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Olivry T, Mas-Fontao A, Jacquenet S, Aumayr M, Tsukui T, Gomord V, Faye L, Favrot C. Identification of cross-reactive allergens between the Dermatophagoides farinae house dust mite and the Toxocara canis nematode in dogs with suspected allergies. Vet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 39210736 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin (Ig)E cross-reactivity has been shown between Dermatophagoides farinae (Df; house dust mite) and the nematode Toxocara canis (Tc), yet its allergen basis is unknown. OBJECTIVES To identify the Df allergens IgE-cross-reactive with those of Tc. ANIMALS Archived sera from 73 dogs with suspected allergy sensitised to Df. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a combination of Pet Allergy Xplorer (PAX) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibitions with excretory-secretory and somatic (i.e. nematode body) extracts of Tc or recombinant Tc tropomyosin on coats of Df, Der f 15 and Zen-1 (ELISA) or PAX allergens. RESULTS The ELISA and PAX inhibitions established that there is mutual yet variable cross-reactivity between the Tc excretory-secretory extract, purified Der f 15 and purified Zen-1. This cross-reactivity is likely to involve cross-reactive glycans, as there is no inhibition between the Tc excretory-secretory extract and recombinant Der f 15 without its predicted natural O-glycans. We also confirmed a heterogeneous cross-reactivity between the somatic Tc extract and Der p 11 (paramyosin), as well as between the recombinant Toxo c 3 and Der p 10 tropomyosins. The cross-reactivity among tropomyosins and paramyosins is likely to involve peptidic epitopes, as these recombinant allergens are not glycosylated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs with suspected allergies, the cross-reactivity between Tc and Df for dogs is complex and heterogeneous. Some of the cross-reactive IgE recognises shared glycans on Der f 15 and Zen-1, while some targets peptidic epitopes on shared paramyosins and tropomyosins. We do not exclude that additional cross-reactive allergens between Df and Tc also might exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Loïc Faye
- Angany Innovation and Angany Genetics, Val-de-Reuil, France
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hensel P, Saridomichelakis M, Eisenschenk M, Tamamoto-Mochizuki C, Pucheu-Haston C, Santoro D. Update on the role of genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:15-24. [PMID: 37840229 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common, complex and multifactorial disease involving, among others, genetic predisposition, environmental factors and allergic sensitisation. OBJECTIVE This review summarises the current evidence on the role of genetic and environmental factors and allergic sensitisation in the pathogenesis of cAD since the last review by ICADA in 2015. MATERIALS AND METHODS Online citation databases and proceedings from international meetings on genetic factors, environmental factors and allergens relevant to cAD that had been published between 2015 and 2022 were reviewed. RESULTS Despite intensive research efforts, the detailed genetic background predisposing to cAD and the effect of a wide range of environmental factors still need more clarification. Genome-wide association studies and investigations on genetic biomarkers, such as microRNAs, have provided some new information. Environmental factors appear to play a major role. Lifestyle, especially during puppyhood, appears to have an important impact on the developing immune system. Factors such as growing up in a rural environment, large size of family, contact with other animals, and a nonprocessed meat-based diet may reduce the risk for subsequent development of cAD. It appears that Toxocara canis infection may have a protective effect against Dermatophagoides farinae-induced cAD. House dust mites (D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus) remain the most common allergen group to which atopic dogs react. Currently, the major allergens related to D. farinae in dogs include Der f 2, Der f 15, Der f 18 and Zen 1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Canine atopic dermatitis remains a complex, genetically heterogeneous disease that is influenced by multiple environmental factors. Further, well-designed studies are necessary to shed more light on the role of genetics, environmental factors and major allergens in the pathogenesis of cAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chie Tamamoto-Mochizuki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cherie Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Protective response mediated by immunization with recombinant proteins in a murine model of toxocariasis and canine infection by Toxocara canis. Vaccine 2022; 40:912-923. [PMID: 35012775 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis of global importance. The development of a formulation that can be used as a vaccine would help the definitive control of the infection. Preclinical studies selected two recombinant T. canis proteins (rTcVcan and rTcCad) which significantly protected mice against larval migration. In the present work, these proteins plus three adjuvants (Alhydrogel®, PAM3CSK4®, and Quil-A®) were used to immunize mice against toxocariasis; blood samples were collected three times to measure IgG (total, IgG1, IgG2a), IgA, and IgE via indirect ELISA. Cytokines (IL-5, TNF-α, and IL-10) were measured in splenocytes supernatant, and T. canis larvae were quantified in tissues. The best protein + adjuvant pair found (rTVcan + QuialA®) was then used to immunize T. canis-free puppies (n = 18) that were experimentally infected with T. canis and T. canis naturally-infected puppies (n = 6). Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgE, IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a), parasite load (eggs in feces), number of expelled adults and eggs extracted from the female uterus, and their fertility percentages were analyzed. In mice, it was observed a highly significant reduction (73%) of tissue larvae, a mixed cytokine profile (Th1/Th2), and anti-T. canis antibody titers (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a) using rTVcan + QuialA® mix. In canines, rTVcan + QuialA® promoted reduction in the parasite eggs in feces (95%) and eggs reduction obtained from the uteri of pharmacologically expelled adult females (58.38%). In our knowledge this is the first canine clinical trial of a vaccine with T. canis recombinant proteins. The formulation used has been shown to efficiently stimulate the production of antibodies against infection by T. canis. In the canine, a significant reduction in the number of eggs expelled by the experimental animals that received the formulation prophylactically was evidenced. Future tests should be developed to evaluate the duration of the protective effect and analyze other immune pathways that could be stimulated by the formulation used.
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Low exposure of urban dogs in metropolitan Sydney, Australia to Toxocara canis demonstrated by ELISA using T. canis excretory-secretory (E/S) larval antigens. Vet Parasitol 2022; 302:109663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Favrot C, Olivry T, Iwasaki T. An international seroprevalence survey of the IgE sensitisation to the Dermatophagoides farinae house dust mite and two of its major allergens (Der f 2, Zen 1) in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2021; 33:117-e34. [PMID: 34414620 PMCID: PMC9292188 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs with atopic dermatitis are often immunoglobulin (Ig)E-sensitised to Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) house dust mites, yet limited data exist on the sensitisation rates to the individual Df allergens, Der f 2 and Zen 1. OBJECTIVES To determine the IgE sensitisation rates to Df, Der f 2 and Zen 1 in atopic dogs from geographically diverse countries. ANIMALS Serum was collected from 32 laboratory dogs in Japan, and 837 atopic dogs from 11 countries from five continents: Asia (Japan, Thailand, Taiwan), Europe (Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, UK), North America (USA), South America (Argentina, Brazil) and Africa (South Africa). METHODS AND MATERIALS We determined Df-, Der f 2- and Zen 1-specific IgE levels by ELISA. Correlations between the IgE values for these three allergens were calculated. RESULTS The IgE seropositivity rates for Df varied between 74% (Argentina) and 100% (the Netherlands, Thailand, South Africa), those for Der f 2 between 12% (Argentina) and 88% (South Africa), and for Zen 1 between 70% (Argentina) and 100% (the Netherlands). Apart from the especially low seropositivity rate for Der f 2-specific IgE in Argentina, the percentage of IgE sensitisation varied little between countries. There was significant correlation between the IgE levels to these three allergens which was highest between Df and Zen 1, and lowest between Zen 1 and Der f 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The IgE sensitisation to Df is geographically widespread. Der f 2 and Zen 1 are major allergens for dogs in almost all countries where this was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Toshiro Iwasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Rostaher A, Rodriguez-Campos S, Deplazes P, Zwickl L, Akdis AC, Urwyler A, Wheeler DW, Audergon S, Fischer NM, Favrot C. Atopic dermatitis in West Highland white terriers - Part III: early life peripheral blood regulatory T cells are reduced in atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:239-e63. [PMID: 33565202 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T (Treg) cells are involved in homeostasis of immune regulation and suppression of inflammation and T-cell polarisation. Current knowledge regarding the role of Treg cells in the initiation of allergic disease is limited for both people and dogs. OBJECTIVES To explore the role of circulating Treg cells and their possible influencing factors, on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS AND MATERIALS This study followed part of a birth cohort of West Highland white terrier dogs and classified them according to eventual clinical signs of AD (i.e. allergic versus healthy). The Treg phenotypes were assessed longitudinally by flow cytometry at 3, 3-12 and 12-36 months of age, and associated with development of AD. Different early life antigenic factors [endotoxins and allergens in house dust, Toxocara canis-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E/IgG, allergen-specific and total IgE, skin microbiota] were measured at three months of age, and a possible association with Treg cell levels was assessed. RESULTS The percentages of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in healthy dogs were significantly higher at in 3-month-old (mean 4.5% healthy versus 3.3% allergic; P = 0.021) and <1-year-old (4.0% healthy versus 2.9% allergic; P = 0.028) dogs when compared to percentages of Treg cells in dogs that developed AD. There was a significantly positive correlation between the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae on the skin and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in puppies that became allergic (r = 0.568, P = 0.017). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Further large-scale studies are needed to identify the practical value of these findings in AD diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rostaher
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.,Bacteriology and Mycology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, Oslo, 0454, Norway
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Lena Zwickl
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - A Cezmi Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Obere Strasse 22, Davos, 7270, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
| | | | - David W Wheeler
- Companion Animal Research, Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
| | - Sabrina Audergon
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nina Maria Fischer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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Rostaher A, Dolf G, Fischer NM, Silaghi C, Akdis C, Zwickl L, Audergon S, Favrot C. Atopic dermatitis in a cohort of West Highland white terriers in Switzerland. Part II: estimates of early life factors and heritability. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:276-e66. [PMID: 32077169 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating evidence in studies of allergic diseases in humans and dogs that environmental experiences during the first months of life can influence the development of allergic disease. No prospective study has evaluated this in veterinary medicine. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To assess early-life risk factors for canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) and estimate its heritability. ANIMALS A West Highland white terrier birth cohort (n = 107) followed up to three years of age recording the development of cAD. METHODS AND MATERIALS The effect of environmental factors [house dust mites (HDM), hygiene, feeding, lifestyle] and early-life determinants [breeder, mode of delivery, birth season, sex, litter size, early-life immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels] were assessed, using Stata SE 15.1 statistical analysis. Heritabilities were estimated using the R program packages MCMCglmm and QGglmm. RESULTS Maternal allergic status [P = 0.013, odds ratio (OR 3.3)], male sex (P = 0.06), mode of delivery (P = 0.12), breeder (P = 0.06), presence of HDM (P = 0.11) and environmental hygiene level (P = 0.15) were identified as possible influence factors by bivariate analyses. In the multivariate analysis the male sex was significantly associated with the development of cAD in the offspring (P = 0.03, OR 2.4). The heritabilities on the observed scale were 0.31 (direct), 0.04 (maternal genetic effects) and 0.03 (maternal permanent environmental effects). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results suggest that several environmental factors could influence the development of cAD but clearly demonstrate the genetic influence of the individual and the dam. Further studies are needed to identify specific environmental factors, which could be potential targets for primary disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rostaher
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gaudenz Dolf
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Nina Maria Fischer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institut für Infektionsmedizin, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cezmi Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270, Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, 7265, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lena Zwickl
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Audergon
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Botoni LS, Torres SMF, Koch SN, Heinemann MB, Costa‐Val AP. Comparison of demographic data, disease severity and response to treatment, between dogs with atopic dermatitis and atopic‐like dermatitis: a retrospective study. Vet Dermatol 2018; 30:10-e4. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S. Botoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 6627 Antônio Carlos Ave Belo Horizonte 31270‐901 Brazil
| | - Sheila M. F. Torres
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Sandra N. Koch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Universidade de São Paulo 87 Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave São Paulo 05508‐270 Brazil
| | - Adriane P. Costa‐Val
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 6627 Antônio Carlos Ave Belo Horizonte 31270‐901 Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Layne
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Douglas J DeBoer
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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A Toxocara canis infection influences the immune response to house dust mite allergens in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tarpataki N, Thuróczy J, Fischer N, Jacquenet S, Rostaher A, Richard C, Zwickl L, Olivry T, Favrot C. A pilot study of total and allergen-specific IgE serum levels during anestrous, estrous and pregnancy in healthy female dogs. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:329. [PMID: 29687519 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific IgE serology is used for the determination of sensitization status in dogs with atopic dermatitis; the influence of the female reproductive cycle on the results of such methods has not been studied in dogs. OBJECTIVES To compare the total and allergen-specific IgE of healthy bitches during anestrous, estrous and pregnancy. ANIMALS Eight privately owned, healthy bitches. METHODS Total and allergen-specific IgE levels were determined in eight bitches at three different time-points of their reproductive cycle: anestrous, estrous and pregnancy. RESULTS Total IgE was significantly decreased (median: 74%) in female dogs during pregnancy when compared to anestrous. In 14 of 216 (6%), allergen-specific IgE test results were variably positive and negative at different stages of the reproductive cycle. This variation, however, was not related to changes in total serum IgE levels. CONCLUSIONS Total IgE serum levels are reduced during pregnancy in female dogs. However, results of one allergen-specific IgE test did not appear to be markedly altered by the reproductive cycle in healthy bitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Tarpataki
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Julianna Thuróczy
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Nina Fischer
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Jacquenet
- Genclis, 15 rue du bois de la Champelle, 54500, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Ana Rostaher
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Richard
- Genclis, 15 rue du bois de la Champelle, 54500, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Lena Zwickl
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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