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Yousuf B, Pasha R, Pineault N, Ramirez-Arcos S. Modulation of Staphylococcus aureus gene expression during proliferation in platelet concentrates with focus on virulence and platelet functionality. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307920. [PMID: 39052660 PMCID: PMC11271859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-documented bacterial contaminant in platelet concentrates (PCs), a blood component used to treat patients with platelet deficiencies. This bacterium can evade routine PC culture screening and cause septic transfusion reactions. Here, we investigated the gene expression modulation within the PC niche versus trypticase soy media (TSB) of S. aureus CBS2016-05, a strain isolated from a septic reaction, in comparison to PS/BAC/317/16/W, a strain identified during PC screening. RNA-seq analysis revealed upregulation of the capsule biosynthesis operon (capA-H), surface adhesion factors (sasADF), clumping factor A (clfA), protein A (spa), and anaerobic metabolism genes (pflAB, nrdDG) in CBS2016-05 when grown in PCs versus TSB, implying its enhanced pathogenicity in this milieu, in contrast to the PS/BAC/317/16/W strain. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of S. aureus CBS2016-05 on platelet functionality in spiked PCs versus non-spiked PC units. Flow cytometry analyses revealed a significant decrease in glycoprotein (GP) IIb (CD41) and GPIbα (CD42b) expression, alongside increased P-selectin (CD62P) and phosphatidylserine (annexin V) expression in spiked PCs compared to non-spiked PCs (p = 0.01). Moreover, spiked PCs exhibited a drastic reduction in MitoTrack Red FM and Calcein AM positive platelets (87.3% vs. 29.4%, p = 0.0001 and 95.4% vs. 24.7%, p = 0.0001) in a bacterial cell density manner. These results indicated that S. aureus CBS2016-05 triggers platelet activation and apoptosis, and compromises mitochondrial functionality and platelet viability, in contaminated PCs. Furthermore, this study enhanced our understanding of the effects of platelet-bacteria interactions in the unique PC niche, highlighting S. aureus increased pathogenicity and deleterious effect on platelet functionality in a strain specific manner. Our novel insights serve as a platform to improve PC transfusion safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basit Yousuf
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Roya Pasha
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pineault
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sandra Ramirez-Arcos
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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2
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Prax M, McDonald CP, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Cloutier M, Gravemann U, Grothaus A, Krut O, Mpumlwana X, O'Flaherty N, Satake M, Stafford B, Suessner S, Vollmer T, Ramirez-Arcos S. Characterization of transfusion-relevant bacteria reference strains in a lyophilized format. Vox Sang 2024. [PMID: 38754952 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Blood safety measures used by blood establishments to increase blood component safety can be validated using Transfusion-Relevant Bacterial Reference Strains (TRBRS). Ultra-cold storage conditions and manual preparation of the current TRBRS may restrict their practical use. To address this issue, the ISBT Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases Working Party's Bacterial Subgroup organized an international study to validate TRBRS in a user-friendly, lyophilised format. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two bacterial strains Klebsiella pneumoniae PEI-B-P-08 and Staphylococcus aureus PEI-B-P-63 were manufactured as lyophilised material. The lyophilised bacteria were distributed to 11 different labs worldwide to assess the robustness for enumeration, identification and determination of growth kinetics in platelet concentrates (PCs). RESULTS Production of lyophilised TRBRS had no impact on the growth properties compared with the traditional format. The new format allows a direct low-quantity spiking of approximately 30 bacteria in PCs for transfusion-relevant experiments. In addition, the lyophilised bacteria exhibit long-term stability across a broad temperature range and can even be directly rehydrated in PCs without losing viability. Interlaboratory comparative study demonstrated the robustness of the new format as 100% of spiked PC exhibited growth. CONCLUSION Lyophilised TRBRS provide a user-friendly material for transfusion-related studies. TRBRS in the new format have improved features that may lead to a more frequent use in the quality control of transfusion-related safety measures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ute Gravemann
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Springe, Germany
| | | | - Oleg Krut
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Xoliswa Mpumlwana
- Constantia Kloof, South African National Blood Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Suessner
- Red Cross Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, Austrian Red Cross, Linz, Austria
| | - Tanja Vollmer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ramirez-Arcos
- Innovation & Portfolio Management, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Jacobs MR, Zhou B, Tayal A, Maitta RW. Bacterial Contamination of Platelet Products. Microorganisms 2024; 12:258. [PMID: 38399662 PMCID: PMC10891786 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Transfusion of bacterially contaminated platelets, although rare, is still a major cause of mortality and morbidity despite the introduction of many methods to limit this over the past 20 years. The methods used include improved donor skin disinfection, diversion of the first part of donations, use of apheresis platelet units rather than whole-blood derived pools, primary and secondary testing by culture or rapid test, and use of pathogen reduction. Primary culture has been in use the US since 2004, using culture 24 h after collection of volumes of 4-8 mL from apheresis collections and whole-blood derived pools inoculated into aerobic culture bottles, with limited use of secondary testing by culture or rapid test to extend shelf-life from 5 to 7 days. Primary culture was introduced in the UK in 2011 using a "large-volume, delayed sampling" (LVDS) protocol requiring culture 36-48 h after collection of volumes of 16 mL from split apheresis units and whole-blood derived pools, inoculated into aerobic and anaerobic culture bottles (8 mL each), with a shelf-life of 7 days. Pathogen reduction using amotosalen has been in use in Europe since 2002, and was approved for use in the US in 2014. In the US, recent FDA guidance, effective October 2021, recommended several strategies to limit bacterial contamination of platelet products, including pathogen reduction, variants of the UK LVDS method and several two-step strategies, with shelf-life ranging from 3 to 7 days. The issues associated with bacterial contamination and these strategies are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Jacobs
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.Z.); (A.T.); (R.W.M.)
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4
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Vassallo R, Kamel H, Goel R, Al-Riyami AZ, Al Muharrmi Z, Jacquot C, Ramirez-Arcos S, Khandelwal A, Goldman M, Hands K, McLintock L, Mitchell H, Wendel S, Scuracchio P, Fachini R, Pettersson SM, Bengtsson J, Brailsford SR, Tossell J, Amorim L, Lopes ME, Pêcego M, Germain M, Renaud C, Morley SL, So R, Townsend M, Hopkins C, Harritshoej LH, Erikstrup C, Gosbell IB, Levin MH, Dennington PM, Dunbar N. International Forum on Management of Blood Donors with Culture-Positive Platelet Donations: Summary. Vox Sang 2023; 118:997-1003. [PMID: 37772636 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
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5
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Yousuf B, Pasha R, Pineault N, Ramirez‐Arcos S. Contamination of platelet concentrates with
Staphylococcus aureus
induces significant modulations in platelet functionality. Vox Sang 2022; 117:1318-1322. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basit Yousuf
- Medical Affairs and Innovation Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Roya Pasha
- Medical Affairs and Innovation Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Nicolas Pineault
- Medical Affairs and Innovation Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Sandra Ramirez‐Arcos
- Medical Affairs and Innovation Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
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6
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Kamel H, Ramirez-Arcos S, McDonald C. The international experience of bacterial screen testing of platelet components with automated microbial detection systems: An update. Vox Sang 2022; 117:647-655. [PMID: 35178718 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, the bacterial subgroup of the Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases working party of ISBT published a review on the International Experience of Bacterial Screen Testing of Platelet Components (PCs) with an Automated Microbial Detection System. The purpose of this review, which is focused on publications on or after 2014, is to summarize recent experiences related to bacterial contamination of PCs and the use of an automated culture method to safeguard the blood supply. We first reviewed septic transfusion reactions after PC transfusion as reported in national haemovigilance systems along with a few reports from various countries on bacterial contamination of blood products. Next, we reviewed PC automated culture protocols employed by national blood services in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and large blood collection organization and hospital transfusion services in the United States. Then, we acknowledged the limitations of currently available culture methodologies in abating the risks of transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection, through a review of case reports. This review was neither meant to be critical of the literature reviewed nor meant to identify or recommend a best practice. We concluded that significant risk reduction can be achieved by one or a combination of more than one strategy. No one approach is feasible for all institutions worldwide. In selecting strategies, institutions should consider the possible impact on platelet components availability and entertain a risk-based decision-making approach that accounts for operational, logistical and financial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Kamel
- Medical Affairs, Vitalant, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Sandra Ramirez-Arcos
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada.,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Matsumoto M, Kozakai M, Furuta RA, Matsubayashi K, Satake M. Association of Staphylococcus aureus in platelet concentrates with skin diseases in blood donors: Limitations of cultural bacterial screening. Transfusion 2022; 62:621-632. [PMID: 35045189 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates (PCs) is a major problem in transfusion medicine. Contamination with Staphylococcus aureus is occasionally missed, even with cultural screening. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Donors implicated in S. aureus-contaminated PC were followed up. Skin and nasal swab specimens from six donors and S. aureus isolated from PCs related to these donors were subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine the identity of bacteria. To evaluate the validity of the screening method using BacT/ALERT 3D, we spiked S. aureus and three other bacterial species as comparisons into PCs and investigated their growth pattern. RESULTS S. aureus was isolated from all nasal specimens and from the arm skin specimens of three donors with atopic dermatitis. In all cases, the S. aureus strains isolated from the PC and those from the nasal and skin specimens of the same donor showed concordant results using MLST and PFGE. In the spiking study, S. aureus showed irregular detectability over 24 to 48 h post-spike periods, whereas the three other bacterial species were detected in all culture bottles after a 24-h post-spike period. DISCUSSION The strain identity of S. aureus between donor and PC suggests that the contaminants were derived from those colonized in the donor. Furthermore, S. aureus yielded false-negative results using BacT/ALERT 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Matsumoto
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Kozakai
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika A Furuta
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Matsubayashi
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Complete Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus PS/BAC/169/17/W, Isolated from a Contaminated Platelet Concentrate in England. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0084121. [PMID: 34761954 PMCID: PMC8582312 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00841-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus PS/BAC/169/17/W, which was isolated in 2017 from a contaminated platelet concentrate at the National Health Service Blood and Transplant. Assessment of the genome sequence of this strain showed the presence of a 2,753,746-bp chromosome and a plasmid of 2,762 bp.
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Complete Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus CI/BAC/25/13/W, Isolated from Contaminated Platelet Concentrates in England. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0084021. [PMID: 34761952 PMCID: PMC8582310 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00840-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus CI/BAC/25/13/W, which was isolated in 2013 as a contaminant of a platelet concentrate with abnormal clotting at the National Health Service Blood and Transplant. Assessment of the genome sequence showed the presence of one chromosome (2,719,347 bp) and one plasmid (1,533 bp).
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10
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Yousuf B, Flint A, Weedmark K, McDonald C, Bearne J, Pagotto F, Ramirez-Arcos S. Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus Strain PS/BAC/317/16/W, Isolated from Contaminated Platelet Concentrates in England. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0057721. [PMID: 34472978 PMCID: PMC8411914 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00577-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus strain PS/BAC/317/16/W, which was isolated from contaminated platelet concentrates by the National Health Service Blood and Transplant in England (2017). Genome sequence analysis revealed the presence of one chromosome (2,665,983 bp) and two plasmids (4,265 bp and 2,921 bp) in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basit Yousuf
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Annika Flint
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kelly Weedmark
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Carl McDonald
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Bearne
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, London, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sandra Ramirez-Arcos
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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11
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Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus Strain CBS2016-05, Isolated from Contaminated Platelet Concentrates in Canada. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0028821. [PMID: 34435853 PMCID: PMC8388531 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00288-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus strain CBS2016-05, which was isolated from contaminated platelet concentrates by Canadian Blood Services in 2016. This strain caused a septic reaction in an acute leukemia patient. Genome sequence analysis revealed the presence of one chromosome (2,766,936 bp) and one plasmid (36,441 bp).
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12
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Rosskopf K, Helmberg W, Schlenke P. Pathogen reduction of double-dose platelet concentrates from pools of eight buffy coats: Product quality, safety, and economic aspects. Transfusion 2020; 60:2058-2066. [PMID: 32619068 PMCID: PMC7540585 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathogen reduction (PR) of platelet concentrates (PCs) contributes to the safety of platelet (PLT) transfusion by reducing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections and transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease. In vitro quality of pathogen‐reduced double‐dose PC (PR‐PC) made of eight whole blood (WB)‐derived buffy coats (BCs) were evaluated. Methods Eight small‐volume WB BCs from donors with at least 200 × 109 PLT/L were pooled with an additive solution to produce double‐dose PCs (DD‐PCs), which were treated with amotosalen/ultraviolet A light in a dual storage processing set, yielding 2 units of PR‐PC. Quality controls were undertaken as per European Directive for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) guidelines. PLT recovery rates were measured. Production costs and savings were compared over the 3 years before and after PR implementation. Results In the pre‐PR period, 19 666 PCs were produced, compared to 17 307 PCs in the PR period. Single BC in the PR period had 41 ± 2 mL, hematocrit 0.39 ± 0.04 and 1.06 ± 0.18 × 1011 PLTs, and showed a recovery of 91% ± 8%. After pooling, separation, PR treatment of DD‐PC, and splitting, each single PC had 189 ± 6 mL with 2.52 ± 0.34 × 1011 PLTs, compared to 2.48 ± 0.40 in the pre‐PR period. The PLT recovery rate after PR was 87% ± 14%. EDQM requirements were met. An increase of about €12 (+7.5%) per PC from the pre‐PR to the PR period was identified. Conclusion A new production method resulting in two PR‐PCs made from pools of 8 BCs with use of one PR set was successfully introduced, and our experience of nearly 3 years demonstrated the high efficacy and in vitro quality of the PR‐PCs obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rosskopf
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Graz and LKH-Univ.Klinikum Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Helmberg
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Graz and LKH-Univ.Klinikum Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Schlenke
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Graz and LKH-Univ.Klinikum Graz, Graz, Austria
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Satake M, Kozakai M, Matsumoto M, Matsubayashi K, Taira R, Goto N. Platelet safety strategies in Japan: impact of short shelf life on the incidence of septic reactions. Transfusion 2020; 60:731-738. [PMID: 32119134 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections (TTBIs) often have serious consequences for patients. The Japanese Red Cross (JRC) has not implemented culture screening for platelet concentrate (PC), but it has maintained a shelf life of 85 hours for PC. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The JRC collected reports of suspected TTBI and investigated causal relationships using PC samples and patient blood samples. PCs showing apparent abnormalities were retrieved and cultured and analyzed for bacterial growth. RESULTS The JRC analyzed 86 samples available from 135 transfused PCs with suspected TTBIs that were collected over the past 12 years; 17 (19.8%) were culture-positive. One, 6, and 10 TTBIs developed in patients on Days 1, 2, and 3 after PC collection, respectively. Assuming that PC is transfused on the day of issue, the TTBI risk was fourfold higher on Day 3 than on Day 2, after adjusting the TTBI incidence for the number of PCs issued per day. Compared with the model of issuing all PCs on Day 3, issuing PCs with the current distribution of storage time could have decreased the TTBI incidence by 56%. During the past 8 years, the JRC retrieved 960 PC units because of apparent abnormalities, 2.8% of which were culture-positive. CONCLUSION The short shelf life of PC is associated with a low incidence of reported TTBIs, more than half of which occurred on Day 3 relative to earlier time points. Visual inspection of PC before transfusion is crucial in detecting bacterially contaminated PC despite its low positive predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross, Tokyo, Japan.,Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Kozakai
- Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Rikizo Taira
- Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto
- Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross, Tokyo, Japan
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