanized mouse model. Exp Anim 2023; 72:402-412. [PMID: 37019665 PMCID: PMC10435363 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are widely used to study the human immune system in vivo and investigate therapeutic targets for various human diseases. Immunodeficient NOD/Shi-scid-IL2rγnull (NOG) mice transferred with human hematopoietic stem cells are a useful model for studying human immune systems and analyzing engrafted human immune cells. The gut microbiota plays a significant role in the development and function of immune cells and the maintenance of immune homeostasis; however, there is currently no available animal model that has been reconstituted with human gut microbiota and immune systems in vivo. In this study, we established a new model of CD34+ cell-transferred humanized germ-free NOG mice using an aseptic method. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the germ-free humanized mice exhibited a lower level of human CD3+ T cells than the SPF humanized mice. Additionally, we found that the human CD3+ T cells slightly increased after transplanting human gut microbiota into the germ-free humanized mice, suggesting that the human microbiota supports T cell proliferation or maintenance in humanized mice colonized by the gut microbiota. Consequently, the dual-humanized mice may be useful for investigating the physiological role of the gut microbiota in human immunity in vivo and for application as a new humanized mouse model in cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyo Ka
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ryoji Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ryoko Nozu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kayo Tomiyama
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masami Ueno
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ogura
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Riichi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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19
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Archer D, Perez-Muñoz ME, Tollenaar S, Veniamin S, Cheng CC, Richard C, Barreda DR, Field CJ, Walter J. The importance of the timing of microbial signals for perinatal immune system development. Microbiome Res Rep 2023; 2:11. [PMID: 38047281 PMCID: PMC10688825 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Development and maturation of the immune system begin in utero and continue throughout the neonatal period. Both the maternal and neonatal gut microbiome influence immune development, but the relative importance of the prenatal and postnatal periods is unclear. Methods: In the present study, we characterized immune cell populations in mice in which the timing of microbiome colonization was strictly controlled using gnotobiotic methodology. Results: Compared to conventional (CONV) mice, germ-free (GF) mice conventionalized at birth (EC mice) showed few differences in immune cell populations in adulthood, explaining only 2.36% of the variation in immune phenotypes. In contrast, delaying conventionalization to the fourth week of life (DC mice) affected seven splenic immune cell populations in adulthood, including dendritic cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), explaining 29.01% of the variation in immune phenotypes. Early life treatment of DC mice with Limosilactobacillus reuteri restored splenic dendritic cells and Tregs to levels observed in EC mice, and there were strain-specific effects on splenic CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD11c+ F4/80+ mononuclear phagocytes. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the early postnatal period, compared to the prenatal period, is relatively more important for microbial signals to influence immune development in mice. Our findings further show that targeted microbial treatments in early life can redress adverse effects on immune development caused by the delayed acquisition of the neonatal gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Archer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Maria Elisa Perez-Muñoz
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Stephanie Tollenaar
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Simona Veniamin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Christopher C. Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
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20
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Lubin JB, Green J, Maddux S, Denu L, Duranova T, Lanza M, Wynosky-Dolfi M, Flores JN, Grimes LP, Brodsky IE, Planet PJ, Silverman MA. Arresting microbiome development limits immune system maturation and resistance to infection in mice. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:554-570.e7. [PMID: 36996818 PMCID: PMC10935632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions to the intestinal microbiome during weaning lead to negative effects on host immune function. However, the critical host-microbe interactions during weaning that are required for immune system development remain poorly understood. We find that restricting microbiome maturation during weaning stunts immune system development and increases susceptibility to enteric infection. We developed a gnotobiotic mouse model of the early-life microbiome Pediatric Community (PedsCom). These mice develop fewer peripheral regulatory T cells and less IgA, hallmarks of microbiota-driven immune system development. Furthermore, adult PedsCom mice retain high susceptibility to Salmonella infection, which is characteristic of young mice and children. Altogether, our work illustrates how the post-weaning transition in microbiome composition contributes to normal immune maturation and protection from infection. Accurate modeling of the pre-weaning microbiome provides a window into the microbial requirements for healthy development and suggests an opportunity to design microbial interventions at weaning to improve immune development in human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bernard Lubin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jamal Green
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah Maddux
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lidiya Denu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tereza Duranova
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Lanza
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Julia N Flores
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Logan P Grimes
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, IFI, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul J Planet
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael A Silverman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Hassan M, Juanola O, Huber S, Kellmann P, Zimmermann J, Lazzarini E, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Gomez de Agüero M, Moghadamrad S. Absence of gut microbiota impairs depletion of Paneth cells but not goblet cells in germ-free Atoh1lox/lox VilCreER T2 mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G426-G437. [PMID: 36942864 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00123.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Mouse atonal homolog 1 (Math1/Atoh1) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor important for the differentiation of secretory cells within the intestinal epithelium. The analysis of Paneth depletion efficiency upon Math1lox/loxVilCreERT2 (Math1∆IEC) mice treatment with Tamoxifen in the presence or absence of intestinal microbiota, showed a failure on Paneth cell depletion in germ-free mice as compared to SPF mice. However, goblet cells were efficiently depleted in Math1∆IEC germ-free mice. The gene expression of Math1 was significantly reduced in the ileum of germ-free Math1∆IEC mice 5 days post tamoxifen injection as compared to germ-free control, but its protein expression was still detectable in the nuclei of epithelial cells in the crypts. Germ-free mice showed low proliferative ileal crypts as well as apoptotic cells that were mainly detected in the tip of the villus, consistent with a slow turnover rate of epithelial cells. Although Paneth cells were not depleted in germ-free Math1∆IEC mice for the first 7 weeks after the last tamoxifen injection - far already from the 5 days timelaps observed in SPF conditions- but an incomplete depletion of Paneth cells was observed 14 weeks after last tamoxifen injection. Colonization of germ-free mice restored the phenotype observed in SPF mice, highlighting the regulatory role of gut microbes in our model. We conclude that absence of intestinal microbiota in Math1∆IEC mice is associated with reduced epithelial cell renewal and delays the depletion of preexisting Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Hassan
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Juanola
- Laboratories for Translational Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Huber
- Laboratories for Translational Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kellmann
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Lazzarini
- Laboratories for Translational Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck research group, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sheida Moghadamrad
- Laboratories for Translational Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Massaquoi MS, Kong GL, Chilin-Fuentes D, Ngo JS, Horve PF, Melancon E, Hamilton MK, Eisen JS, Guillemin K. Cell-type-specific responses to the microbiota across all tissues of the larval zebrafish. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112095. [PMID: 36787219 PMCID: PMC10423310 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal development proceeds in the presence of intimate microbial associations, but the extent to which different host cells across the body respond to resident microbes remains to be fully explored. Using the vertebrate model organism, the larval zebrafish, we assessed transcriptional responses to the microbiota across the entire body at single-cell resolution. We find that cell types across the body, not limited to tissues at host-microbe interfaces, respond to the microbiota. Responses are cell-type-specific, but across many tissues the microbiota enhances cell proliferation, increases metabolism, and stimulates a diversity of cellular activities, revealing roles for the microbiota in promoting developmental plasticity. This work provides a resource for exploring transcriptional responses to the microbiota across all cell types of the vertebrate body and generating new hypotheses about the interactions between vertebrate hosts and their microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Massaquoi
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Thermo Fisher Scientific, 29851 Willow Creek Road, Eugene, OR 97402, USA; Thermo Fisher Scientific, 22025 20th Avenue SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Garth L Kong
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Daisy Chilin-Fuentes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Julia S Ngo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Patrick F Horve
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ellie Melancon
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - M Kristina Hamilton
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Thermo Fisher Scientific, 29851 Willow Creek Road, Eugene, OR 97402, USA
| | - Judith S Eisen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Humans and the Microbiome Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
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23
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Seike K, Kiledal A, Fujiwara H, Henig I, Burgos da Silva M, van den Brink MRM, Hein R, Hoostal M, Liu C, Oravecz-Wilson K, Lauder E, Li L, Sun Y, Schmidt TM, Shah YM, Jenq RR, Dick G, Reddy P. Ambient oxygen levels regulate intestinal dysbiosis and GVHD severity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Immunity 2023; 56:353-368.e6. [PMID: 36736321 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The severity of T cell-mediated gastrointestinal (GI) diseases such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and inflammatory bowel diseases correlates with a decrease in the diversity of the host gut microbiome composition characterized by loss of obligate anaerobic commensals. The mechanisms underpinning these changes in the microbial structure remain unknown. Here, we show in multiple specific pathogen-free (SPF), gnotobiotic, and germ-free murine models of GI GVHD that the initiation of the intestinal damage by the pathogenic T cells altered ambient oxygen levels in the GI tract and caused dysbiosis. The change in oxygen levels contributed to the severity of intestinal pathology in a host intestinal HIF-1α- and a microbiome-dependent manner. Regulation of intestinal ambient oxygen levels with oral iron chelation mitigated dysbiosis and reduced the severity of the GI GVHD. Thus, targeting ambient intestinal oxygen levels may represent a novel, non-immunosuppressive strategy to mitigate T cell-driven intestinal diseases.
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24
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Hutchinson NT, Wang SS, Dokhanchi J, Johnson RW, Buford TW, Allen JM, Woods JA. Effects of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Treatment or Germ-Free Status on Endurance Performance and Exercise Adaptations in Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:225-234. [PMID: 36170555 PMCID: PMC9840680 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endurance exercise alters the gut microbiome independently of diet. The extent to which gut microbes are responsible for physiologic adaptations to exercise training is unknown. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the role of gut microbes in performance and muscle adaptation to 6 wk of voluntary wheel running (VWR) in mice. METHODS We depleted microbes with broad-spectrum antibiotic (ABX) treatment and used germ-free (GF) mice to determine effects on adaptations to VWR. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice ( n = 56) were assigned to daily VWR or sedentary conditions. After the intervention, treadmill endurance and glucose tolerance were assessed, and gastrocnemius and soleus tissues were harvested and analyzed for citrate synthase (CS) enzyme activity and expression of exercise training-sensitive genes. RESULTS ABX treatment and GF status resulted in VWR volumes ~22% and 26% lower than controls, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that, although VWR increased treadmill endurance, ABX had no effect. GF status significantly reduced treadmill performance in trained GF mice after training. VWR increased gastrocnemius CS enzyme activity in all groups, and ABX and GF status did not reduce the VWR effect. VWR also increased muscle expression of PGC1a, but this was not affected by ABX treatment. CONCLUSIONS ABX treatment and GF status reduced VWR behavior but did not affect VWR-induced adaptations in endurance capacity, CS activity, or expression of muscle metabolic genes. However, GF status reduced endurance capacity. These data indicated that reducing microbes in adulthood does not inhibit endurance training adaptations in C57Bl/6 mice, but that GF mice possess a reduced responsiveness to endurance exercise training, perhaps because of a developmental defect associated with lack of microbes from birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah T. Hutchinson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Selena S. Wang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Jack Dokhanchi
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jacob M. Allen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Jeffrey A. Woods
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
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25
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Zhang J, Shen Y, Yang G, Sun J, Tang C, Liang H, Ma J, Wu X, Cao H, Wu M, Ding Y, Li M, Liu Z, Ge L. Commensal microbiota modulates phenotypic characteristics and gene expression in piglet Peyer's patches. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1084332. [PMID: 37035673 PMCID: PMC10073539 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1084332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains a complex microbial community. Peyer's patches (PPs) play an important role in inducing mucosal immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. However, little is known about the effect of commensal microbiota on the host's PPs. Here, we analyzed the phenotypic-to-transcriptome changes in the intestine PPs of specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) piglets (fed in an environment with and without commensal microbiota, respectively) to elucidate the role of commensal microbiota in host intestine mucosal immunity. Analyses of anatomical and histological characteristics showed that commensal microbiota deficiency led to PP hypoplasia, especially regarding B and T cells. A total of 12,444 mRNAs were expressed in 12 libraries; 2,156 and 425 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs were detected in the jejunal PP (JPP) and ileal PP (IPP), respectively (SPF vs. GF). The shared DE mRNAs of the JPP and IPP were mainly involved in basic physiological and metabolic processes, while the specific DE mRNAs were enriched in regulating immune cells in the JPP and microbial responses and cellular immunity in the IPP. Commensal microbiota significantly modulated the expression of genes related to B-cell functions, including activation, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, receptor signaling, germinal center formation, and IgA isotype class switching, particularly in the JPP. TLR4 pathway-related genes were induced in response to microbial colonization and in LPS/SCFA-treated B cells. We also detected 69 and 21 DE lncRNAs in the JPP and IPP, respectively, and four one-to-one lncRNA-mRNA pairs were identified. These findings might represent key regulatory axes for host intestine mucosal immunity development during microbial colonization. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that commensal microbiota modulated phenotypic characteristics and gene expression in the piglet intestine PPs and underscored the importance of early microbial colonization for host mucosal immunity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Yangling Food Engineering Innovation Center, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Guitao Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuang Tang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Jideng Ma
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoran Cao
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuchun Ding
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Liangpeng Ge,
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26
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Knox EG, Lynch CMK, Lee YS, O'Driscoll CM, Clarke G, Cryan JF, Aburto MR. The gut microbiota is important for the maintenance of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier integrity. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:233-241. [PMID: 36453579 PMCID: PMC10107533 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota communicates with the brain through several pathways including the vagus nerve, immune system, microbial metabolites and through the endocrine system. Pathways along the humoral/immune gut microbiota-brain axis are composed of a series of vascular and epithelial barriers including the intestinal epithelial barrier, gut-vascular barrier, blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Of these barriers, the relationship between the gut microbiota and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is yet to be fully defined. Here, using a germ-free mouse model, we aimed to assess the relationship between the gut microbiota and the integrity of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, which is localized to the choroid plexus epithelium. Using confocal microscopy, we visualized the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1, an integral aspect of choroid plexus integrity, as well as the choroid plexus fenestrated capillaries. Quantification of tight junction proteins via network analysis led to the observation that there was a decrease in the zonula occludens-1 network organization in germ-free mice; however, we did not observe any differences in capillary structure. Taken together, these data indicate that the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is another barrier along the gut microbiota-brain axis. Future studies are required to elucidate its relative contribution in signalling from microbiota to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Knox
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caoimhe M K Lynch
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ye Seul Lee
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria R Aburto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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27
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Pujo J, De Palma G, Lu J, Galipeau HJ, Surette MG, Collins SM, Bercik P. Gut microbiota modulates visceral sensitivity through calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) production. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2188874. [PMID: 36939195 PMCID: PMC10038053 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2188874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal pain is common in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, but its pathophysiology is unclear, in part due to poor understanding of basic mechanisms underlying visceral sensitivity. Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota is an important determinant of visceral sensitivity. Clinical and basic research studies also show that sex plays a role in pain perception, although the precise pathways are not elucidated. We investigated pain responses in germ-free and conventionally raised mice of both sexes, and assessed visceral sensitivity to colorectal distension, neuronal excitability of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and the production of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in response to capsaicin or a mixture of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Germ-free mice displayed greater in vivo responses to colonic distention than conventional mice, with no differences between males and females. Pretreatment with intracolonic capsaicin or GPCR agonists increased responses in conventional, but not in germ-free mice. In DRG neurons, gut microbiota and sex had no effect on neuronal activation by capsaicin or GPCR agonists. While stimulated production of substance P by DRG neurons was similar in germ-free and conventional mice, with no additional effect of sex, the CGRP production was higher in germ-free mice, mainly in females. Absence of gut microbiota increases visceral sensitivity to colorectal distention in both male and female mice. This is, at least in part, due to increased production of CGRP by DRG neurons, which is mainly evident in female mice. However, central mechanisms are also likely involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pujo
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Giada De Palma
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jun Lu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Stephen M Collins
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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28
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Surman SL, Crawford J, Dash P, Tonkonogy SL, Thomas PG, Hurwitz JL. Microbiome Shapes the T Cell Receptor Repertoire among CD4+CD8+ Thymocytes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123015. [PMID: 36551771 PMCID: PMC9775422 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome shapes the mature T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and thereby influences pathogen control. To investigate microbiome influences on T cells at an earlier, immature stage, we compared single-cell TCR transcript sequences between CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) thymocytes from gnotobiotic [E. coli mono-associated (Ec)] and germ-free (GF) mice. Identical TCRβ transcripts (termed repeat, REP) were more often shared between cells of individual Ec mice compared to GF mice (Fishers Exact test, p < 0.0001). Among Ec REPs, a cluster of Vβ genes (Vβ12-1, 12-2, 13-1, and 13-2, termed 12-13) was well represented, whereas 12-13 sequences were not detected among GF REPs (Fishers Exact test, p = 0.046). Vα genes located in the distal region of the TCRα locus were more frequently expressed in Ec mice compared to GF mice, both among REPs and total sequences (Fishers Exact test, p = 0.009). Results illustrate how gut bacteria shape the TCR repertoire, not simply among mature T cells, but among immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Lentigen, a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Susan L. Tonkonogy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence:
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Tsang DK, Wang RJ, De Sa O, Ayyaz A, Foerster EG, Bayer G, Goyal S, Trcka D, Ghoshal B, Wrana JL, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. A single cell survey of the microbial impacts on the mouse small intestinal epithelium. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2108281. [PMID: 35939622 PMCID: PMC9361762 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelial barrier inputs signals from the gut microbiota in order to balance physiological inflammation and tolerance, and to promote homeostasis. Understanding the dynamic relationship between microbes and intestinal epithelial cells has been a challenge given the cellular heterogeneity associated with the epithelium and the inherent difficulty of isolating and identifying individual cell types. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of small intestinal epithelial cells from germ-free and specific pathogen-free mice to study microbe-epithelium crosstalk at the single-cell resolution. The presence of microbiota did not impact overall cellular composition of the epithelium, except for an increase in Paneth cell numbers. Contrary to expectations, pattern recognition receptors and their adaptors were not induced by the microbiota but showed concentrated expression in a small proportion of epithelial cell subsets. The presence of the microbiota induced the expression of host defense- and glycosylation-associated genes in distinct epithelial cell compartments. Moreover, the microbiota altered the metabolic gene expression profile of epithelial cells, consequently inducing mTOR signaling thereby suggesting microbe-derived metabolites directly activate and regulate mTOR signaling. Altogether, these findings present a resource of the homeostatic transcriptional and cellular impact of the microbiota on the small intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K.L. Tsang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan J. Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver De Sa
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arshad Ayyaz
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Giuliano Bayer
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Goyal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Trcka
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bibaswan Ghoshal
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L. Wrana
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,CONTACT Dana J. Philpott Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ignacio A, Shah K, Bernier-Latmani J, Köller Y, Coakley G, Moyat M, Hamelin R, Armand F, Wong NC, Ramay H, Thomson CA, Burkhard R, Wang H, Dufour A, Geuking MB, McDonald B, Petrova TV, Harris NL, McCoy KD. Small intestinal resident eosinophils maintain gut homeostasis following microbial colonization. Immunity 2022; 55:1250-1267.e12. [PMID: 35709757 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestine harbors a large population of resident eosinophils, yet the function of intestinal eosinophils has not been explored. Flow cytometry and whole-mount imaging identified eosinophils residing in the lamina propria along the length of the intestine prior to postnatal microbial colonization. Microscopy, transcriptomic analysis, and mass spectrometry of intestinal tissue revealed villus blunting, altered extracellular matrix, decreased epithelial cell turnover, increased gastrointestinal motility, and decreased lipid absorption in eosinophil-deficient mice. Mechanistically, intestinal epithelial cells released IL-33 in a microbiota-dependent manner, which led to eosinophil activation. The colonization of germ-free mice demonstrated that eosinophil activation in response to microbes regulated villous size alterations, macrophage maturation, epithelial barrier integrity, and intestinal transit. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a critical role for eosinophils in facilitating the mutualistic interactions between the host and microbiota and provide a rationale for the functional significance of their early life recruitment in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ignacio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathleen Shah
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yasmin Köller
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Research, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mati Moyat
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Romain Hamelin
- Proteomics Core Facility, Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Armand
- Proteomics Core Facility, Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nick C Wong
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Hena Ramay
- International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Regula Burkhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Haozhe Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Braedon McDonald
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4A1, Canada
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Effah F, de Gusmão Taveiros Silva NK, Vijayanathan K, Camarini R, Joly F, Taiwo B, Rabot S, Champeil-Potokar G, Bombail V, Bailey A. SEX-DEPENDENT IMPACT OF MICROBIOTA STATUS ON CEREBRAL μ -OPIOID RECEPTOR DENSITY IN FISCHER RATS. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1917-1933. [PMID: 35393704 PMCID: PMC9324823 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
μ‐opioid receptors (MOPr) play a critical role in social play, reward and pain, in a sex‐ and age‐dependent manner. There is evidence to suggest that sex and age differences in brain MOPr density may be responsible for this variability; however, little is known about the factors driving these differences in cerebral MOPr density. Emerging evidence highlights gut microbiota's critical influence and its bidirectional interaction with the brain on neurodevelopment. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of gut microbiota on MOPr density in male and female brains at different developmental stages. Quantitative [3H]DAMGO autoradiographic binding was carried out in the forebrain of male and female conventional (CON) and germ‐free (GF) rats at postnatal days (PND) 8, 22 and 116–150. Significant ‘microbiota status X sex’, ‘age X brain region’ interactions and microbiota status‐ and age‐dependent effects on MOPr binding were uncovered. Microbiota status influenced MOPr levels in males but not females, with higher MOPr levels observed in GF versus CON rats overall regions and age groups. In contrast, no overall sex differences were observed in GF or CON rats. Interestingly, within‐age planned comparison analysis conducted in frontal cortical and brain regions associated with reward revealed that this microbiota effect was restricted only to PND22 rats. Thus, this pilot study uncovers the critical sex‐dependent role of gut microbiota in regulating cerebral MOPr density, which is restricted to the sensitive developmental period of weaning. This may have implications in understanding the importance of microbiota during early development on opioid signalling and associated behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Effah
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | | | - Katie Vijayanathan
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Pharmacology Department, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fatima Joly
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Benjamin Taiwo
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | - Sylvie Rabot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Vincent Bombail
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE, London, UK
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Ahmed S, Travis SD, Díaz-Bahamonde FV, Porter DDL, Henry SN, Mykins J, Ravipati A, Booker A, Ju J, Ding H, Ramesh AK, Pickrell AM, Wang M, LaConte S, Howell BR, Yuan L, Morton PD. Early Influences of Microbiota on White Matter Development in Germ-Free Piglets. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:807170. [PMID: 35027884 PMCID: PMC8751630 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.807170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as the underlying white matter (WM) tracts, lie at the intersection of many neurodevelopmental disorders. The influence of microorganisms on brain development has recently been brought into the clinical and research spotlight as alterations in commensal microbiota are implicated in such disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety via the gut-brain axis. In addition, gut dysbiosis is common in preterm birth patients who often display diffuse WM injury and delayed WM maturation in critical tracts including those within the PFC and corpus callosum. Microbial colonization of the gut aligns with ongoing postnatal processes of oligodendrogenesis and the peak of brain myelination in humans; however, the influence of microbiota on gyral WM development remains elusive. Here, we develop and validate a neonatal germ-free swine model to address these issues, as piglets share key similarities in WM volume, developmental trajectories, and distribution to humans. We find significant region-specific reductions, and sexually dimorphic trends, in WM volume, oligodendrogenesis, and mature oligodendrocyte numbers in germ-free piglets during a key postnatal epoch of myelination. Our findings indicate that microbiota plays a critical role in promoting WM development during early life when the brain is vulnerable to environmental insults that can result in an array of disabilities manifesting later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ahmed
- Graduate Studies in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sierrah D Travis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Francisca V Díaz-Bahamonde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Demisha D L Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Virginia Tech Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Sara N Henry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Julia Mykins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Aditya Ravipati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Aryn Booker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jing Ju
- Graduate Studies in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hanzhang Ding
- Virginia Tech Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Graduate Studies in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Alicia M Pickrell
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Maosen Wang
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion (VTC), Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Stephen LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion (VTC), Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brittany R Howell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion (VTC), Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Paul D Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Vestrum RI, Forberg T, Luef B, Bakke I, Winge P, Olsen Y, Vadstein O. Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria Present in the Microbiota in Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua) Larvae Differentially Alter the Hosts' Innate Immune Responses. Microorganisms 2021; 10:24. [PMID: 35056473 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of host-associated bacteria have gained attention lately, and we now recognise that the microbiota is essential in processes such as digestion, development of the immune system and gut function. In this study, Atlantic cod larvae were reared under germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional conditions. Water and fish microbiota were characterised by 16S rRNA gene analyses. The cod larvae’s transcriptional responses to the different microbial conditions were analysed by a custom Agilent 44 k oligo microarray. Gut development was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Water and fish microbiota differed significantly in the conventional treatment and were dominated by different fast-growing bacteria. Our study indicates that components of the innate immune system of cod larvae are downregulated by the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria, and thus may be turned on by default in the early larval stages. We see indications of decreased nutrient uptake in the absence of bacteria. The bacteria also influence the gut morphology, reflected in shorter microvilli with higher density in the conventional larvae than in the germ-free larvae. The fact that the microbiota alters innate immune responses and gut morphology demonstrates its important role in marine larval development.
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Erny D, Dokalis N, Mezö C, Castoldi A, Mossad O, Staszewski O, Frosch M, Villa M, Fuchs V, Mayer A, Neuber J, Sosat J, Tholen S, Schilling O, Vlachos A, Blank T, Gomez de Agüero M, Macpherson AJ, Pearce EJ, Prinz M. Microbiota-derived acetate enables the metabolic fitness of the brain innate immune system during health and disease. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2260-2276.e7. [PMID: 34731656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia constitute the pivotal immune cells of this organ. Microglial features are strongly dependent on environmental cues such as commensal microbiota. Gut bacteria are known to continuously modulate microglia maturation and function by the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). However, the precise mechanism of this crosstalk is unknown. Here we determined that the immature phenotype of microglia from germ-free (GF) mice is epigenetically imprinted by H3K4me3 and H3K9ac on metabolic genes associated with substantial functional alterations including increased mitochondrial mass and specific respiratory chain dysfunctions. We identified acetate as the essential microbiome-derived SCFA driving microglia maturation and regulating the homeostatic metabolic state, and further showed that it is able to modulate microglial phagocytosis and disease progression during neurodegeneration. These findings indicate that acetate is an essential bacteria-derived molecule driving metabolic pathways and functions of microglia during health and perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Dokalis
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Mezö
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Omar Mossad
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ori Staszewski
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Frosch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matteo Villa
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Vidmante Fuchs
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arun Mayer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Neuber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janika Sosat
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Tholen
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Blank
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice E. Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice E. Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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35
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Logan IE, Shulzhenko N, Sharpton TJ, Bobe G, Liu K, Nuss S, Jones ML, Miranda CL, Vasquez-Perez S, Pennington JM, Leonard SW, Choi J, Wu W, Gurung M, Kim JP, Lowry MB, Morgun A, Maier CS, Stevens JF, Gombart AF. Xanthohumol Requires the Intestinal Microbiota to Improve Glucose Metabolism in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100389. [PMID: 34496124 PMCID: PMC8571065 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The polyphenol xanthohumol (XN) improves dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obesity animal models. Because XN changes intestinal microbiota composition, the study hypothesizes that XN requires the microbiota to mediate its benefits. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis, the study feeds conventional and germ-free male Swiss Webster mice either a low-fat diet (LFD, 10% fat derived calories), a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat derived calories), or a high-fat diet supplemented with XN at 60 mg kg-1 body weight per day (HXN) for 10 weeks, and measure parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism. In conventional mice, the study discovers XN supplementation decreases plasma insulin concentrations and improves Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). In germ-free mice, XN supplementation fails to improve these outcomes. Fecal sample 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis suggests XN supplementation changes microbial composition and dramatically alters the predicted functional capacity of the intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota metabolizes XN into bioactive compounds, including dihydroxanthohumol (DXN), an anti-obesogenic compound with improved bioavailability. CONCLUSION XN requires the intestinal microbiota to mediate its benefits, which involves complex diet-host-microbiota interactions with changes in both microbial composition and functional capacity. The study results warrant future metagenomic studies which will provide insight into complex microbe-microbe interactions and diet-host-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle E Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kitty Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Stephanie Nuss
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Megan L Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Cristobal L Miranda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Jamie M Pennington
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Scott W Leonard
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Manoj Gurung
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Joyce P Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Malcolm B Lowry
- Department of Microbiology, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Lebeuf M, Turgeon N, Faubert C, Pleau A, Robillard J, Paradis É, Marette A, Duchaine C. Contaminants and Where to Find Them: Microbiological Quality Control in Axenic Animal Facilities. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:709399. [PMID: 34484147 PMCID: PMC8415547 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.709399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of axenic animal models in experimental research has exponentially grown in the past few years and the most reliable way for confirming their axenic status remains unclear. It is especially the case when using individual ventilated positive-pressure cages such as the Isocage. This type of cage are at a greater risk of contamination and expose animals to a longer handling process leading to more potential stress when opened compared to isolators. The aim of this study was to propose simple ways to detect microbial contaminants with Isocages type isolator resulting by developing, validating and optimizing three different methods (culture, microscopy, and molecular). These three approaches were also tested in situ by spiking 21 axenic mice with different microorganisms. Our results suggest that the culture method can be used for feces and surface station (IBS) swabs exclusively (in Brain Heart Infusion for 7 days at 25°C and 37°C in aerobic conditions, and at 30°C in anaerobic conditions), while microscopy (wet mounts) and molecular method (quantitative PCR) were only suitable for fecal matter analyses. In situ results suggests that the culture and molecular methods can detect up to 100% of bacterial contamination events while the microscopy approach generates many erroneous results when not performed by a skilled microscopist. In situ results also suggest that when an axenic mouse is contaminated by a microbial agent, the microorganism will colonize the mouse to such an extent that detection is obvious in 4 days, in average. This report validates simple but complimentary tests that can be used for optimal detection of contaminants in axenic animal facilities using Isocage type isolators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lebeuf
- Département de Biochimie, Microbiologie et Bio-Informatique, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Turgeon
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Faubert
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Pleau
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Justin Robillard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Paradis
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Pfizer Canada - CIHR Chair in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Département de Biochimie, Microbiologie et Bio-Informatique, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Tier-1 Canada Research Chair in Bioaerosols, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Schwarzer M, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Leulier F, Schabussova I. Editorial: Employing Experimental Gnotobiotic Models to Decipher the Host-Microbiota Cross-Talk in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729052. [PMID: 34413863 PMCID: PMC8369756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | | | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Lyon, France
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Bayer F, Ascher S, Kiouptsi K, Kittner JM, Stauber RH, Reinhardt C. Colonization with Altered Schaedler Flora Impacts Leukocyte Adhesion in Mesenteric Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1601. [PMID: 34442681 PMCID: PMC8401286 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota impacts mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury, aggravating the interaction of leukocytes with endothelial cells in mesenteric venules. The role of defined gut microbiomes in this life-threatening pathology is unknown. To investigate how a defined model microbiome affects the adhesion of leukocytes in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion, we took advantage of gnotobiotic isolator technology and transferred altered Schaedler flora (ASF) from C3H/HeNTac to germ-free C57BL/6J mice. We were able to detect all eight bacterial taxa of ASF in fecal samples of colonized C57BL/6J mice by PCR. Applying qRT-PCR for quantification of species-specific 16S rDNA sequences of ASF bacteria, we found a major shift in the abundance of ASF 500, which was greater in C57BL/6J mice relative to the C3H/HeNTac founder breeding pair. Using high-speed epifluorescence intravital microscopy to visualize the venules of the small bowel mesentery, we found that gnotobiotic ASF-colonized mice showed reduced leukocyte adherence, both pre- and post-ischemia. Relative to germ-free mice, the counts of adhering leukocytes were increased pre-ischemia but did not significantly increase in ASF-colonized mice in the post-ischemic state. Collectively, our results suggest a protective role of the minimal microbial consortium ASF in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bayer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Stefanie Ascher
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
| | - Jens M. Kittner
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Diakonie Klinikum Neunkirchen, Brunnenstraße 20, 66538 Neunkirchen, Germany
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Department of Nanobiomedicine/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (S.A.); (K.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Marquant Q, Laubreton D, Drajac C, Mathieu E, Bouguyon E, Noordine ML, Remot A, Riffault S, Thomas M, Descamps D. The microbiota plays a critical role in the reactivity of lung immune components to innate ligands. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21348. [PMID: 33715218 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002338r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota contributes to shaping efficient and safe immune defenses in the gut. However, little is known about the role of the gut and/or lung microbiota in the education of pulmonary innate immune responses. Here, we tested whether the endogenous microbiota in general can modulate the reactivity of pulmonary tissue to pathogen stimuli by comparing the response of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice. Thus, we observed earlier and greater inflammation in the pulmonary compartment of GF mice than that of SPF mice after intranasal instillation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacteria. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was more abundantly expressed in the lungs of GF mice than those of SPF mice at steady state, which could predispose the innate immunity of GF mice to strongly react to the environmental stimuli. Lung explants were stimulated with different TLR agonists or infected with the human airways pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), resulting in greater inflammation under almost all conditions for the GF explants. Finally, alveolar macrophages (AM) from GF mice presented a higher innate immune response upon RSV infection than those of SPF mice. Overall, these data suggest that the presence of microbiota in SPF mice induced a process of innate immune tolerance in the lungs by a mechanism which remains to be elucidated. Our study represents a step forward to establishing the link between the microbiota and the immune reactivity of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Marquant
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Daphné Laubreton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elliot Mathieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Aude Remot
- Université de Tours, INRAE, ISP, Tours, France
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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40
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Kano T, Suzuki H, Makita Y, Fukao Y, Suzuki Y. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue is the major induction site for nephritogenic IgA in murine IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 2021; 100:364-376. [PMID: 33961870 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of mucosal immunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). However, it is unclear whether the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) or gut-associated lymphatic tissue is the major induction site of nephritogenic IgA synthesis. To examine whether exogenous mucosal antigens exacerbate the pathogenesis of IgAN, we assessed the disease phenotypes of IgAN-onset ddY mice housed germ-free. These mice were transferred to a specific pathogen-free environment and divided into three groups: challenged with the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide, fecal transplantation, and the untreated control group. The levels of aberrantly glycosylated IgA and IgG-IgA immune complexes were measured in the serum and supernatant of cultured cells purified from the NALT, mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer's patch. Although the germ-free IgAN-onset ddY mice did not develop IgAN, they showed aggravation of kidney injury with mesangial IgA deposition after transfer to the specific pathogen-free state. The NALT cells produced more aberrantly glycosylated IgA than those from the mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patch, resulting in induction of IgG-IgA immune complexes formation. Additionally, TLR9 enhanced the production of nephritogenic IgA and IgG-IgA immune complexes by nasal-associated lymphoid but not gut-associated lymphatic cells. Furthermore, the germ-free IgAN-onset ddY mice nasally immunized with CpG-oligonucleotide showed aggravation of kidney injury with mesangial IgA deposition, whereas those that received fecal transplants did not develop IgAN. Thus, NALT is the major induction site of the production of aberrantly glycosylated IgA in murine IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kano
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuko Makita
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukao
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yu Y, Wang H, Rao X, Liu L, Zheng P, Li W, Zhou W, Chai T, Ji P, Song J, Wei H, Xie P. Proteomic Profiling of Lysine Acetylation Indicates Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Hippocampus of Gut Microbiota-Absent Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:594332. [PMID: 33776647 PMCID: PMC7991600 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.594332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability around the world and contributes greatly to the global burden of disease. Mounting evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis may be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD through the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Recent research suggests that epigenetic modifications might relate to depression. However, our knowledge of the role of epigenetics in host–microbe interactions remains limited. In the present study, we used a combination of affinity enrichment and high-resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis to identify hippocampal acetylated proteins in germ-free and specific pathogen-free mice. In total, 986 lysine acetylation sites in 543 proteins were identified, of which 747 sites in 427 proteins were quantified. Motif analysis identified several conserved sequences surrounding the acetylation sites, including D∗Kac, DKac, KacY, KacD, and D∗∗Kac. Gene ontology annotations revealed that these differentially expressed acetylated proteins were involved in multiple biological functions and were mainly located in mitochondria. In addition, pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle II (eukaryotic), both of which are exclusively localized to the mitochondria, were the primarily disturbed functions. Taken together, this study indicates that lysine acetylation alterations may play a pivotal role in mitochondrial dysfunction and may be a mechanism by which gut microbiota regulate brain function and behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,College of Stomatology and Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuechen Rao
- National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxia Li
- National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingjia Chai
- National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ji
- College of Stomatology and Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- College of Stomatology and Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Sarate PJ, Srutkova D, Geissler N, Schwarzer M, Schabussova I, Inic-Kanada A, Kozakova H, Wiedermann U. Pre- and Neonatal Imprinting on Immunological Homeostasis and Epithelial Barrier Integrity by Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Prevents Allergic Poly-Sensitization in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612775. [PMID: 33679699 PMCID: PMC7927790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A steady rise in the number of poly-sensitized patients has increased the demand for effective prophylactic strategies against multi-sensitivities. Probiotic bacteria have been successfully used in clinics and experimental models to prevent allergic mono-sensitization. In the present study, we have investigated whether probiotic bacteria could prevent poly-sensitization by imprinting on the immune system early in life. We used two recombinant variants of probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN): i) EcN expressing birch and grass pollen, poly-allergen chimera construct (EcN-Chim), and ii) an “empty” EcN without allergen expression (EcN-Ctrl). Conventional mice (CV) were treated with either EcN-Chim or EcN-Ctrl in the last week of the gestation and lactation period. Gnotobiotic mice received one oral dose of either EcN-Chim or EcN-Ctrl before mating. The offspring from both models underwent systemic allergic poly-sensitization and intranasal challenge with recombinant birch and grass pollen allergens (rBet v 1, rPhl p 1, and rPhl p 5). In the CV setting, the colonization of offspring via treatment of mothers reduced allergic airway inflammation (AAI) in offspring compared to poly-sensitized controls. Similarly, in a gnotobiotic model, AAI was reduced in EcN-Chim and EcN-Ctrl mono-colonized offspring. However, allergy prevention was more pronounced in the EcN-Ctrl mono-colonized offspring as compared to EcN-Chim. Mono-colonization with EcN-Ctrl was associated with a shift toward mixed Th1/Treg immune responses, increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the lung, and maintained levels of zonulin-1 in lung epithelial cells as compared to GF poly-sensitized and EcN-Chim mono-colonized mice. This study is the first one to establish the model of allergic poly-sensitization in gnotobiotic mice. Using two different settings, gnotobiotic and conventional mice, we demonstrated that an early life intervention with the EcN without expressing an allergen is a powerful strategy to prevent poly-sensitization later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya J Sarate
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Nora Geissler
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandra Inic-Kanada
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hana Kozakova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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43
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Zhou H, Sun J, Ge L, Liu Z, Chen H, Yu B, Chen D. Exogenous infusion of short-chain fatty acids can improve intestinal functions independently of the gut microbiota. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5988194. [PMID: 33205812 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenously infused short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the growth development and intestinal functions in a germ-free (GF) pig model. Twelve hysterectomy-derived newborn piglets were reared in six sterile isolators. All piglets were hand-fed Co60-γ-irradiated sterile milk powder for 21 d and then were switched to sterile feed for another 21 d. During the second 21-d period, GF piglets (n = 6) were orally infused with 25 mL/kg sterile saline per day, and SCFA piglets (n = 6) were orally infused with 25 mL/kg SCFAs mixture (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, 45, 15, and 11 mM, respectively) per day. We observed the concentrations of SCFAs in serum and intestine, and the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) abundance of G-protein-coupled receptor-43 in the ileum was increased (P < 0.05) in the SCFA group. Meanwhile, oral infusion of SCFAs enhanced (P < 0.05) the contents of glucagon-like peptide-2 in the jejunum and serum and tended to increase the villi height in the ileum (P < 0.10). Besides, the activities of lipase, trypsin, sucrase, lactase, Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase ([ATPase] P < 0.05), and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase (P < 0.10) were stimulated and the mRNA expressions of solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1) and regeneration protein (REG)-ΙΙΙ γ in the jejunum (P < 0.05) were upregulated in the SCFA group. Additionally, SCFAs infusion downregulated the mRNA abundances of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the jejunum, ileum, or colon (P < 0.05) and increased the counts of white blood cell, neutrophils, and lymphocyte in the blood (P < 0.05). Collectively, exogenous infusion of SCFAs might improve intestinal health through promoting intestinal development and absorption function, and enhancing intestinal immune function, and these effects were occur independently of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Gaboriaud P, Sadrin G, Guitton E, Fort G, Niepceron A, Lallier N, Rossignol C, Larcher T, Sausset A, Guabiraba R, Silvestre A, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Schouler C, Laurent F, Bussière FI. The Absence of Gut Microbiota Alters the Development of the Apicomplexan Parasite Eimeria tenella. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:632556. [PMID: 33614532 PMCID: PMC7890251 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.632556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a widespread intestinal disease of poultry caused by a parasite of the genus Eimeria. Eimeria tenella, is one of the most virulent species that specifically colonizes the caeca, an organ which harbors a rich and complex microbiota. Our objective was to study the impact of the intestinal microbiota on parasite infection and development using an original model of germ-free broilers. We observed that germ-free chickens presented significantly much lower load of oocysts in caecal contents than conventional chickens. This decrease in parasite load was measurable in caecal tissue by RT-qPCR at early time points. Histological analysis revealed the presence of much less first (day 2pi) and second generation schizonts (day 3.5pi) in germ-free chickens than conventional chickens. Indeed, at day 3.5pi, second generation schizonts were respectively immature only in germ-free chickens suggesting a lengthening of the asexual phase of the parasite in the absence of microbiota. Accordingly to the consequence of this lengthening, a delay in specific gamete gene expressions, and a reduction of gamete detection by histological analysis in caeca of germ-free chickens were observed. These differences in parasite load might result from an initial reduction of the excystation efficiency of the parasite in the gut of germ-free chickens. However, as bile salts involved in the excystation step led to an even higher excystation efficiency in germ-free compared to conventional chickens, this result could not explain the difference in parasite load. Interestingly, when we shunted the excystation step in vivo by infecting chickens with sporozoites using the cloacal route of inoculation, parasite invasion was similar in germ-free and in conventional chickens but still resulted in significantly lower parasite load in germ-free chickens at day 7pi. Overall, these data highlighted that the absence of intestinal microbiota alters E. tenella replication. Strategies to modulate the microbiota and/or its metabolites could therefore be an alternative approach to limit the negative impact of coccidiosis in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alix Sausset
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, Nouzilly, France
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Effah F, de Gusmão Taveiros Silva NK, Camarini R, Joly F, Rabot S, Bombail V, Bailey A. Region-specific sex modulation of central oxytocin receptor by gut microbiota: An ontogenic study. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:149-163. [PMID: 33389811 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a developmentally important neuropeptide recognized to play a dominant role in social functioning and stress-related behaviors, in a sex-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the underlining factors driving OT and OT receptor (OTR) early brain development remain unclear. Recent evidence highlight the critical influence of gut microbiota and its bidirectional interaction with the brain on neurodevelopment via the gut microbiota-brain axis. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of gut microbiota on the OTR system of the rat brain at different developmental stages in a pilot study. Quantitative OTR [125 I]-OVTA autoradiographic binding was carried out in the forebrain of male and female conventional (CON) and germ-free (GF) rats at postnatal days (PND) 8, 22, and 116-150. OTR binding was also assessed in the eyes of PND 1 and PND 4 GF female rats. Significant "microbiota × sex × region" interaction and age-dependent effects on OTR binding were demonstrated. Microbiota status influenced OTR levels in males but not females with higher levels of OTR observed in GF versus CON rats in the cingulate, prelimbic, and lateral/medial/ventral orbital cortex, and septum across all age groups, while sex differences were observed in GF, but not in CON rats. Interestingly, OTRs present in the eyes of CON rats were abolished in GF rats. This is the first study to uncover a sex-specific role of gut microbiota on the central OTR system, which may have implications in understanding the developmental neuroadaptations critical for behavioral regulation and the etiology of certain neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Effah
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Rosana Camarini
- Pharmacology Department, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fatima Joly
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Rabot
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Bombail
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, London, UK
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Gheorghe CE, Ritz NL, Martin JA, Wardill HR, Cryan JF, Clarke G. Investigating causality with fecal microbiota transplantation in rodents: applications, recommendations and pitfalls. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1941711. [PMID: 34328058 PMCID: PMC8331043 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1941711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, studies investigating the role of the gut microbiota in health and diseases have increased enormously - making it essential to deepen and question the research methodology employed. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in rodent studies (either from human or animal donors) allows us to better understand the causal role of the intestinal microbiota across multiple fields. However, this technique lacks standardization and requires careful experimental design in order to obtain optimal results. By comparing several studies in which rodents are the final recipients of FMT, we summarize the common practices employed. In this review, we document the limitations of this method and highlight different parameters to be considered while designing FMT Studies. Standardizing this method is challenging, as it differs according to the research topic, but avoiding common pitfalls is feasible. Several methodological questions remain unanswered to this day and we offer a discussion on issues to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra E. Gheorghe
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hannah R. Wardill
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Splichalova A, Pechar R, Killer J, Splichalova Z, Bunesova VN, Vlkova E, Salmonova HS, Splichal I. Colonization of Germ-Free Piglets with Mucinolytic and Non-Mucinolytic Bifidobacterium boum Strains Isolated from the Intestine of Wild Boar and Their Interference with Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122002. [PMID: 33333934 PMCID: PMC7765441 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars are worldwide spread foodborne pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Colonization of gnotobiotic piglet intestine with porcine indigenous mucinolytic Bifidobacterium boum RP36 strain and non-mucinolytic strain RP37 and their interference with Salmonella Typhimurium infection were compared. Bacterial interferences and impact on the host were evaluated by clinical signs of salmonellosis, bacterial translocation, goblet cell count, mRNA expression of mucin 2, villin, claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin in the ileum and colon, and plasmatic levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10. Both bifidobacterial strains colonized the intestine comparably. Neither RP36 nor RP37 B. boum strains effectively suppressed signs of salmonellosis. Both B. boum strains suppressed the growth of S. Typhimurium in the ileum and colon. The mucinolytic RP36 strain increased the translocation of S. Typhimurium into the blood, liver, and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Radko Pechar
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
- Department of Research, Food Research Institute Prague, 102 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Killer
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdislava Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Vera Neuzil Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
| | - Eva Vlkova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
| | - Hana Subrtova Salmonova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (H.S.S.)
| | - Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-491-418-539; Fax: +420-491-478-264
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Ka Y, Ogura T, Tomiyama K, Ueno M, Nozu R, Tsuruzono N, Nozawa Y, Hamano M, Takakura A, Takahashi R. Creation of an experimental rearing environment for microbiome animal research using an individually ventilated cage system and bioBUBBLE enclosure. Exp Anim 2020; 70:177-184. [PMID: 33239489 PMCID: PMC8150247 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid microbial contamination risk, vinyl film isolators are generally used in animal microbiome experiments involving germ-free (GF) mice and/or
gnotobiotic (GB) mice. However, it can take several months to gain expertise in operating the isolator competently. Furthermore, sterilization and sterility
testing, which are essential for isolator preparation, can take more than 20 days. Hence, we built an experimental rearing environment that combines an
individual ventilation cage system and a bioBUBBLE clean room enclosure to easily set up an experimental animal microbiome environment for animal facilities. In
this work, a three-step evaluation was conducted. First, we examined whether GF mice can be maintained in this rearing environment without bacterial
contamination. Next, we examined whether GF and GB mice can be maintained without cross-contamination in one individual ventilation cage rack. Finally, we
tested whether GF mice can be maintained in a biological safety cabinet controlled by negative pressure. In our series of experiments, no microbial
contamination occurred over more than 3 months. These results indicated that our rearing system that combines the individual ventilation cage and bioBUBBLE
systems can be used not only for experiments with GF mice but also for Biosafety Level 2 experiments that handle bacteria. Our system can mitigate various
disadvantages of using vinyl film isolators. In conclusion, we established an experimental method with improved working time and efficiency compared with those
of the previous vinyl isolator method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyo Ka
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ogura
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kayo Tomiyama
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masami Ueno
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ryoko Nozu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tsuruzono
- NOMURA JIMUSHO, Inc., Hibiya Central Bldg, 1-2-9 Nishi Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Yuya Nozawa
- CLEA Japan, Inc., 1-2-7 Higashiyama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8533, Japan
| | - Mariko Hamano
- CLEA Japan, Inc., 1-2-7 Higashiyama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8533, Japan
| | - Akira Takakura
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Riichi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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Kamareddine L, Najjar H, Sohail MU, Abdulkader H, Al-Asmakh M. The Microbiota and Gut-Related Disorders: Insights from Animal Models. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112401. [PMID: 33147801 PMCID: PMC7693214 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the scientific committee has called for broadening our horizons in understanding host–microbe interactions and infectious disease progression. Owing to the fact that the human gut harbors trillions of microbes that exhibit various roles including the production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients, pathogen displacement, and development of the host immune system, particular attention has been given to the use of germ-free (GF) animal models in unraveling the effect of the gut microbiota on the physiology and pathophysiology of the host. In this review, we discuss common methods used to generate GF fruit fly, zebrafish, and mice model systems and highlight the use of these GF model organisms in addressing the role of gut-microbiota in gut-related disorders (metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer), and in activating host defense mechanisms and amending pathogenic virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Hoda Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Muhammad Umar Sohail
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadil Abdulkader
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-4789
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50
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Abstract
The innate immune system in the central nervous system (CNS) is mainly represented by specialized tissue-resident macrophages, called microglia. In the past years, various species-, host- and tissue-specific as well as environmental factors were recognized that essentially affect microglial properties and functions in the healthy and diseased brain. Host microbiota are mostly residing in the gut and contribute to microglial activation states, for example, via short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. Thereby, the gut microorganisms are deemed to influence numerous CNS diseases mediated by microglia. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the interaction between the host microbiota and the CNS in health and disease, where we specifically highlight the resident gut microbiota as a crucial environmental factor for microglial function as what we coin "the microbiota-microglia axis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mossad
- Institute of NeuropathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of NeuropathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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