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Prax M, Spindler-Raffel E, McDonald CP, Bearne J, Satake M, Kozakai M, Rojo J, Hanschmann KMO, Lambrecht B, Grundmann U, O'Flaherty N, Klimek A, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Gathof BS, Störmer M, Süßner S, Renke C, Lee CK, Knabbe C, Vollmer T, Keil SD, Shipps ME, Wagner SJ, Jentsch U, Mpumlwana X, Cloutier M, Bringmann P, Lu T, Ramirez-Arcos S, Kou Y, Krut O. Establishment of transfusion-relevant bacteria reference strains for red blood cells. Vox Sang 2020; 116:692-701. [PMID: 33341965 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Red blood cell concentrates (RBCC) are susceptible to bacterial contamination despite cold storage. A reliable evaluation of strategies to minimize the risk of RBCC-associated bacterial transmission requires the use of suitable reference bacteria. Already existing Transfusion-Relevant Bacteria Reference Strains (TRBRS) for platelet concentrates fail to grow in RBCC. Consequently, the ISBT TTID, Working Party, Bacterial Subgroup, conducted an international study on TRBRS for RBCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six bacterial strains (Listeria monocytogenes PEI-A-199, Serratia liquefaciens PEI-A-184, Serratia marcescens PEI-B-P-56, Pseudomonas fluorescens PEI-B-P-77, Yersinia enterocolitica PEI-A-105, Yersinia enterocolitica PEI-A-176) were distributed to 15 laboratories worldwide for enumeration, identification, and determination of growth kinetics in RBCC at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 of storage after low-count spiking (10-25 CFU/RBCC). RESULTS Bacterial proliferation in RBCC was obtained for most strains, except for S. marcescens, which grew only at 4 of 15 laboratories. S. liquefaciens, S. marcescens, P. fluorescens and the two Y. enterocolitica strains reached the stationary phase between days 14 and 21 of RBCC storage with a bacterial concentration of approximately 109 CFU/ml. L. monocytogenes displayed slower growth kinetics reaching 106 -107 CFU/ml after 42 days. CONCLUSION The results illustrate the importance of conducting comprehensive studies to establish well-characterized reference strains, which can be a tool to assess strategies and methods used to ameliorate blood safety. The WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization adopted the five successful strains as official RBCC reference strains. Our study also highlights the relevance of visual inspection to interdict contaminated RBC units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Spindler-Raffel
- Institut für Lebensmittelsicherheit/Food Safety, Hochschule, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Julieta Rojo
- Centro Nacional de la Transfusión Sanguínea, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Udo Grundmann
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Springe, Germany
| | | | - Agata Klimek
- Irish Blood Transfusion Service, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Birgit S Gathof
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Störmer
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Süßner
- Red Cross Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, Austrian Red Cross, Linz, Austria
| | - Claudia Renke
- Red Cross Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, Austrian Red Cross, Linz, Austria
| | - Cheuk-Kwong Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vollmer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephen J Wagner
- Holland Laboratory, Transfusion Innovation Department, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ute Jentsch
- Constantia Kloof, South African National Blood Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Xoliswa Mpumlwana
- Constantia Kloof, South African National Blood Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Thea Lu
- Cerus Corporation, Concord, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Ramirez-Arcos
- Canadian Blood Service, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Oleg Krut
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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Prax M, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Krut O. Microbiological Screening of Platelet Concentrates in Europe. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:76-86. [PMID: 31191193 DOI: 10.1159/000499349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of transfusion-associated sepsis due to transmission of bacteria is a persistent problem in the transfusion field. Despite numerous interventions to reduce the risk, cases of bacterial sepsis following transfusion are repeatedly being reported. Especially platelet concentrates are highly susceptible to bacterial contaminations due to the growth-promoting storage conditions. In Europe, blood establishments and national authorities have implemented individual precaution measures to mitigate the risk of bacterial transmission. To obtain an overview of the different approaches, we compiled information from national authorities, blood establishments, and the current literature. Several aspects such as the shelf life of platelets, time of sampling and the applied control measures are compared between the member states. The analysis of the data revealed a broad heterogeneity of procedures on a national level ranging from platelet release without any safety testing up to mandatory screening of all platelet concentrates prior to transfusion. Despite the substantial progress made in recent years, several bacterial reports on transfusion-associated sepsis indicate that further efforts are needed to increase the safety of blood transfusions in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Prax
- Division of Microbiology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Oleg Krut
- Division of Microbiology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
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Ramirez‐Arcos S, McDonald C, Deol P, Kreuger AL, Patel N, Pidcoke H, Prax M, Seltsam A, Stassinopoulos A. Bacterial safety of blood components–a congress review of the ISBT transfusion‐transmitted infectious diseases working party, bacterial subgroup. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Axel Seltsam
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB Springe Germany
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Prax M, Mechler L, Weidenmaier C, Bertram R. Glucose Augments Killing Efficiency of Daptomycin Challenged Staphylococcus aureus Persisters. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150907. [PMID: 26960193 PMCID: PMC4784881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in stationary growth phase with high doses of the antibiotic daptomycin (DAP) eradicates the vast majority of the culture and leaves persister cells behind. Despite resting in a drug-tolerant and dormant state, persister cells exhibit metabolic activity which might be exploited for their elimination. We here report that the addition of glucose to S. aureus persisters treated with DAP increased killing by up to five-fold within one hour. This glucose-DAP effect also occurred with strains less sensitive to the drug. The underlying mechanism is independent of the proton motive force and was not observed with non-metabolizable 2-deoxy-glucose. Our results are consistent with two hypotheses on the glucose-DAP interplay. The first is based upon glucose-induced carbohydrate transport proteins that may influence DAP and the second suggests that glucose may trigger the release or activity of cell-lytic proteins to augment DAP’s mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Prax
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Lehrbereich Mikrobielle Genetik, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Mikrobiologische Sicherheit, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51–59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Lukas Mechler
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Lehrbereich Mikrobielle Genetik, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weidenmaier
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Bertram
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Lehrbereich Mikrobielle Genetik, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Klinikum Nürnberg Medical School GmbH, Research Department, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ebner P, Prax M, Nega M, Koch I, Dube L, Yu W, Rinker J, Popella P, Flötenmeyer M, Götz F. Excretion of cytoplasmic proteins (ECP) inStaphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:775-89. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ebner
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Marcel Prax
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Mulugeta Nega
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Iris Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Spemannstr. 35 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Linda Dube
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Wenqi Yu
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Janina Rinker
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Peter Popella
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Matthias Flötenmeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Spemannstr. 35 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
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Abstract
Excretion of cytosolic proteins (ECP) has been reported in bacteria and eukaryotes. As none of the classical signal peptide (SP) dependent or SP-independent pathways could be associated with ECP, it has been also referred to as 'non-classical protein export'. When microbiologists first began to study this subject in 1990, mainly singular cytoplasmic proteins were investigated, such as GAPDH at the cell surface and in the supernatant of pathogenic streptococci or glutamine synthetase (GlnA) as a major extracellular protein in pathogenic mycobacteria. Later, with the rising popularity of proteomics, it became obvious that the secretome of most bacteria contained a copious amount of cytosolic proteins. In particular ancient proteins such as glycolytic enzymes, chaperones, translation factors or enzymes involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen were found in the supernatants. As the excreted proteins do not possess a common motive, the most widespread opinion is that ECP is due to cell lysis. Indeed, upregulation of autolysins or distortion of the murein structure increased ECP, suggesting that enhanced ECP is some sort of survival strategy to counteract osmotic stress. However, in the meantime there are mounting evidences and hints that speak against cell lysis as a primary mechanism for ECP. Very likely, ECP belongs to the normal life cycle of bacteria and involves a programmed process. This review provides a brief overview of the 'non-classical protein export'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wenqi Yu
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linda Dube
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Prax
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ebner
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Persister cells form a multi-drug tolerant subpopulation within an isogenic culture of bacteria that are genetically susceptible to antibiotics. Studies with different Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria have identified a large number of genes associated with the persister state. In contrast, the revelation of persister metabolism has only been addressed recently. We here summarize metabolic aspects of persisters, which includes an overview about the bifunctional role of selected carbohydrates as both triggers for the exit from the drug tolerant state and metabolites which persisters feed on. Also alarmones as indicators for starvation have been shown to influence persister levels via different signaling cascades involving the activation of toxin-antitoxin systems and other regulatory factors. Finally, recent data obtained by (13)C-isotopolog profiling demonstrated an active amino acid anabolism in Staphylococcus aureus cultures challenged with high drug concentrations. Understanding the metabolism of persister cells poses challenges but also paves the way for the development of anti-persister compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Prax
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Science, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Bertram
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Science, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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Lechner S, Prax M, Lange B, Huber C, Eisenreich W, Herbig A, Nieselt K, Bertram R. Metabolic and transcriptional activities of Staphylococcus aureus challenged with high-doses of daptomycin. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:931-40. [PMID: 24980509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of stationary growth phase Staphylococcus aureus SA113 with 100-fold of the MIC of the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin leaves alive a small fraction of drug tolerant albeit genetically susceptible bacteria. This study shows that cells of this subpopulation exhibit active metabolism even hours after the onset of the drug challenge. Isotopologue profiling using fully (13)C-labeled glucose revealed de novo biosynthesis of the amino acids Ala, Asp, Glu, Ser, Gly and His. The isotopologue composition in Asp and Glu suggested an increased activity of the TCA cycle under daptomycin treatment compared to unaffected stationary growth phase cells. Microarray analysis showed differential expression of specific genes 10 min and 3 h after addition of the drug. Besides factors involved in drug response, a number of metabolic genes appear to shape the signature of daptomycin-tolerant S. aureus cells. These observations will be useful toward the development of new strategies against persisters and related forms of bacterial cells with downshifted physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lechner
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Lehrbereich Mikrobielle Genetik, Waldhäuser Str. 70/8, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Prax
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Lehrbereich Mikrobielle Genetik, Waldhäuser Str. 70/8, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Zentrum für Bioinformatik, Forschungsgruppe Integrative Transkriptomik, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kay Nieselt
- Zentrum für Bioinformatik, Forschungsgruppe Integrative Transkriptomik, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Bertram
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Lehrbereich Mikrobielle Genetik, Waldhäuser Str. 70/8, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Staphylococci are Gram-positive spherical bacteria of enormous clinical and biotechnological relevance. Staphylococcus aureus has been extensively studied as a model pathogen. A plethora of methods and molecular tools has been developed for genetic modification of at least ten different staphylococcal species to date. Here we review recent developments of various genetic tools and molecular methods for staphylococcal research, which include reporter systems and vectors for controllable gene expression, gene inactivation, gene essentiality testing, chromosomal integration and transposon delivery. It is furthermore illustrated how mutant strain construction by homologous or site-specific recombination benefits from sophisticated counterselection methods. The underlying genetic components have been shown to operate in wild-type staphylococci or modified chassis strains. Finally, possible future developments in the field of applied Staphylococcus genetics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Prax
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Waldhäuser Str. 70/8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chia Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Slot 511, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ralph Bertram
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Waldhäuser Str. 70/8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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