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Nagy AL, Ardelean S, Chapuis RJJ, Bouillon J, Pivariu D, De Felice B, Bertazzo M, Fossati P, Spicer LJ, Dreanca AI, Caloni F. Zootoxins and Domestic Animals: A European View. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:48. [PMID: 38251264 PMCID: PMC10818608 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Zootoxins are produced by venomous and poisonous species and are an important cause of poisoning in companion animals and livestock in Europe. Little information about the incidence of zootoxin poisoning is available in Europe, with only a few case reports and review papers being published. This review presents the most important zootoxins produced by European venomous and poisonous animal species responsible for poisoning episodes in companion animals and livestock. The main zootoxin-producing animal species, components of the toxins/venoms and their clinical effects are presented. The most common zootoxicoses involve terrestrial zootoxins excreted by the common toad, the fire salamander, the pine processionary caterpillar, and vipers. The lack of a centralized reporting/poison control system in Europe makes the evaluation of the epidemiology of zootoxin-induced poisonings extremely difficult. Even if there are many anecdotal reports in the veterinary community about the exposure of domestic animals to terrestrial and marine zootoxins, the number of published papers regarding these toxicoses is low. Climate change and its consequences regarding species distribution and human-mediated transportation are responsible for the emerging nature of some intoxications in which zootoxins are involved. Although new venomous or poisonous animal species have emerged in regions where they were previously unreported, zootoxins produced by native species remain the main concern in Europe. The diversity of poisonous and venomous animal species and the emerging nature of certain poisonings warrant the continuous update to such knowledge by veterinary professionals and animal owners. This review offers an overview about zootoxin-related poisonings in domestic animals in Europe and also provides important information from a health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras-Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.-L.N.); (R.J.J.C.)
| | - Sabrina Ardelean
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Ronan J. J. Chapuis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.-L.N.); (R.J.J.C.)
| | - Juliette Bouillon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Dalma Pivariu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (A.I.D.)
| | - Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (B.D.F.); (M.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Mirko Bertazzo
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (B.D.F.); (M.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Paola Fossati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (B.D.F.); (M.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Leon J. Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Alexandra Iulia Dreanca
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (A.I.D.)
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (B.D.F.); (M.B.); (P.F.)
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Moore A, Burrows AK, Rosenkrantz WS, Ghubash RM, Hosgood G. Modified rush venom immunotherapy in dogs with Hymenoptera hypersensitivity. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:532-542. [PMID: 37395162 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hymenoptera envenomation occurs frequently in people and dogs and can trigger anaphylaxis. Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is the only preventive treatment for Hymenoptera hypersensitivity and is indicated for people with severe adverse reactions to insect stings. Rush VIT is an accelerated VIT protocol in people. This has not been reported in dogs. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to evaluate the safety of modified rush VIT. ANIMALS Twenty client-owned dogs with Hymenoptera hypersensitivity based on a history of adverse reactions to Hymenoptera envenomation and a positive intradermal test to honey bee and/or paper wasp venom. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs received incremental doses of venom via subcutaneous injection one day per week for three consecutive weeks until the maintenance dose was achieved. Vital signs were recorded every 30 min prior to venom administration. Adverse reactions were categorised as localised or grade I-IV systemic reactions. RESULTS Nineteen of 20 dogs (95%) completed rush VIT. One dog experienced a grade III systemic adverse reaction and was withdrawn from the study. No adverse reactions occurred in 10 of 20 dogs (50%). Localised and grade I-II systemic reactions occurred in nine of 20 dogs (45%), including nausea (n = 5), injection site pruritus (n = 3) and diarrhoea and lethargy (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Modified rush VIT in dogs was well-tolerated and should be considered for dogs with Hymenoptera hypersensitivity. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of VIT in dogs for preventing hypersensitivity reactions to insect stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Moore
- Animal Dermatology Clinic Perth, The Animal Hospital Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda K Burrows
- Animal Dermatology Clinic Perth, The Animal Hospital Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Giselle Hosgood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Animal Hospital Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Chan HH, Burrows AK, Hosgood G, Ghubash R. Sensitivity of a Hymenoptera serological immunoglobulin (Ig)E assay for the diagnosis of venom hypersensitivity in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:543-553. [PMID: 37485613 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hymenoptera envenomation with honey bee (Apis mellifera) and paper wasp (Polistes spp.) may cause life-threatening anaphylaxis in dogs. In human patients, clinical history, intradermal testing (IDT) and measurement of allergen-specific serological immunoglobulin (Ig)E (sIgE) are used to support a diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity. The utility of venom allergen-specific sIgE has not yet been evaluated for this purpose in dogs. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the sensitivity (sn), specificity (sp) and positive predictive value (PPV) of honey bee and paper wasp serological titres using a commercially available sIgE assay [VARL (Veterinary Allergen Reference Laboratory) Liquid Gold] against clinical history for a diagnosis of Hymenoptera hypersensitivity in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Honeybee and paper wasp IgE serum titres were measured in 15 client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity based on a history of anaphylaxis, owner observation of Hymenoptera, and positive IDT to bee and/or wasp; and in 10 client-owned dogs with no known history of anaphylaxis or Hymenoptera exposure and a negative IDT to bee and wasp. RESULTS Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrate that a VARL score cut-off of one of six for honeybee yields Sn, Sp and PPV of 40%, 60% and 60%, respectively, and two of six for wasp yields Sn, Sp and PPV of 25%, 78% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Owing to the poor sensitivity and PPV of sIgE assays for both bee and wasp hypersensitivity in dogs with known envenomation and anaphylaxis, the use of sIgE cannot be recommended as a tool for venom identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary H Chan
- Animal Dermatology Clinic Perth, The Animal Hospital Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda K Burrows
- Animal Dermatology Clinic Perth, The Animal Hospital Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Giselle Hosgood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Animal Hospital Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Rostaher A, Fischer NM, Vigani A, Steblaj B, Martini F, Brem S, Favrot C, Kosnik M. Hymenoptera Venom Immunotherapy in Dogs: Safety and Clinical Efficacy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3002. [PMID: 37835609 PMCID: PMC10571593 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hymenoptera allergens are the main triggers for anaphylaxis in susceptible dogs and humans. Hymenoptera venom specific immunotherapy (VIT), the only disease-modifying treatment, has the potential to prevent future life-threatening reactions in human patients. Prospective clinical data on VIT efficacy in dogs are currently lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to show that VIT is not only safe but also efficacious in preventing anaphylaxis in dogs allergic to Hymenoptera. This uncontrolled prospective clinical trial included 10 client-owned dogs with a history of anaphylaxis following repeated Hymenoptera stings. The sensitization to bee and wasp allergens was demonstrated by intradermal testing (IDT) and allergen-specific IgE serology. For VIT induction (induction phase), dogs received a shortened rush immunotherapy protocol with aqueous allergens, which was then followed by monthly injections of 100 µg of alum-precipitated allergen (maintenance phase). VIT efficacy was determined by observing patients' clinical reactions to re-stings. No systemic adverse events were seen during the induction and maintenance phases. From the seven re-stung dogs, only one developed a mild angioedema at the site of the sting; the remaining dogs were asymptomatic. These results show that VIT represents a safe and effective treatment option for Hymenoptera-allergic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rostaher
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.M.F.); (F.M.); (S.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Nina Maria Fischer
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.M.F.); (F.M.); (S.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Alessio Vigani
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Barbara Steblaj
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Franco Martini
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.M.F.); (F.M.); (S.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Salina Brem
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.M.F.); (F.M.); (S.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.M.F.); (F.M.); (S.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Mitja Kosnik
- Division of Allergy, University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ewing TS, Dong C, Boord MJ, Fang Y. Adverse events associated with venomous insect immunotherapy and clinical outcomes in 82 dogs (2002-2020). Vet Dermatol 2021; 33:40-e14. [PMID: 34414617 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is known on adverse events and efficacy associated with venomous insect immunotherapy (VIT) in canine patients. OBJECTIVES To assess adverse events associated with VIT and perceived efficacy of VIT. ANIMALS Records from 82 client-owned animals which received VIT were assessed. METHODS AND MATERIALS A retrospective review of records from 2002 to 2020. Clinical history, adverse events during therapy and observations following field stings were collected from all records. Patients were grouped into reactors and nonreactors based on whether or not an adverse event had occurred during therapy. Records were evaluated to determine if a field sting had occurred and the severity of the reaction was compared to pretreatment reaction. RESULTS Of 82 patients that were identified, 26 experienced a minimum of one adverse event. No deaths or severe anaphylactic reactions were reported. The most common adverse event was gastrointestinal upset. The overall reaction rate per injection was 2.8%. Only variation in sensitisation level (the minimum concentration of venom which elicited a positive intradermal reaction) was significantly different between groups (P = 0.014). Forty-one field challenges in 26 patients were documented. Therapy reduced the severity of reactions in 87.8% of challenges. No deaths were reported. CONCLUSION Venom immunotherapy appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment for prevention of anaphylaxis due to insect stings in canine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton S Ewing
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, 150 N San Gabriel Boulevard, #400, Pasadena, CA, 91107, USA
| | - Charli Dong
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, 150 N San Gabriel Boulevard, #400, Pasadena, CA, 91107, USA
| | - Mona J Boord
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, 5610 Kearny Mesa Road, Suite B-1, San Diego, CA, 92111, USA
| | - Yinan Fang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, 2438 Osborn Drive Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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