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Bhattacharyya S, O-Sullivan I, Tu J, Chen Z, Tobacman JK. Exogenous recombinant N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (Arylsulfatase B; ARSB) inhibits progression of B16F10 cutaneous melanomas and modulates cell signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166913. [PMID: 37813168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In the syngeneic, subcutaneous B16F10 mouse model of malignant melanoma, treatment with exogenous ARSB markedly reduced tumor size and extended survival. In vivo experiments showed that local treatment with exogenous N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (Arylsulfatase B; ARSB) led to reduced tumor growth over time (p < 0.0001) and improved the probability of survival up to 21 days (p = 0.0391). Tumor tissue from the treated mice had lower chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) content and lower sulfotransferase activity. The free galectin-3 declined, and the SHP2 activity increased, due to altered binding with chondroitin 4-sulfate. These changes induced effects on transcription, which were mediated by Sp1, phospho-ERK1/2, and phospho-p38 MAPK. Reduced mRNA expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), carbohydrate sulfotransferase 15 (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase), and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 resulted. Experiments in the human melanoma cell line A375 demonstrated similar responses to exogenous ARSB as in the tumors, and inverse effects followed ARSB siRNA. ARSB, which removes the 4-sulfate group at the non-reducing end of C4S, acts as a tumor suppressor, and treatment with exogenous ARSB impacts on vital cell signaling and reduces the expression of critical genes associated with melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhattacharyya
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Insug O-Sullivan
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jieqi Tu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resource, University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joanne K Tobacman
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Qiu Y, Ye W, Wang C, Zang J. Prognostic significance and immunoinfiltration analysis of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and energy metabolism in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:13312-13328. [PMID: 38015710 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and aberrant energy metabolism are pivotal biological processes in tumor progression, significantly impacting tumor prognosis. However, the relationship between EMT, energy metabolism, and the immune microenvironment in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) remains inadequately understood. METHODS Bladder cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas were categorized into two groups via clustering analysis to elucidate disparities in expression, prognostic significance, and immune infiltration of genes associated with EMT and energy metabolism between these groups. Key genes associated with EMT and energy metabolism in BLCA were identified through Cox multifactorial regression analysis, immune infiltration analysis, etc. Subsequently, their prognostic significance in BLCA was validated. RESULTS Cluster analysis revealed significant differences in the expression of genes associated with EMT and energy metabolism between the two groups. Group 2 exhibited significantly improved overall survival and progression-free survival compared to Group 1. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) emerged as the most critical gene associated with EMT, energy metabolism, prognosis, and immune infiltration in BLCA. Immunohistochemical assays demonstrated differential expression of CSPG4 in bladder tumors and normal bladder tissues, with high CSPG4 expression correlating with a poorer BLCA prognosis. Furthermore, CSPG4 exhibited an association with the immune checkpoint molecule programmed death-1 (PD1) in BLCA. CONCLUSIONS EMT and energy metabolism exert pivotal influences on the immune microenvironment in BLCA. CSPG4 holds promise as a prognostic biomarker for patients with BLCA, offering valuable insights into potential immunotherapeutic strategies for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Zang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
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Giraudo L, Cattaneo G, Gammaitoni L, Iaia I, Donini C, Massa A, Centomo ML, Basiricò M, Vigna E, Pisacane A, Picciotto F, Berrino E, Marchiò C, Merlini A, Paruzzo L, Poletto S, Caravelli D, Biolato AM, Bortolot V, Landoni E, Ventin M, Ferrone CR, Aglietta M, Dotti G, Leuci V, Carnevale-Schianca F, Sangiolo D. CSPG4 CAR-redirected Cytokine Induced Killer lymphocytes (CIK) as effective cellular immunotherapy for HLA class I defective melanoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:310. [PMID: 37993874 PMCID: PMC10664597 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even acknowledging the game-changing results achieved in the treatment of metastatic melanoma with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), a large proportion of patients (40-60%) still fail to respond or relapse due to the development of resistance. Alterations in the expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules are considered to play a major role in clinical resistance to ICI. Cellular immunotherapy with HLA-independent CAR-redirected lymphocytes is a promising alternative in this challenging setting and dedicated translational models are needed. METHODS In this study, we propose an HLA-independent therapeutic strategy with Cytokine Induced Killer lymphocytes (CIK) genetically engineered with a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) targeting the tumor antigen CSPG4 as effector mechanism. We investigated the preclinical antitumor activity of CSPG4-CAR.CIK in vitro and in a xenograft murine model focusing on patient-derived melanoma cell lines (Mel) with defective expression of HLA-I molecules. RESULTS We successfully generated CSPG4-CAR.CIK from patients with metastatic melanoma and reported their intense activity in vitro against a panel of CSPG4-expressing patient-derived Mel. The melanoma killing activity was intense, even at very low effector to target ratios, and not influenced by the expression level (high, low, defective) of HLA-I molecules on target cells. Furthermore, CAR.CIK conditioned medium was capable of upregulating the expression of HLA-I molecules on melanoma cells. A comparable immunomodulatory effect was replicated by treatment of Mel cells with exogenous IFN-γ and IFN-α. The antimelanoma activity of CSPG4-CAR.CIK was successfully confirmed in vivo, obtaining a significant tumor growth inhibition of an HLA-defective Mel xenograft in immunodeficient mice. CONCLUSIONS In this study we reported the intense preclinical activity of CSPG4-CAR.CIK against melanoma, including those with low or defective HLA-I expression. Our findings support CSPG4 as a valuable CAR target in melanoma and provide translational rationale for clinical studies exploring CAR-CIK cellular immunotherapies within the challenging setting of patients not responsive or relapsing to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Giraudo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Cattaneo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy.
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Loretta Gammaitoni
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Ilenia Iaia
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Chiara Donini
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Annamaria Massa
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Centomo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Marco Basiricò
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Elisa Vigna
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Alberto Pisacane
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Franco Picciotto
- Dermatologic Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Città Della Salute E Della Scienza, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Enrico Berrino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Alessandra Merlini
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Stefano Poletto
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Daniela Caravelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Andrea Michela Biolato
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Valentina Bortolot
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Elisa Landoni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marco Ventin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Valeria Leuci
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | | | - Dario Sangiolo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy.
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy.
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Kropp KN, Fatho M, Huduti E, Faust M, Lübcke S, Lennerz V, Paschen A, Theobald M, Wölfel T, Wölfel C. Targeting the melanoma-associated antigen CSPG4 with HLA-C*07:01-restricted T-cell receptors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1245559. [PMID: 37849763 PMCID: PMC10577170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1245559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intorduction Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), also known as high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen, is expressed in melanoma but also other tumor entities and constitutes an attractive target for immunotherapeutic approaches. While recent preclinical reports focused on anti-CSPG4 chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), we here explore T-cell receptor (TCR)-based approaches targeting CSPG4. Methods The TCRs of two CSPG4-reactive T-cell clones (11C/73 and 2C/165) restricted by the highly prevalent HLA-C*07:01 allele were isolated and the respective αβTCR pairs were retrovirally expressed in CRISPR/Cas9-edited TCR-knockout T cells for functional testing. We also combined alpha and beta TCR chains derived from 11C/73 and 2C/165 in a cross-over fashion to assess for hemichain dominance. CSPG4+ melanoma, glioblastoma and lung cancer cell lines were identified and, if negative, retrovirally transduced with HLA-C*07:01. Results Functional tests confirmed specific recognition of CSPG4+HLA-C*07:01+ target cells by the αβTCR retrieved from the parental T-cell clones and in part also by the cross-over TCR construct 2Cα-11Cβ. Despite high surface expression, the 11Cα-2Cβ combination, however, was not functional. Discussion Collectively, 11C/73- and 2C/165-expressing T cells specifically and efficiently recognized CSPG4+HLA-C*07:01+ cancer cells which warrants further preclinical and clinical evaluation of these TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian N. Kropp
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center (UCT), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Fatho
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center (UCT), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Enes Huduti
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center (UCT), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marilena Faust
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center (UCT), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Silke Lübcke
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center (UCT), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Lennerz
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center (UCT), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annette Paschen
- Dermatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg/Essen and German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Duesseldorf, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Theobald
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center (UCT), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Wölfel
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center (UCT), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Catherine Wölfel
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center (UCT), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Grossauer A, Uranowska K, Kitzwögerer M, Mostegel M, Breiteneder H, Hafner C. Immunohistochemical detection of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 protein in primary and metastatic melanoma. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:382. [PMID: 37559576 PMCID: PMC10407859 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of malignant melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, continues to be a major challenge for clinicians. New targeted therapies with kinase inhibitors or drugs which modify the immune response are often accompanied by the development of resistance or severe side effects. In this context, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), a highly immunogenic melanoma tumor antigen, could be a potential target for alternative therapeutic approaches. The aim of the present study was to identify differences in the levels of CSPG4 protein expression in primary and metastatic melanomas as well as to analyze correlations between CSPG4 expression and histopathological data and patient characteristics. A total of 189 melanoma tissue samples from Lower Austria, including primary melanomas and melanoma metastases, were immunohistochemically stained for the expression of CSPG4 and statistical analyses were performed. A total of 65.6% of melanoma tissue samples stained positive for the expression of CSPG4. Primary nodular and primary superficial spreading melanomas demonstrated a significantly higher number of positively stained tissue samples for CSPG4 compared with primary lentigo maligna melanomas. No significant differences in the expression of CSPG4 were demonstrated between primary melanomas and melanoma metastases. The present study supports the advancement of the understanding of CSPG4 tissue expression patterns in melanoma patients and provides additional information for further investigation of CSPG4 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grossauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3100 St. Poelten, Austria
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Karolina Uranowska
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3100 St. Poelten, Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Melitta Kitzwögerer
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital St. Poelten, A-3100 St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Margit Mostegel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3100 St. Poelten, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Dermatological Research, Karl Landsteiner Gesellschaft, A-3100 St. Poelten, Austria
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Tarone L, Giacobino D, Camerino M, Maniscalco L, Iussich S, Parisi L, Giovannini G, Dentini A, Bolli E, Quaglino E, Merighi IF, Morello E, Buracco P, Riccardo F, Cavallo F. A chimeric human/dog-DNA vaccine against CSPG4 induces immunity with therapeutic potential in comparative preclinical models of osteosarcoma. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2342-2359. [PMID: 37312451 PMCID: PMC10421998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality rate of osteosarcoma (OSA) patients highlights the requirement of alternative strategies. The young age of patients, as well as the rarity and aggressiveness of the disease, limits opportunities for the robust testing of novel therapies, suggesting the need for valuable preclinical systems. Having previously shown the overexpression of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)4 in OSA, herein the functional consequences of its downmodulation in human OSA cells were evaluated in vitro, with a significant impairment of cell proliferation, migration, and osteosphere generation. The potential of a chimeric human/dog (HuDo)-CSPG4 DNA vaccine was explored in translational comparative OSA models, including human xenograft mouse models and canine patients affected by spontaneous OSA. The adoptive transfer of HuDo-CSPG4 vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells and sera in immunodeficient human OSA-bearing mice delayed tumor growth and metastasis development. HuDo-CSPG4 vaccination resulted safe and effective in inducing anti-CSPG4 immunity in OSA-affected dogs, which displayed prolonged survival as compared to controls. Finally, HuDo-CSPG4 was also able to induce a cytotoxic response in a human surrogate setting in vitro. On the basis of these results and the high predictive value of spontaneous OSA in dogs, this study paves the way for a possible translation of this approach to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Mariateresa Camerino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Lorella Maniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Lorenza Parisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Bolli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Fiore Merighi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Lin YC, Chu YH, Liao WC, Chen CH, Hsiao WC, Ho YJ, Yang MY, Liu CH. CHST11-modified chondroitin 4-sulfate as a potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:2998-3012. [PMID: 37559985 PMCID: PMC10408464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant chondroitin sulfate (CS) accumulation in glioblastoma (GBM) tissue has been documented, but the role of excessive CS in GBM progression and whether it can be a druggable target are largely unknown. The aim of this study is to clarify the biological functions of CHST11 in GBM cells, and evaluate therapeutic effects of blocking CHST11-derived chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S). We investigated the expression of CHST11 in glioma tissue by immunohistochemistry, and analyzed CHST11 associated genes using public RNA sequencing datasets. The effects of CHST11 on aggressive cell behaviors have been studied in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that CHST11 is frequently overexpressed in GBM tissue, promoting GBM cell mobility and modulating C4S on GBM cells. We further discovered that CSPG4 is positively correlated with CHST11, and CSPG4 involved in CHST11-mediated cell invasiveness. In addition, GBM patients with high expression of CHST11 and CSPG4 have a significantly shorter survival time. We examined the effects of treating C4S-specific binding peptide (C4Sp) as a therapeutic agent in vitro and in vivo. C4Sp treatment attenuated GBM cell invasiveness and, notably, improved survival rate of orthotopic glioma cell transplant mice. Our results propose a possible mechanism of CHST11 in regulating GBM malignancy and highlight a novel strategy for targeting aberrant chondroitin sulfate in GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Lin
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hung Chu
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsiao
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yin Yang
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hui Liu
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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Xu J, Yuan A, Su R, Yang Q, Fan X, Zhang J. Trophoblast-specific knockdown of CSPG4 expression causes pregnancy complications with poor placentation in mice. Reprod Biol 2023; 23:100731. [PMID: 36634519 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional molecule chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4/NG2) plays key roles in organogenesis and tumorigenesis. However, its roles in placentation remain unclear. In this study, CSPG4 expression in human and mouse placentas was investigated through immunohistochemistry (IHC), qPCR and western blotting. The theoretical structure and function of CSPG4 were assessed using bioinformatic tools, and the functions of CSPG4 in fetal and placental development were investigated using a mouse model established by trophoblast-specific CSPG4 knockdown and a trophoblast cell line with CSPG4 knockout by lentivirus infection. The results showed that CSPG4 was mainly located in trophoblasts in both human placentas and mouse placentas, with a higher level in preeclampsia (PE) placentas than in healthy control placentas. Furthermore, there was a trend of increasing expression in mouse placentas during pregnancy. The 3D structure of CSPG4 was visualized using an M model composed of two chains, and the structure implied that CSPG4 was a multifunctional molecule containing multiple pockets with multiligand binding sites and enzyme active sites. Trophoblast-specific CSPG4 knockdown caused frequent fetal loss, and viable fetal development was restricted by poor placentation, with mice placentas having reduced weight and width. The proliferation and invasion of CSPG4-knockout trophoblasts were significantly inhibited, and as such, the molecular signaling of AKT and ERK phosphorylation was inhibited, and the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 was reduced. In summary, CSPG4 deficiency inhibited trophoblast proliferation and invasion, which was associated with AKT, ERK and MMP signaling. CSPG4 deficiency also caused pregnancy complications with poor placentation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Xu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Anwen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rui Su
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiujun Fan
- Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Juzuo Zhang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Huaihua 418000, China; Research Center for Reproduction and Health Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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9
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Nounamo B, Jousheghany F, Siegel ER, Post SR, Kelly T, Ferrone S, Kieber-Emmons T, Monzavi-Karbassi B. VT68.2: An Antibody to Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 ( CSPG4) Displays Reactivity against a Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36768830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-CSPG4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have shown anti-tumor activity and therapeutic potential for treating breast cancer. In addition, CSPG4 is a dominant tumor-associated antigen that is also involved in normal-tissue development in humans. Therefore, the potential for off-tumor activity remains a serious concern when targeting CSPG4 therapeutically. Previous work suggested that glycans contribute to the binding of specific anti-CSPG4 antibodies to tumor cells, but the specificity and importance of this contribution are unknown. In this study, the reactivity of anti-CSPG4 mAbs was characterized with a peptide mimetic of carbohydrate antigens expressed in breast cancer. ELISA, flow cytometry, and microarray assays were used to screen mAbs for their ability to bind to carbohydrate-mimicking peptides (CMPs), cancer cells, and glycans. The mAb VT68.2 displayed a distinctly strong binding to a CMP (P10s) and bound to triple-negative breast cancer cells. In addition, VT68.2 showed a higher affinity for N-linked glycans that contain terminal fucose and fucosylated lactosamines. The functional assays demonstrated that VT68.2 inhibited cancer cell migration. These results define the glycoform reactivity of an anti-CSPG4 antibody and may lead to the development of less toxic therapeutic approaches that target tumor-specific glyco-peptides.
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Tarone L, Mareschi K, Tirtei E, Giacobino D, Camerino M, Buracco P, Morello E, Cavallo F, Riccardo F. Improving Osteosarcoma Treatment: Comparative Oncology in Action. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12122099. [PMID: 36556464 PMCID: PMC9783386 DOI: 10.3390/life12122099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common pediatric malignant bone tumor. Although surgery together with neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy has improved survival for localized OSA, most patients develop recurrent/metastatic disease with a dismally poor outcome. Therapeutic options have not improved for these OSA patients in recent decades. As OSA is a rare and "orphan" tumor, with no distinct targetable driver antigens, the development of new efficient therapies is still an unmet and challenging clinical need. Appropriate animal models are therefore critical for advancement in the field. Despite the undoubted relevance of pre-clinical mouse models in cancer research, they present some intrinsic limitations that may be responsible for the low translational success of novel therapies from the pre-clinical setting to the clinic. From this context emerges the concept of comparative oncology, which has spurred the study of pet dogs as a uniquely valuable model of spontaneous OSA that develops in an immune-competent system with high biological and clinical similarities to corresponding human tumors, including in its metastatic behavior and resistance to conventional therapies. For these reasons, the translational power of studies conducted on OSA-bearing dogs has seen increasing recognition. The most recent and relevant veterinary investigations of novel combinatorial approaches, with a focus on immune-based strategies, that can most likely benefit both canine and human OSA patients have been summarized in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Tarone
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Mareschi
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Paediatric Onco-Haematology Department, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Tirtei
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Paediatric Onco-Haematology Department, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Camerino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (F.R.)
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11
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Harrer DC, Schenkel C, Berking C, Herr W, Abken H, Dörrie J, Schaft N. Decitabine-Mediated Upregulation of CSPG4 in Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Enables Targeting by CSPG4-Specific CAR-T Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205033. [PMID: 36291817 PMCID: PMC9599610 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of CAR-T cells to the armamentarium of immunotherapy revigorated the field of oncology by inducing long-lasting remissions in patients with relapsing/refractory hematological malignancies. Nevertheless, in the lion's share of patients diagnosed with solid tumors, CAR-T-cell therapy so far failed to demonstrate satisfactory anti-tumor activity. A crucial cause of resistance against the antigen-specific attack of CAR-T cells is predicated on the primary or secondary absence of suitable target antigens. Thus, the necessity to create a broad repertoire of different target antigens is vital. We aimed to evaluate the potential of the well-established melanoma antigen chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) as an inducible antigen in ovarian cancer cells, using CSPG4-negative SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells as a model. Based on the hypomethylating activity of the FDA-approved drug decitabine, we refined a protocol to upregulate CSPG4 in the majority of decitabine-treated SKOV-3 cells. CSPG4-specific CAR-T cells generated by mRNA-electroporation showed CSPG4-directed cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity towards decitabine-treated SKOV-3. Another ovarian cancer cell line (Caov-3) and the neoplastic cell line 293T behaved similar. In aggregate, we generated proof-of-concept data paving the way for the further exploration of CSPG4 as an inducible antigen for CAR-T cells in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Christoph Harrer
- Department of Hematology and Internal Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schenkel
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Division of Genetic Immunotherapy, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Hematology and Internal Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Division of Genetic Immunotherapy, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-913-1853-1127
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12
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Boudin L, de Nonneville A, Finetti P, Mescam L, Le Cesne A, Italiano A, Blay JY, Birnbaum D, Mamessier E, Bertucci F. CSPG4 expression in soft tissue sarcomas is associated with poor prognosis and low cytotoxic immune response. Lab Invest 2022; 20:464. [PMID: 36221119 PMCID: PMC9552405 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are heterogeneous and pro-metastatic tumors. Identification of accurate prognostic factors and novel therapeutic targets are crucial. CSPG4 is a cell surface proteoglycan with oncogenic functions. It recently emerged as a potential target for immunotherapy, including cell therapy based on CSPG4-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected cytokine-induced killer lymphocytes (CSPG4-CAR.CIKs) in STS. However, expression of CSPG4 is poorly known in STS so far. Methods We analyzed CSPG4 gene expression in 1378 localized STS clinical samples, and searched for correlations with clinicopathological data, including disease-free survival (DFS), and with tumor immune features. Results CSPG4 expression was heterogeneous across samples. High expression was associated with younger patients’ age, more frequent undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and myxofibrosarcoma pathological subtypes, more frequent internal trunk tumor site, and more CINSARC high-risk samples. No correlation existed with pathological tumor size and grade, and tumor depth. Patients with high CSPG4 expression displayed 49% (95% CI 42–57) 5-year DFS versus 61% (95% CI 56–68) in patients with low expression (p = 3.17E−03), representing a 49% increased risk of event in the “CSPG4-high” group (HR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.14–1.94). This unfavorable prognostic value persisted in multivariate analysis, independently from other variables. There were significant differences in immune variables between “CSPG4-high” and “CSPG4-low” tumors. The "CSPG4-low" tumors displayed profiles suggesting higher anti-tumor cytotoxic immune response and higher potential vulnerability to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). By contrast, the "CSPG4-high" tumors displayed profiles implying an immune-excluded tumor microenvironment, potentially induced by hypoxia, resulting from an immature chaotic microvasculature, and/or the presence of contractile myofibroblasts. Conclusions Patients with “CSPG4-high” STS, theoretically candidate for CAR.CIKs, display shorter DFS and an immune environment unfavorable to vulnerability to CAR.CIKs, which could be improved by combining anti-angiogenic drugs able to normalize the tumor vasculature. By contrast, “CSPG4-low” STS are better candidates for immune therapy involving ICI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03679-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurys Boudin
- Laboratory of Predictive Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, Marseille, France
| | - A de Nonneville
- Laboratory of Predictive Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, Marseille, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Laboratory of Predictive Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, Marseille, France
| | - Léna Mescam
- French Sarcoma Group, Lyon, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 Bd. Sainte-Marguerite, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - A Le Cesne
- French Sarcoma Group, Lyon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Antoine Italiano
- French Sarcoma Group, Lyon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- French Sarcoma Group, Lyon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, UNICANCER &, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Laboratory of Predictive Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- Laboratory of Predictive Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, Marseille, France
| | - François Bertucci
- Laboratory of Predictive Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, Marseille, France. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France. .,French Sarcoma Group, Lyon, France.
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13
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de Nonneville A, Finetti P, Picard M, Monneur A, Pantaleo MA, Astolfi A, Ostrowski J, Birnbaum D, Mamessier E, Bertucci F. CSPG4 Expression in GIST Is Associated with Better Prognosis and Strong Cytotoxic Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051306. [PMID: 35267618 PMCID: PMC8909029 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most frequent sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Identification of novel prognostic and/or therapeutic targets is a major issue to overcome tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistances. CSPG4, a cell surface proteoglycan, emerged as a potential therapeutic target for immune therapy in different cancers, including sarcomas. CSPG4 expression has never been studied in GIST. In this work we analyzed CSPG4 mRNA expression in a large series of clinical GIST samples given the scarcity of disease (n = 309 patients). We find that high CSPG4 expression is independently associated with disease-free survival, and with an immune landscape favorable to induce strong cytotoxic immune response after NK cell stimulation. Our results suggest the potential value of CSPG4-specific chimeric antigen receptor-redirected cytokine-induced killer lymphocytes treatment in GIST, notably “CSPG4-high” tumors, and calls for preclinical validation, drug testing in vivo, then in clinical trials. Abstract The treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) must be improved through the development of more reliable prognostic factors and of therapies able to overcome imatinib resistance. The immune system represents an attractive tool. CSPG4, a cell surface proteoglycan, emerged as a potential therapeutic target for immune therapy in different cancers, including cell therapy based on CSPG4-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected cytokine-induced killer lymphocytes (CSPG4-CAR.CIKs) in sarcomas. CSPG4 expression has never been studied in GIST. We analyzed CSPG4 mRNA expression data of 309 clinical GIST samples profiled using DNA microarrays and searched for correlations with clinicopathological and immune features. CSPG4 expression, higher in tumors than normal digestive tissues, was heterogeneous across tumors. High expression was associated with AFIP low-risk, gastric site, and localized stage, and independently with longer postoperative disease-free survival (DFS) in localized stage. The correlations between CSPG4 expression and immune signatures highlighted a higher anti-tumor immune response in “CSPG4-high” tumors, relying on both the adaptive and innate immune system, in which the boost of NK cells by CSPG4-CAR.CIKs might be instrumental, eventually combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In conclusion, high CSPG4 expression in GIST is associated with better DFS and offers an immune environment favorable to a vulnerability to CAR.CIKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre de Nonneville
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France; (A.d.N.); (P.F.); (M.P.); (D.B.); (E.M.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France; (A.d.N.); (P.F.); (M.P.); (D.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Maelle Picard
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France; (A.d.N.); (P.F.); (M.P.); (D.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Audrey Monneur
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Maria Abbondanza Pantaleo
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.A.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.A.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France; (A.d.N.); (P.F.); (M.P.); (D.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France; (A.d.N.); (P.F.); (M.P.); (D.B.); (E.M.)
| | - François Bertucci
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France; (A.d.N.); (P.F.); (M.P.); (D.B.); (E.M.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, 13009 Marseille, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-91-22-35-37; Fax: +33-4-91-22-36-70
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14
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Giacobino D, Camerino M, Riccardo F, Cavallo F, Tarone L, Martano M, Dentini A, Iussich S, Lardone E, Franci P, Valazza A, Manassero L, Del Magno S, De Maria R, Morello E, Buracco P. Difference in outcome between curative intent vs marginal excision as a first treatment in dogs with oral malignant melanoma and the impact of adjuvant CSPG4-DNA electrovaccination: A retrospective study on 155 cases. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:651-660. [PMID: 33751759 PMCID: PMC9290641 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral malignant melanoma is locally invasive and highly metastatic. At present, the best option for local control is en bloc excision followed by radiation if excision margins are incomplete. Adjuvantly, the role of chemotherapy is dubious while immunotherapy appears encouraging. This retrospective study evaluated 155 dogs with oral malignant melanomas (24 stage I, 54 stage II, 66 stage III and 11 stage IV) managed in a single institution. The aim was to evaluate the differences in median survival time (MST) and disease-free interval (DFI) between dogs which, at presentation, were treated surgically with a curative intent (group 1) vs those marginally excised only (group 2). MST in group 1 was longer than in group 2 (594 vs 458 days), but no significant difference was found (P = .57); a statistical difference was, however, found for DFI (232 vs 183 days, P = .008). In the subpopulation of vaccinated dogs, the impact of adjuvant anti-CSPG4 DNA electrovaccination was then evaluated (curative intent, group 3, vs marginal, group 4); a significant difference for both MST (1333 vs 470 days, respectively, P = .03) and DFI (324 vs 184 days, respectively, P = .008) was found. Progressive disease was significantly more common in dogs undergoing marginal excision than curative intent excision for both the overall population (P = .03) and the vaccinated dogs (P = .02). This study pointed out that, after staging, wide excision together with adjuvant immunotherapy was an effective approach for canine oral malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | | | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Medical Veterinary ScienceUniversity of ParmaItaly
| | | | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Elena Lardone
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Paolo Franci
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Alberto Valazza
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Luca Manassero
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Sara Del Magno
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of BolognaItaly
| | | | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
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Liu Y, Castano D, Girolamo F, Trigueros-Motos L, Bae HG, Neo SP, Oh J, Narayanaswamy P, Torta F, Rye KA, Jo DG, Gunaratne J, Jung S, Virgintino D, Singaraja RR. Abca8b promotes myelination via regulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 localization in oligodendrocyte precursor cells in mice. J Lipid Res 2021; 63:100147. [PMID: 34752805 PMCID: PMC8953628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The myelin sheath, which is wrapped around axons, is a lipid-enriched structure produced by mature oligodendrocytes. Disruption of the myelin sheath is observed in several neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. A crucial component of myelin is sphingomyelin, levels of which can be increased by ABCA8, a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family. ABCA8 is highly expressed in the cerebellum, specifically in oligodendroglia. However, whether ABCA8 plays a role in myelination and mechanisms that would underlie this role remain unknown. Here, we found that the absence of Abca8b, a mouse ortholog of ABCA8, led to decreased numbers of cerebellar oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes in mice. We show that in oligodendrocytes, ABCA8 interacts with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), a molecule essential for OPC proliferation, migration, and myelination. In the absence of Abca8b, localization of CSPG4 to the plasma membrane was decreased, contributing to reduced cerebellar CSPG4 expression. Cerebellar CSPG4+ OPCs were also diminished, leading to decreased mature myelinating oligodendrocyte numbers and cerebellar myelination levels in Abca8b−/− mice. In addition, electron microscopy analyses showed that the number of nonmyelinated cerebellar axons was increased, whereas cerebellar myelin thickness (g-ratio), myelin sheath periodicity, and axonal diameter were all decreased, indicative of disordered myelin ultrastructure. In line with disrupted cerebellar myelination, Abca8b−/− mice showed lower cerebellar conduction velocity and disturbed locomotion. In summary, ABCA8 modulates cerebellar myelination, in part through functional regulation of the ABCA8-interacting protein CSPG4. Our findings suggest that ABCA8 disruption may contribute to the pathophysiology of myelin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Liu
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - David Castano
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Laia Trigueros-Motos
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Suat Peng Neo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Jeongah Oh
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Pradeep Narayanaswamy
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Kerry Anne Rye
- University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Roshni R Singaraja
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
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16
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Egan CE, Stefanova D, Ahmed A, Raja VJ, Thiesmeyer JW, Chen KJ, Greenberg JA, Zhang T, He B, Finnerty BM, Zarnegar R, Jin MM, Scognamiglio T, Dephoure N, Fahey T, Min IM. CSPG4 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2021; 31:1481-1493. [PMID: 34078123 PMCID: PMC8917884 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare cancer with poor prognosis and few treatment options. The objective of this study was to investigate new immune-associated therapeutic targets by identifying ATC-derived, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-presenting peptides. One protein that generated multiple peptides in ATC was chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan-4 (CSPG4), a transmembrane proteoglycan with increased expression in multiple aggressive cancers, but not yet investigated in ATC. Methods: We applied autologous peripheral blood T cells to ATC patient-derived xenografted mice to examine whether ATC induces a tumor-specific T cell response. We then identified peptide antigens eluted from the HLA-DQ complex in ATC patient-derived cells using mass spectrometry, detecting abundant CSPG4-derived peptides specific to the ATC sample. Next, we analyzed the surface expression level of CSPG4 in thyroid cancer cell lines and primary cell culture using flow cytometry. In addition, we used immunohistochemistry to compare the expression level and localization of the CSPG4 protein in ATC, papillary thyroid cancer, and normal thyroid tissue. We then investigated the correlation between CSPG4 expression and clinicopathological features of patients with thyroid cancer. Results: We found that ATC tissue had a high level of HLA-DQ expression and that the patient's CD4+ T cells showed activation when exposed to ATC. By eluting the HLA-DQ complex of ATC tissue, we found that CSPG4 generated one of the most abundant and specific peptides. CSPG4 expression at the cell surface of thyroid cancer was also significantly high when determined by flow cytometry, with the majority of ATC cell lines exhibiting ∼10-fold higher mean fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, most ATC patient cases expressed CSPG4 in the cytoplasm or membrane of the tumor cells. CSPG4 expression was correlated with tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) circumferential expression. CSPG4 mRNA overexpression was associated with worse overall survival in patients with ATC and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Conclusions: CSPG4 expression is significantly elevated in aggressive thyroid cancers, with a strong correlation with a poor prognosis. The vast number of HLA-DQ eluted CSPG4 peptides was identified in ATC, demonstrating the potential of CSPG4 as a novel immunotherapeutic target for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Egan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Adnan Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vijay J. Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Kevin J. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Taotao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bing He
- Department of Pathology, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Rasa Zarnegar
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Moonsoo M. Jin
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Noah Dephoure
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to: Noah Dephoure, PhD, Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Fahey
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Thomas Fahey III, MD, Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irene M. Min
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Irene M. Min, PhD, Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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17
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Hoffmeister LM, Orhan E, Walter C, Niktoreh N, Hanenberg H, von Neuhoff N, Reinhardt D, Schneider M. Impact of KMT2A Rearrangement and CSPG4 Expression in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194817. [PMID: 34638301 PMCID: PMC8508499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In order to determine the impact of KMT2A rearrangements (KMT2A-r) on the clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, we analyzed a German population-based AML cohort of 967 patients, diagnosed between 2004 and 2019, from which 241 harbored KMT2A-r. KMT2A-r is associated with a higher disease burden and younger age at diagnosis, as well as morphologic subtype of AML M5. The 5-year overall survival rate of patients with KMT2A-r was comparable to those of patients without KMT2A-r. When analyzing AML blasts with KMT2A-r for the presence of additional genetic aberrations using different methods, e.g., classical cytogenetics, next-generation sequencing and multiplex PCR, we found the frequency of KRAS mutations increased, whereas FLT3-ITDs decreased compared to patients without KMT2A-r. Finally, we demonstrated that a correlation between CSPG4 expression and KMT2A-r exists in pediatric AML blasts; however, CSPG4 expression was not specific for blasts with KMT2A-r. Abstract KMT2A rearrangements (KMT2A-r) are among the most common structural aberrations in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are very important for the risk group stratification of patients. Here, we report the outcome of 967 pediatric AML patients with a known KMT2A-r status. The large cohort was characterized by morphology, multicolor flow cytometry, classical cytogenetics and mutation analysis via panel sequencing. In total, the blasts of 241 patients (24.9%) showed KMT2A-r. KMT2A-r is associated with FAB M5, a high white blood cell count and younger age at diagnosis. When subgroups were combined, KMT2A-r had no impact on event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS); however, various subgroups showed a different prognosis, ranging from a <50% OS for KMT2A/AFDN (n = 11) to a 100% chance of survival for patients harboring the rare translocation KMT2A/SEPTIN9 (n = 3, follow up of 3.7 to 9.6 years). A positive correlation of KMT2A-r with KRAS mutations (p < 0.001) existed, albeit without any prognostic impact. In addition, FLT3-ITDs were detected less frequently in AML with KMT2A-r (p < 0.001). Furthermore, KMT2A-r were mutually exclusive, with mutations in NPM1 (p = 0.002), KIT (p = 0.036), WT1 (p < 0.001) and CEBPA (p = 0.006), and translocations NUP98/NSD1 (p = 0.009), RUNX1/RUNX1T1 (p = 0.003) and CBFB/MYH11 (p = 0.006). In the 346 patients tested for CSPG4 expression, a correlation between CSPG4 expression and KMT2A-r was confirmed. However, CSPG4 expression also occurred in patients without KMT2A-r and had no significant prognostic impact on EFS and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Marie Hoffmeister
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (C.W.); (N.N.); (H.H.); (N.v.N.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Eser Orhan
- Centre for Research Acceleration in Pediatrics GmbH, 30175 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Christiane Walter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (C.W.); (N.N.); (H.H.); (N.v.N.); (D.R.)
| | - Naghmeh Niktoreh
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (C.W.); (N.N.); (H.H.); (N.v.N.); (D.R.)
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (C.W.); (N.N.); (H.H.); (N.v.N.); (D.R.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nils von Neuhoff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (C.W.); (N.N.); (H.H.); (N.v.N.); (D.R.)
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (C.W.); (N.N.); (H.H.); (N.v.N.); (D.R.)
| | - Markus Schneider
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (C.W.); (N.N.); (H.H.); (N.v.N.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.H.); (M.S.)
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18
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Uranowska K, Samadaei M, Kalic T, Pinter M, Breiteneder H, Hafner C. A chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4‑specific monoclonal antibody inhibits melanoma cell invasion in a spheroid model. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:70. [PMID: 34318902 PMCID: PMC8357264 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is associated with several tumor types, including malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, triple-negative breast carcinoma, oligodendrocytomas or gliomas. Due to its restricted distribution in normal tissues, CSPG4 has been considered a potential target for several antitumor approaches, including monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies. The aim of the present study was to characterize the impact of the CSPG4-specific mAb clone 9.2.27 on its own or in combination with the commonly used BRAF-selective inhibitor, PLX4032, on different functions of melanoma cells to assess the potential synergistic effects. The BRAF V600-mutant human melanoma cell lines, M14 (CSPG4-negative) and WM164 (CSPG4-positive), were exposed to the CSPG4-specific 9.2.27 mAb and/or PLX4032. Cell viability and colony formation capacity were evaluated. A 3D-cell culture spheroid model was used to assess the invasive properties of the treated cells. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle analyses were performed. Incubation of the WM164 cell line with CSPG4-specific 9.2.27 mAb decreased viability, colony formation ability and the invasive capacity of CSPG4-positive tumor cells, which was not the case for the CSPG4-negative M14 cell line. Combined treatment of the WM164 cells with 9.2.27 mAb plus PLX4032 did not exert any significant additional effect in comparison to treatment with PLX4032 alone in the clonogenic and invasion assays. M14 cell cycle distribution was not influenced by the CSPG4-specific 9.2.27 mAb. By contrast, the exposure of WM164 cells to the mAb resulted in an arrest of the cells in the S phase. Moreover, combined treatment of the WM164 cells led to a significantly increased accumulation of cells in the subG1 phase, combined with a decrease of cells in the G2/M phase. On the whole, findings of the present study indicate that the CSPG4-specific 9.2.27 mAb exerts an anti-invasive effect on CSPG4-positive melanoma spheroids, which is not enhanced by BRAF inhibition. These findings provide the basis for further investigations on the effects of anti-CSPG4-based treatments of CSPG4-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Uranowska
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3100 St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Mahzeiar Samadaei
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Kalic
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3100 St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Matthias Pinter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, A-3100 St. Poelten, Austria
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19
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Liu Y, Hammel G, Shi M, Cheng Z, Zivkovic S, Wang X, Xu P, He X, Guo B, Ren Y, Zuo L. Myelin Debris Stimulates NG2/ CSPG4 Expression in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages in the Injured Spinal Cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:651827. [PMID: 33815067 PMCID: PMC8017290 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.651827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the increased expression of members of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan family, such as neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), have been well documented after an injury to the spinal cord, a complete picture as to the cellular origins and function of this NG2 expression has yet to be made. Using a spinal cord injury (SCI) mouse model, we describe that some infiltrated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMΦ) are early contributors to NG2/CSPG4 expression and secretion after SCI. We demonstrate for the first time that a lesion-related form of cellular debris generated from damaged myelin sheaths can increase NG2/CSPG4 expression in BMDMΦ, which then exhibit enhanced proliferation and decreased phagocytic capacity. These results suggest that BMDMΦ may play a much more nuanced role in secondary spinal cord injury than previously thought, including acting as early contributors to the NG2 component of the glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Grace Hammel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Minjun Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhijian Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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20
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Uranowska K, Kalic T, Valtsanidis V, Kitzwögerer M, Breiteneder H, Hafner C. Expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 ( CSPG4) in melanoma cells is downregulated upon inhibition of BRAF. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:14. [PMID: 33649790 PMCID: PMC7876987 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a multifunctional transmembrane proteoglycan involved in spreading, migration and invasion of melanoma. In addition to the activating BRAF V600E mutation, CSPG4 was shown to promote MAPK signaling by mediating the growth-factor induced activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. However, it remains elusive which factors regulate CSPG4 expression. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine whether BRAF and MEK inhibitors have an effect on the expression of CSPG4. We exposed a panel of BRAF-mutant CSPG4-positive or -negative melanoma cell lines to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Protein levels of CSPG4 were analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS), immunofluorescence microscopy (IF), and western blotting. CSPG4 mRNA levels were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The prolonged exposure of cells to BRAF and MEK inhibitors resulted in markedly reduced levels of the CSPG4 protein in permanent resistant melanoma cells as well as decreased levels of its mRNA. We did not observe increasing levels of CSPG4 shedding into the culture supernatants. In addition, patient-derived matched tumor samples following therapy with kinase inhibitors showed decreased numbers of CSPG4-positive cells as compared to pre-therapy tumor samples. Our results indicate that BRAF and MEK inhibition downregulates CSPG4 expression until the cells have developed permanent resistance. Our findings provide the basis for further investigation of the role of CSPG4 in the development of drug-resistance in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Uranowska
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Tanja Kalic
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Veronika Valtsanidis
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Melitta Kitzwögerer
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria
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21
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Kmiecik J, Gras Navarro A, Poli A, Planagumà JP, Zimmer J, Chekenya M. Combining NK cells and mAb9.2.27 to combat NG2-dependent and anti-inflammatory signals in glioblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 3:e27185. [PMID: 24575382 PMCID: PMC3916357 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a deadly brain cancer with limited treatment options. Targeting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4, best known as NG2) with the monoclonal antibody mAb9.2.27 and activated natural killer (NK) cells abrogated the tumor growth and prolonged the survival of glioblastoma-bearing animals by favoring the establishment of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. The combination of NK cells and mAb9.2.27 recruited ED1+CCR2low macrophages that stimulated ED1+ED2lowMHCIIhigh microglial cells to exert robust cytotoxicity. Our findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting salient tumor associated-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kmiecik
- University of Bergen; Institute for Biomedicine; Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Aurelie Poli
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique-Allergologie; CRP-Santé, Luxembourg
| | | | - Jacques Zimmer
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique-Allergologie; CRP-Santé, Luxembourg
| | - Martha Chekenya
- University of Bergen; Institute for Biomedicine; Bergen, Norway ; University of Bergen, Institute for Clinical Dentistry; Bergen, Norway
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22
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Williams IP, Crescioli S, Sow HS, Bax HJ, Hobbs C, Ilieva KM, French E, Pellizzari G, Cox V, Josephs DH, Spicer JF, Karagiannis SN, Mele S. In vivo safety profile of a CSPG4-directed IgE antibody in an immunocompetent rat model. MAbs 2021; 12:1685349. [PMID: 31769737 PMCID: PMC6927758 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1685349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE monoclonal antibodies hold great potential for cancer therapy. Preclinical in vivo systems, particularly those in which the antibody recognizes the host species target antigen and binds to cognate Fc receptors, are often the closest approximation to human exposure and represent a key challenge for evaluating the safety of antibody-based therapies. We sought to develop an immunocompetent rat system to assess the safety of a rodent anti-tumor IgE, as a surrogate for the human therapeutic candidate. We generated a rat IgE against the human tumor-associated antigen chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) and cross-reactive for the rat antigen. We analyzed CSPG4 distribution in normal rat and human tissues and investigated the in vivo safety of the antibody by monitoring clinical signs and molecular biomarkers after systemic administration to immunocompetent rats. Human and rat CSPG4 expression in normal tissues were comparable. Animals receiving antibody exhibited transient mild to moderate adverse events accompanied by mild elevation of serum tryptase, but not of angiotensin II or cytokines implicated in allergic reactions or cytokine storm. In the long term, repeated antibody administration was well tolerated, with no changes in animal body weight, liver and kidney functions or blood cell counts. This model provides preclinical support for the safety profiling of IgE therapeutic antibodies. Due to the comparable antigen tissue distribution in human and rat, this model may also comprise an appropriate tool for proof-of-concept safety evaluations of different treatment approaches targeting CSPG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan P Williams
- St John`s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King`s College London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St John`s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King`s College London, London, UK
| | - Heng Sheng Sow
- St John`s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King`s College London, London, UK.,IGEM Therapeutics Ltd, London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Heather J Bax
- St John`s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King`s College London, London, UK.,IGEM Therapeutics Ltd, London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Carl Hobbs
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kristina M Ilieva
- St John`s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King`s College London, London, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, UK
| | - Elise French
- St John`s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King`s College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Pellizzari
- St John`s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King`s College London, London, UK
| | - Vivienne Cox
- IGEM Therapeutics Ltd, London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Debra H Josephs
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Bermondsey Wing, London, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy`s Hospital, London, UK
| | - James F Spicer
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Bermondsey Wing, London, UK.,Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Oncology, Guy`s Hospital, Bermondsey Wing, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St John`s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King`s College London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Mele
- St John`s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King`s College London, London, UK
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23
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Hoffmann RM, Crescioli S, Mele S, Sachouli E, Cheung A, Chui CK, Andriollo P, Jackson PJM, Lacy KE, Spicer JF, Thurston DE, Karagiannis SN. A Novel Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) Delivering a DNA Mono-Alkylating Payload to Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan ( CSPG4)-Expressing Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1029. [PMID: 32331483 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite emerging targeted and immunotherapy treatments, no monoclonal antibodies or antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) directly targeting tumor cells are currently approved for melanoma therapy. The tumor-associated antigen chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), a neural crest glycoprotein over-expressed on 70% of melanomas, contributes to proliferative signaling pathways, but despite highly tumor-selective expression it has not yet been targeted using ADCs. We developed a novel ADC comprising an anti-CSPG4 antibody linked to a DNA minor groove-binding agent belonging to the novel pyrridinobenzodiazepine (PDD) class. Unlike conventional DNA-interactive pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer payloads that cross-link DNA, PDD-based payloads are mono-alkylating agents but have similar efficacy and substantially enhanced tolerability profiles compared to PBD-based cross-linkers. We investigated the anti-tumor activity and safety of the anti-CSPG4-(PDD) ADC in vitro and in human melanoma xenografts. Anti-CSPG4-(PDD) inhibited CSPG4-expressing melanoma cell growth and colony formation and triggered apoptosis in vitro at low nanomolar to picomolar concentrations without off-target Fab-mediated or Fc-mediated toxicity. Anti-CSPG4-(PDD) restricted xenograft growth in vivo at 2 mg/kg doses. One 5 mg/kg injection triggered tumor regression in the absence of overt toxic effects or of acquired residual tumor cell resistance. This anti-CSPG4-(PDD) can deliver a highly cytotoxic DNA mono-alkylating payload to CSPG4-expressing tumors at doses tolerated in vivo.
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24
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Barilani M, Peli V, Cherubini A, Dossena M, Dolo V, Lazzari L. NG2 as an Identity and Quality Marker of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121524. [PMID: 31783568 PMCID: PMC6953102 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) extracellular vesicles (EV) is currently under investigation in many pathological contexts. Both adult and perinatal MSC are being considered as sources of EV. Herein, we address antigen expression of cord blood and bone marrow MSC and released EV to define an identity and quality parameter of MSC EV as a medicinal product in the context of clinical applications. The research focuses on EV-shuttled neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2), which has previously been detected as a promising surface marker to distinguish perinatal versus adult MSC. Indeed, NG2 was significantly more abundant in cord blood than bone marrow MSC and MSC EV. Ultracentrifuge-isolated EV were then challenged for their pro-angiogenic properties on an xCELLigence system as quality control. NG2+ cord blood MSC EV, but not bone marrow MSC EV, promote bFGF and PDGF-AA proliferative effect on endothelial cells. Likewise, they successfully rescue angiostatin-induced endothelial cell growth arrest. In both cases, the effects are NG2-dependent. These results point at NG2 as an identity and quality parameter for cord blood MSC EV, paving the way for their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barilani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine–Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano (MI), Italy; (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Valeria Peli
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine–Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano (MI), Italy; (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Alessandro Cherubini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine–Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano (MI), Italy; (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Marta Dossena
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine–Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano (MI), Italy; (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine–Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano (MI), Italy; (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Harrer DC, Dörrie J, Schaft N. CSPG4 as Target for CAR-T-Cell Therapy of Various Tumor Entities-Merits and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235942. [PMID: 31779130 PMCID: PMC6928974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cancer cells using chimeric-antigen-receptor (CAR-)T cells has propelled adoptive T-cell therapy (ATT) to the next level. A plentitude of durable complete responses using CD19-specific CAR-T cells in patients suffering from various lymphoid malignancies resulted in the approval by the food and drug administration (FDA) of CD19-directed CAR-T cells for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A substantial portion of this success in hematological malignancies can be traced back to the beneficial properties of the target antigen CD19, which combines a universal presence on target cells with no detectable expression on indispensable host cells. Hence, to replicate response rates achieved in ALL and DLBCL in the realm of solid tumors, where ideal target antigens are scant and CAR-T cells are still lagging behind expectations, the quest for appropriate target antigens represents a crucial task to expedite the next steps in the evolution of CAR-T-cell therapy. In this review, we want to highlight the potential of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) as a CAR-target antigen for a variety of different cancer entities. In particular, we discuss merits and challenges associated with CSPG4-CAR-T cells for the ATT of melanoma, leukemia, glioblastoma, and triple-negative breast cancer.
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26
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Tarone L, Barutello G, Iussich S, Giacobino D, Quaglino E, Buracco P, Cavallo F, Riccardo F. Naturally occurring cancers in pet dogs as pre-clinical models for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1839-1853. [PMID: 31222484 PMCID: PMC11028358 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant progress in tumor prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment made over recent decades, cancer is still an enormous public health challenge all around the world, with the number of people affected increasing every year. A great deal of effort is therefore being devoted to the search for novel safe, effective and economically sustainable treatments for the growing population of neoplastic patients. One main obstacle to this process is the extremely low percentage of therapeutic approaches that, after successfully passing pre-clinical testing, actually demonstrate activity when finally tested in humans. This disappointing and expensive failure rate is partly due to the pre-clinical murine models used for in vivo testing, which cannot faithfully recapitulate the multifaceted nature and evolution of human malignancies. These features are better mirrored in natural disease models, i.e., companion animals affected by cancers. Herein, we discuss the relevance of spontaneous canine tumors for the evaluation of the safety and anti-tumor activity of novel therapeutic strategies before in-human trials, and present our experience in the development of a vaccine that targets chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG)4 as an example of these comparative oncology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barutello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
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Wiesinger M, März J, Kummer M, Schuler G, Dörrie J, Schuler-Thurner B, Schaft N. Clinical-Scale Production of CAR-T Cells for the Treatment of Melanoma Patients by mRNA Transfection of a CSPG4-Specific CAR under Full GMP Compliance. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081198. [PMID: 31426437 PMCID: PMC6721485 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells already showed impressive clinical regressions in leukemia and lymphoma. However, the development of CAR-T cells against solid tumors lags behind. Here we present the clinical-scale production of CAR-T cells for the treatment of melanoma under full GMP compliance. In this approach a CAR, specific for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is intentionally transiently expressed by mRNA electroporation for safety reasons. The clinical-scale protocol was optimized for: (i) expansion of T cells, (ii) electroporation efficiency, (iii) viability, (iv) cryopreservation, and (v) potency. Four consistency runs resulted in CAR-T cells in clinically sufficient numbers, i.e., 2.4 × 109 CAR-expressing T cells, starting from 1.77x108 PBMCs, with an average expansion of 13.6x, an electroporation efficiency of 88.0% CAR-positive cells, a survival of 74.1% after electroporation, and a viability of 84% after cryopreservation. Purity was 98.7% CD3+ cells, with 78.1% CD3+/CD8+ T cells and with minor contaminations of 1.2% NK cells and 0.6% B cells. The resulting CAR-T cells were tested for cytolytic activity after cryopreservation and showed antigen-specific and very efficient lysis of tumor cells. Although our work is descriptive rather than investigative in nature, we expect that providing this clinically applicable protocol to generate sufficient numbers of mRNA-transfected CAR-T cells will help in moving the field of adoptive cell therapy of cancer forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wiesinger
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes März
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirko Kummer
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beatrice Schuler-Thurner
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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Vitale D, Kumar Katakam S, Greve B, Jang B, Oh ES, Alaniz L, Götte M. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans as regulators of cancer stem cell function and therapeutic resistance. FEBS J 2019; 286:2870-2882. [PMID: 31230410 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the bulk of the tumor, a subset of cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSC; or tumor-initiating cells) is characterized by self-renewal, unlimited proliferative potential, expression of multidrug resistance proteins, active DNA repair capacity, apoptosis resistance, and a considerable developmental plasticity. Due to these properties, CSCs display increased resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Recent findings indicate that aberrant functions of proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute substantially to the CSC phenotype and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we summarize how the diverse functions of the glycoproteins and carbohydrates facilitate acquisition and maintenance of the CSC phenotype, and how this knowledge can be exploited to develop novel anticancer therapies. For example, the large transmembrane chondroitin sulfate PG NG2/CSPG4 marks stem cell (SC) populations in brain tumors. Cell surface heparan sulfate PGs of the syndecan and glypican families modulate the stemness-associated Wnt, hedgehog, and notch signaling pathways, whereas the interplay of hyaluronan in the SC niche with CSC CD44 determines the maintenance of stemness and promotes therapeutic resistance. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which PGs and GAGs regulate CSC function will aid the development of targeted therapeutic approaches which could avoid relapse after an otherwise successful conventional therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells, PG-primed dendritic cells, PG-targeted antibody-drug conjugates, and inhibitory peptides and glycans have already shown highly promising results in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Vitale
- Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), CIT NOBA, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Argentina
| | | | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy - Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, Germany
| | - Bohee Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Laura Alaniz
- Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), CIT NOBA, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Pcia. de Bs. As. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNOBA-CONICET), Junín, Argentina
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Germany
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Riccardo F, Tarone L, Iussich S, Giacobino D, Arigoni M, Sammartano F, Morello E, Martano M, Gattino F, Maria RD, Ferrone S, Buracco P, Cavallo F. Identification of CSPG4 as a promising target for translational combinatorial approaches in osteosarcoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919855491. [PMID: 31217827 PMCID: PMC6557023 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919855491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a highly metastatic pediatric bone tumor. Adjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection represent standard treatments; however, the prognosis is still poor. Effective strategies are urgently needed. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)4 is a transmembrane proteoglycan with a low expression in normal tissues but high expression in several solid tumors, where it plays a central tumorigenic role. Therefore, it represents a promising therapeutic target. The high homology between human and canine CSPG4 and the recognized translational power of canine tumors as preclinical models for human malignancies prompted us to evaluate CSPG4 expression and the consequences of its immune-targeting for both human and canine OSA treatment. Methods: We analyzed CSPG4 overexpression in human and canine OSA samples and its significance for the survival of OSA patients. We exploited functional in vitro experiments to assess the antitumor potential of CSPG4 immune-targeting. Results: CSPG4 is overexpressed in OSA and has possible clinical implications as suggested by an evident correlation between CSPG4 overexpression and a shorter survival for both OSA-affected humans and dogs. The potential of CSPG4 immune-targeting for OSA treatment came from the ability of anti-CSPG4 monoclonal antibodies and sera, derived from human-CSPG4-DNA vaccinated canine patients, to significantly inhibit human and canine CSPG4-positive OSA cell proliferation, migration, and osteospheres generation. Moreover, CSPG4 immune-targeting has been shown to potentiate the effect of doxorubicin. Conclusions: Overall, these results provide the rationale to investigate the CSPG4 immune-targeting as a promising weapon for the treatment of CSPG4-positive OSA canine patients, to be successfully translated to a human setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riccardo
- University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Centre, Via Nizza, 52, Torino, TO, 10126, Italy
| | - Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Bioinformatics and Genomic Unit, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Francesca Gattino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Raffaella De Maria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Harrer DC, Schuler G, Dörrie J, Schaft N. CSPG4-Specific CAR T Cells for High-Risk Childhood B Cell Precursor Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2764. [PMID: 31195686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has proven to be a powerful asset in the arsenal of cancer immunotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and certain B cell lymphomas. However, a sizable portion of patients treated with CD19-CAR T cells relapse with CD19-negative cancer cells, necessitating the quest for back-up antigens. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) expression has been reported on leukemic blasts bearing the ill-fated MLL 11q23 rearrangement. We aimed at exploring the use of CSPG4-specific CAR T cells against mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-rearranged leukemic blasts, using the precursor B cell leukemia cell line KOPN8 (MLL–MLLT1 translocation) as a model. First, we confirmed CSPG4 expression on KOPN8 cells. Bulk T cells electroporated with mRNA encoding a CSPG4-specific CAR upregulated activation markers and secreted the Th1 cytokines TNF and IFNγ in an antigen-specific manner upon co-culture with KOPN8 cells. More importantly, CSPG4-specific CAR T cells evinced specific degranulation towards KOPN8 cells and specifically lysed KOPN8 target cells in chromium lysis experiments. CSPG4 is a well-established CAR target in cutaneous melanoma. Here, we provide proof-of-principle data for the use of CSPG4-specific CAR T cells against MLL-translocated leukemias.
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Chen L, Liu YC, Zheng YY, Xu J, Zhang Y, Liu WL, Li ZY, Huang GD, Li WP. Furanodienone overcomes temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma through the downregulation of CSPG4-Akt-ERK signalling by inhibiting EGR1-dependent transcription. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1736-1747. [PMID: 31006910 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive type of brain tumour. Patients with GBM respond poorly to chemotherapy and have poor survival outcomes. Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), has been shown to contribute to critical processes, such as cell survival, proliferation, and chemotherapy resistance, during glioma progression. In this study, we found that furanodienone (FUR), a diene-type sesquiterpene isolated from the rhizomes of Rhizoma curcumae, exhibited a potential cytotoxic effect on temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant GBM cells in vitro by inhibiting CSPG4 and related signalling pathways. Studies investigating the mechanism demonstrated that FUR suppressed CSPG4-Akt-ERK signalling, inflammatory responses, and cytokine levels but activated caspase-dependent pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, an immunofluorescence assay and a dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that inhibition of EGR1-mediated transcription might have contributed to the FUR-dependent blockade of CSPG4 signalling and glioma cell survival. These results established a link between FUR-induced CSPG4 inhibition and the suppression of EGR1-dependent transcription. Attenuation of ERK1/2 and cytokine signalling might have generated the EGR1-dependent negative feedback loop of the CSPG4 pathway during FUR-induced apoptosis. These findings suggested that FUR could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of malignant glioma via targeting CSPG4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yue-Cheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yue-Yang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Wen-Lan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Zong-Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Guo-Dong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
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Kasten BB, Oliver PG, Kim H, Fan J, Ferrone S, Zinn KR, Buchsbaum DJ. 212Pb-Labeled Antibody 225.28 Targeted to Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy in Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040925. [PMID: 29561763 PMCID: PMC5979285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis. There is a clinical need for effective, targeted therapy strategies that destroy both differentiated TNBC cells and TNBC cancer initiating cells (CICs), as the latter are implicated in the metastasis and recurrence of TNBC. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is overexpressed on differentiated tumor cells and CICs obtained from TNBC patient specimens, suggesting that CSPG4 may be a clinically relevant target for the imaging and therapy of TNBC. The purpose of this study was to determine whether α-particle radioimmunotherapy (RIT) targeting TNBC cells using the CSPG4-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 225.28 as a carrier was effective at eliminating TNBC tumors in preclinical models. To this end, mAb 225.28 labeled with 212Pb (212Pb-225.28) as a source of α-particles for RIT was used for in vitro Scatchard assays and clonogenic survival assays with human TNBC cells (SUM159 and 2LMP) grown as adherent cells or non-adherent CIC-enriched mammospheres. Immune-deficient mice bearing orthotopic SUM159 or 2LMP xenografts were injected i.v. with the targeted (225.28) or irrelevant isotype-matched control (F3-C25) mAbs, labeled with 99mTc, 125I, or 212Pb for in vivo imaging, biodistribution, or tumor growth inhibition studies. 212Pb-225.28 bound to adherent SUM159 and 2LMP cells and to CICs from SUM159 and 2LMP mammospheres with a mean affinity of 0.5 nM. Nearly ten times more binding sites per cell were present on SUM159 cells and CICs compared with 2LMP cells. 212Pb-225.28 was six to seven times more effective than 212Pb-F3-C25 at inhibiting SUM159 cell and CIC clonogenic survival (p < 0.05). Radiolabeled mAb 225.28 showed significantly higher uptake than radiolabeled mAb F3-C25 in SUM159 and 2LMP xenografts (p < 0.05), and the uptake of 212Pb-225.28 in TNBC xenografts was correlated with target epitope expression. 212Pb-225.28 caused dose-dependent growth inhibition of SUM159 xenografts; 0.30 MBq 212Pb-225.28 was significantly more effective than 0.33 MBq 212Pb-F3-C25 at inhibiting tumor growth (p < 0.01). These results suggest that CSPG4-specific 212Pb-225.28 is a useful reagent for RIT of CSPG4-expressing tumors, including metastatic TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Kasten
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Patsy G Oliver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Harrison Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Jinda Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Barutello G, Rolih V, Arigoni M, Tarone L, Conti L, Quaglino E, Buracco P, Cavallo F, Riccardo F. Strengths and Weaknesses of Pre-Clinical Models for Human Melanoma Treatment: Dawn of Dogs' Revolution for Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534457 PMCID: PMC5877660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several therapeutic advances, malignant melanoma still remains a fatal disease for which novel and long-term curative treatments are needed. The successful development of innovative therapies strongly depends on the availability of appropriate pre-clinical models. For this purpose, several mouse models holding the promise to provide insight into molecular biology and clinical behavior of melanoma have been generated. The most relevant ones and their contribution for the advancement of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of human melanoma patients will be here summarized. However, as models, mice do not recapitulate all the features of human melanoma, thus their strengths and weaknesses need to be carefully identified and considered for the translation of the results into the human clinics. In this panorama, the concept of comparative oncology acquires a priceless value. The revolutionary importance of spontaneous canine melanoma as a translational model for the pre-clinical investigation of melanoma progression and treatment will be here discussed, with a special consideration to the development of innovative immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Barutello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Valeria Rolih
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Ilieva KM, Cheung A, Mele S, Chiaruttini G, Crescioli S, Griffin M, Nakamura M, Spicer JF, Tsoka S, Lacy KE, Tutt ANJ, Karagiannis SN. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 and Its Potential As an Antibody Immunotherapy Target across Different Tumor Types. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1911. [PMID: 29375561 PMCID: PMC5767725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) has been associated with the pathology of multiple types of such as melanoma, breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, neuroblastoma, adult and pediatric sarcomas, and some hematological cancers. CSPG4 has been reported to exhibit a role in the growth and survival as well as in the spreading and metastasis of tumor cells. CSPG4 is overexpressed in several malignant diseases, while it is thought to have restricted and low expression in normal tissues. Thus, CSPG4 has become the target of numerous anticancer treatment approaches, including monoclonal antibody-based therapies. This study reviews key potential anti-CSPG4 antibody and immune-based therapies and examines their direct antiproliferative/metastatic and immune activating mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Mele
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Chiaruttini
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Merope Griffin
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mano Nakamura
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James F Spicer
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Tsoka
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N J Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Egami Y, Narushima Y, Ohshima M, Yoshida A, Yoneta N, Masaki Y, Itoh K. Human recombinant Fab fragment from combinatorial libraries of a B-cell lymphoma patient recognizes core protein of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4. J Biochem 2018; 163:61-68. [PMID: 29036679 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD antigens are well known as therapeutic targets of B-cell lymphoma. To isolate therapeutic antibodies that recognize novel targets other than CD antigens, we constructed a phage display combinatorial antibody Fab library from bone marrow lymphocytes of B-cell lymphoma patient. To eliminate antibodies reactive with known B-cell lymphoma antigen, non-hematopoietic and patient's sera reactive HeLaS3 cells was selected as a target of whole cell panning. Five rounds of panning against live HeLaS3 cells retrieved single Fab clone, termed AHSA (Antibody to HeLa Surface Antigen). Using phage display random peptide library, LSYLEP was identified as an epitope sequence of AHSA. LC-MS/MS analysis of AHSA-precipitated HeLaS3 cell lysates detected several fragments corresponding to the sequence of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) core protein. Since LSYLEP sequence was at the position of 313-318 of CSPG4, we considered that CSPG4 was AHSA-associated antigen. Double staining of CSPG4-postive MDA-MB-435S cells with AHSA and anti-CSPG4 rabbit antibody showed identical staining position, and reduced AHSA reactivity was observed in CSPG4-siRNA treated MDA-MB-435S cells. In conclusion, we retrieved a human Fab from antibody library of B-cell lymphoma patient, and identified CSPG4 as a recognizing antigen. AHSA may have potential benefits for development of CSPG4-targeting theranostics for B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Egami
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Narushima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Motohiro Ohshima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Naruki Yoneta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Masaki
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Itoh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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36
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Tsidulko AY, Kazanskaya GM, Kostromskaya DV, Aidagulova SV, Kiselev RS, Volkov AM, Kobozev VV, Gaitan AS, Krivoshapkin AL, Grigorieva EV. Prognostic relevance of NG2/ CSPG4, CD44 and Ki-67 in patients with glioblastoma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317724282. [PMID: 28945172 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317724282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2, also known as CSPG4) and hyaluronic acid receptor CD44 are chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans actively involved in brain development and its malignant transformation. Here, we aimed to compare prognostic significances of NG2, CD44 and Ki-67 expression in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Totally, 45 tissue samples and 83 paraffin-embedded tissues for 75 patients were analysed. The prognostic values of the genes were analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Grade III gliomas showed 2-fold difference in NG2 expression between anaplastic astrocytoma and oligoastrocytoma (10.1 ± 3.5 and 25.5 ± 14.5, respectively). For grade IV gliomas, upregulated NG2 expression (21.0 ± 6.8) was associated with poor glioblastoma multiforme prognosis (overall survival < 12 months) compared with glioblastoma multiforme patients with good prognosis (4.4 ± 3.2; overall survival > 12 months). Multivariate survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards model confirmed that high NG2 expression was associated with low survival of the patients (hazard ratio: 3.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.18-9.93; p = 0.02), whereas age (hazard ratio: 1.02; 95% confidence interval: 0.96-1.09; p = 0.42), tumour resection (hazard ratio: 1.03; 95% confidence interval: 0.98-1.08; p = 0.25) and sex (hazard ratio: 0.62; 95% confidence interval: 0.21-1.86; p = 0.40) did not show significant association with prognosis. Although the positive correlation was shown for NG2 and CD44 expression in the glioblastomas (Pearson coefficient = 0.954), Kaplan-Meier and multivariate survival analyses did not revealed a significant association of the increased CD44 expression (hazard ratio: 2.18; 95% confidence interval: 0.50-9.43; p = 0.30) or high Ki-67 proliferation index (hazard ratio: 1.10; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.20; p = 0.02) with the disease prognosis. The results suggest that upregulation of NG2/CSPG4 rather than changes in CD44 or Ki-67 expression is associated with low overall survival in glioblastoma multiforme patients, supporting NG2/CSPG4 as a potential prognostic marker in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Galina M Kazanskaya
- 1 Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,2 Meshalkin Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Roman S Kiselev
- 2 Meshalkin Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Novosibirsk, Russia.,3 Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandr M Volkov
- 2 Meshalkin Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexei L Krivoshapkin
- 2 Meshalkin Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Novosibirsk, Russia.,3 Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,4 European Medical Center, Moscow, Russia
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37
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Yu X, Qu L, Bigner DD, Chandramohan V. Selection of novel affinity-matured human chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 antibody fragments by yeast display. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:639-647. [PMID: 28981720 PMCID: PMC5914443 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy due to its high level of expression in a number of malignant tumors, and its essential role in tumor growth and progression. Clinical application of CSPG4-targeting immunotherapies is hampered by the lack of fully human high-affinity CSPG4 antibodies or antibody fragments. To overcome this limitation, we performed affinity maturation on a novel human CSPG4 single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) using the random mutagenesis approach and screened for improved variants from a yeast display library using a modified whole-cell panning method followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. After six rounds of panning and sorting, the top seven mutant scFvs were isolated and their binding affinities were characterized by flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance. These highly specific, affinity-matured variants displayed nanomolar to picomolar binding affinities to the CSPG4 antigen. While each of the mutants harbored only two to six amino acid substitutions, they represented ~270-3000-fold improvement in affinity compared to the parental clone. Our study has generated affinity-matured scFvs for the development of antibody-based clinical therapeutics targeting CSPG4-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liang Qu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Darell D Bigner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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38
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Abstract
Chordoma is a locally aggressive primary malignancy of the axial skeleton. The gold standard for treatment is en bloc resection, with some centers now advocating for the use of radiation to help mitigate the risk of recurrence. Local recurrence is common, and salvaging local failures is quite difficult. Chemotherapy has been ineffective and small molecule targeted therapy has had only marginal benefits in small subsets of patients with rare tumor phenotypes or refractory disease. Recent successes utilizing immunotherapy in a variety of cancers has led to a resurgence of interest in modifying the host immune system to develop new ways to treat tumors. This review will discuss these studies and will highlight the early studies employing immune strategies for the treatment of chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalin S Patel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street Yawkey Building Suite 3A, Boston, MA, 02114-2696, USA
| | - Joseph H Schwab
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street Yawkey Building Suite 3A, Boston, MA, 02114-2696, USA.
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39
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Jordaan S, Chetty S, Mungra N, Koopmans I, van Bommel PE, Helfrich W, Barth S. CSPG4: A Target for Selective Delivery of Human Cytolytic Fusion Proteins and TRAIL. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E37. [PMID: 28657611 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed on malignant cells in several cancer types with only limited expression on normal cells. CSPG4 is implicated in several signaling pathways believed to drive cancer progression, particularly proliferation, motility and metastatic spread. Expression may serve as a prognostic marker for survival and risk of relapse in treatment-resistant malignancies including melanoma, triple negative breast cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This tumor-associated overexpression of CSPG4 points towards a highly promising therapeutic target for antibody-guided cancer therapy. Monoclonal αCSPG4 antibodies have been shown to inhibit cancer progression by blocking ligand access to the CSPG4 extracellular binding sites. Moreover, CSPG4-directed antibody conjugates have been shown to be selectively internalized by CSPG4-expressing cancer cells via endocytosis. CSPG4-directed immunotherapy may be approached in several ways, including: (1) antibody-based fusion proteins for the selective delivery of a pro-apoptotic factors such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand to agonistic death receptors 4 and 5 on the cell surface; and (2) CSPG4-specific immunotoxins which bind selectively to diseased cells expressing CSPG4, are internalized by them and induce arrest of biosynthesis, closely followed by initiation of apoptotic signaling. Here we review various methods of exploiting tumor-associated CSPG4 expression to improve targeted cancer therapy.
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40
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Shapiro JP, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Kayisli UA, Semerci N, Huang SJ, Arlier S, Larsen K, Fadda P, Schatz F, Lockwood CJ. Thrombin impairs human endometrial endothelial angiogenesis; implications for progestin-only contraceptive-induced abnormal uterine bleeding. Contraception 2017; 95:592-601. [PMID: 28433626 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progestin-only contraceptives induce abnormal uterine bleeding, accompanied by prothrombin leakage from dilated endometrial microvessels and increased thrombin generation by human endometrial stromal cell (HESC)-expressed tissue factor. Initial studies of the thrombin-treated HESC secretome identified elevated levels of cleaved chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), impairing pericyte-endothelial interactions. Thus, we investigated direct and CSPG4-mediated effects of thrombin in eliciting abnormal uterine bleeding by disrupting endometrial angiogenesis. STUDY DESIGN Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluated conditioned medium supernatant and cell lysates from control versus thrombin-treated HESCs. Pre- and post-Depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)-administered endometria were immunostained for CSPG4. Proliferation, apoptosis and tube formation were assessed in human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) incubated with recombinant human (rh)-CSPG4 or thrombin or both. RESULTS Thrombin induced CSPG4 protein expression in cultured HESCs as detected by mass spectrometry and ELISA (p<.02, n=3). Compared to pre-DMPA endometria (n=5), stromal cells in post-DMPA endometria (n=5) displayed stronger CSPG4 immunostaining. In HEEC cultures (n=3), total tube-formed mesh area was significantly higher in rh-CSPG4 versus control (p<.05). However, thrombin disrupted HEEC tube formation by a concentration- and time-dependent reduction of angiogenic parameters (p<.05), whereas CSPG4 co-treatment did not reverse these thrombin-mediated effects. CONCLUSION These results suggest that disruption of HEEC tube formation by thrombin induces aberrant angiogenesis and abnormal uterine bleeding in DMPA users. IMPLICATIONS Mass spectrometry analysis identified several HESC-secreted proteins regulated by thrombin. Therapeutic agents blocking angiogenic effects of thrombin in HESCs can prevent or minimize progestin-only contraceptive-induced abnormal uterine bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Shapiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. 33612, USA
| | - Umit A Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. 33612, USA
| | - Nihan Semerci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. 33612, USA
| | - S Joseph Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. 33612, USA
| | - Sefa Arlier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. 33612, USA
| | - Kellie Larsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. 33612, USA
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Department of Molecular Virology and Immunology, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Frederick Schatz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. 33612, USA
| | - Charles J Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL. 33612, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), is a surface type I transmembrane core proteoglycan that is crucially involved in cell survival, migration and angiogenesis. NG2 is frequently used as a marker for the identification and characterization of certain cell types, but little is known about the mechanisms regulating its expression. In this review, we provide evidence that the regulation of NG2 expression underlies inflammation and hypoxia and is mediated by methyltransferases, transcription factors, including Sp1, paired box (Pax) 3 and Egr-1, and the microRNA miR129-2. These regulatory factors crucially determine NG2-mediated cellular processes such as glial scar formation in the central nervous system (CNS) or tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, they are potential targets for the establishment of novel NG2-based therapeutic strategies in the treatment of CNS injuries, cancer and other conditions of these types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Beate M Schmitt
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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42
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Abstract
CSPG4/NG2 is a multifunctional transmembrane protein with limited distribution in adult tissues including articular cartilage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible roles of CSPG4/NG2 in chondrosarcomas and to establish whether this molecule may have potential for targeted therapy. Stable knock-down of CSPG4/NG2 in the JJ012 chondrosarcoma cell line by shRNA resulted in decreased cell proliferation and migration as well as a decrease in gene expression of the MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) 3 protease and ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase). Chondrosarcoma cells in which CSPG4/NG2 was knocked down were more sensitive to doxorubicin than wild-type cells. The results indicate that CSPG4/NG2 has roles in regulating chondrosarcoma cell function in relation to growth, spread and resistance to chemotherapy and that anti-CSPG4/NG2 therapies may have potential in the treatment of surgically unresectable chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuor S M Jamil
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Asim Azfer
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harrison Worrell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donald M Salter
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Schoenfeld AJ, Wang X, Wang Y, Hornicek FJ, Nielsen GP, Duan Z, Ferrone S, Schwab JH. CSPG4 as a prognostic biomarker in chordoma. Spine J 2016; 16:722-7. [PMID: 26689475 PMCID: PMC8708033 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no generally accepted biomarkers used in the clinical treatment of chordoma tumors. CSPG4 has been associated with disease severity in other tumors. PURPOSE This study aimed to characterize the frequency of CSPG4 expression in chordoma tumors and to correlate it with disease severity and clinical outcome. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review of clinical outcomes and immunohistochemical staining using tissue micro-array was carried out. PATIENT SAMPLE The sample comprised 86 patients treated for chordoma at a single center (1985-2007). OUTCOME MEASURES Survival and incidence of metastases were the outcome measures. METHODS Pathologic specimens of chordoma tumors were evaluated for the expression of CSPG4 by immunohistochemical staining with mAbs. Chi-square testing and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were used to evaluate the impact of CSPG4 expression on survival and incidence of metastases, while controlling for patient age, sex, and surgical margins. RESULTS Average patient age at the time of presentation was 59.8 years (standard deviation [SD] 13.7). Average follow-up was 6.5 years (SD 4.8). Twenty (23%) patients developed metastatic disease. At the time of final follow-up, 57 patients (66%) had died. Chordoma tumors from 62 patients (72%) stained positive for CSPG4. CSPG4 expression more than doubled the risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] 2.3; 95% CI 1.04, 5.17). CSPG4 positive tumors were also associated with an increased risk of metastatic disease (31% for CSPG4 positive tumors vs. 0% in CSPG4 negative, p=.02). CONCLUSIONS Results presented here support the consideration of using CSPG4 as a biomarker establishing the prognosis for chordoma tumors. A positive CSPG4 stain may be associated with an increased risk of metastasis and mortality from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schoenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - G Petur Nielsen
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph H Schwab
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Piras LA, Riccardo F, Iussich S, Maniscalco L, Gattino F, Martano M, Morello E, Lorda Mayayo S, Rolih V, Garavaglia F, De Maria R, Lardone E, Collivignarelli F, Mignacca D, Giacobino D, Ferrone S, Cavallo F, Buracco P. Prolongation of survival of dogs with oral malignant melanoma treated by en bloc surgical resection and adjuvant CSPG4-antigen electrovaccination. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:996-1013. [PMID: 27146852 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reported post-surgery 1-year survival rate for oral canine malignant melanoma (cMM) is around 30%; novel treatments are needed as the role of adjuvant chemotherapy is unclear. This prospective study regards adjuvant electrovaccination with human chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 (hCSPG4)-encoded plasmid in 23 dogs with resected II/III-staged CSPG4-positive oral cMM compared with 19 dogs with resected only II/III-staged CSPG4-positive oral cMM. Vaccination resulted in 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month survival rate of 95.6, 73.9, 47.8 and 30.4%, respectively [median survival time (MST) 684 days, range 78-1694, 8 of 23 dogs alive] and 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month disease-free interval (DFI) rate of 82.6, 47.8, 26.1 and 17.4%, respectively (DFI 477 days, range 50-1694). Non-vaccinated dogs showed 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month survival rate of 63.2, 26.3, 15.8 and 5.3%, respectively (MST 200 days, range 75-1507, 1 of 19 dogs alive) and 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month DFI rate of 52.6, 26.3, 10.5 and 5.3%, respectively (DFI 180 days, range 38-1250). Overall survival and DFI of vaccinated dogs was longer in those <20 kg. In vaccinated and non-vaccinated dogs local recurrence rate was 34.8 and 42%, respectively while lung metastatic rate was 39 and 79%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Piras
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - L Maniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Gattino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Martano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - E Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Lorda Mayayo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - V Rolih
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Garavaglia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - E Lardone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - D Mignacca
- Clinica Veterinaria Roma Sud, Roma, Italy
| | - D Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - P Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Nicolosi PA, Dallatomasina A, Perris R. Theranostic impact of NG2/ CSPG4 proteoglycan in cancer. Theranostics 2015; 5:530-44. [PMID: 25767619 PMCID: PMC4350014 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2/CSPG4 is an unusual cell-membrane integral proteoglycan widely recognized to be a prognostic factor, a valuable tool for ex vivo and non-invasive molecular diagnostics and, by virtue of its tight association with malignancy, a tantalizing therapeutic target in several tumour types. Although the biology behind its involvement in cancer progression needs to be better understood, implementation of NG2/CSPG4 in the routine clinical practice is attainable and has the potential to contribute to an improved individualized management of cancer patients. In this context, its polymorphic nature seems to be particularly valuable in the effort to standardize informative diagnostic procedures and consolidate forcible immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. We discuss here the underpinnings for this potential and highlight the benefits of taking advantage of the intra-tumour and inter-patient variability in the regulation of NG2/CSPG4 expression. We envision that NG2/CSPG4 may effectively be exploited in therapeutic interventions aimed at averting resistance to target therapy agents and at interfering with secondary lesion formation and/or tumour recurrence.
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Brehm H, Niesen J, Mladenov R, Stein C, Pardo A, Fey G, Helfrich W, Fischer R, Gattenlöhner S, Barth S. A CSPG4-specific immunotoxin kills rhabdomyosarcoma cells and binds to primary tumor tissues. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:228-35. [PMID: 25016058 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) remains challenging, with metastatic and alveolar RMS offering a particularly poor prognosis. Therefore, the identification and evaluation of novel antigens, which are suitable targets for immunotherapy, is one attractive possibility to improve the treatment of this disease. Here we show that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is expressed on RMS cell lines and RMS patient material. We evaluated the immunotoxin (IT) αMCSP-ETA', which specifically recognizes CSPG4 on the RMS cell lines RD, FL-OH1, TE-671 and Rh30. It is internalized rapidly, induces apoptosis and thus kills RMS cells selectively. We also demonstrate the specific binding of this IT to RMS primary tumor material from three different patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Brehm
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Radoslav Mladenov
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Stein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessa Pardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Fey
- Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany.
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Beard RE, Zheng Z, Lagisetty KH, Burns WR, Tran E, Hewitt SM, Abate-Daga D, Rosati SF, Fine HA, Ferrone S, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Multiple chimeric antigen receptors successfully target chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 in several different cancer histologies and cancer stem cells. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2:25. [PMID: 25197555 PMCID: PMC4155770 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of immunotherapy has led to significant progress in the treatment of metastatic cancer, including the development of genetic engineering technologies that redirect lymphocytes to recognize and target a wide variety of tumor antigens. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are hybrid proteins combining antibody recognition domains linked to T cell signaling elements. Clinical trials of CAR-transduced peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) have induced remission of both solid organ and hematologic malignancies. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a promising target antigen that is overexpressed in multiple cancer histologies including melanoma, triple-negative breast cancer, glioblastoma, mesothelioma and sarcoma. Methods CSPG4 expression in cancer cell lines was assayed using flow cytometry (FACS) and reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry was utilized to assay resected melanomas and normal human tissues (n = 30) for CSPG4 expression and a reverse-phase protein array comprising 94 normal tissue samples was also interrogated for CSPG4 expression. CARs were successfully constructed from multiple murine antibodies (225.28S, TP41.2, 149.53) using second generation (CD28.CD3ζ) signaling domains. CAR sequences were cloned into a gamma-retroviral vector with subsequent successful production of retroviral supernatant and PBL transduction. CAR efficacy was assayed by cytokine release and cytolysis following coculture with target cell lines. Additionally, glioblastoma stem cells were generated from resected human tumors, and CSPG4 expression was determined by RT-PCR and FACS. Results Immunohistochemistry demonstrated prominent CSPG4 expression in melanoma tumors, but failed to demonstrate expression in any of the 30 normal human tissues studied. Two of 94 normal tissue protein lysates were positive by protein array. CAR constructs demonstrated cytokine secretion and cytolytic function after co-culture with tumor cell lines from multiple different histologies, including melanoma, breast cancer, mesothelioma, glioblastoma and osteosarcoma. Furthermore, we report for the first time that CSPG4 is expressed on glioblastoma cancer stem cells (GSC) and demonstrate that anti-CSPG4 CAR-transduced T cells recognize and kill these GSC. Conclusions The functionality of multiple different CARs, with the widespread expression of CSPG4 on multiple malignancies, suggests that CSPG4 may be an attractive candidate tumor antigen for CAR-based immunotherapies using appropriate technology to limit possible off-tumor toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Beard
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, Rm 3-5930, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, Rm 3-5930, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kiran H Lagisetty
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, Rm 3-5930, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William R Burns
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, Rm 3-5930, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric Tran
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, Rm 3-5930, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, MSC 4605, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Abate-Daga
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, Rm 3-5930, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shannon F Rosati
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, Rm 3-5930, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard A Fine
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, Rm 3-5930, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Morgan
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10 Hatfield CRC, Rm 3-5930, 20892-1201 Bethesda, MD, USA ; Current address: Bluebird bio, 150 Second St, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
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Pérez-Moreno JJ, Bischoff M, Martín-Bermudo MD, Estrada B. The conserved transmembrane proteoglycan Perdido/Kon-tiki is essential for myofibrillogenesis and sarcomeric structure in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3162-73. [PMID: 24794494 PMCID: PMC4095857 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.150425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle differentiation requires the assembly of high-order structures called myofibrils, composed of sarcomeres. Even though the molecular organization of sarcomeres is well known, the mechanisms underlying myofibrillogenesis are poorly understood. It has been proposed that integrin-dependent adhesion nucleates myofibrils at the periphery of the muscle cell to sustain sarcomere assembly. Here, we report a role for the gene perdido (perd, also known as kon-tiki, a transmembrane chondroitin proteoglycan) in myofibrillogenesis. Expression of perd RNAi in muscles, prior to adult myogenesis, can induce misorientation and detachment of Drosophila adult abdominal muscles. In comparison to controls, perd-depleted muscles contain fewer myofibrils, which are localized at the cell periphery. These myofibrils are detached from each other and display a defective sarcomeric structure. Our results demonstrate that the extracellular matrix receptor Perd has a specific role in the assembly of myofibrils and in sarcomeric organization. We suggest that Perd acts downstream or in parallel to integrins to enable the connection of nascent myofibrils to the Z-bands. Our work identifies the Drosophila adult abdominal muscles as a model to investigate in vivo the mechanisms behind myofibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Pérez-Moreno
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Marcus Bischoff
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Maria D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Estrada
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Dye DE, Medic S, Ziman M, Coombe DR. Melanoma biomolecules: independently identified but functionally intertwined. Front Oncol 2013; 3:252. [PMID: 24069584 PMCID: PMC3781348 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients diagnosed with melanoma present with thin lesions and generally these patients have a good prognosis. However, 5% of patients with early melanoma (<1 mm thick) will have recurrence and die within 10 years, despite no evidence of local or metastatic spread at the time of diagnosis. Thus, there is a need for additional prognostic markers to help identify those patients that may be at risk of recurrent disease. Many studies and several meta-analyses have compared gene and protein expression in melanocytes, naevi, primary, and metastatic melanoma in an attempt to find informative prognostic markers for these patients. However, although a large number of putative biomarkers have been described, few of these molecules are informative when used in isolation. The best approach is likely to involve a combination of molecules. We believe one approach could be to analyze the expression of a group of interacting proteins that regulate different aspects of the metastatic pathway. This is because a primary lesion expressing proteins involved in multiple stages of metastasis may be more likely to lead to secondary disease than one that does not. This review focuses on five putative biomarkers – melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), galectin-3 (gal-3), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), and paired box 3 (PAX3). The goal is to provide context around what is known about the contribution of these biomarkers to melanoma biology and metastasis. Although each of these molecules have been independently identified as likely biomarkers, it is clear from our analyses that each are closely linked with each other, with intertwined roles in melanoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Dye
- School of Biomedical Science & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Curtin University , Perth, WA , Australia
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