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Gafen HB, Garces-Torres RS, Liu CC, Lewin AC, Camacho-Luna P, MacLean RA, Carter RT. Ophthalmic findings and reference values for selected ocular parameters in whooping cranes (Grus americana) and Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla). Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 39228086 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish baseline ophthalmic parameters for an endangered, semi-wild population of healthy whooping cranes (Grus americana) (WHCR) and Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla) (SACR). ANIMALS STUDIED Eighteen WHCR and 16 SACR. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic examination was performed by a single observer, followed by conjunctival swab collection for aerobic bacterial culture and measurement of tear production (phenol red thread test, PRTT) and corneal diameter (CD) as tolerated. Measurement of the axial globe (AG) length, anterior chamber (AC) depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber (VC) depth, and pecten length was performed via ocular ultrasound (OUS) as tolerated. RESULTS Eyelid cicatrization (n = 1 WHCR), keratitis (n = 2 WHCR), incipient cataracts (n = 1 WHCR, n = 4 SACR), and uveal cysts (n = 1 SACR) were identified. Twenty-one bacterial species were cultured from SACR, while 18 bacterial species were cultured from WHCR. SACR under 6 months old had increased PRTT values compared to older SACR (p = .0432). AG length and VC depth of male WHCR were greater than in female WHCR (p = .0045 and p = .0008, respectively). WHCR less than 6 months old had greater AC depth and lens thickness than WHCR over 6 months (p < .001 and p = .0013, respectively). SACR less than 6 months old had greater AC depth and lens thickness than WHCR over 6 months (p < .0001 and p < .0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS WHCR and SACR are amenable to complete ophthalmic examination. Age-related differences in PRTT in SACR, sexual dimorphism in WHCR, and age-related differences in AC depth and lens thickness in WHCR and SACR were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Gafen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pilar Camacho-Luna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Robinson SA, Revell LE, Mackenzie R, Ossola R. Extended ozone depletion and reduced snow and ice cover-Consequences for Antarctic biota. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17283. [PMID: 38663017 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Stratospheric ozone, which has been depleted in recent decades by the release of anthropogenic gases, is critical for shielding the biosphere against ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Although the ozone layer is expected to recover before the end of the 21st century, a hole over Antarctica continues to appear each year. Ozone depletion usually peaks between September and October, when fortunately, most Antarctic terrestrial vegetation and soil biota is frozen, dormant and protected under snow cover. Similarly, much marine life is protected by sea ice cover. The ozone hole used to close before the onset of Antarctic summer, meaning that most biota were not exposed to severe springtime UV-B fluxes. However, in recent years, ozone depletion has persisted into December, which marks the beginning of austral summer. Early summertime ozone depletion is concerning: high incident UV-B radiation coincident with snowmelt and emergence of vegetation will mean biota is more exposed. The start of summer is also peak breeding season for many animals, thus extreme UV-B exposure (UV index up to 14) may come at a vulnerable time in their life cycle. Climate change, including changing wind patterns and strength, and particularly declining sea ice, are likely to compound UV-B exposure of Antarctic organisms, through earlier ice and snowmelt, heatwaves and droughts. Antarctic field research conducted decades ago tended to study UV impacts in isolation and more research that considers multiple climate impacts, and the true magnitude and timing of current UV increases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Environmental Futures, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura E Revell
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roy Mackenzie
- Cape Horn International Center CHIC, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Millenium Institut Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems BASE, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rachele Ossola
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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González-Alonso-Alegre EM, Martínez-Nevado E, de Quadros LP, de la Riva-Fraga M, Rodríguez-Álvaro A. Characterisation of cataracts and other ophthalmic findings in various species of captive penguins. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3667. [PMID: 38012019 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of ophthalmic diseases that affect vision and/or cause discomfort should be a priority in captive penguins to improve their overall health and quality of life. METHODS A routine ophthalmological examination was performed on 80 clinically normal penguins (160 eyes), and any lesions observed were recorded. RESULTS Ocular lesions were frequent (56% of penguins), with cataracts being the most common (48.8% of penguins). Cortical cataracts (63% of eyes) and posterior subcapsular cataracts (27.4%) were the most commonly occurring. All maturation stages were found; incipient cataracts (52.1% of eyes with cataracts) were predominant, while Morgagnian cataracts (8.2%) were the least frequent. A correlation existed between lenticular changes and increasing age. Uveitis was present in 43.8% of eyes with cataracts, and ectropion uveae was the predominant clinical sign. Other ocular findings included blepharitis (3.8% of all eyes), corneal leukoma (5.6%) and posterior lens subluxation (7.5%). LIMITATIONS The small number of birds of some species prevented the comparison of ophthalmic findings between species. CONCLUSION This study corroborates the high prevalence of ocular lesions in captive penguins. Cataracts were frequent and age related. Most cataracts were cortical, and the predominant maturation stage was incipient. Lens-induced uveitis was a common finding. Lowered intraocular pressure was related to cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M González-Alonso-Alegre
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Alfonso Rodríguez-Álvaro
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Garcés Torres RS, Carter RT, Gafen HB, Liu CC, Lewin AC, MacLean RA. Longitudinal intraocular pressure measurements in Whooping cranes (Grus americana) and Mississippi-Sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla). Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38174829 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess intraocular pressure (IOP) development in cranes and determine the impact of age, weight, species, head position, and sex. ANIMALS STUDIED Whooping cranes (WC) (Grus americana), and Mississippi-sandhill cranes (MSC) (Grus canadensis pulla). PROCEDURES Chicks were manually restrained on days 1-3, 7, 21, 35, 60, 75, and 120 for routine examinations. IOP was opportunistically measured utilizing the Tonovet Plus® in D setting with the head above the heart (AH) and below the heart (BH). Values were also obtained longitudinally in adults (>120 days old) upon presentation in 1 year. RESULTS Intraocular pressure was highly correlated with age and weight in chicks. For every kilogram gained, IOP increased 2.46 ± 0.08 mmHg in WC and 2.66 ± 0.11 mmHg in MSC. Once hatched, IOP increased 1.13 ± 0.04 mmHg in WC and 0.87 ± 0.04 mmHg in MSC every 10 days. IOP was similar to adults at 120 days of age. In adult WC, mean IOP AH was 24.0 ± 0.4 mmHg, and BH was 27.9 ± 0.4 mmHg, there was a significant difference regarding head positioning and sex, females (25.3 ± 0.4 mm Hg) had lower IOP than males (26.5 ± 0.4 mmHg). In adult MSC, mean IOP AH was 20.7 ± 0.4 mmHg, and BH was 24.6 ± 0.4 mmHg. The difference between head positioning was significant. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the correlation between IOP and weight or age during early development in cranes, as well as the importance of head positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hannah B Gafen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Bayram LC, Isler CT, Ekebas G. Determination of reference values for tear production and intraocular pressure in Pygoscelis penguins of the Antarctic Peninsula. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:235. [PMID: 37946185 PMCID: PMC10636934 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the literature review, this is the first study investigating tear production (TP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in the Pygoscelis penguins living in their natural habitat. The study aimed to establish normal values for standard ocular tests in the genus Pygoscelis, namely, the Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua), and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins, in four different islands of Antarctica. Sampling was made by specifically using the left eye of the penguins. The Schirmer's tear test type I (STT-I) and the Tonovet® (rebound tonometer) were used to measure the TP and the IOP, respectively. RESULTS The mean TP and IOP values of 129 Adélie, chinstrap, gentoo, and 120 adult Adélie, gentoo penguins were determined as 10.2 ± 4.0 mm/min and 38.9 ± 13.2 mmHg, respectively. No statistical difference was detected between the penguin species for the mean IOP values, while the difference was determined in all the locations. However, statistical differences in the mean TP values were determined between all locations. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide a reference range of Schirmer's tear test (STT) and IOP values in Pygoscelis penguins and show that the IOP is significantly affected by locations. This result can be attributed to the harsh climatic conditions of the Antarctic Peninsula that change very quickly. The described data may help diagnose clinical pathological findings in Pygoscelis penguins. The STT and rebound tonometry appears to be safe and reproducible methods in Pygoscelis penguins, as the results were obtained quickly and were well tolerated by the birds. Based on our results, we propose that similar studies can be initiated in crowded colonies of three penguin species of this genus on the Antarctic Peninsula, the southern Shetland Islands, and other frequently visited islands in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latife Cakir Bayram
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey.
| | - Cafer Tayer Isler
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Görkem Ekebas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey
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Hadden PW, Zhang J. An Overview of the Penguin Visual System. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:vision7010006. [PMID: 36810310 PMCID: PMC9944954 DOI: 10.3390/vision7010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Penguins require vision that is adequate for both subaerial and submarine environments under a wide range of illumination. Here we provide a structured overview of what is known about their visual system with an emphasis on how and how well they achieve these goals. Amphibious vision is facilitated by a relatively flat cornea, the power in air varying from 10.2 dioptres (D) to 41.3 D depending on the species, and there is good evidence for emmetropia both above and below water. All penguins are trichromats with loss of rhodopsin 2, a nocturnal feature, but only deeper diving penguins have been noted to have pale oil droplets and a preponderance of rods. Conversely, the diurnal, shallow-diving little penguin has a higher ganglion cell density (28,867 cells/mm2) and f-number (3.5) than those that operate in dimmer light. In most species studied, there is some binocular overlap, but this reduces upon submergence. However, gaps in our knowledge remain, particularly with regard to the mechanism of accommodation, spectral transmission, behavioural measurements of visual function in low light, and neural adaptations to low light. The rarer species also deserve more attention.
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Phillips BE, Dierenfeld ES, English R, Troan B, Reininger K, Zombeck DJ, DeVoe RS, Wolfe B, Loomis MR, Minter LJ. Retrospective Analysis of Cataract Formation and Nutritional Etiology in a Managed Collection of Parakeet Auklets (Aethia psittacula). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 35:390-401. [DOI: 10.1647/20-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102987. [PMID: 34680006 PMCID: PMC8532671 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In Italy, chickens are used for egg production and as courtyard/domestic animals and consequently veterinarians need to know their general and specialist characteristics. One key area is normal ocular measurements in order to understand any pathological changes affecting the eyes. For an accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in chickens, this paper describes the normal values for the evaluation of ocular tear production, intraocular pressure, and biometric measurements of the eyes and on the microbial and cultural flora normally present in the conjunctival sac in two Italian chicken breeds. Abstract Given the abundance of chickens in Italy, it is important for veterinarians to know the normal state of chickens’ eyes in order to identify any ophthalmic pathological changes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of select ocular parameters and to evaluate conjunctival microflora in two Italian chicken breeds. Sixty-six healthy chickens underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a phenol red thread test (PRTT) for the evaluation of tear production and the assessment of intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry. B-mode ultrasound biometric measurements and conjunctival microflora identification were also performed in twenty-seven chickens. Mean PRTT was 23.77 ± 2.99 mm/15 s in the Livorno breed and 19.95 ± 2.81 mm/15 s in the Siciliana breed. Mean intraocular pressure was 14.3 ± 1.17 mmHg in the Livorno breed and 14.06 ± 1.15 mmHg in the Siciliana breed. Reference ranges for morphometric parameters were reported in the two breeds. Twenty-three chickens (85.18%) were bacteriologically positive. Chlamydia spp. antigen was detected in 14.81% of chickens. No positive cultures were obtained for fungi. Normal reference range values for selected ophthalmic parameters were obtained in clinically healthy chickens, which could facilitate accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in these animals.
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Kane LP, Keller KA, Salpeter EM, de Araujo NLLC, Dower N, Welle KR, Martins BDC, Fleming KMS. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in healthy adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Karimi V, Asadi F, Rajaei SM, Golabdar S. Intraocular Pressure Measurements Using Rebound Tonometry in Eight Different Species of Companion Birds. J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:338-342. [PMID: 33355410 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.4.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine reference interval intraocular pressure (IOP) values in 8 different species of companion birds. One hundred and nineteen companion birds (238 eyes) from a captive colony were examined: 21 pigeons (Columba livia; 18%), 17 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus; 14%), 22 common mynahs (Acridotheres tristis; 18%), 24 cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus; 20%), 12 zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata; 10%), 9 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus; 8%), 6 domestic canaries (Serinus canaria domestica; 5%), and 8 ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri; 7%). Intraocular pressure was measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet) avoiding induced, undesired pressure on the head, neck, or eyes. Mean IOP values varied by species. Mean (± SD) IOP values determined for each species were pigeon (5.42 ± 2.06 mm Hg), African grey parrot (4.93 ± 1.91 mm Hg), common mynah (6.22 ± 2.04 mm Hg), cockatiel (5.08 ± 1.76 mm Hg), zebra finch (5.90 ± 2.11 mm Hg), budgerigar (5.88 ± 2.31mm Hg), canary (5.83 ± 1.60 mm Hg), and ring-necked parakeet (6.25 ± 1.75 mm Hg). No statistically significant differences were found in IOP values between right and left eyes for the species studied (P > .22), with the exception of the ring-necked parakeet (P = .001). The results of this study provide representative IOP values measured using rebound tonometry in 8 different species of companion birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Karimi
- Department of Poultry Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Asadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran,
| | | | - Salar Golabdar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Çakır Bayram L, Abay S, Satıcıoğlu İB, Güvenç T, Ekebaş G, Aydın F. The ocular pyogranulomatous lesion in a Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) from the Antarctic Peninsula: evaluation of microbiological and histopathological analysis outcomes. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:143-158. [PMID: 34128178 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to present the results of microbiological, cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses of ocular samples from an Antarctic (Ardley Island, King George Island) Gentoo penguin chick (Pygoscelis papua) with a pyogranulomatous lesion in the right eye. Samples were taken from both the healthy left eye and the lesion in the right eye. Conventional culture methods and phenotypic and molecular tests were used for bacterial isolation and identification, respectively. None of the isolates could be identified phenotypically. As a result, four of the five isolates obtained from the right eye were considered to belong to putative novel bacterial species and taxa as their similarity to GenBank data was below 98.75%. The isolates were considered to be Pasteurellaceae bacterium, Corynebacterium ciconiae, Cardiobacteriaceae bacterium, Actinomyces sp., and Dermabacteraceae bacterium. The only isolate from the left eye was identified as Psychrobacter pygoscelis. The cytological analysis demonstrated cell infiltrates composed mostly of degenerate heterophils, reactive macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Based on histopathological findings, the lesion was defined as a typical pyogranulomatous lesion. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the granuloma was positive for TNF-α, IL-4, MMP-9, IL-1β, and IL-6. This is the first documented report of the unilateral pyogranulomatous ocular lesion in a Gentoo penguin chick, living in its natural habitat in Antarctica. This report also describes the isolation of four bacteria from the infected eye, which are considered to belong to novel Genus, species, or taxa. The primary bacterial pathogen that caused the ocular lesion was not able to be detected and remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latife Çakır Bayram
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Seçil Abay
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İzzet Burçin Satıcıoğlu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tolga Güvenç
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Görkem Ekebaş
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fuat Aydın
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Westmoreland LSH, Hadfield CA, Clayton LA, Atkins RM, Hyman JA, Rossi BH. Ocular Examinations and Investigation of Intraocular Pressure, Tear Production, Central Corneal Thickness, and Corneal Touch Threshold in a Captive Flock of Atlantic Puffins ( Fratercula arctica). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:123-131. [PMID: 32702951 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ocular examinations were completed on a group of 10 Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica), 5 males and 5 females that ranged in age from 8 months to older than 30 years. The exams consisted of intraocular pressure/rebound tonometry, tear production/phenol red thread test, central corneal thickness/ultrasound pachymetry, and corneal sensitivity/esthesiometry. On ocular examination, there were no corneal abnormalities observed. Bilateral cataracts were diagnosed in 8 puffins, 6 of which were considered incipient, focal subcapsular opacities. One bird had hypermature cataracts and was removed from the study and excluded from data analysis; the other birds had no evidence of ophthalmic pathology that would interfere with diagnostic results (n = 9). All results for 9 birds were included in the study, with the exception of 1 puffin's tear production, which was too low for accurate assessment and was excluded from data analysis. There were no significant differences between right and left eye measurements for intraocular pressure, corneal thickness, and corneal sensitivity. The median intraocular pressure for both eyes (OU) was 13 mm Hg with an interquartile range [IQR] of 12-15 mm Hg. The median corneal thickness OU was 241 µm, IQR 233-248 µm. The median corneal sensitivity OU was 1.13 cm, IQR 0.81-1.50 cm. There was a significant difference between right and left eye measurements for tear production (right eye median, 7.5 mm/15 s, IQR 6.5-9.3 mm/15 s; and left eye median, 5.0 mm/15 s, IQR 4.0-7.3 mm/15 s) (P= .03), with the right eye producing more tears than the left. However, 1 puffin was determined to be an outlier, and when removed, there was no longer a significant difference (OU median, 7.0 mm/15 s, IQR 4.6-8.0 mm/15 s) (P = .38). There was no significant difference between sex and intraocular pressure, tear production, and corneal sensitivity. However, there was a significant difference between sex and corneal thickness (P = .02), with males (left eye median, 249 µm, IQR 241-249 µm) having thicker corneas than females (left eye median, 236 µm, 234-238 µm). Although sample size precluded statistical testing, there appeared to be an association between opacities and increasing age. There were no associations between age and intraocular pressure, tear production, or corneal thickness. There was a moderate correlation between age and corneal sensitivity, with older birds showing decreased corneal sensitivity (r = -0.57). Although the sample size of 9 birds was small, these findings provide preliminary ranges for ocular parameters of Atlantic puffins.
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Ross M, Avni-Magen N, Pe'er O, Berkowitz A, Ofri R. Treatment with chloroquine is retinotoxic in captive African penguins (Speniscus demersus). Attenuation and recovery of electroretinographic responses. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:336-345. [PMID: 33900010 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of prophylactic anti-malarial chloroquine treatment, and its cessation, on electroretinographic (ERG) responses of captive African penguins. METHODS A brief ERG protocol ("QuickRetCheck") was recorded under mesopic conditions with manual restraint and no sedation or pupil dilation. Birds were recorded on two separate occasions, first while being treated with a daily chloroquine dose of 10 mg/kg for 12 days (n = 15, treatment group) and second after 4 months without chloroquine treatment (n = 6, off-treatment group). Three birds were recorded on both occasions. Three other birds from the flock that died were studied histopathologically. RESULTS Scotopic responses were unmeasurable in either recording and therefore were not analyzed. Mean a- and b-wave amplitudes of the mixed rod-cone responses to standard (3 cd·s/m2 ) and high (10 cd·s/m2 ) intensity flashes were higher in the off-treatment group. No difference in implicit times was observed. Sex, age, and number of previous chloroquine treatments did not affect ERG responses. Histopathology revealed Plasmodium spp.in the lungs, liver, and brain, but not in the eyes, of the necropsied birds, and there were no signs of retinitis or retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Daily chloroquine treatment was associated with attenuated ERG responses in penguins, which improve following cessation of treatment. Further work is warranted to establish a chloroquine dose that is efficacious yet has minimal adverse effects. Our results suggest that ERG responses of captive penguins undergoing ERG for any indication (such as prior to cataract surgery), must be evaluated in light of the birds' anti-malaria treatment status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ross
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nili Avni-Magen
- Tisch Family Zoological Gardens in Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaf Berkowitz
- Ministry of Agriculture, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Neves CA, Bittar IP, Prieto LA, da Silva LAF, Arnhold E, Lima AMV, Borges NC. Ocular echobiometry and head measurements in Jersey cattle from different age groups. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:333-344. [PMID: 33201536 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal study was conducted to identify the morphological development of eyes and head of Jersey cattle at different ages. A total of 48 healthy Jersey cattle, 1 to 58 months of age, were included in the study. Ophthalmologic examinations were performed to identify healthy cattle to form the age groups: GI (1- to 11-month-old), GII (16- to 24-month-old) and GIII (25- to 58-month-old). The animals were physically restrained and examined by transcorneal ultrasound of both eyes; the axial length (AxL), corneal thickness (CO), lenticular thickness (L), depth of the anterior (AC) and vitreous (VC) chambers were evaluated. The cranial measurements obtained included the total, cranial, and nasal lengths and widths. Subsequently, the cephalic index (CI) was calculated. The AxL (GI: 2.83 cm; GII: 3.16 cm; GIII: 3.24 cm), AC (GI: 0.44 cm; GII: 0.53 cm; GIII: 0.53 cm), L (GI: 0.88 cm; GII: 1.01 cm; GIII: 1.04 cm) and VC (GI: 1.44 cm; GII: 1.55 cm; GIII: 1.59 cm) increased (p ≤ .001) according to age, but the CO (GI: 0.07 cm; GII: 0.08 cm; GIII: 0.08 cm) (p > .05) did not. The total length (GI: 30.83 cm; GII: 43.29 cm; GIII: 44.15 cm), cranial length (GI: 18.11 cm; GII: 23.82 cm; GIII: 22.69 cm), nasal length (GI: 12.72 cm; GII: 19.47 cm; GIII: 21.46 cm) and nasal width (GI: 26.22 cm; GII: 33.82 cm; GIII: 34.00 cm) increased (p < .001), and the CI (GI: 85.66 cm; GII: 78.15 cm; GIII: 77.02 cm) decreased (p < .001). The AxL correlated positively (p < .001) with the cranial length and width and negatively with the CI (p > .05). The ocular biometry of Jersey cattle correlates with their cranial measurements at different ages. With increasing age, the eyes and the head grow, establishing growth curves similar to those of other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Amorim Neves
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Isabela Plazza Bittar
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Leandro Arévalo Prieto
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Franco da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Aline Maria Vasconcelos Lima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Naida Cristina Borges
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
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Presby JA, Scott EM, Norman KN, Hoppes SM, Tizard I. Normative ocular data for juvenile and adult Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:526-533. [PMID: 32100929 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain normative ocular data for Japanese quail as they mature from juveniles to adults. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-six captive Japanese quail comprising thirteen males and thirteen females, free of ocular disease, were included in the study. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic reference values were measured in both eyes at 1 and 5 months of age. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed, including neuro-ophthalmic reflexes, slit lamp biomicroscopy, phenol red thread test (PRTT), rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, horizontal corneal diameter measurement, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. Ultrasound biomicroscopy measurements of axial globe length, lens thickness, vitreal chamber length, and pecten length were recorded. The depth of the anterior chamber was calculated by subtracting the lens thickness and vitreous length from the axial globe length. Measures of association and descriptive statistics were analyzed using STATA-14 and STATA-15. RESULTS Juvenile and adult females were heavier than age-matched males. Weight, intraocular pressure, horizontal corneal diameter, axial globe length, and lens thickness measurements increased with age. No statistically significant differences were found in the remainder of measurements among individuals in different sex or age-groups. CONCLUSIONS This work provides reference values and clinical findings that can be used in future research on quail and ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine A Presby
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Keri N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sharman M Hoppes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Lim J, Kang S, Park S, Park E, Nam T, Jeong S, Seo K. Intraocular Pressure Measurement by Rebound Tonometry (TonoVet) in Normal Pigeons ( Columba livia). J Avian Med Surg 2019; 33:46-52. [PMID: 31124611 DOI: 10.1647/2017-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the applicability of a rebound tonometer (TonoVet) in pigeon eyes and established normal reference intraocular pressure (IOP) values in healthy pigeons; 20 eyes of euthanized pigeons were used for calibration of the TonoVet and 48 eyes of 24 adult pigeons were used for measurement of reference IOP. First, IOP of pigeon eyes ex vivo were measured using the 'd' and the 'p' modes of the TonoVet and compared to manometric IOP values from 5 to 80 mm Hg. Then, to establish normal reference values, IOP was measured from clinically normal pigeons in vivo. The 'd' and the 'p' modes of the TonoVet showed a strong linear correlation with the manometric IOP (R2 = .996 and .991, respectively). The obtained regression formulas were: y1 = 0.439x + 2.059 and y2 = 0.330x - 0.673, respectively (y1, 'd' mode of TonoVet; y2, 'p' mode of TonoVet; x, manometric IOP). The 'd' and the 'p' modes consistently measured one-half and one-third of the actual IOP, respectively. Therefore, the formula obtained through the 'd' mode was applied to obtain reference values. The calibrated IOP of normal pigeon eyes was 19.5 ± 4.4 mm Hg. The actual IOP could be calculated using the presented formula. Considering the limitations of the 'p' mode, use of the 'd' mode is more appropriate. Therefore, the TonoVet rebound tonometry under the 'd' mode is a reliable method for measuring IOP in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaegook Lim
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sangwan Park
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Eunjin Park
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Taekjin Nam
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seowoo Jeong
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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Heintz MR, Fuller GA, Woodhouse SJ, Murray A, Allard SM. Case Studies of the Impacts of Cataract Surgery on Crested Penguin Welfare. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 22:329-341. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1519436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Heintz
- Center for Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare and Ethics, Detroit Zoological Society, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Grace A. Fuller
- Center for Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare and Ethics, Detroit Zoological Society, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah J. Woodhouse
- Department of Animal Health, Detroit Zoological Society, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna Murray
- Center for Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare and Ethics, Detroit Zoological Society, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Allard
- Center for Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare and Ethics, Detroit Zoological Society, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
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Kovalcuka L, Boiko D, Williams DL. Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of whooper swans (C ygnus cygnus). Open Vet J 2018; 8:335-339. [PMID: 30483458 PMCID: PMC6172406 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the normal range of tear production and values of intraocular pressure (IOP) in clinically normal eyes of whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus). A total of 86 birds: 81 cygnets (6-10 weeks old) and 5 moulting - adult swans (3-6 years old) were examined in this study. Both eyes of all birds underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including evaluation of tear production with the phenol red thread test (PRTT) and the assessment of the IOP by rebound tonometry, employing the TonoVet® device. The mean ± standard deviation of PRTT values were as follows: all cygnets (81) 22.59±3.48 mm/15s, male cygnets (45) 22.64±3.54 mm/15s, female cygnets (36) 22.53±3.44 mm/15s. IOP was as follows: all cygnets 11.30±3.55 mmHg, male cygnets 10.93±3.56 mmHg, female cygnets 11.74±3.50 mmHg. No statistically significant differences between right and left eye and between female and male cygnets were found for IOP and PRTT values. This study provides the reference values for the PRTT and IOP in healthy whooper swan cygnets, showing that PRTT determination of the tear production and rebound tonometry to evaluate the IOP methods are practical methods for ophthalmic examination in swans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Kovalcuka
- Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Institute, K. Helmaņa iela 8, Jelgava, LV - 3004, Latvia
| | - Dmitrij Boiko
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Miera 3, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Bezerra KPG, de Lucena RB, Stipp DT, Costa FS, Reis VV, Borges PF, Bopp S, Campos DB, Talieri IC. Determination of baseline values for routine ophthalmic tests in bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus). J Med Primatol 2018; 48:3-9. [PMID: 30230553 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establish baseline values for ophthalmic diagnostic tests in Sapajus libidinosus. METHODS Ophthalmic diagnostic tests, namely Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1), intraocular pressure (IOP), B-mode ultrasound, culture of the bacterial conjunctival microbiota, and conjunctival exfoliative cytology, were performed in 15 S. libidinosus. RESULTS Mean values found were as follows: 2.50 ± 2.94 mm/min for the STT-1; 13.3 ± 3.32 mm Hg for the IOP; 2.47 ± 0.41 mm for the depth of the anterior chamber; 2.86 ± 0.96 mm for the axial length of the lens; 10.97 ± 0.48 mm for the depth of the vitreous chamber; and 16.32 ± 1.24 mm for the axial length of the eyeball. The bacterial genus most frequently found was Staphylococcus spp. Conjunctival cytology showed intermediate epithelial, squamous superficial epithelial, and keratinized cells. CONCLUSIONS Determination of baseline values for eye measurements and ophthalmic tests will assist in the diagnosis of eye diseases in S. libidinosus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Barbosa de Lucena
- Agricultural Science Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Danilo Tancler Stipp
- Agricultural Science Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Séllos Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Vânia Vieira Reis
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Péricles Farias Borges
- Agricultural Science Center, Department of Social Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Simone Bopp
- Agricultural Science Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Danila Barreiro Campos
- Agricultural Science Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Ivia Carmem Talieri
- Agricultural Science Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
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Pacheco RE, Bauer BS, Sadar MJ. Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in conscious captive European fallow deer (DAMA dama). Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:227-236. [PMID: 29855155 PMCID: PMC6090417 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal values for intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production in conscious cervids have not been reported to date. Based on trends in zoological institutions to perform non-anaesthetized health exams, it is applicable to establish normal values in conscious animals, as anaesthesia and sedation can alter these parameters. The goal of this study was to estimate intraocular pressures using rebound tonometry and measure tear production values in a group of healthy, conscious, European fallow deer utilizing chute restraint. Evaluation of these values with regards to instrumentation and restraint variables will be assessed. Complete ophthalmic examinations, including estimation of IOP with rebound tonometry and measurement of tear production with Schirmer tear tests (STT) were performed on nine conscious European fallow deer (Dama dama) restrained in a chute. Correlations between IOP on the unspecified (P) and the equine (H) settings, as well as IOP and STT differences between left (OS) and right (OD) eyes were evaluated, in addition to assessment of correlations between right and left lateral recumbency on IOP and STT. Tear production measurements were 18.7 ± 5.1 mm min-1 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) range of 16.4-21.1 mm min-1 . Intraocular pressure measurements for the P setting were 16.1 ± 4.5 mmHg with a 95% CI range of 14.1-18.2 mmHg, and for the H setting were 21.5 ± 5.1 mmHg with a 95% CI range of 19.1-23.9 mmHg. No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between OS and OD in any test. Neither left nor right lateral recumbency was found to have a statistically significant effect on IOP or STT. This study represents the first assessment of ophthalmic parameters in conscious fallow deer with rebound tonometry and STT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Pacheco
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Bianca S. Bauer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Miranda J. Sadar
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
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Sphenisciformes, Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, Procellariiformes, and Pelecaniformes. PATHOLOGY OF WILDLIFE AND ZOO ANIMALS 2018:653-686. [PMCID: PMC7158273 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Penguins are flightless seabirds with unique anatomy. Although susceptible to a wide range of diseases, aspergillosis and avian malaria dominate captive mortalities, whereas starvation impacts free-ranging colonies. Gastrointestinal foreign bodies, pododermatitis, drug and heavy metal toxicities are relevant in captivity; oil and algal biotoxicities in the wild. Arthropod-borne, pox-, and herpesviruses are significant for captive and free-ranging populations. Important bacterial diseases include salmonellosis, clostridiosis, and the polymicrobial contribution to penguin diphtheria. Free-ranging populations frequently harbor metazoan parasites but avian malaria is the most clinically important parasitic disease. Many Pelecaniformes, Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, and Procellariiformes are pelagic species that congregate periodically in nesting colonies or during migration. For free-ranging pelagic species, information derives from infrequent opportunistic screening as sentinels of ocean health and pathogen circulation, and mass mortality events. Birds in captive populations, whose life history differs dramatically, are sparsely represented. Nutritional stress, infectious disease, and toxins contribute to morbidity in congregating birds. Adverse anthropogenic influences (population growth, climate change, environmental pollution, and intensive fishing) pose conservation threats.
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Freeman KS, Fiorello C, Murray M. Comparison of anterior segment health in wild and captive common murres. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:174-181. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate S. Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 W. Drake Rd. Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Christine Fiorello
- Oiled Wildlife Care Network; School of Veterinary Medicine; One Health Institute; University of California; 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Michael Murray
- Monterey Bay Aquarium; 886 Cannery Row Monterey CA 93940 USA
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Falcão MS, Monteiro RV, Oriá AP, Galera PD. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.
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Cordeiro de Araujo NLL, Santos Raposo AC, Muramoto C, Santos de Meneses ÍD, Bittencourt MV, Martins Filho EF, Oriá AP. Evaluation of Selected Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests in Green Iguanas ( Iguana iguana ). J Exot Pet Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Falcão MSA, Monteiro RV, Carvalho CM, Andrade HHD, Galera PD. Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.
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Rajaei SM, Ansari mood M, DVM SSGH. Measurement of Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Captive Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris). J Avian Med Surg 2016; 30:324-328. [DOI: 10.1647/2015-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CATARACT IN CAPTIVE MACARONI (EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS) AND ROCKHOPPER PENGUINS (EUDYPTES CHRYSOCOME). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:806-819. [PMID: 27691963 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0252.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed on 160 Macaroni penguins ( Eudyptes chrysolophus ) and 90 Rockhopper penguins ( Eudyptes chrysocome ) at eight North American zoological institutions. Cataract prevalence in the Macaroni population was 46.5% (n = 74) of penguins and 42.3% (135/319) of eyes. Cataract prevalence in the Rockhopper population was 45.5% (n = 40) of penguins and 40.6% (73/180) of eyes. The mean age of Macaroni penguins without ocular disease was 7.4 ± 5.8 yr, while that of Rockhoppers was 9.8 ± 6.4 yr. Risk factors for cataract were examined through husbandry surveys completed by each institution and by evaluation of light intensity and ultraviolet (UV) light measurements acquired in each penguin exhibit. Risk factors associated with cataract in Macaroni penguins included age, dietary smelt, hand-feeding, and fluorescent exhibit lighting. Risk factors associated with cataract in Rockhopper penguins included age, dietary capelin, increasing population density, and increasing length of minimum photoperiod. Factors associated with decreased odds of cataract in Macaroni penguins included saltwater pool, monitoring of water quality for salinity, pH, and alkalinity; use of water additives; presence of pool filtration and sterilization systems; use of metal halide lightbulbs; increasing light intensity; and UV spectrum lighting. Factors associated with decreased odds of cataract in Rockhoppers included dietary herring and krill, increasing exhibit land area, pool temperature monitoring, increasing maximum photoperiod, and increasing minimum UV light.
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MEASUREMENT OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN THE DOMESTIC PIGEON (COLUMBIA LIVIA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:935-938. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0102.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Monção-Silva R, Ofri R, Raposo AC, Araújo N, Torezani J, Muramoto C, Oriá A. Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests in Parrots (Amazona amazonica) and (Amazona aestiva). J Exot Pet Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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O'Connell KM, Michau TM, Stine JM, Reid AT. Ophthalmic diagnostic testing and examination findings in a colony of captive brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:196-204. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammy M. Michau
- Ophthalmology; BluePearl Veterinary Partners; Tampa FL 33614 USA
| | - Jessica M. Stine
- Ophthalmology; BluePearl Veterinary Partners; Tampa FL 33614 USA
| | - Andrea T. Reid
- Ophthalmology; BluePearl Veterinary Partners; Tampa FL 33614 USA
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Zouache MA, Eames I, Samsudin A. Allometry and Scaling of the Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humour Flow Rate in Vertebrate Eyes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151490. [PMID: 26990431 PMCID: PMC4798774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, intraocular pressure (IOP) is required to maintain the eye into a shape allowing it to function as an optical instrument. It is sustained by the balance between the production of aqueous humour by the ciliary body and the resistance to its outflow from the eye. Dysregulation of the IOP is often pathological to vision. High IOP may lead to glaucoma, which is in man the second most prevalent cause of blindness. Here, we examine the importance of the IOP and rate of formation of aqueous humour in the development of vertebrate eyes by performing allometric and scaling analyses of the forces acting on the eye during head movement and the energy demands of the cornea, and testing the predictions of the models against a list of measurements in vertebrates collated through a systematic review. We show that the IOP has a weak dependence on body mass, and that in order to maintain the focal length of the eye, it needs to be an order of magnitude greater than the pressure drop across the eye resulting from gravity or head movement. This constitutes an evolutionary constraint that is common to all vertebrates. In animals with cornea-based optics, this constraint also represents a condition to maintain visual acuity. Estimated IOPs were found to increase with the evolution of terrestrial animals. The rate of formation of aqueous humour was found to be adjusted to the metabolic requirements of the cornea, scaling as Vac(0.67), where Vac is the volume of the anterior chamber. The present work highlights an interdependence between IOP and aqueous flow rate crucial to ocular function that must be considered to understand the evolution of the dioptric apparatus. It should also be taken into consideration in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa A. Zouache
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Eames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN SOUTHERN ROCKHOPPER (EUDYPTES CHRYSOCOME) AND MACARONI PENGUINS (EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS): EVALUATION OF INFLUENCING FACTORS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:223-35. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0216.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ansari Mood M, Rajaei SM, Ghazanfari Hashemi S, Williams DL, Sadjadi R. Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:53-57. [PMID: 26785687 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to establish a reference value of tear production and intraocular pressure in clinically normal ducks and geese. ANIMAL STUDIED The study population consisted of forty-eight ducks (24 males and 24 females) and fifty-two geese (26 males and 26 females). PROCEDURES Birds were gently physically restrained in dorsoventral position without any pressure to the head and neck. Tear secretion and intraocular pressure were measured using 5-mm-wide Schirmer tear test strips and TonoVet® rebound tonometer, respectively. RESULTS Overall mean ± 2SD STT and IOP values of all eyes were 6.2 ± 2.2 mm/min and 10.2 ± 2.2 mmHg, respectively, for the ducks; 5.5 ± 2.6 mm/min and 9.1 ± 2.0 mmHg, respectively, for the geese. There was no statistically significant difference in IOP between left eye and right eye or between males and females in ducks (P = 0.56, P = 0.63) and geese (P = 0.23, P = 0.22). Analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant differences in the STT and IOP between the breeds in ducks (P = 0.49, P = 0.68) and geese (P = 0.14, P = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study may be beneficial for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of ducks and geese affected with Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, glaucoma, and uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneli Ansari Mood
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Payam Blvd, Sarv Sq, Saadat Abad, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Rajaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Moazen Blvd, 31485-313, Alborz, Iran
| | - Sohail Ghazanfari Hashemi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Iranian pet hospital, Pasdaran St., Tehran, Iran
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reza Sadjadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Payam Blvd, Sarv Sq, Saadat Abad, Tehran, Iran
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