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Perez Marquez HJ, Schaefer AL, Bench CJ. Use of fidget and drinking behaviour in combination with facial infrared thermography for diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in a spontaneous model. Animal 2024; 18:101096. [PMID: 38377813 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a highly prevalent multi pathogen infectious disease (70-80%) in newly received feedlot cattle, causing significant economic losses and reduced animal welfare. Current BRD diagnosis involves stressful and invasive methods that can increase the incidence and transmission of BRD. An alternative is the use of an automated infrared thermography (IR) platform that can monitor facial temperature and behaviour traits to diagnose BRD in a non-invasive manner. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of fidget and drinking behaviours in conjunction with facial temperature as method of BRD diagnosis in beef calves. Sixty-five weaned calves (N = 65) were monitored over a 21-d period after 6 h transportation to predispose calves to BRD infection. Data collected from an automated IR platform placed at a water station included the number of IR frames during drinking (Fidget), number of drinking visits (Drinking bouts), total drinking duration, average drinking duration, average cheek temperature (AVG temp), and maximum orbital temperature (Max temp). Fidget, drinking behaviours, and IR were compared to a clinical score assessment based on respiratory, digestive, and lethargy signs (visual observation) and haematology analysis using a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis to identify the accuracy of each metric and combinations of metrics for BRD diagnosis. The greater accuracies observed were Fidget, Youden's index (J): 0.25 J), Drinking bout (0.28 J), and Total drinking duration (0.22 J). The average IR temperature accuracy resulted in 0.88 J and Max temp 0.77 J. Thirty-five combinations of drinking behaviour and facial IR metrics were evaluated to identify BRD calves. Optimum accuracy (100%) was achieved when combining Fidget, Drinking bout, Average drinking duration, AVG temp, and Max temp 1.00 J. Similar evaluations were performed at 48 and 24 h before d 0 using the most accurate Fidget, Drinking behaviour, and IR combination, resulting in 0.44 J 48 h prior to d 0 and 0.45 J 24 h prior to d 0. Combining fidget and drinking behaviour metrics increased the sensitivity to detect the onset of BRD infection and the specificity to discriminate true positive BRD calves from true negative BRD calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Perez Marquez
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - A L Schaefer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - C J Bench
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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2
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Donlon JD, McAloon CG, Hyde R, Aly S, Pardon B, Mee JF. A systematic review of the relationship between housing environmental factors and bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves - Part 1: Ammonia, air microbial count, particulate matter and endotoxins. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106031. [PMID: 37778652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in calves across diverse management systems. Despite expert opinion often citing the influence of housing environment on the level of respiratory disease in calf groups, there have been few reviews of environmental factors that predispose to BRD. This systematic review was undertaken to identify the measurable environmental variables associated with respiratory disease in housed preweaned calves. To achieve this Pubmed, CAB Direct and Scopus databases were searched. To be considered for inclusion, publications had to be fully published in English, published before 24 November, 2022 and include at least one measurable/ manipulated environmental variable and a standardized method of BRD detection. Twelve publications were included in this review. These examined a wide range of risk factors including air microbial count (four publications), air particulate matter (one publication); air endotoxins (one publication) and air ammonia (four publications). From the included publications, a statistically significant relationship to BRD was identified in 2/4 examining air microbial count, 1/1 examining air particulate matter, 1/1 examining air endotoxins and 2/4 examining air ammonia. This review indicated a paucity of evidence from the peer-review literature demonstrating a significant association between the many investigated exposure factors and BRD occurrence. An optimal environment for housed calves could not be clearly identified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Donlon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath C15 PW93, Ireland.
| | - C G McAloon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Hyde
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 95616, USA
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - J F Mee
- Moorepark Dairy Production Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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3
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Thomas M, Hause B, Christopher-Hennings J, Miskimis D, Pillatzki A, Nelson E, Wang D, Li F. Prevalence and characterization of seven-segmented influenza viruses in bovine respiratory disease complex. Virology 2023; 587:109859. [PMID: 37544044 PMCID: PMC10592214 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial respiratory disease of cattle. Seven-segmented influenza C (ICV) and D (IDV) viruses have been identified in cattle with BRD, however, molecular epidemiology and prevalence of IDV and ICV in the diseased population remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a molecular screening of 208 lung samples of bovine pneumonia cases for the presence of IDV and ICV. Our results demonstrated that both viruses were prevalent in BRD cases and the overall positivity rates of IDV and ICV were 20.88% and 5.99% respectively. Further analysis of three IDV strains isolated from lungs of cattle with BRD showed that these lung-tropic strains belonged to D/Michigan/2019 clade and diverged antigenically from the circulating dominant IDV clades D/OK and D/660. Our results reveal that IDV and ICV are associated with BRD complex and support a role for IDV and ICV in the etiology of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Ben Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dale Miskimis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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4
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Sorin-Dupont B, Picault S, Pardon B, Ezanno P, Assié S. Modeling the effects of farming practices on bovine respiratory disease in a multi-batch cattle fattening farm. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106009. [PMID: 37688889 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) affects young bulls, causing animal welfare and health concerns as well as economical costs. BRD is caused by an array of viruses and bacteria and also by environmental and abiotic factors. How farming practices influence the spread of these causal pathogens remains unclear. Our goal was to assess the impact of zootechnical practices on the spread of three causal agents of BRD, namely the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis. In that extent, we used an individual based stochastic mechanistic model monitoring risk factors, infectious processes, detection and treatment in a farm possibly featuring several batches simultaneously. The model was calibrated with three sets of parameters relative to each of the three pathogens using data extracted from literature. Separated batches were found to be more effective than a unique large one for reducing the spread of pathogens, especially for BRSV and M.bovis. Moreover, it was found that allocating high risk and low risk individuals into separated batches participated in reducing cumulative incidence, epidemic peaks and antimicrobial usage, especially for M. bovis. Theses findings rise interrogations on the optimal farming practices in order to limit BRD occurrence and pave the way to models featuring coinfections and collective treatments p { line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.25 cm; background: transparent}a:link { color: #000080; text-decoration: underline}a.cjk:link { so-language: zxx}a.ctl:link { solanguage: zxx}.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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5
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Donlon JD, McAloon CG, Hyde R, Aly S, Pardon B, Mee JF. A systematic review of the relationship between housing environmental factors and bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves - Part 2: Temperature, relative humidity and bedding. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106032. [PMID: 37757972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a challenge in all housed farming systems that raise calves. Farm to farm variation in BRD prevalence can be partially attributed to variation in host immunity, pathogens and housing environment. Unlike host immunity and BRD pathogens, housing environment has not been well investigated. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the measurable environmental variables associated with BRD in housed preweaned calves. Pubmed, CAB Direct and Scopus databases were searched. To be considered for inclusion publications had to be published in English, before 24 November, 2022 and include at least one measurable/ manipulated environmental variable and a standardized method of BRD detection. In total 12 publications were included in this review. In this second part of the systematic review the environmental variables identified were; temperature (9 publications); relative humidity (8 publications); bedding (5 publications); ventilation (1 publication); air CO2 concentration (1 publication) and air velocity (4 publications). Of the publications that were examined a statistically significant relationship to BRD was identified in 4/9 publications examining temperature, 3/8 examining relative humidity, 2/4 examining air velocity, 2/5 examining bedding, 0/1 examining ventilation rates and 0/1 examining CO2 concentration. From this review it is clear high airspeed at calf level should be avoided as should deep, wet pack bedding. The relationship between BRD prevalence and both high and low temperature requires more investigation to identify temperature thresholds associated with increased risk of BRD as well as the most influential modifiers. An optimal environment for housed calves could not be clearly identified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Donlon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co, Meath C15 PW93, Ireland.
| | - C G McAloon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Hyde
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 95616, USA
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - J F Mee
- Moorepark Dairy Production Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland
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6
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Wennekamp TR, Waldner CL, Windeyer MC, Larson K, Trokhymchuk A, Campbell JR. Antimicrobial resistance in bovine respiratory disease: Auction market- and ranch-raised calves. Can Vet J 2022; 63:47-54. [PMID: 34975167 PMCID: PMC8682930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study compared changes in prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni in feedlot calves derived from the auction market (AUCT; n = 299) and from a single-ranch source (RANCH; n = 300). In the AUCT calves, the prevalence of Mannheimia haemolytica decreased, whereas Histophilus somni increased over the feeding period. The AUCT calves showed an increase in isolates not susceptible to tulathromycin for all bovine respiratory disease (BRD) pathogens, an increase in Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni isolates not susceptible to oxytetracycline, and an increase in Pasteurella multocida isolates not susceptible to florfenicol. In the RANCH calves, the prevalence of all 3 BRD pathogens was high at feedlot entry and decreased significantly during the study period. In RANCH calves, there was a significant increase in Pasteurella multocida isolates not susceptible to oxytetracycline, tulathromycin, and florfenicol. Surprisingly, there was a significant decrease in Mannheimia haemolytica isolates that were not susceptible to oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent R Wennekamp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Wennekamp, Waldner, Campbell); Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3R 1J3 (Windeyer); Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8 (Larson). Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Trokhymchuk)
| | - Cheryl L Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Wennekamp, Waldner, Campbell); Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3R 1J3 (Windeyer); Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8 (Larson). Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Trokhymchuk)
| | - M Claire Windeyer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Wennekamp, Waldner, Campbell); Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3R 1J3 (Windeyer); Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8 (Larson). Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Trokhymchuk)
| | - Kathy Larson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Wennekamp, Waldner, Campbell); Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3R 1J3 (Windeyer); Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8 (Larson). Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Trokhymchuk)
| | - Anatoliy Trokhymchuk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Wennekamp, Waldner, Campbell); Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3R 1J3 (Windeyer); Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8 (Larson). Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Trokhymchuk)
| | - John R Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Wennekamp, Waldner, Campbell); Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3R 1J3 (Windeyer); Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8 (Larson). Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4 (Trokhymchuk)
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7
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Wisnieski LC, Amrine DE, Cernicchiaro N, Sanderson MW, Renter DG. Weather conditions associated with death attributed to bovine respiratory disease complex in high-risk auction market-sourced male beef calves. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:644-652. [PMID: 34296944 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.8.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between weather conditions and management factors with the incidence of death attributable to bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in high-risk auction-sourced beef calves. ANIMALS Cohorts (n = 3,339) of male beef calves (545,866) purchased by 1 large cattle feeding operation from 216 locations and transported to 1 of 89 feeding locations (backgrounding location or feedlot) with similar management protocols. PROCEDURES Associations between weather conditions and management factors on the day of purchase (day P) and during the first week at the feeding location and cumulative BRDC mortality incidence within the first 60 days on feed were estimated in a mixed-effects negative binomial regression model. RESULTS Significant factors in the final model were weaning status; degree of commingling; body weight; transport distance; season; precipitation, mean wind speed, and maximum environmental temperature on day P; environmental temperature range in the first week after arrival at the feeding location; and interactions between distance and wind speed and between body weight and maximum environmental temperature. Precipitation and wind speed on day P were associated with lower cumulative BRDC mortality incidence, but wind speed was associated only among calves transported long distances (≥ 1,082.4 km). Higher mean maximum temperature on day P increased the incidence of cumulative mortality among calves with low body weights (< 275.5 kg). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Several weather conditions on day P and during the first week after arrival were associated with incidence of BRDC mortality. The results may have implications for health- and economic-risk management, especially for high-risk calves and calves that are transported long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Wisnieski
- Center for Animal and Human Health in Appalachia, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - David E Amrine
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
- Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Michael W Sanderson
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - David G Renter
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Masmeijer C, Deprez P, van Leenen K, De Cremer L, Cox E, Devriendt B, Pardon B. Arrival cortisol measurement in veal calves and its association with body weight, protein fractions, animal health and performance. Prev Vet Med 2020; 187:105251. [PMID: 33418516 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Male dairy calves are exposed to an accumulation of transport, social and environmental stressors while transferred to fattening units. As a consequence, calves show high cortisol concentrations upon arrival at the veal facility. Whether cortisol levels as measured on arrival can be associated with animal health, welfare and production results is currently unknown. The first objective of this prospective cohort study was to determine possible associations of arrival serum cortisol concentration with health and production variables of veal calves and other arrival predictors like body weight and γ-globulin concentration. The second aim was to investigate potential clustering of arrival risk factors in veal calves for developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) based on arrival body weight, serum cortisol concentration, total protein and protein fractions. In total, 105 male Holstein calves from two consecutive production cycles in a single, commercial white veal farm were blood sampled directly at arrival on the farm to determine serum cortisol, total protein and protein fractions. All calves were weighed the day after arrival and clinical signs, average daily weight gain (ADG) and carcass weight were collected. Also, all calves of both production cohorts were repeatedly examined by thoracic ultrasonography at the onset of group respiratory disease symptoms (2-3 weeks after arrival) and four weeks later. Linear and logistic mixed models together with k-means clustering were used for statistical analyses. Calves showed on average high, but individually variable serum cortisol concentrations (mean value = 96.6 ng/mL ± standard deviation (SD) = 48.8; Range (R) = 50.0-317 ng/mL). Arrival cortisol, body weight and γ-globulin content were not significantly associated. Serum cortisol and albumin concentrations at arrival were associated with chronic, unresponsive pneumonia. For each increase of serum cortisol concentration by 10 ng/mL, the odds for lung consolidation of ≥1 cm in depth at the second ultrasonography increased, odds ratio (OR) = 1.03 (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.06; P < 0.050). For every decrease in serum albumin concentration by 1g/L, the OR for developing pneumonia was 1.23 (95 % CI= 1.04-1.46; P < 0.015). Additionally, two clusters of calves were identified based upon arrival status: a low risk cluster with below average stress-induced cortisol values, above average body weight, no acute phase response (APR) and no failure of passive immune transfer (FPIT), and a high risk cluster with above average cortisol values, below average body weight, APR and FPIT. High risk calves had higher odds for developing clinical BRD (OR= 3.88 (95 % CI=1.20-12.53; P < 0.020)) and lung consolidation ≥1 cm in depth at week 6-7 after arrival (OR= 3.93 (95 % CI=1.34-11.53; P < 0.013)). Avoiding high cortisol levels upon arrival of calves is important for animal welfare, but also for reduction of the prevalence of chronic, unresponsive pneumonia and the associated need for (repeated) antimicrobial treatment and production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christien Masmeijer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Proviron Industries NV, Georges Gilliotstraat 60, Hemiksem, 2620, Belgium.
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katharina van Leenen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieze De Cremer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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9
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Nissly RH, Zaman N, Ibrahim PAS, McDaniel K, Lim L, Kiser JN, Bird I, Chothe SK, Bhushan GL, Vandegrift K, Neibergs HL, Kuchipudi SV. Influenza C and D viral load in cattle correlates with bovine respiratory disease (BRD): Emerging role of orthomyxoviruses in the pathogenesis of BRD. Virology 2020; 551:10-15. [PMID: 33010670 PMCID: PMC7519714 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the costliest disease affecting the cattle industry globally. Orthomyxoviruses, influenza C virus (ICV) and influenza D virus (IDV) have recently been implicated to play a role in BRD. However, there are contradicting reports about the association of IDV and ICV to BRD. Using the largest cohort study (cattle, n = 599) to date we investigated the association of influenza viruses in cattle with BRD. Cattle were scored for respiratory symptoms and pooled nasal and pharyngeal swabs were tested for bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine coronavirus, ICV and IDV by real-time PCR. Cattle that have higher viral loads of IDV and ICV also have greater numbers of co-infecting viruses than controls. More strikingly, 2 logs higher IDV viral RNA in BRD-symptomatic cattle that are co-infected animals than those infected with IDV alone. Our results strongly suggest that ICV and IDV may be significant contributors to BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Nissly
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Noriza Zaman
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Puteri Ainaa S Ibrahim
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kaitlin McDaniel
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Levina Lim
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer N Kiser
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ian Bird
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shubhada K Chothe
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gitanjali L Bhushan
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kurt Vandegrift
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Holly L Neibergs
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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10
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Ji J, Wang C, He Z, Hay KE, Barnes TS, O’Connor AM. Comparing the estimates of effect obtained from statistical causal inference methods: An example using bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233960. [PMID: 32584812 PMCID: PMC7316239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The causal effect of an exposure on an outcome of interest in an observational study cannot be estimated directly if the confounding variables are not controlled. Many approaches are available for estimating the causal effect of an exposure. In this manuscript, we demonstrate the advantages associated with using inverse probability weighting (IPW) and doubly robust estimation of the odds ratio in terms of reduced bias. IPW approach can be used to adjust for confounding variables and provide unbiased estimates of the exposure’s causal effect. For cluster-structured data, as is common in animal populations, inverse conditional probability weighting (ICPW) approach can provide a robust estimation of the causal effect. Doubly robust estimation can provide a robust method even when the specification of the model form is uncertain. In this paper, the usage of IPW, ICPW, and doubly robust approaches are illustrated with a subset of data with complete covariates from the Australian-based National Bovine Respiratory Disease Initiative as well as simulated data. We evaluate the causal effect of prior bovine viral diarrhea exposure on bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. The results show that the IPW, ICPW and doubly robust approaches would provide a more accurate estimation of the exposure effect than the traditional outcome regression model, and doubly robust approaches are the most preferable overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Ji
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Zhulin He
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Hay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tamsin S. Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annette M. O’Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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11
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Perrett T, Johnson DL, Song J, van de Pol S, Dahlman DA, Rademacher RD, Hannon SJ, Booker CW. A retrospective analysis of feedlot morbidity and mortality outcomes in calves born to dams with known viral vaccination history. Can Vet J 2018; 59:779-782. [PMID: 30026627 PMCID: PMC6005078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective analysis aimed to determine the effects of a maternal viral vaccination program (MVVP; Express Verified) on calf health during the feeding period. In low- and high-risk populations, calves born to dams vaccinated pre-breeding with program products had improved morbidity and mortality outcomes compared with non-program animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tye Perrett
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
| | | | - Jiming Song
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
| | | | - Devin A Dahlman
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
| | | | - Sherry J Hannon
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
| | - Calvin W Booker
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta T1S 2A2
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Kiser JN, Lawrence TE, Neupane M, Seabury CM, Taylor JF, Womack JE, Neibergs HL. Rapid Communication: Subclinical bovine respiratory disease - loci and pathogens associated with lung lesions in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:2726-2731. [PMID: 28727052 PMCID: PMC7110184 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an economically important disease of feedlot cattle that is caused by viral and bacterial pathogen members of the BRD complex. Many cases of subclinical BRD go untreated and are not detected until slaughter, when lung lesions are identified. The objectives of this study were to identify which BRD pathogens were associated with the presence of lung lesions at harvest and to identify genomic loci that were associated with susceptibility to lung lesions as defined by consolidation of the lung and/or the presence of fibrin tissue. Steers from a Colorado feedlot (n = 920) were tested for the presence of viral and bacterial pathogens using deep pharyngeal and mid-nasal swabs collected on entry into the study. Pathogen profiles were compared between cattle with or without lung consolidation (LC), fibrin tissue in the lung (FT), a combination of LC and FT in the same lung (lung lesions [LL]), and hyperinflated lungs (HIF) at harvest. Genotyping was conducted using the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip. Genomewide association analyses (GWAA) were conducted using EMMAX (efficient mixed-model association eXpedited), and pseudoheritabilities were estimated. The pathogen profile comparisons revealed that LC (P = 0.01, odds ratio [OR] = 3.37) and LL cattle (P = 0.04, OR = 4.58) were more likely to be infected with bovine herpes virus-1 and that HIF cattle were more likely to be infected with Mycoplasma spp. (P = 0.04, OR = 4.33). Pseudoheritability estimates were 0.25 for LC, 0.00 for FT, 0.28 for LL, and 0.13 for HIF. Because pseudoheritability for FT was estimated to be 0, GWAA results for FT were not reported. There were 4 QTL that were moderately associated (P < 1 × 10−5) with only LC, 2 that were associated with only LL, and 1 that was associated with LC and LL. Loci associated with HIF included 12 that were moderately associated and 3 that were strongly associated (uncorrected P < 5 × 10−7). A 24-kb region surrounding significant lead SNP was investigated to identify positional candidate genes. Many positional candidate genes underlying or flanking the detected QTL have been associated with signal transduction, cell adhesion, or gap junctions, which have functional relevance to the maintenance of lung health. The identification of pathogens and QTL associated with the presence of lung abnormalities in cattle exhibiting subclinical BRD allows the identification of loci that may not be detected through manifestation of clinical disease alone.
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Totton SC, Cullen JN, Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM. The reporting characteristics of bovine respiratory disease clinical intervention trials published prior to and following publication of the REFLECT statement. Prev Vet Med 2017; 150:117-125. [PMID: 29406078 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the REFLECT Statement (Reporting guidElines For randomized controLled trials in livEstoCk and food safeTy) (published in 2010) was to provide the veterinary research community with reporting guidelines tailored for randomized controlled trials for livestock and food safety. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of REFLECT Statement reporting of items 1-19 in controlled trials published in journals between 1970 and 2017 examining the comparative efficacy of FDA-registered antimicrobials against naturally acquired BRD (bovine respiratory disease) in weaned beef calves in Canada or the USA, and to compare the prevalence of reporting before and after 2010, when REFLECT was published. We divided REFLECT Statement, items 3, 5, 10, and 11 into subitems, because each dealt with multiple elements requiring separate assessment. As a result, 28 different items or subitems were evaluated independently. We searched MEDLINE® and CABI (CAB Abstracts® and Global Health®) (Web of Science™) in April 2017 and screened 2327 references. Two reviewers independently assessed the reporting of each item and subitem. Ninety-five references were eligible for the study. The reporting of the REFLECT items showed a point estimate for the prevalence ratio >1 (i.e. a higher proportion of studies published post-2010 reported this item compared to studies published pre-2010), apart from items 10.3, i.e., item 10, subitem 3 (who assigned study units to the interventions), 13 (the flow of study units through the study), 16 (number of study units in analysis), 18 (multiplicity), and 19 (adverse effects). Fifty-three (79%) of 67 studies published before 2010 and all 28 (100%) papers published after 2010 reported using a random allocation method in either the title, abstract, or methods (Prevalence ratio = 1.25; 95% CI (1.09,1.43)). However, 8 studies published prior to 2010 and 7 studies published post-2010 reported the term "systematic randomization" or variations of this term (which is not true randomization) to describe the allocation procedure. Fifty-five percent (37/67) of studies published pre-2010 reported blinding status (blinded/not blinded) of outcome assessors, compared to 24/28 (86%) of studies published post-2010 (Prevalence ratio = 1.5, 95% CI (1.19, 2.02)). The reporting of recommended items in journal articles in this body of work is generally improving; however, there is also evidence of confusion about what constitutes a random allocation procedure, and this suggests an educational need. As this study is observational, this precludes concluding that the publication of the REFLECT Statement was the cause of this trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Totton
- 63 College Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 1S1, Canada.
| | - Jonah N Cullen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-3619, USA
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Arrell Food Institute, University of Guelph ,50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-3619, USA
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Delabouglise A, James A, Valarcher JF, Hagglünd S, Raboisson D, Rushton J. Linking disease epidemiology and livestock productivity: The case of bovine respiratory disease in France. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189090. [PMID: 29206855 PMCID: PMC5716546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns are growing over the impact of livestock farming on environment and public health. The livestock industry is faced with the double constraint of limiting its use of natural resources and antimicrobials while ensuring its economic sustainability. In this context, reliable methods are needed to evaluate the effect of the prevention of endemic animal diseases on the productivity of livestock production systems. In this study, an epidemiological and productivity model was used to link changes in Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) incidence with the productivity of the beef and dairy cattle sectors in France. Cattle production parameters significantly affected by BRD were selected through literature review. Previous field study results and national cattle performance estimates were used to infer growth performances, mortality rates and carcass quality in the cattle affected and not affected by BRD. A steady-state deterministic herd production model was used to predict the productivity of the dairy and beef sector and their defined compartments (breeding-fattening, feedlot young bulls, and feedlot veal) in case of BRD incidence reduction by 20%, 50% or 100%. Results suggested that BRD should be controlled at a priority in beef breeding farms as eradication of BRD in beef calves would increase the whole beef sector's productivity by 4.7-5.5% while eradication in other production stages would result in lower productivity gain in their respective sectors. However, the analysis performed at compartment level showed that, in both the beef and dairy sector, young bull and veal feedlot enterprises derive more economic benefits from BRD eradication for their own compartment (increase in productivity of 8.7-12.8% for beef young bulls) than the breeding farms (increase in productivity of 5.1-6% for beef calves), which may limit the investments in BRD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Delabouglise
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew James
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ruminant Medicine & Veterinary Epidemiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hagglünd
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ruminant Medicine & Veterinary Epidemiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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15
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Abell KM, Theurer ME, Larson RL, White BJ, Apley M. A mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis of metaphylaxis treatments for bovine respiratory disease in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:626-635. [PMID: 28380607 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of antimicrobials approved for parenteral metaphylactic use in feeder and stocker calves on morbidity and mortality for bovine respiratory disease with the use of a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. An initial literature review was conducted in April 2016 through Pubmed, Agricola, and CAB (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau) for randomized controlled trials for metaphylaxis antimicrobial administered parentally to incoming feedlot or stocker calves within 48 h of arrival. The final list of publications included 29 studies, with a total of 37 trials. There were 8 different metaphylactic antimicrobials. Final event outcomes were categorized into bovine respiratory disease (BRD) morbidity cumulative incidence d 1 to ≤ 60 of the feeding period, BRD morbidity cumulative incidence d 1 to closeout of the feeding period, BRD mortality cumulative incidence d 1 to closeout of the feeding period, and BRD retreatment cumulative incidence morbidity d 1 to closeout of the feeding period. Network meta-analysis combined direct and indirect evidence for all the event outcomes to determine mean odds ratio (OR) with 95% credibility intervals (CrIs) for all metaphylactic antimicrobial comparisons. The "upper tier" treatment arms for morbidity d 1 to ≤ 60 included tulathromycin, gamithromycin, and tilmicosin. For BRD mortality cumulative incidence d 1 to closeout and BRD retreatment morbidity d 1 to closeout, classifying the treatment arms into tiers was not possible due to overlapping 95% CrIs. The results of this project accurately identified differences between metaphylactic antimicrobials, and metaphylactic antimicrobial options appear to offer different outcomes on BRD morbidity and mortality odds in feedlot cattle.
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Cockrum RR, Speidel SE, Salak-Johnson JL, Chase CCL, Peel RK, Weaber RL, Loneagan GH, Wagner JJ, Boddhireddy P, Thomas MG, Prayaga K, DeNise S, Enns RM. Genetic parameters estimated at receiving for circulating cortisol, immunoglobulin G, interleukin 8, and incidence of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot beef steers. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2770-8. [PMID: 27482664 PMCID: PMC7110060 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (i.e., shipping fever and bacterial bronchopneumonia) is a multifaceted respiratory illness influenced by numerous environmental factors and microorganisms. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is just one component of BRD complex. Because BRD is moderately heritable, it may be possible to reduce the incidence of BRD through genetic selection. The objectives of this study were to determine the heritability and associative genetic relationships among immune system traits (i.e., cortisol, total IgG, IgG isotypes, and IL-8) in cattle monitored for BRD incidence. At an average of 83 d after weaning (219 d age and mean = 221.7 kg [SD 4.34]), crossbred Bos taurus steer calves (n = 2,869) were received at a commercial feedlot in southeastern Colorado over a 2-yr period. At receiving, jugular blood samples were collected at 212 (yr 1) and 226 d (yr 2) of age for immune trait analyses. The BRD phenotype was defined as a binomial variable (0 = no and 1 = yes) and compared with immune system traits measured at receiving (prior to illness onset). An animal identified as BRD positive exhibited ≥ 2 clinical signs (i.e., eye or nasal discharge, cough, lethargy, rapid breathing, acute interstitial pneumonia, or acute upper respiratory syndrome and/or a rectal temperature > 39.7°C). Heritability and genetic correlation estimates for categorical variable BRD, cortisol, IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IL-8 were estimated from a sire model using ASREML. Heritability estimates were low to moderate for BRD (0.17 ± 0.08), cortisol (0.13 ± 0.05), IgG (0.15 ± 0.05), IgG1 (0.11 ± 0.05), IgG2 (0.24 ± 0.06), and IL-8 (0.30 ± 0.06). A moderate negative genetic correlation was determined between BRD and cortisol (rg = −0.19 ± 0.32). Moderate positive correlations were found between BRD with IgG (0.42 ± 0.28), IgG1 (0.36 ± 0.32), and IL-8 (rg = 0.26 ± 0.26). Variation in the BRD phenotype and immune system traits suggested herd health improvement may be achieved through genetic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Cockrum
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Dairy Science, Blacksburg, 24061
| | - S. E. Speidel
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
| | | | - C. C. L. Chase
- South Dakota State University, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Brookings 57007
| | - R. K. Peel
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
| | - R. L. Weaber
- Kansas State University, Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Manhattan 66506
| | - G. H. Loneagan
- Texas Tech University, Department of Food Safety and Public Health, Lubbock 79409
| | - J. J. Wagner
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
| | | | - M. G. Thomas
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
| | | | | | - R. M. Enns
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
- Corresponding author:
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Babcock AH, White BJ, Renter DG, Dubnicka SR, Scott HM. Predicting cumulative risk of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) using feedlot arrival data and daily morbidity and mortality counts. Can J Vet Res 2013; 77:33-44. [PMID: 23814354 PMCID: PMC3525170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is common in post-weaning cattle, BRDC prediction models are seldom analyzed. The objectives of this study were to assess the ability to predict cumulative cohort-level BRDC morbidity using on-arrival risk factors and to evaluate whether or not adding BRDC risk classification and daily BRDC morbidity and mortality data to the models enhanced their predictive ability. Retrospective cohort-level and individual animal health data were used to create mixed negative binomial regression (MNBR) models for predicting cumulative risk of BRDC morbidity. Logistic regression models were used to illustrate that the percentage of correctly (within |5%| of actual) classified cohorts increased across days, but the effect of day was modified by arrival weight, arrival month, and feedlot. Cattle arriving in April had the highest (77%) number of lots correctly classified at arrival and cattle arriving in December had the lowest (28%). Classification accuracy at arrival varied according to initial weight, ranging from 17% (< 182 kg) to 91% (> 409 kg). Predictive accuracy of the models improved from 64% at arrival to 74% at 8 days on feed (DOF) when risk code was known compared to 56% accuracy at arrival and 69% at 8 DOF when risk classification was not known. The results of this study demonstrate how the predictive ability of models can be improved by utilizing more refined data on the prior history of cohorts, thus making these models more useful to operators of commercial feedlots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brad J. White
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Brad J. White; telephone: (785) 532-4243; fax: (785) 532-4989; e-mail:
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Taylor JD, Fulton RW, Lehenbauer TW, Step DL, Confer AW. The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: what is the evidence for preventive measures? Can Vet J 2010; 51:1351-1359. [PMID: 21358927 PMCID: PMC2978987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common and costly disease of beef cattle in North America. Despite extensive research, industry practices are often more informed by dogma than by fact. Frequently advocated interventions, including vaccination, various processing procedures, and nutritional manipulation, have limited impact on morbidity and mortality. Evidence for use of oral antimicrobials, either in feed or water, appears to be equivocal. In contrast, preconditioning and metaphylaxis have significant scientific evidence of efficacy, with weaning prior to sale potentially being the most important component of preconditioning. The inability to reach more definitive conclusions in preventing BRD may be attributable to difficulties in investigating the disease. Study challenges include potential for extensive confounding, tremendous variability, the multi-factorial nature of the disease, and inadequate methods for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Taylor
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
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Taylor JD, Fulton RW, Lehenbauer TW, Step DL, Confer AW. The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: What is the evidence for predisposing factors? Can Vet J 2010; 51:1095-102. [PMID: 21197200 PMCID: PMC2942046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most costly disease of beef cattle in North America. It is multi-factorial, with a variety of physical and physiological stressors combining to predispose cattle to pneumonia. However, efforts to discern which factors are most important have frequently failed to establish definitive answers. Calves are at highest risk shortly after transport. Risk factors include purchasing from sale barns and commingling. It is unclear whether or not these practices increase susceptibility, increase exposure, or are proxies for poor management. Lighter-weight calves appear to be at greater risk, although this has not been consistent. Persistent infection (PI) with bovine virus diarrhea virus increases BRD occurrence, but it is unclear if PI calves affect other cattle in the feedlot. The complexity of BRD has made it difficult to define involvement of individual factors. Stressors may play a role as "necessary but not sufficient" components, requiring additive effects to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Taylor
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74078, USA.
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White BJ, Hanzlicek G, Sanderson MW, Anderson DE, Larson RL. Mollicutes species and Mycoplasma bovis prevalence and association with health outcomes in beef feeder calves at arrival and initial treatment for bovine respiratory disease. Can Vet J 2010; 51:1016-1018. [PMID: 21119871 PMCID: PMC2920159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mollicutes nasal swab culture status and potential associations with health outcomes were determined in beef feeder calves. Mollicutes culture was positive in 7.6% (22/291) of calves at arrival and in 26.2% (34/130) of calves at first disease treatment. Positive Mollicutes culture at first treatment was associated with increased odds for subsequent retreatment or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
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Makoschey B, Lekeux P, Lacroux C, Taylor G, Hodgson C, Letellier C, Meyer G, Coghe J, Müller K, Assié S, Rypula K, Cavirani S, González-Martín JV, Hoflack G, Thiry E. Concepts in the prevention of bovine respiratory disease. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2008; 121:446-449. [PMID: 19086695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Makoschey
- Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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Farran TB, Reinhardt CD, Blasi DA, Minton JE, Elsasser TH, Higgins JJ, Drouillard JS. Source of dietary lipid may modify the immune response in stressed feeder cattle. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1382-94. [PMID: 18344299 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Five studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of lipid source on performance and health of stressed feeder cattle. A total of 332 heifers (195 +/- 2.37 kg initial BW) in trial 1 and 336 heifers (206 +/- 1.70 kg initial BW) in trial 2 were fed diets containing ground flaxseed (FLAX), rolled full-fat soybeans (SOY), or tallow (TAL) at 13, 20, or 4%, respectively (DM basis). All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The ADG and G:F for the first 7 d and for the entire feeding period were greater (P < 0.05) for TAL and FLAX than for SOY. Percentage of animals treated and retreated for bovine respiratory disease did not differ among dietary treatments. The FLAX treatment increased (P < 0.05) total n-3 PUFA concentrations in the plasma, whereas SOY increased (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of total n-6 PUFA. In trial 3, 18 steers were individually fed diets containing TAL and 18 steers were fed a diet containing SOY (20% of DM). In trials 4 and 5, 18 steers were individually fed diets containing TAL and 18 steers were fed diets containing FLAX (12.9% of DM). On d 14 and 17 of study 3, 4, and 5, 16 steers from each dietary treatment were injected i.v. with Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 2 steers from each diet were injected with saline. Rectal temperatures after LPS challenge were lower (P < 0.05) for SOY and FLAX than for TAL, and plasma TNF was greater (P < 0.05) for SOY than for TAL. Serum haptoglobin and blood fibrinogen increased and white blood cell count decreased in response to LPS, but none of these variables was affected by treatment. Although this research failed to measure an effect of lipid source on feedlot morbidity or mortality, these studies indicate that altering the source and type of dietary fatty acids may modify the immune response in stressed feeder cattle and that performance may be hindered by feeding full-fat soybeans to receiving cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Farran
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-1600, USA
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Van Donkersgoed J, Merrill J, Hendrick S. Comparative efficacy of tilmicosin versus tulathromycin as a metaphylactic antimicrobial in feedlot calves at moderate risk for respiratory disease. Vet Ther 2008; 9:291-297. [PMID: 19177334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of tilmicosin (MIC) versus tulathromycin (DRAX) as a metaphylactic antimicrobial in feedlot calves at moderate risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Calves that received DRAX had significantly (P < or = .05) lower initial BRD treatment rates compared with calves that received MIC. However, there were no significant differences in the BRD relapse rate, railer rate, total mortality rate, BRD mortality rate, average daily gain, and dry matter conversion between the two groups. The economic advantage of the MIC group was Can$8.29/animal. Based on these results, while DRAX was more efficacious in reducing initial treatments for BRD in feedlot calves at moderate risk for disease, MIC was more cost-effective. The lower initial BRD treatment costs in the DRAX group did not offset the higher metaphylactic cost of DRAX.
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Snowder GD, Van Vleck LD, Cundiff LV, Bennett GL. Influence of breed, heterozygosity, and disease incidence on estimates of variance components of respiratory disease in preweaned beef calves. J Anim Sci 2007; 83:1247-61. [PMID: 15890802 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8361247x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize genetic and environmental factors influencing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle. Records from nine purebred and three composite breeds and a variety of F1 and three-way crosses, including the progeny of 12 additional different sire breeds produced over a 20-yr period (1983 to 2002), were evaluated for breed and heterozygosity effects on the observed incidence of BRD. Heterozygosity fractions for calves and dams were defined by generalized breed origins: British, Continental, and tropically adapted. Variance components were estimated for each pure and composite breed, and across all breeds and crossbreeds. The effect of incidence of observed BRD was determined by comparing groups of low and high years of incidence. Respiratory disease in this herd followed a standard epidemiological pattern of initial introduction, reaching an epidemic stage at 70 to 170 d of age, followed by a period of rapid decrease to weaning. Estimates of heritability of incidence of BRD were low, ranging from 0.00 to 0.26, with overall estimates of 0.07 and 0.19 depending on the data set analyzed. The highest incidence of BRD in preweaned calves occurred in the Braunvieh breed (18.8%). The genetic correlation between the direct and maternal genetic effects was generally large and negative, suggesting dams genetically superior for resisting BRD raise calves that are more susceptible. Perhaps maternally superior dams provide passive immunity to their calves, which delays the development of the calves' direct immune system, making them more prone to BRD during the preweaning period. Heterozygosity of calves decreased the incidence of BRD compared with purebred cattle. Calves that were Continental x British or tropically adapted x British breeds had a lower incidence of BRD than did calves of British x British breeds. As the annual incidence of BRD increased, there was an associated increase in the heritability estimate. The estimated heritability based on an underlying continuous scale was large (h2 = 0.48), inferring response to selection for BRD resistance could be large if the phenotype for BRD resistance was known.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Snowder
- ARS, USDA, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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Cusack PMV, McMeniman NP, Lean IJ. Feedlot entry characteristics and climate: their relationship with cattle growth rate, bovine respiratory disease and mortality. Aust Vet J 2007; 85:311-6. [PMID: 17685976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between the feedlot entry characteristics of breed, gender, entry weight and the presence or absence of permanent incisors, with growth rate, the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and mortalities of cattle destined for the Australian domestic market. The relationship between climate data and the occurrence of BRD was also investigated. DESIGN Two thousand four hundred and sixty eight cattle were individually identified at feedlot entry, and lot number, body weight, property identification code, breed, gender, and the presence or absence of permanent incisors were recorded for each animal. Daily climate data were collected for the duration of the experiment. Univariate correlations, multivariate analysis and survival analysis techniques were used to examine the relationship between these feedlot entry characteristics and the outcomes of BRD and growth rate. RESULTS The feedlot entry description of breed had a significant effect on average daily gain. The presence of permanent incisors at feedlot entry was associated with an increase in average daily gain of 0.1 kg/animal/d. Growth rate decreased by 0.702 kg/animal/d in cattle treated for BRD and by 0.302 kg/animal/d in cattle identified with anorexia. Treatment for BRD was ten times more likely with Hereford cattle. There was a moderate correlation between minimum daily temperature and the occurrence of BRD. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that breed can affect growth rate and health, specifically the occurrence of BRD, in Australian domestic feedlot cattle. The moderate correlation between minimum daily temperature and the occurrence of BRD indicates potential associations between climate and BRD incidence in Australian feedlots.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M V Cusack
- Australian Livestock Production Services, 102 Darling Street, Cowra, NSW 2794, Australia.
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Snowder GD, Van Vleck LD, Cundiff LV, Bennett GL, Koohmaraie M, Dikeman ME. Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: phenotypic, environmental, and genetic correlations with growth, carcass, and longissimus muscle palatability traits. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:1885-92. [PMID: 17504959 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most costly feedlot disease in the United States. Selection for disease resistance is one of several possible interventions to prevent or reduce the economic loss associated with animal disease and to improve animal welfare. Undesirable genetic relationships, however, may exist between production and disease resistance traits. The objectives of this study were to estimate the phenotypic, environmental, and genetic correlations of BRD with growth, carcass, and LM palatability traits. Health records on 18,112 feedlot cattle over a 15-yr period and slaughter data on 1,627 steers over a 4-yr period were analyzed with bivariate animal models. Traits included ADG, adjusted carcass fat thickness at the 12th rib, marbling score, LM area, weight of retail cuts, weight of fat trim, bone weight, Warner-Bratzler shear force, tenderness score, and juiciness score. The estimated heritability of BRD incidence was 0.08 +/- 0.01. Phenotypic, environmental, and genetic correlations of the observed traits with BRD ranged from -0.35 to 0.40, -0.36 to 0.55, and -0.42 to 0.20, respectively. Most correlations were low or negligible. The percentage of carcass bone had moderate genetic, phenotypic, and environmental correlations with BRD (-0.42, -0.35, and -0.36, respectively). Hot carcass weight and weight of retail cuts had moderate, undesirable phenotypic correlations with BRD (0.37 and 0.40, respectively). Correlations of BRD with LM palatability and ADG were not detected. Low or near zero estimates of genetic correlations infer that selection to reduce BRD in feedlot cattle would have negligible correlated responses on growth, carcass, and meat palatability traits or that selection for those traits will have little effect on BRD susceptibility or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Snowder
- US Meat Animal Research Center, ARS, USDA, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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Arcangioli MA, Duet A, Meyer G, Dernburg A, Bézille P, Poumarat F, Le Grand D. The role of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine respiratory disease outbreaks in veal calf feedlots. Vet J 2007; 177:89-93. [PMID: 17493850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To assess the prevalence and relative importance of Mycoplasma bovis among the pathological agents implicated in bovine respiratory disease (BRD), we surveyed 135 veal calves from nine feedlots in eastern France during naturally occurring outbreaks of respiratory disease. Occurrence of respiratory pathogens, M. bovis, bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus, bovine respiratory syncytial (BRS) virus and parainfluenza-3 (PI3) virus was investigated by seroconversion and isolation of bacteria and viruses from broncho-alveolar fluids. M. bovis and pathogenic respiratory bacteria were isolated in eight of the nine feedlots, and from 106 and 32, respectively, of the 135 tested animals. Seroconversion to PI3 virus occurred in four lots. BVD and BRS viruses were detected in eight and one lot, respectively. M. bovis was the most frequently isolated aetiologic agent in these BRD outbreaks, spreading early and widely throughout the affected units (60-100% rate of isolation and seroconversion). These results stress the importance of M. bovis in the BRD complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Arcangioli
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Ecole Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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