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McElfresh DC, Bennet J, Enriquez K, Pham TD. Measuring the effectiveness of online search ads on blood donor recruitment and donation. Transfusion 2024. [PMID: 38693096 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acutely highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, the tenuousness of the blood supply continues to be a lynchpin of the most important medical procedures. Online advertisements have become a mainstay in donor recruitment. We set out to determine the effectiveness of online search ads and variations thereof on blood donations with an emphasis on first-time donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS From September 01, 2022 through March 31, 2023, we performed a campaign comparison experiment through a major search-ads platform with two distinct messages: one altruistic ("Altruistic") and one with a prospect of rewards ("Promotion"). We developed a method to track donation outcomes and associated them with impressions, click-throughs, and conversions. We compared the performance of the Altruistic and Promotion arms to a control group that was not associated with any search-ads ("Baseline"). RESULTS Analyzing 34,157 donations during the study period, the Promotion group, and not Altruistic, had a significant difference of first-time donors over Baseline (24% vs. 12%, p = 7e-6). We analyzed 49,305 appointments and discovered that appointments made from the Altruistic arm resulted in a significantly higher percentage of donations when compared to Baseline (57% vs. 53%, p = .009); however, the Promotion group had a higher percentage of donations from first-time donors when compared to Baseline (12% vs. 8%, p = .006). CONCLUSION We developed a method for determining the effectiveness of online search ads on donation outcomes. Rewards/promotions messaging was most effective at recruiting first-time donors. Our methodology is generalizable to different blood centers to explore messaging effectiveness among their unique communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C McElfresh
- Department of Health Policy, Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Health Care, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Bennet
- Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kay Enriquez
- Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tho D Pham
- Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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Ferguson E, Dawe-Lane E, Ajayi O, Osikomaiya B, Mills R, Okubanjo A. The importance of need-altruism and kin-altruism to blood donor behaviour for black and white people. Transfus Med 2024; 34:112-123. [PMID: 38305071 DOI: 10.1111/tme.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Need-altruism (a preference to help people in need) and kin-altruism (a preference to help kin over non-kin) underlie two hypotheses for voluntary blood donation: (i) Need-altruism underlies motivations for volunteer blood donation and (ii) Black people express a stronger preference for kin-altruism, which is a potential barrier to donation. This paper tests these hypotheses and explores how need- and kin-altruism are associated with wider altruistic motivations, barriers, and strategies to encourage donation. METHODS We assessed need- and kin-altruism, other mechanisms-of-altruism (e.g., reluctant-altruism), barriers, strategies to encourage donation, donor status, and willingness-to-donate across four groups based on ethnicity (Black; White), nationality (British; Nigerian), and country-of-residence: (i) Black-British people (n = 395), and Black-Nigerian people (ii) in the UK (n = 97) or (iii) across the rest of the world (n = 101), and (v) White-British people in the UK (n = 452). We also sampled a Black-Nigerian Expert group (n = 60). RESULTS Need-altruism was higher in donors and associated with willingness-to-donate in non-donors. Levels of kin-altruism did not differ between Black and White people, but need-altruism was lower in Black-British people. Kin-altruism was associated with a preference for incentives, and need-altruism with a preference for recognition (e.g., a thank you) as well as an increased willingness-to-donate for Black non-donors. Need-altruism underlies a blood-donor-cooperative-phenotype. CONCLUSION Need-altruism is central to blood donation, in particular recruitment. Lower need-altruism may be a specific barrier for Black-British people. Kin-altruism is important for Black non-donors. The blood donor cooperative phenotype deserves further consideration. Implications for blood services are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erin Dawe-Lane
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Oluwafemi Ajayi
- Blood Sciences, Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Dorchester, UK
| | - Bodunrin Osikomaiya
- Lagos State Blood Transfusion Service, Gbagada Centre, General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Richard Mills
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Graf C, Oteng-Attakora K, Ferguson E, Vassallo R, Merz EM. Blood Donor Incentives across 63 Countries: The BEST Collaborative Study. Transfus Med Rev 2024; 38:150809. [PMID: 38228070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2023.150809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Incentives for blood donors are a much-debated strategy intended to ensure a sufficient supply of blood. Yet, there is a fundamental lack of knowledge about which incentives are offered by different blood collectors. We provide a comprehensive description of incentive policies for whole blood donors across 63 countries and 50 states of the United States. We collected data on incentive policies by conducting 2 surveys among representatives of blood collection establishments. Additionally, we integrated incentive data from an existing study and the World Health Organization (WHO). Lastly, we performed a web content analysis of blood collector websites and news releases to extend incentive data for the United States as well as underrepresented regions. We present descriptive analyses illustrating the type and value of incentives and their geographical distribution around the globe. Approximately half of the countries in our sample employ financial incentives, which include cash and tax benefits, but also less conventional incentives, such as healthcare supplements and raffles. Time off work is also commonly offered to blood donors and varies across blood collection establishments in duration and whether it is granted to all donors or only to those whose employer allows it. There is a geographical clustering of incentives, such that neighboring countries are more likely to employ similar incentives. This study provides insights into the strategies used for incentivizing blood donation and highlights the global diversity of incentive policies for whole blood donors. In stark contrast to WHO guidelines, half of the countries surveyed employ some kind of high-value incentive for blood donors. More realistic guidelines that are adapted to the local cultural and institutional context may be needed to maintain an adequate blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Graf
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Eva-Maria Merz
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Merz EM. The availability of plasma donors and plasma: A sociologist's perspective. Vox Sang 2024; 119:131-133. [PMID: 38226559 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Merz
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Philanthropic Studies, Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Ferguson E, Lawrence C, Bowen S, Gemelli CN, Rozsa A, Niekrasz K, van Dongen A, Williams LA, Thijsen A, Guerin N, Masser B, Davison TE. Warming up cool cooperators. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1917-1932. [PMID: 37710031 PMCID: PMC10663147 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Explaining why someone repeats high-cost cooperation towards non-reciprocating strangers is difficult. Warm glow offers an explanation. We argue that warm glow, as a mechanism to sustain long-term cooperation, cools off over time but can be warmed up with a simple intervention message. We tested our predictions in the context of repeat voluntary blood donation (high-cost helping of a non-reciprocating stranger) across 6 studies: a field-based experiment (n = 5,821) comparing warm-glow and impure-altruism messages; an implementation study comparing a 3-yr pre-implementation period among all first-time donors in Australia (N = 270,353) with a 2-yr post-implementation period (N = 170, 317); and 4 studies (n = 716, 1,124, 932, 1,592) exploring mechanisms. We show that there are relatively warm and cool cooperators, not cooling cooperators. Cooperation among cool cooperators is enhanced by a warm-glow-plus-identity message. Furthermore, the behavioural facilitation of future cooperation, by booking an appointment, is associated with being a warm cooperator. Societal implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Sarah Bowen
- School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Carley N Gemelli
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Rozsa
- Corporate Strategy and Transformation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Konrad Niekrasz
- Corporate Strategy and Transformation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne van Dongen
- Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa A Williams
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda Thijsen
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Guerin
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Masser
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Art, Design, and Architecture, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Kelly S, Kaye SA, White KM, Oviedo-Trespalacios O. Clearing the way for participatory data stewardship in artificial intelligence development: a mixed methods approach. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:1782-1799. [PMID: 38054452 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2289864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Participatory data stewardship (PDS) empowers individuals to shape and govern their data via responsible collection and use. As artificial intelligence (AI) requires massive amounts of data, research must assess what factors predict consumers' willingness to provide their data to AI. This mixed-methods study applied the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with additional predictors of trust and subjective norms. Participants' data donation profile was also measured to assess the influence of individuals' social duty, understanding of the purpose and guilt. Participants (N = 322) completed an experimental survey. Individuals were willing to provide data to AI via PDS when they believed it was their social duty, understood the purpose and trusted AI. However, the TAM may not be a complete model for assessing user willingness. This study establishes that individuals value the importance of trusting and comprehending the broader societal impact of AI when providing their data to AI.Practitioner summary: To build responsible and representative AI, individuals are needed to participate in data stewardship. The factors driving willingness to participate in such methods were studied via an online survey. Trust, social duty and understanding the purpose significantly predicted willingness to provide data to AI via participatory data stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage Kelly
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sherrie-Anne Kaye
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katherine M White
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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7
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Hughes SD, France CL, West-Mitchell KA, Pina T, McElfresh D, Sayers M, Bryant BJ. Advancing Understandings of Blood Donation Motivation and Behavior. Transfus Med Rev 2023; 37:150780. [PMID: 37996288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2023.150780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we provide critical analysis of social science research into blood donation motivation and behavior. We first share an understanding of the existing literature and recommendations for future research collectively developed by members of the Working Group on Blood Donors and the Supply: Diversifying while Maintaining the Donor Pool, Donor Selection, and Optimizing Blood Availability and Safety, as part of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's 2022 State of the Science in Transfusion Medicine symposium. Then, rather than aim for a comprehensive treatment, we review 4 newer manuscripts that exemplify aspects of the group's recommendations and report results from countries where the blood supply is based on voluntary, nonremunerated donations. From the substantial existing literature, we selected: (1) a study that employed motivational interviewing techniques, thematic analysis, and surveys to link donation motivations and barriers reported by diverse young donors in the United States to actual donation behavior over a year of subsequent eligibility; (2) a survey regarding donation motivations and barriers and monetary amounts associated with willingness to participate in whole blood, plasma, or platelet collection; (3) a survey-based assessment of various emotional states reported by donors at 2 time points during donation and the relationship between emotional experience and subsequent vasovagal reactions; and (4) an interpretive discourse analysis of blood collection agency messaging to donors and the public in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We close by noting several challenges posed by the structure of the United States blood system and the current funding environment to conducting rigorous research and translating findings into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana D Hughes
- Vitalant Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Kamille A West-Mitchell
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theresa Pina
- Gulf Coast Regional Blood Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duncan McElfresh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; US Department of Veterans Affairs, Program Evaluation Resource Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Merlyn Sayers
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Carter BloodCare, Bedford, TX, USA
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8
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Garraud O, Politis C, Henschler R, Pj Vlaar A, Haddad A, Ertuğrul Örüç N, Laspina S, DE Angelis V, Richardson C, Vuk T. Ethics in transfusion medicine: Are the intricate layers of ethics all universal? A global view. Transfus Clin Biol 2023:S1246-7820(23)00040-X. [PMID: 36965847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Ethical principles have been considered, and in several respects regulated, along the entire blood procurement chain from donor motivation to transfusion to the patient. Consent of donors and voluntary non-remunerated donation are fields which have been addressed by codes of ethics and legislation. Caring for donor health is an area of further development of ethical standards. In part, blood products have also become a market, where commercial principles may synergize, but also creating issues in equality and maintaining human dignity that challenge societal solutions. At the bedside, the main global challenge remains to procure enough blood products for each patient in medical need. Allocation of rare blood, ethical evaluation of transfusion triggers, attitudes towards refusing blood transfusion and provision of blood products to remote settings are areas which should receive consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Garraud
- Sainbiose-INSERM_U1059, faculty of medicine, university of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | | | - Reinhard Henschler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, D 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Pj Vlaar
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO Box 22660, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO Box 22660, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Haddad
- Sacré Cœur Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon; Lebanese University and Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nigar Ertuğrul Örüç
- Health Sciences University Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Stefan Laspina
- Mater Dei Hospital Blood Bank, Pathology Department, Mater Dei Hospital, Malta
| | | | - Clive Richardson
- Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Tomislav Vuk
- Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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9
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Crowder LA, Steele WR, Goodhue E, Lasky B, Young PP. COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors: Unique motivations in unique times? Transfusion 2023; 63:703-710. [PMID: 36866426 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, many blood collection organizations (BCOs) were asked to collect and distribute COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) as a potential treatment for this new virus and resulting disease. However, recruiting CCP donors presented unique challenges for BCOs, as there were few recovered patients at this time, and like the general population, most potential CCP donors had no blood donation experience. Thus, many CCP donors were new donors, and their donation motivations were unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Donors who gave CCP at least once between April 27th and September 15th, 2020, were emailed a link to an online survey regarding their experience with COVID-19 and their motivations for donating CCP and blood. RESULTS Of the 14,225 invitations sent, 3471 donors responded (24.4%). Most donors had never donated blood before (n = 1406), followed by lapsed donors (n = 1050), and recent donors (n = 951). There was a significant relationship between self-reported donation experience and fear of CCP donation (X2 = 119.2, p < .001). Motivations ranked "very important" by responding donors were wanting to help someone in need, a feeling of responsibility, and feeling a duty to donate. Donors with more severe disease were more likely to respond with feelings of a sense of duty to donate CCP (Χ2 = 8.078, p = .044) or altruism (Χ2 = 8.580, p = .035). CONCLUSIONS Overwhelmingly, altruism and a sense of duty and responsibility were the reasons that CCP donors decided to donate. These insights can be useful for motivating donors for specialized donation programs or if wide scale CCP recruitment is needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Baia Lasky
- American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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10
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Schröder JM, Merz EM, Suanet B, Wiepking P. Did you donate? Talking about donations predicts compliance with solicitations for donations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281214. [PMID: 36730274 PMCID: PMC9894400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many forms of prosocial behaviour are highly institutionalized. They are facilitated by organizations that broker between donors and recipients. A highly effective tool that organizations use to elicit prosocial behaviour are solicitations for donations (e.g., of blood, time, or money). Using register and survey data on blood donations in the Netherlands, we examine to what extent compliance with these solicitations is predicted by being recruited via word of mouth (WOM) and talking about donations. Our model predicts that donors that are one unit higher on our measure of talking about donations (range = 1-4) have a 2.9 percentage points higher compliance with solicitations for donations. In addition, this association is stronger for novice donors. Our study demonstrates the social embedding of the donors' decision-making processes about compliance. For practice, our results imply that organizations may increase their contributors' communication about donations to increase the effectiveness of their solicitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Melchior Schröder
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva-Maria Merz
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca Suanet
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pamala Wiepking
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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Bhuiyea MSH, Faiyaz SR, Jaman N, Uddin MJ. Factors influencing voluntary blood donation practice among university students of Bangladesh. Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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What blood and organ donation can tell us about cooperation? Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 44:202-207. [PMID: 34715540 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-cost cooperation directed towards strangers is difficult to explain from an evolutionary perspective. Here, it is argued that by studying the behaviours, motivations, and preferences of real-world high-cost cooperators - blood and organ donors - insights can be uncovered into the mechanisms supporting cooperation. In this respect, this article details two novel mechanisms to enhance cooperation in the face of free-riding, (1) 'reactive reluctant altruism' whereby people help because they do not trust others to help and (2) the 'Good Shepherd' effect whereby cooperation is enhanced when people observed others cooperate although the social norm is to free-ride. Finally, it is argued that repeated acts of high-cost cooperation are sustained by a self-selection process based on the reinforcing effect of warm-glow.
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13
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Ou-Yang J, Huang XY, Fu YS, Dai L, Zhong HB, Jiang J, Liang HQ. Effects of message framing on recruiting Rh-D-negative blood donors in an emergency situation: Two randomized trials. Br J Health Psychol 2021; 27:406-433. [PMID: 34337827 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prospect theory categorizes message framing according to whether it emphasizes a possible loss or a possible gain. Promotions of blood donation worldwide mainly focus on gain-framed appeal. The objective of the current study is to examine the effects of message framing on recruiting Rh-D-negative blood donors (RDNBDs) in an emergency situation. DESIGN Two randomized trials. METHODS In Study 1, 813 group O and 500 group B RDNBDs were randomly assigned to three groups receiving three different recruitment text messages: (1) gain-framed, (2) loss-framed, and (3) information messages. In addition, 613 group A and 148 group AB RDNBDs were marked as (4) no message group. In Study 2, 758 RDNBDs were randomly provided one of two versions of materials focusing on either the possible survival (gain-framed) or the death (loss-framed) of a Rh-D-negative patient needed a blood transfusion. These participants then completed a questionnaire to examine the possible mechanisms underlying the observed effects. RESULTS Compared to not receiving any message, significantly more RDNBDs re-donated within 14 days after they received a loss-framed message. Study 2 found that RDNBDs who read the loss-framed material expressed more willingness to donate immediately than those who read the gain-framed material. RDNBDs with high-risk perception expressed a greater blood donation intention in the loss-framed group. The loss-framed message made participants perceive others' needs more strongly, which generated more empathy, and thus increased blood donation intention. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that recruiting RDNBDs using a loss-framed message is suitable under an emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ou-Yang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Huang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Shui Fu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Dai
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Bin Zhong
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Qin Liang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, China
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14
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Using Digital Platforms to Promote Blood Donation: Motivational and Preliminary Evidence from Latin America and Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084270. [PMID: 33920606 PMCID: PMC8073325 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lack of blood donors is a global problem that prevents the demand for blood prompted by an ageing population and increased life expectancy from being met. The aim of this study was to conduct an initial exploration of the reasons for using digital platforms in blood donation. Using a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework, microdata for 389 participants from Latin American countries and Spain, and Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the study obtained three main prediction paths. The first two started from feelings of trust in the digital community and a positive mood state associated with a modern lifestyle, and they were linked to attitudes and behavioural control in the explanation of the intention to donate and actual blood donation. The third path started from modern lifestyles, and was linked to the subjective norm in the prediction of intention and actual donation. These paths represent one of the very first attempts to predict intentions of donation and collaborative donation by taking a PLS-SEM approach. By determining the paths underpinning collaborative blood donors' motives, the results of this study provide strong support for the usefulness of the TPB model within the context of digital platform use and blood donation.
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YALMAN F, KARAGÖZ Y. Kan Bağışını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.838830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Ferguson E. Inequality averse and compassionate blood donor: implication for interventions. Vox Sang 2021; 116:862-871. [PMID: 33835505 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Blood donors, compared to non-donors, are more likely to show a preference to help others either by sharing resources to directly compensate those in need or indirectly by punishing those who act unfairly. Knowing the dominant cooperative preference for blood donors will inform the development of targeted interventions. We test which preference dominates and an initial intervention based on these findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS We report two studies. The first compares compensation and punishment preferences in blood donors and non-donors (N = 372) using a third-party-compensation-and-punishment game. Based on the results of Study 1, Study 2 (N = 151) is a feasibility experiment of an intervention based on advantageous inequality aversion ('As a healthy person, you can give blood and help those less healthy than you'.). RESULTS Blood donors, compared to non-donors, have a preference for compensation. Organ donors have a preference for punishment. Those exposed to the advantageous inequality aversion intervention, compared to control conditions, show a greater behavioural propensity to donate blood (this was especially the case for non-donors). CONCLUSION Blood donors have a clear preference for direct helping through compensation that can be translated into a simple effective intervention to enhance blood donor recruitment and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Sweegers MG, Twisk JWR, Quee FA, Ferguson E, van den Hurk K. Whole blood donors' post-donation symptoms diminish quickly but are discouraging: Results from 6-day symptom diaries. Transfusion 2021; 61:811-821. [PMID: 33483960 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole blood donors may experience post-donation symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, or headache after blood donation, which could influence donor retention. We aimed to examine post-donation symptoms during 1 week after whole blood donation, investigate donor characteristics associated with symptoms, and evaluate associations between symptoms and donor return. METHODS During 1 week, whole blood donors who donated successfully at one of the collection centers in The Netherlands were invited to participate. Three thousand seventy six donors filled in a diary, assessing post-donation symptoms during days 1 to 6 after donation. We used linear mixed models analyses to determine the change in post-donation symptoms after donation for male and female donors separately. Furthermore, we investigated associations between post-donation symptoms and donors' physical characteristics using multivariable regression and determined associations between symptoms and donor return. RESULTS Donors reported fatigue as the most common symptom, with approximately 3% of donors experiencing severe problems at the first day after donation. Multiple symptoms improved significantly up to day 3 after whole blood donation. Age, BMI, blood pressure (male donors), and blood volume (female donors) were significantly associated with post-donation symptoms. Donors with less fatigue after whole blood donation were more likely to return for their next donation within 31 days after receiving an invitation. CONCLUSION Post-symptoms improve up to 3 days after whole blood donation. Our results may help blood collection centers to identify donors more prone to post-donation symptoms and provide personalized information about the presence and course of post-donation symptoms, possibly increasing donor return rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike G Sweegers
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W R Twisk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franke A Quee
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katja van den Hurk
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Masser BM, Ferguson E, Thorpe R, Lawrence C, Davison TE, Hoad V, Gosbell IB. Motivators of and barriers to becoming a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor: A survey study. Transfus Med 2020; 31:176-185. [PMID: 33368777 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the motivators and barriers to COVID-19 convalescent plasma donation by those in the United Kingdom who have been diagnosed with or who have had symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) but who have not donated. BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma from people recovered from COVID-19 with sufficient antibody titres is a potential option for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. However, to date, recruiting and retaining COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors has been challenging. Understanding why those eligible to donate COVID-19 convalescent plasma have not donated is critical to developing recruitment campaigns. METHODS/MATERIALS A total of 419 UK residents who indicated that they had been infected with COVID-19 and who lived within 50 km of sites collecting COVID-19 convalescent plasma completed an online survey between 25th June and 5th July 2020. Respondents completed items assessing their awareness of convalescent plasma, motivations and barriers to donation and intention to donate COVID-19 convalescent plasma. RESULTS Awareness of COVID-19 convalescent plasma was low. Exploratory factor analysis identified six motivations and seven barriers to donating. A stronger sense of altruism through adversity and moral and civic duty were positively related to intention to donate, whereas generic donation fears was negatively related. CONCLUSIONS Once potential donors are aware of convalescent plasma, interventions should focus on the gratitude and reciprocity that those eligible to donate feel, along with a focus on (potentially) helping family and norms of what people ought to do. Fears associated with donation should not be neglected, and strategies that have been successfully used tor recruit whole-blood donors should be adapted and deployed to recruit COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rachel Thorpe
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Lawrence Psych Advisory, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veronica Hoad
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain B Gosbell
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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While A. Is altruism dying? Br J Community Nurs 2020; 25:622. [PMID: 33275507 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.12.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison While
- Emeritus Professor of Community Nursing, King's College London, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery and Fellow of the QNI
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Lam M, Masser BM, Dixson BJW. A branded bandage is worth a thousand words: blood branded bandages signal men's generosity and morality. Vox Sang 2020; 116:388-396. [PMID: 33104242 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recruiting and retaining male donors remain an ongoing challenge for blood collection agencies. Research suggests that interventions based on costly signalling theory that allows donors to unobtrusively but publicly signal their donor status may be effective. However, what functions as such a signal and how it is interpreted has not been determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 242 Australian residents (127 female; 115 male) recruited through an online research platform rated their perceptions of a male target wearing (a) no bandage, (b) a regular unmarked bandage or (c) a blood donor branded bandage. RESULTS The target wearing a blood donor branded bandage was rated as significantly more generous by female participants and moral compared to both the target who wore no bandage and the target wearing a regular unmarked bandage. The target wearing the unmarked bandage was perceived as significantly less healthy and competent compared to the target not wearing a bandage. CONCLUSION A public signal of public donor status conveys the generosity and morality of the wearer. The bandage applied to donors after they have donated can act as such an effective signal, but only when these bandages are clearly branded as resulting from donating blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Barbara M Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Clinical Services and Research Division, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Barnaby J W Dixson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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21
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Hyde MK, Masser BM. Eligible blood donors' decisions about donating stool for fecal microbiota transplantation: Does ambivalence play a role? Transfusion 2020; 61:474-483. [PMID: 33006187 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood collection agencies (BCAs) are expanding core business by inviting blood donors to donate stool for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). However, whether blood donors also want to donate stool is unclear since, despite its benefits, stool donation is viewed by many as unpleasant. This study examined the prevalence, contributors to, and role of these mixed feelings (ambivalence) in stool donation intentions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study surveyed Australian residents aged 18 years or more who believed themselves eligible to donate blood and met broad criteria for prescreening as a stool donor (eg, healthy, not taking medication). Survey questions assessed attitude, norms, self-efficacy, motives, disgust, ambivalence, and intentions to donate stool. RESULTS A total of 382 eligible blood donors aged not more than 50 years (mean, 28.71 years; 48% female, 62% "healthy" body mass index) participated. Six percent indicated no ambivalence about donating stool. In regression, significant determinants of ambivalence were less awareness of FMT, lower self-efficacy, motivated by ensuring that stool is available for loved ones, and more disgust about stool donation. Higher ambivalence contributed to decreased donation intention. Self-efficacy and disgust differentiated participants with moderate ambivalence, a group likely responsive to intervention, from those with low or high ambivalence. CONCLUSION Ambivalence about donating stool was common among eligible blood donors. BCAs should raise awareness about stool donation and FMT before requesting donation. BCAs may increase cost savings and donor retention by giving clear guidance about donation requirements and implementing processes that build confidence. Early screening of potential donors for ambivalence and disgust will enable BCAs to provide decision support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Hyde
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barbara M Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ou-Yang J, Li SJ, Bei CH, He B, Chen JY, Liang HQ, Fu YS. Blood donor recruitment in Guangzhou, China, during the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic. Transfusion 2020; 60:2597-2610. [PMID: 32627205 PMCID: PMC7361411 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) epidemic affected blood collection in Guangzhou, China. Study Design and Methods This paper includes three studies. The observational study reported the trends of blood collection during the epidemic in Guangzhou, China. The cross‐sectional survey investigated factors influencing blood donation during the COVID‐19 epidemic, and a self‐administered questionnaire was given to 1584 street whole blood donors (SWBDs) who donated during the epidemic. The randomized controlled trial involved 19 491 SWBDs who donated in 2019 but did not donate during the epidemic. Trial participants were randomly assigned to two intervention groups: Group 1 completed Questionnaire 1, which contained precautionary measures in response to COVID‐19 and other messages about blood donation during the epidemic; Group 2 completed Questionnaire 2, which did not include this information. A control group did not receive any questionnaire. Results As measures were implemented, the number of blood donors increased accordingly. Both first‐time and repeat SWBDs perceived the same level of blood need and donated blood because it would save lives. SWBDs who completed Questionnaire 1 expressed a greater intention to donate during the epidemic. Enabling blood donors to perceive a higher level of blood need and a lower level of COVID‐19 infection risk related to blood donation mobilized experienced SWBDs to donate within 3 weeks. Intention‐to‐treat analyses and average‐treatment‐effect‐on‐the‐treated estimations confirmed that Questionnaire 1 could motivate SWBDs to actually donate blood. Conclusion Various measures could ease blood shortage during the COVID‐19 epidemic. Administration of Questionnaire 1 could increase blood donations during the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ou-Yang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Jie Li
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Hua Bei
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo He
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Yan Chen
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua-Qin Liang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Shui Fu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Ferguson E, Hill A, Lam M, Reynolds C, Davison K, Lawrence C, Brailsford SR. A typology of blood donor motivations. Transfusion 2020; 60:2010-2020. [PMID: 32618010 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the need for whole blood is declining, so too are the number of first-time and repeat blood donors. To develop new recruitment and retention strategies, therefore, we need to draw on as wide a variation in blood donor motivations as possible. The primary aim of this study is to draw on a large survey of donors to develop a broad, theoretically instantiated typology of donor motivations to identify new and less common, yet practically important, motivations that have not been previously reported. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the UK Blood Donor Survey run by NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit (N = 61 123 donors), we analyze fixed (N = 52 225) and free (N = 8867) responses to develop a more comprehensive typology of blood donor motivations based on theories from the biology, psychology, philosophy, economics, and sociology of altruism. RESULTS We identified 54 motivations, including a number of newly identified motivations, for blood donations which we organized into 12 superordinate categories (eg, "inspiration via moral elevation," "perceived social closeness," and "fungibility of donations"). These are linked to intervention suggestions such as donating blood in memoriam or donating blood as an alternative to other charitable acts. CONCLUSION We present the most comprehensive account of blood donor motivations to-date. This work also offers a structure for coding free-text responses, developing motivational measures, and identifying tangible interventions. Thus, we feel that this is a valuable resource for blood donor researchers, marketers, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexandra Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael Lam
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire Reynolds
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - Katy Davison
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Susan R Brailsford
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
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Zeller MP, Ellingham D, Devine D, Lozano M, Lewis P, Zhiburt E, van der Linde L, Goldman M, Nakamura A, Inoue S, Takikawa M, Nakajima K, Turek P, Řeháček V, Sakashita AM, Kutner JM, Karim FA, Hindawi S, Jayasekara SBA, Merz EM, Gross S, Woimant G, Djoudi R, Byabazaire KD, Irving DO, Abdrakhmanova S, Khalykova A, Yilmaz S, Örűç NE, Huaynalaya IP, Ramirez LAS, Chuhriiev A. Vox Sanguinis International Forum on Donor Incentives: Summary. Vox Sang 2020; 115:339-344. [PMID: 32394471 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Zeller
- McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canadian Blood Services, 1200 Main Street West, HSC 3H54, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Dana Ellingham
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, HSC-3H50, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Dana Devine
- Canadian Blood Services, UBC Centre for Blood Research, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Miquel Lozano
- Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis, Hospital Clinic, Villaroel 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
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Abstract
This work is aimed at further developing the study of blood nondonor behaviour through a joint analysis of sociodemographic characteristics, psychological and physical barriers, impure altruism and anticipated emotions, as predictors of intention to donate. To that end, a step-by-step hierarchical regression analysis was applied on a sample of 2383 Spanish nondonors. The study’s results confirm the influence of traditional variables (sociodemographic characteristics, psychological and physical barriers and impure altruism), as well as the power of anticipated emotions, both positive and negative, of donation action and inaction as variables explaining the intention to donate. Another important contribution has been to develop the moderating role of psychological and physical barriers, in addition to impure altruism, on cause–effect relationships between anticipated emotions and intention to donate. A number of practical implications can be derived from this study for transfusion centres responsible for donation promotion.
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Martín-Santana JD, Beerli-Palacio A, Romero-Domínguez L. Recruitment strategies: non-donor segmentation based on intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Vox Sang 2019; 115:47-59. [PMID: 31696527 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Non-donor behaviour can be influenced by many variables, both intrinsic and extrinsic, which differ among individuals. The aim of this study was therefore to segment Spanish non-donors based on criteria such as barriers and motivations, which influence the decision to donate for the first time, with the aim of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of recruitment actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2383 non-donors residing in Spain evaluated 21 barriers and 25 motivations through an online self-administered survey distributed by blood transfusion centres, which are responsible for donations in Spain, and several Spanish universities. After validating these scales and determining the underlying categories in each of them, latent class/profile analysis was performed to segment non-donors. RESULTS Spanish non-donors were divided into six clusters. According to their barriers and motivations, the following labels were assigned: (1) 'Impure altruists', (2) 'I want to, but make it easy for me', (3) 'Free-riders', (4) 'Reciprocal altruists', (5) 'I can't because I'm scared' and (6) 'I want to, but I can't'. Specific marketing actions were proposed for each cluster based on their characteristics, prioritizing them depending on their attractiveness. CONCLUSION The scales which were designed to evaluate barriers and motivations make a solid contribution to the existing literature due to their holistic, integrative nature. The existence of differentiated clusters and the lack of resources of blood transfusion centres make it clear that there is a need to define and implement targeted marketing strategies.
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Verghese A, Koufteros X, Huo B. Leveraging customer benevolence for resilience: a supplier perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION & LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/ijpdlm-06-2018-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeWith more than half of customer-experienced disruptions attributed to first-tier suppliers, supplier resilience (SRES) is fundamental to the resilience of the supply chain. However, little is known about the relational aspects that engender SRES, from the purview of the supplier. The purpose of this paper is to examine the explanatory role of suppliers’ relationship commitment dimensions (i.e. affective and continuance), which may foster SRES through customer benevolence. Moreover, the impact of customer benevolence on SRES is examined considering varying levels of industry dynamism.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data from 207 manufacturing firms are utilized to test the hypotheses taking potential endogeneity issues into consideration.FindingsAffective and continuance commitment induce customer benevolence, which furthers SRES. Specifically, affective commitment is the most potent approach to induce customer benevolence, while the dampening effect of industry dynamism is more palpable at the higher levels of industry dynamism.Research limitations/implicationsThis study did not account for specific disruption types and the contingent effects of power asymmetry.Practical implicationsThis study empirically demonstrates that suppliers can leverage customer benevolence via relationship commitment to achieve SRES. However, the efficacy of customer benevolence to engender SRES is limited to environments not characterized by high levels of industry dynamism.Originality/valueThis paper highlights the role of relational mechanisms in achieving resilience from the purview of a supplier using survey data.
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Masser B, Ferguson E, Merz EM, Williams L. Beyond Description: The Predictive Role of Affect, Memory, and Context in the Decision to Donate or Not Donate Blood. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 47:175-185. [PMID: 32355478 DOI: 10.1159/000501917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on the recruitment and retention of blood donors has typically drawn on a homogeneous set of descriptive theories, viewing the decision to become and remain a donor as the outcome of affectively cold, planned, and rational decision-making by the individual. While this approach provides insight into how our donors think about blood donation, it is limited and has not translated into a suite of effective interventions. In this review, we set out to explore how a broader consideration of the influences on donor decision-making, in terms of affect, memory, and the context in which donation takes place, may yield benefit in the way we approach donor recruitment and retention. Summary Drawing on emerging research, we argue for the importance of considering the implications of both the positive and the negative emotions that donors experience and we argue for the importance of directly targeting affect in interventions to recruit nondonors. Next, we focus on the reconstructed nature of memory and the factors that influence what we remember about an event. We discuss how these processes may impact the retention of donors and the potential to intervene to enhance donors' recollections of their experiences. Finally, we discuss how our focus on the individual has led us to neglect the influence of the context in which donation takes place on donor behavior. We argue that the amassing of comprehensive large data sets detailing both the characteristics of the individuals and the context of their giving will ultimately allow for the more effective deployment of resources to improve recruitment and retention. Key Messages In suggesting these directions for future research, our want is to move beyond the ways in which we have traditionally described blood donation behavior with the aim of improving our theorizing about donors while improving the translational value of our research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eva-Maria Merz
- Department of Donor Medicine, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Williams
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ferguson E, Murray C, O’Carroll RE. Blood and organ donation: health impact, prevalence, correlates, and interventions. Psychol Health 2019; 34:1073-1104. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1603385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Catherine Murray
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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Öhrner C, Kvist M, Blom Wiberg K, Diedrich B. Why do young men lapse from blood donation? Vox Sang 2019; 114:566-575. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Öhrner
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Division of Transplantation Surgery Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maria Kvist
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Division of Transplantation Surgery Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karolina Blom Wiberg
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Division of Transplantation Surgery Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Beatrice Diedrich
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Division of Transplantation Surgery Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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31
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Ricciuti E, Bufali MV. The health and social impact of Blood Donors Associations: A Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysis. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2019; 73:204-213. [PMID: 30703740 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although research on blood donation abounds, no studies have yet attempted to estimate the socio-economic value generated from Blood Donors Associations (BDAs). To fill this gap, the authors ran a Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysis on four units of the largest BDA in Italy, the Association of Voluntary Italian Blood Donors ("Avis"). This study used multiple methods for data collection and analysis. A systematic literature review helped the identification of proper financial proxies to highlight the economic value of the social and health impacts experienced by Avis members. A focus group with key informants gathered their views on the areas of impact selected for the analysis: early detection of diseases, adoption of healthier lifestyles, social capital, human capital, personal satisfaction and reinforcement of a 'giving culture'. Primary data collection involved (a) an Activity Based Costing analysis (b) a self-reported questionnaire to 1.066 BDA members and unassociated donors enabling the comparison of the blood donation experience of these two groups. The SROI analysis resulted in four positive ratios, varying between €1.70 and €13.80. This study contributes to the knowledge on impact evaluations in TSOs. Policy implications refer to BDAs deserving financial and material support for their capacity to generate positive social impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ricciuti
- Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (Cergas), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Via G. Rontgen, 1, III floor - Room 3-A1-FM01, 20136, Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria Vittoria Bufali
- Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (Cergas), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Via G. Rontgen, 1, III floor - Room 3-A1-FM01, 20136, Milano, Italy; Department of Management Science, Strathclyde Business School, Glasgow, UK.
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32
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Ferguson E, Dorner L, France CR, France JL, Masser B, Lam M, Marta E, Alfieri S, Merz EM, Adams B, Huis in ’t Veld E, Scerri J. Blood donor behaviour, motivations and the need for a systematic cross-cultural perspective: the example of moral outrage and health- and non-health-based philanthropy across seven countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Masser
- School of Psychology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD Australia
- Clinical Services and Research; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Michael Lam
- School of Psychology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Elena Marta
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Milan Italy
| | - Sara Alfieri
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Milan Italy
| | - Eva-Maria Merz
- Sanquin; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Josianne Scerri
- University of Malta; Msida Malta
- University of London; London UK
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33
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Merz EM, Ferguson E, van Dongen A. Psychosocial characteristics of blood donors influence their voluntary nonmedical lapse. Transfusion 2018; 58:2596-2603. [PMID: 30403415 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 10% of Dutch donors lapse yearly. Common reasons are nonvoluntary medical issues (e.g., low hemoglobin), reaching the upper age limit, and voluntary (e.g., own request, nonresponse). Little is known about predictors of voluntary noncompliance (lapses). Psychosocial characteristics have been linked to various health behaviors, including voluntary noncompliance. Hence, we investigated whether psychosocial characteristics, measured before the first donation, similarly predict subsequent voluntary nonmedical lapse. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS New donors (n = 4861) randomly received a blood donation survey between July 2008 and March 2009, before their first appointment at the blood bank. Voluntary lapses included personal reasons, nonresponse to invitations, donor who could not be reached, and no show. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models of lapse on psychosocial characteristics and confounders (e.g., demographics) were estimated. RESULTS Of 2964 donors who took the questionnaire, more than one-third (36.5%) had voluntarily lapsed due to nonmedical reasons by 2016. Univariate regression showed that lapse negatively associated with norms, attitudes, and intentions toward blood donation; self-efficacy; and more donation experience. Lapse positively associated with anxiety. Multivariate Cox models showed that lapse was primarily driven by anxiety and need for information. CONCLUSION Certain psychosocial characteristics increase risks of voluntary lapse. Especially donors with higher donation anxiety had increased lapsing risks. They might benefit from extra attention during donation. Donors with more information need or wish about procedure and patients were less likely to lapse, indicating that binding with the blood bank might prevent lapse. Generally, this study showed that donor lapse and donor return are determined by different psychosocial factors not just the reverse of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Merz
- Department of Donor Studies, Sanquin Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anne van Dongen
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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34
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Piersma TW, Klinkenberg EF. The relation between blood donor recruitment and donor diversity and loyalty in the Netherlands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tjeerd W. Piersma
- Department of Donor Studies; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Center for Philanthropic Studies; VU University; Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Sociology; VU University; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F. Klinkenberg
- Department of Donor Studies; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health; Amsterdam UMC; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; Amsterdam the Netherlands
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35
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Ferguson E, Zhao K, O'Carroll RE, Smillie LD. Costless and Costly Prosociality: Correspondence Among Personality Traits, Economic Preferences, and Real-World Prosociality. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618765071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prosociality can either be costly (e.g., donating to charity) or costless (e.g., posthumous organ donation). Whereas links between personality and costly prosociality have been explored, links with costless prosociality and personality are at present unknown. We address this in two studies: Study 1 ( N = 200) confirms the distinction between costless and costly prosociality based on willingness to engage with health and nonhealth prosociality. Study 2, using data from four samples (student and community; N = 733) shows, across incentivized and hypothetical economic games to assess costless (generosity game [GG]) and costly (dictator game [DG]) prosociality, that organ donor behavior was linked to greater allocations in the GG and that charity/volunteering behavior was linked to greater allocations in the DG. Costless and costly prosocialities are associated with different personality traits (e.g., costly with politeness and compassion and costless with intellect). Implications for cooperative phenotypes and recruiting organ donors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kun Zhao
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Ferguson E, Lawrence C. It is only fair: blood donors are more sensitive to violations of fairness norms than nondonors - converging psychometric and ultimatum game evidence. Vox Sang 2018; 113:242-250. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferguson
- School of Psychology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - C. Lawrence
- School of Psychology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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37
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Carver A, Chell K, Davison TE, Masser BM. What motivates men to donate blood? A systematic review of the evidence. Vox Sang 2017; 113:205-219. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Carver
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research; Australian Catholic University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - K. Chell
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - T. E. Davison
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - B. M. Masser
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- The University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
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38
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Ciepiela O, Jaworska A, Łacheta D, Falkowska N, Popko K, Demkow U. Awareness of blood group and blood donation among medical students. Transfus Apher Sci 2017; 56:858-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Garraud O, Tissot JD. Theoretical and experimental ethics: advocacy for blood donors and beneficiaries of blood transfusions. Transfus Med 2017; 28:261-262. [PMID: 28875563 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Garraud
- EA3064 Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - J-D Tissot
- Transfusion Interrégionale CRS, Site d'Epalinges, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Merz EM, Zijlstra BJH, de Kort WLAM. Blood donor show behaviour after an invitation to donate: The influence of collection site factors. Vox Sang 2017; 112:628-637. [PMID: 28833262 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Show behaviour after invitation to donate varies considerably across donors. More insight into this variation is important for blood banks in achieving stable stocks. This study examined individual factors determining intended show behaviour. Most importantly, however, this study is the first study to account for variation in donor behaviour across different collection sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS We applied a multilevel approach to data from Donor InSight, including 11 889 donors from 257 fixed and mobile collection sites in the Netherlands. The aim of the multilevel models was to account for variance at two levels, that is donors and collection sites. We estimated the likelihood of showing after invitation based on individual predictors, including demographics, donation history and attitude. At the collection site level, we included satisfaction with the blood bank aggregated from individual responses by donors who donate at this site, opening hours and collection site type, that is fixed/mobile. RESULTS Most importantly, show behaviour varied considerably across collection sites and depended on characteristics of these sites. Moreover, women, older and more experienced donors had higher odds of showing after invitation than men, younger and less experienced donors. Donors higher on warm glow, self-efficacy and donor identity more likely showed after an invitation. Higher aggregate satisfaction and donating at fixed collection sites increased the odds of show. CONCLUSION In addition to individual factors, collection site characteristics are important in explaining variation in donor show behaviour, thus presenting clues for blood bank policies and interventions to improve donor show.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-M Merz
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - W L A M de Kort
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Ou-Yang J, He B, Rong X, Bei CH. Can inactive blood donors be re-recruited? A stratified randomised pilot study. Transfus Med 2017; 27:421-427. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ou-Yang
- Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - B. He
- Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - X. Rong
- Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - C.-H. Bei
- Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangzhou Guangdong China
- The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou; Guangzhou Guangdong China
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42
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Mousavi SA, Hermundstad B, Knutsen TR, Llohn AH. The association between interval from acceptance to first-time donation, missed first appointment and future donation behaviour. Transfus Med 2017; 28:249-254. [PMID: 28557101 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We examined the association of the interval between the date an individual is accepted for blood donation and the date of first donation (IFD-interval, index-to-first-time donation interval) and missed first appointment with future donation behaviour among new donors. These two variables have not been analysed in previous studies of donation behaviour among new donors. METHODS Categories were generated for age (18-29 vs 30-65 years), missed-appointment status (no-show vs same-day cancellation) and the IFD-interval [short (≤median time) vs long (>median time)]. Accepted donors (n = 807) were followed for 19 months. Outcome measures were first-appointment attendance rates, return rates among first-time donors and the proportion of experienced donors, defined as those who gave ≥5 donations. RESULTS In logistic regression analyses, high no-show rates were significantly associated with decreased likelihood of first-time donation. Long IFD-intervals were significantly associated with decreased likelihood of returning for a second donation among first-time donors. Experienced donors, compared to novice donors, were more likely to be male than female, older than younger and with shorter vs longer IFD-intervals. CONCLUSIONS No-show and long IFD-intervals may be behavioural markers of low levels of motivation for making the first donation and for returning for a second donation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mousavi
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - B Hermundstad
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - T R Knutsen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - A H Llohn
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
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43
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Ou-Yang J, Bei CH, He B, Rong X. Factors influencing blood donation: a cross-sectional survey in Guangzhou, China. Transfus Med 2017; 27:256-267. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ou-Yang
- Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangdong China
- The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - C.-H. Bei
- Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangdong China
- The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - B. He
- Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangdong China
- The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou; Guangdong China
| | - X. Rong
- Guangzhou Blood Center; Guangdong China
- The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou; Guangdong China
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44
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Motivating Factors and Potential Deterrents to Blood Donation in High School Aged Blood Donors. JOURNAL OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION 2016; 2016:8624230. [PMID: 27293985 PMCID: PMC4884579 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8624230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background. To ensure an adequate supply of blood, collection centers must design campaigns that successfully recruit and maintain an active donor pool. Understanding factors that motivate and deter individuals from donating may help centers develop targeted recruitment campaigns. These factors among high school aged blood donors have not yet been fully investigated. Study Design and Methods. A voluntary, anonymous survey was administered to student donors at high school mobile blood drives. The survey instrument asked the students to rate several potential motivating factors in their importance in the decision to donate blood and several potential deterring factors in their future decision whether or not to donate blood again. The survey also asked the students to rate the desirability of several potential incentives. Results. Motivating factors that reflected prosocial, empathetic, and altruistic thoughts and beliefs were rated highly by students. Pain from phlebotomy was most commonly chosen as potential deterrent. Movie tickets and cookies/snacks at the drive were rated as the most attractive incentives. Conclusion. High school aged blood donors are similar to other donor groups in their expressed motives for donating blood. This group may be unique in the factors that deter them from donating and in their preferences for different incentives.
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45
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Ferguson E, Lawrence C. Blood donation and altruism: the mechanisms of altruism approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferguson
- Personality, Social Psychology and Health (PSPH) Group; School of Psychology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - C. Lawrence
- Personality, Social Psychology and Health (PSPH) Group; School of Psychology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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46
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Roberts DJ. Blood donation in the 21st century: time to celebrate? Transfus Med 2015; 25:205-7. [PMID: 26399970 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Roberts
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant and University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ, UK
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