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Camerino M, Giacobino D, Tarone L, Dentini A, Martano M, Morello E, Ferraris EI, Manassero L, Iussich S, Maniscalco L, Cavallo F, Riccardo F, Buracco P. Clinical evaluation of HuDo-CSPG4 DNA electroporation as adjuvant treatment for canine oral malignant melanoma: comparison of two vaccination protocols. Vet Q 2025; 45:1-16. [PMID: 40059815 PMCID: PMC11894750 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2025.2473717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is an aggressive, spontaneously occurring tumor carrying a poor to guarded prognosis and relatively limited therapeutic strategies. In this landscape, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)4 represents a promising immunotherapeutic target. The objective of this bi-center prospective study was to examine the clinical outcome of OMM-bearing dogs treated with surgery and adjuvant electroporation using a DNA vaccine (HuDo-CSPG4) encoding both human (Hu) and canine (Do) portions of CSPG4 through two different vaccination protocols. Dogs with stage I-III surgically resected CSPG4-positive OMM underwent HuDo-CSPG4 plasmid electroporation starting at the 3rd-4th post-operative week; electrovaccination was repeated after 2 weeks. In protocol 1, electrovaccination was then delivered monthly while in protocol 2, electrovaccination was performed monthly four additional times followed by semestral boosters. The survival rates of HuDo-CSPG4-vaccinated dogs were estimated and compared with a control group treated with surgery alone. Significantly longer overall survival times were observed in HuDo-CSPG4 vaccinated dogs as compared with non-vaccinated controls. Dogs receiving protocol 2 showed similar outcomes to those of dogs undergoing protocol 1, despite fewer vaccinations. The comparable humoral response against CSPG4 resulting from the administration of protocol 1 and 2 appears to have similar clinical relevance, highlighting protocol 2 as the optimal vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Marina Martano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Luca Manassero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Gualtieri P, Lee BI, Beeney A, Hart C, Leary D, Martin T, Boss MK. Response of Spontaneous Oral Tumors in Canine Cancer Patients Treated with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT). Radiat Res 2024; 202:807-824. [PMID: 39478420 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00079.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/09/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study is describe outcome and toxicity for dogs with oral tumors, specifically oral malignant melanoma (OMM), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). A single institution retrospective study was conducted. Outcomes were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard analysis. Treatment responses at different time points were evaluated with Pearson's Chi-squared test to identify prognostic factors. Acute and late toxicities were recorded according to VRTOG criteria and were analyzed to identify risk factors. Adverse events other than acute and late toxicities were recorded. A total of 98 patients met the inclusion criteria (OMM n = 37; SCC n = 18; STS n = 43). The SBRT prescription was 1-6 fractions, with a total dose range of 12-40 Gy. Local progression-free survival (PFS) for OMM, SCC, and STS was 187, 253, and 161 days, respectively. Overall PFS was 152 days and median survival time (MST) was 270 days, with no statistical difference between tumor types. The presence of lymph node metastasis and the use of elective nodal irradiation (ENI) were associated with shorted PFS and MST. Severe acute toxicities to organs at risk affected 10/85 (11.8%) of patients. Osteoradionecrosis and oronasal fistula formation occurred in 23/81 (28.4%) of patients and was significantly associated with tumor type (SCC, P = 0.006). SBRT can be offered as a treatment option for oral tumors in dogs. Toxicities were common and warrant risk factor considerations and adjustments to current SBRT protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gualtieri
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ber-In Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Amber Beeney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Cullen Hart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Del Leary
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Tiffany Martin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Song E, Lawrence J, Greene E, Christie A, Goldschmidt S. Risk stratification scheme based on the TNM staging system for dogs with oral malignant melanoma centered on clinicopathologic presentation. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1472748. [PMID: 39386252 PMCID: PMC11463030 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1472748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is the most common malignant oral neoplasm in dogs. Tumor recurrence, progression, and regional and distant metastasis remain major obstacles despite advanced therapy. Tumor size has been a consistent, key independent prognostic factor; however, other clinical and histopathologic features impact prognosis and likely influence optimal treatment strategies. Adoption of a risk stratification scheme for canine OMM that stratifies groups of dogs on defined clinicopathologic features may improve reproducible and comparable studies by improving homogeneity within groups of dogs. Moreover, it would aid in the generation of multidisciplinary prospective studies that seek to define optimal treatment paradigms based on defined clinicopathologic features. Methods To build a platform upon which to develop a risk stratification scheme, we performed a systematic review of clinicopathologic features of OMM, with particular attention to levels of evidence of published research and the quantitative prognostic effect of clinicopathologic features. Results Tumor size and presence of bone lysis were repeatable features with the highest level of evidence for prognostic effects on survival. Overall, with strict inclusion criteria for paper review, the levels of evidence in support of other, previously proposed risk factors were low. Factors contributing to the challenge of defining clear prognostic features including inconsistencies in staging and reporting of prognostic variables, incomplete clinical outcome data, inhomogeneous treatment, and absence of randomized controlled studies. Discussion To overcome this in the future, we propose a risk stratification scheme that expands the TNM system to incorporate specific designations that highlight possible prognostic variables. The ability to capture key data simply from an expanded TNM description will aid in future efforts to form strong conclusions regarding prognostic variables and their influence (or lack thereof) on therapeutic decision-making and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Song
- Apex Veterinary Specialists, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Lawrence
- Department of Surgical and Radiologic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erica Greene
- RedBank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ, United States
| | - Anneka Christie
- RedBank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ, United States
| | - Stephanie Goldschmidt
- Department of Surgical and Radiologic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Bertram CA, Donovan TA, Bartel A. Mitotic activity: A systematic literature review of the assessment methodology and prognostic value in canine tumors. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:752-764. [PMID: 38533804 PMCID: PMC11370189 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the most relevant prognostic indices for tumors is cellular proliferation, which is most commonly measured by the mitotic activity in routine tumor sections. The goal of this systematic review was to analyze the methods and prognostic relevance of histologically measuring mitotic activity that have been reported for canine tumors in the literature. A total of 137 articles that correlated the mitotic activity in canine tumors with patient outcome were identified through a systematic (PubMed and Scopus) and nonsystematic (Google Scholar) literature search and eligibility screening process. Mitotic activity methods encompassed the mitotic count (MC, number of mitotic figures per tumor area) in 126 studies, presumably the MC (method not specified) in 6 studies, and the mitotic index (MI, number of mitotic figures per number of tumor cells) in 5 studies. A particularly high risk of bias was identified based on the available details of the MC methods and statistical analyses, which often did not quantify the prognostic discriminative ability of the MC and only reported P values. A significant association of the MC with survival was found in 72 of 109 (66%) studies. However, survival was evaluated by at least 3 studies in only 7 tumor types/groups, of which a prognostic relevance is apparent for mast cell tumors of the skin, cutaneous melanoma, and soft tissue tumor of the skin and subcutis. None of the studies using the MI found a prognostic relevance. This review highlights the need for more studies with standardized methods and appropriate analysis of the discriminative ability to prove the prognostic value of the MC and MI in various tumor types. Future studies are needed to evaluate the influence of the performance of individual pathologists on the appropriateness of prognostic thresholds and investigate methods to improve interobserver reproducibility.
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Xia YY, Liao AT, Liu RM, Yang SY, Kuo CC, Ke CH, Lin CS, Lee JJ. Immunotherapeutic allogeneic dendritic cell and autologous tumor cell fusion vaccine alone or combined with radiotherapy in canine oral malignant melanoma is safe and potentially effective. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1397518. [PMID: 39229600 PMCID: PMC11368852 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1397518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunotherapy represents a promising breakthrough in cancer management and is being explored in canine melanomas. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in priming T-cell-mediated immune reactions through the antigen-presenting function. Combining immunotherapy and radiation therapy may generate more substantial anti-cancer efficacy through immunomodulation. Objectives Our research reported a preliminary result of the safety and outcome of a kind of immunotherapy, the allogeneic dendritic cell and autologous tumor cell fusion vaccine, alone or in combination with hypofractionated radiation therapy, in canine oral malignant melanoma. Methods Two groups of dogs with histopathological diagnoses of oral malignant melanoma were recruited. In group 1 (DCRT), dogs received a combination of DC fusion vaccine and radiotherapy. In group 2 (DC), dogs received DC fusion vaccine alone. DC vaccination was given once every 2 weeks for four doses. Radiotherapy was performed weekly for five fractions. Dogs that received carboplatin were retrospectively collected as a control group (group 3). Results Five dogs were included in group 1 (two stage II, three stage III), 11 in group 2 (three stage I/II, eight stage III/IV), and eight (two stage I/II, six stage III/IV) in the control group. Both DC and DCRT were well-tolerated, with only mild adverse events reported, including mucositis, gastrointestinal discomfort, and injection site reactions. The median progression-free intervals in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 214 (95% CI, NA, due to insufficient data), 100 (95% CI, 27-237), and 42 days (95% CI, NA-170), respectively, which were not significantly different. The 1-year survival rates were 20, 54.5, and 12.5% in groups 1, 2, and 3. Dogs in the DCRT group exhibited significantly higher TGF-β signals than the DC group throughout the treatment course, indicating a possible higher degree of immunosuppression. Conclusion The manuscript demonstrated the safety of dendritic cell/tumor cell fusion vaccine immunotherapy, alone or in combination with radiotherapy. The results support further expansion of this immunotherapy, modification of combination treatment and protocols, and investigation of combining DC vaccine with other treatment modalities. Clinical trial registration Preclinical Trials, PCTE0000475.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Albert TaiChing Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Min Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ya Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jong Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim M, Jeong I, Lee G, Park C, Kim Y, Eom K, Kim J. Application of Palliative Hemostatic Radiotherapy in Canine Unresectable Oral Melanoma: A Case Report. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1746. [PMID: 38929365 PMCID: PMC11200987 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A 9-year-old castrated male Schnauzer dog, weighing 11.6 kg, presented with a persistent hemorrhagic oral mass. An oral examination revealed a right maxillary oral mass characterized by continuous bleeding, halitosis, and severe pain. A cytological examination led to a provisional diagnosis of malignant melanoma, and, despite the option of aggressive surgery, the owner declined. The blood analysis indicated severe hemorrhagic anemia (hematocrit, 18.2%) requiring a blood transfusion. The patient underwent volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) as part of a palliative radiation protocol, receiving six fractions of 6 Gy weekly for hemostasis and clinical improvement. The hemorrhaging ceased after the second fraction, with a subsequent rise in the hematocrit levels and the resolution of the anemia. Additionally, the intake increased following the second fraction, and effective pain management was achieved in the fourth fraction. Following the last fraction, computed tomography revealed a 20% reduction in the tumor size. This case highlights the potential use of radiotherapy for hemostasis in cases of inoperable hemorrhagic oral melanoma and represents the first report on the application of hemostatic radiotherapy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myounghun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
| | - Inseong Jeong
- Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul 02140, Republic of Korea
| | - Gijong Lee
- Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul 02140, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul 02140, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwhan Kim
- Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul 02140, Republic of Korea
| | - Kidong Eom
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
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Xia Y, Liao AT, Lee J. A retrospective study of chemotherapeutic effect without wide-margin surgery or radiation therapy in dogs with oral malignant melanoma. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2024; 65:343-350. [PMID: 38562982 PMCID: PMC10945454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Effective treatment for canine oral malignant melanoma (e.g., curative-intent surgery) may not be feasible or radiation therapy may be unavailable. However, chemotherapy is usually an option, and more information is needed regarding its use without adequate local treatments. Objective Our objective was to investigate the efficacy of chemotherapy in canine oral malignant melanoma without adequate local control, using carboplatin with dose reduction in small-breed dogs and metronomic chemotherapy. Animals and procedure Client-owned dogs with histopathologically diagnosed oral malignant melanoma were retrospectively enrolled from 2016 to 2022. The chemotherapy protocol in each case was determined by the attending clinician. Results Thirteen dogs were included. The median progression-free interval of all 13 dogs was 42 d (14 to 953 d). The median overall survival time of dogs with chemotherapy as their only systemic treatment was 181 d (50 to 960 d; n = 11). The median dosage of carboplatin was 250 mg/m2. Response to treatment and clinical stage were significant prognostic factors. Conclusion and clinical relevance As chemotherapy provided a median survival of 6 mo, it could be considered when adequate local control is infeasible. Earlier clinical stages or achievement of at least stable disease during chemotherapy may indicate better survival in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xia
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine (Xia, Liao) and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine (Lee) and National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bioresources and Agriculture (Xia, Lee), National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Albert Taiching Liao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine (Xia, Liao) and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine (Lee) and National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bioresources and Agriculture (Xia, Lee), National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jihjong Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine (Xia, Liao) and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine (Lee) and National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bioresources and Agriculture (Xia, Lee), National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Xia YY, Chi KH, Liao AT, Lee JJ. Limited Clinical Efficacy with Potential Adverse Events in a Pilot Study of Autologous Adoptive Cell Therapy in Canine Oral Malignant Melanoma. Vet Sci 2024; 11:150. [PMID: 38668417 PMCID: PMC11053650 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has been studied in several human and canine cancers with some promising clinical outcomes but not in canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM). Our manuscript aimed to explore one kind of ACT, the ex vivo-expanded autologous immune cell infusion in canine OMM, as this tumor remains a treatment dilemma. The study recruited dogs with histopathological diagnoses of oral malignant melanoma, generated their peripheral blood mononuclear cells, expanded them into predominantly non-B non-T cells via stimulations of IL-15, IL-2, and IL-21, and then re-infused the cells into tumor-bearing dogs. Ten dogs were enrolled; three dogs did not report any adverse events; three had a mildly altered appetite; one had a mildly increased liver index, while the other three developed suspected anaphylaxis at different levels. The median progression-free interval was 49 days. Dogs with progressive disease during treatment had a shorter survival. This pilot study indicates limited efficacy with potential adverse events of this ACT. Most recruited patients were in a later stage and had macroscopic disease, which might affect the treatment efficacy. Further exploration of this cell therapy in an adjuvant setting, with adequate protocol modification and standardization, could still be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xia
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipe 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.X.); (A.T.L.)
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
| | - Kwan-Hwa Chi
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiation Therapy & Oncology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan
| | - Albert Taiching Liao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipe 10617, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.X.); (A.T.L.)
| | - Jih-Jong Lee
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
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Gualtieri P, Martin T, Leary D, Lana SE, LaRue SM, Boss MK. Canine salivary gland carcinoma treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy: a retrospective case series. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1202265. [PMID: 37441554 PMCID: PMC10333581 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1202265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to describe the therapeutic outcomes of dogs with locally advanced salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Methods A single institution retrospective study was conducted of client-owned dogs with macroscopic SGC treated with SBRT. Patient signalment, clinical characteristics, and treatment parameters were recorded. Clinical benefit was determined based on follow-up physical examination and medical history. Progression-free interval (PFI), median survival time (MST), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Acute and late toxicity were recorded according to Veterinary Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (VRTOG) criteria. Results Six patients were included in the study. Tumor origins were mandibular (n = 3), parotid (n = 2), and zygomatic (n = 1) salivary glands. The SBRT prescription was 10 Gy × 3 daily or every other day. All patients (100%) experienced clinical benefit from treatment at a median time of 34 days (range 28-214). No local or regional nodal failure was reported following SBRT. Progressive pulmonary metastatic disease was documented in three dogs (50%). The median PFI was 260 days (range 43-1,014) and the MST was 397 days (range 185-1,014). Median DSS was 636 days (range 185-1,014). Four dogs (66.6%) died of confirmed or suspected metastatic SGC. The reported acute side effects included grade 2 mucositis (n = 1) and vision loss (n = 1). No late side effects were recorded. Conclusion This study suggests that SBRT may provide durable local control for invasive SGC in dogs. Further investigation in a larger cohort of patients is warranted. The incidence of reported acute and late toxicity was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gualtieri
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tiffany Martin
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Del Leary
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Susan E. Lana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Susan M. LaRue
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Prognostic Factors for the Efficiency of Radiation Therapy in Dogs with Oral Melanoma: A Pilot Study of Hypoxia in Intraosseous Lesions. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010004. [PMID: 36669005 PMCID: PMC9861487 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresectable oral melanoma is often treated with radiation therapy (RT) and may show a temporary response to therapy. The clinical stage is one of the well-known prognostic factors for canine oral melanoma. However, the factors that directly affect the response to RT have remained unclear. This study aimed to validate the risk factors for recurrence after RT. Sixty-eight dogs with oral melanomas were included in this study. All dogs were treated with palliative RT using a linear accelerator without adjuvant therapies. After RT, the time to local recurrence (TTR) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using the log-rank test. As a result, clinical stage and response to therapy were the significant independent prognostic factors in the multivariate analysis. The presence of local bone lysis and non-combination with cytoreductive surgery were associated with a worse response to RT. Immunohistochemical analysis for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α indicated that tumor cells invading the bone are under hypoxic conditions, which may explain a poorer efficiency of RT in dogs with bone lysis. In conclusion, clinical stage and combination with debulking surgery were needed to improve the efficiency of RT.
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