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Hazzi N, Hormiga G. Systematics, distribution patterns and historical biogeography of the Central America wandering spider genus Kiekie Polotow & Brescovit, 2018 (Araneae: Ctenidae). PeerJ 2024; 12:e17242. [PMID: 38699180 PMCID: PMC11064872 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Kiekie Polotow & Brescovit, 2018 is a Neotropical genus of Ctenidae, with most of its species occuring in Central America. In this study, we review the systematics of Kiekie and describe five new species and the unknown females of K. barrocolorado Polotow & Brescovit, 2018 and K. garifuna Polotow & Brescovit, 2018, and the unknown male of K. verbena Polotow & Brescovit, 2018. In addition, we described the female of K. montanense which was wrongly assigned as K. griswoldi Polotow & Brescovit, 2018 (both species are sympatric). We provided a modified diagnosis for previously described species based on the morphology of the newly discovered species and in situ photographs of living specimens. We inferred a molecular phylogeny using four nuclear (histone H3, 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA and ITS-2) and three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I or COI, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) to test the monophyly of the genus and the evolutionary relationships of its species. Lastly, we reconstruct the historical biogeography and map diversity and endemism distributional patterns of the different species. This study increased the number of known species of Kiekie from 13 to 18, and we describe a new genus, Eldivo which is sister lineage of Kiekie. Most of the diversity and endemism of the genus Kiekie is located in the montane ecosystems of Costa Rica followed by the lowland rainforest of the Pacific side (Limon Basin). Kiekie originated in the North America Tropical region, this genus started diversifying in the Late Miocene and spread to Lower Central America and South America. In that region, Kiekie colonized independently several times the montane ecosystems corresponding to periods of uplifting of Talamanca and Central Cordilleras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hazzi
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States
- Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Fundacion Ecotonos, Cali, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Kulkarni S, Wood HM, Hormiga G. Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies. Cladistics 2023; 39:479-532. [PMID: 37787157 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade and a half, advances in genetic sequencing technologies have revolutionized systematics, transforming the field from studying morphological characters or a few genetic markers, to genomic datasets in the phylogenomic era. A plethora of molecular phylogenetic studies on many taxonomic groups have come about, converging on, or refuting prevailing morphology or legacy-marker-based hypotheses about evolutionary affinities. Spider systematics has been no exception to this transformation and the inter-relationships of several groups have now been studied using genomic data. About 51 500 extant spider species have been described, all with a conservative body plan, but innumerable morphological and behavioural peculiarities. Inferring the spider tree of life using morphological data has been a challenging task. Molecular data have corroborated many hypotheses of higher-level relationships, but also resulted in new groups that refute previous hypotheses. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life and highlight areas where additional effort is needed with potential solutions. We base this review on the most comprehensive spider phylogeny to date, representing 131 of the 132 spider families. To achieve this sampling, we combined six Sanger-based markers with newly generated and publicly available genome-scale datasets. We find that some inferred relationships between major lineages of spiders (such as Austrochiloidea, Palpimanoidea and Synspermiata) are robust across different classes of data. However, several new hypotheses have emerged with different classes of molecular data. We identify and discuss the robust and controversial hypotheses and compile this blueprint to design future studies targeting systematic revisions of these problematic groups. We offer an evolutionary framework to explore comparative questions such as evolution of venoms, silk, webs, morphological traits and reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Hannah M Wood
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Fomichev AA, Omelko MM, Marusik YM. A survey of the Sumatran Ctenidae (Araneae). 1. Two new Acantheis species. Zootaxa 2023; 5353:117-130. [PMID: 38221416 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5353.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Two new species of Acantheis Thorell, 1891 are described from Sumatra Island: A. andreimishenini sp. n. () and A. sergeimishenini sp. n. (). Detailed descriptions, digital photographs and a distributional map are provided. Male copulatory organs and habitus of A. dimidiatus (Thorell, 1890) from the same island are shown for the first time. The male and female copulatory organs of Acantheis are described in detail for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Fomichev
- Altai State University; Lenina Pr.; 61; Barnaul; RF-656049; Russia; Tomsk State University; Lenina Pr.; 36; Tomsk; RF-634050; Russia.
| | - Mikhail M Omelko
- Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity; Far Eastern Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok 690022; Russia.
| | - Yuri M Marusik
- Altai State University; Lenina Pr.; 61; Barnaul; RF-656049; Russia; Department of Zoology & Entomology; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein 9300; South Africa; Institute for Biological Problems of the North; Magadan 685000; Russia.
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Omelko MM. Two new species of Kiekie Polotow & Brescovit, 2018 (Araneae: Ctenidae) from the highlands of Panama. Zootaxa 2023; 5323:275-284. [PMID: 38220966 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Two new species, Kiekie almae sp. n. and K. dietrichi sp. n. are described based on both sexes collected in highlands of Central America (Panama). Live males and females of both species were photographed in situ. A distribution map of all Panamanian Kiekie species is given based on new and literature-derived records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail M Omelko
- Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity; Far Eastern Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok 690022.
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Hazzi NA, Hormiga G. Molecular phylogeny of the tropical wandering spiders (Araneae, Ctenidae) and the evolution of eye conformation in the RTA clade. Cladistics 2023; 39:18-42. [PMID: 36200603 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical wandering spiders (Ctenidae) are a diverse group of cursorial predators with its greatest species richness in the tropics. Traditionally, Ctenidae are diagnosed based on the presence of eight eyes arranged in three rows (a 2-4-2 pattern). We present a molecular phylogeny of Ctenidae, including for the first time representatives of all of its subfamilies. The molecular phylogeny was inferred using five nuclear (histone H3, 28S, 18S, Actin and ITS-2) and four mitochondrial (NADH, COI, 12S and 16S) markers. The final matrix includes 259 terminals, 103 of which belong to Ctenidae and represent 28 of the current 49 described genera. We estimated divergence times by including fossils as calibration points and biogeographic events, and used the phylogenetic hypothesis obtained to reconstruct the evolution of the eye conformation in the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) clade. Ctenidae and its main lineages originated during the Paleocene-Eocene and have diversified in the tropics since then. However, in some analyses Ctenidae was recovered as polyphyletic as the genus Ancylometes Bertkau, 1880 was placed as sister to Oxyopidae. Except for Acantheinae, in which the type genus Acantheis Thorell, 1891 is placed inside Cteninae, the four recognized subfamilies of Ctenidae are monophyletic in most analyses. The ancestral reconstruction of the ocular conformation in the retrolateral tibial apophysis clade suggests that the ocular pattern of Ctenidae has evolved convergently seven times and that it has originated from ocular conformations of two rows of four eyes (4-4) and the ocular pattern of lycosids (4-2-2). We also synonymize the monotypic genus Parabatinga Polotov & Brescovit, 2009 with Centroctenus Mello-Leitão, 1929. We discuss some of the putative morphological synapomorphies of the main ctenid lineages within the phylogenetic framework offered by the molecular phylogenetic results of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Hazzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.,Fundación Ecotonos, Cra 72 No. 13ª-56, Cali, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Chu C, Lu Y, Li S, Yao Z. Taxonomic notes on eleven species of the subfamily Cteninae (Araneae, Ctenidae) from Asia. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e96003. [PMID: 36761640 PMCID: PMC9836443 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e96003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spider family Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877 has a worldwide distribution with 584 species belonging to 49 genera. Amongst these, 141 species are from Asia, including 130 species assigned to Cteninae Keyserling, 1877. New information Nine new species belonging to three genera of Cteninae are reported from Asia: Amauropelmakrabi sp. n. (female; Krabi, Thailand), Am.phangnga sp. n. (male; Phang Nga, Thailand), Am.saraburi sp. n. (male and female; Saraburi, Thailand); Anahitamedog sp. n. (male and female; Tibet, China); Bowieninhbinh sp. n. (male; Ninh Binh, Vietnam) and B.vinhphuc sp. n. (male and female; Vinh Phuc, Vietnam) from the robustus-species group; B.borneo sp. n. (male; Sabah, Malaysia) from the chinagirl-species group; B.engkilili sp. n. (female; Engkilili, Malaysia); B.sabah sp. n. (male and female; Sabah, Malaysia) from the scarymonsters-species group. The male of An.popa Jäger & Minn, 2015 and the female of B.fascination Jäger, 2022 (robustus-species group) are described for the first time. B.fascination Jäger, 2022 is reported from China for the first time. In addition, the DNA barcodes of all the species in this study were obtained, except for B.vinhphuc sp. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chu
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
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Chu C, Lu Y, Yao Z, Li S. A survey of ctenid spiders (Araneae, Ctenidae) from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yunnan, China. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e87597. [PMID: 36761608 PMCID: PMC9848462 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e87597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amauropelma Raven, Stumkat & Gray, 2001 currently contains 24 species. It is distributed in Australia, India, Indonesia, Laos and Malaysia. This genus has not been found in China. Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 comprises 213 known species. This genus is distributed worldwide. Currently, only two species, Ctenuslishuqiang Jäger, 2012 and Ctenusyaeyamensis Yoshida, 1998 are known to occur in China. New information Three new species of ctenid spiders are described from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden in Yunnan Province, China: Amauropelmayunnan sp. nov., Ctenusbanna sp. nov. and Ctenusyulin sp. nov. Amauropelma and Ctenusrobustus Thorell, 1897 are reported from China for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chu
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Dupérré N. Araneae (spiders) of South America: a synopsis of current knowledge. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.2022722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Dupérré
- Zoological Museum Hamburg, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, Hamburg, Germany
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
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Pinto Neto JPDC, Goll LG, Gross MC, Feldsberg E, Schneider CH. Cytogenetic analysis of three Ctenidae species (Araneae) from the Amazon. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20200069. [PMID: 33211059 PMCID: PMC7678259 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic characterization was performed on three wandering spiders: Ctenus amphora Mello-Leitão, 1930, C. crulsi Mello-Leitão, 1930 and C. villasboasi Mello-Leitão, 1949. The three species had similar karyotypes, with 2n = 28 (26 + X1X20) in males, with sex chromosomes exhibiting positive heteropicnosis in meiotic cells. 18S rDNA mapping revealed gene sites at the terminal region of one chromosomal pair for all species, with one C. crulsi individual, showing markings in two pairs. C. villasboasi showed markers only in the pachytene phase. The distribution pattern of constitutive heterochromatin was found to be characteristic for the genus, with markings in the centromeric region of all chromosomes, suggesting an acrocentric morphology for all chromosomes of the three analysed species. The results support the fusion of sex chromosomes as an evolutionary tendency for this spider group.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Paulo da Costa Pinto Neto
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Claudia Gross
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Eliana Feldsberg
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Rincão MP, Brescovit AD, Dias AL. Insights on repetitive DNA behavior in two species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 and Guasuctenus Polotow and Brescovit, 2019 (Araneae, Ctenidae): Evolutionary profile of H3 histone, 18S rRNA genes and heterochromatin distribution. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231324. [PMID: 32267867 PMCID: PMC7141658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ctenidae represents one of the most representative spider families in the tropical forests of Brazil. Its largest genus, Ctenus, has approximately 220 species out of the more than 520 Ctenidae species described, and several authors consider it polyphyletic. Chromosomal data are only available for four species of Ctenus, representing a large gap in the cytogenetic knowledge about the group. This study provided cytogenetic data on two Ctenus species and one Guasuctenus (previously described as Ctenus). All showed 2n♂ = 28 (26+X1X20). Guasuctenus longipes presented two chromosome pairs containing 18S rDNA genes and C. medius, however C. ornatus showed only one chromosome pair with the 18S rDNA gene. Hybridization data using histone H3 probe indicated specific profiles: histone H3 genes were found in one chromosome pair in G. longipes, in three pairs in C. medius, and in four pairs in C. ornatus. Furthermore, supernumerary chromosomes were identified in C. ornatus presenting a meiotic behavior similar to that of sex chromosomes; and a trivalent was found in C. medius, formed by the association of one sex chromosome and an autosomal bivalent, indicating the importance of these events for the diversification of sex chromosomes in spiders. The C-banding pattern was similar between C. medius and C. ornatus with regard to the number and locations of heterochromatic bands, suggesting that heterochromatin amplification and dispersion, affect karyotypic evolution in the genus. Cytogenetic data showed similarity between C. medius and C. ornatus, and differentiation of G. longipes congruent with morphological data. Moreover, although more comparative analyses are needed to specify composition of the dispersed heterochromatin in Ctenus, the mapping of heterochromatic bands provided insights about the evolution of the karyotypes in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Pires Rincão
- Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lúcia Dias
- Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Piacentini LN, Ramírez MJ. Hunting the wolf: A molecular phylogeny of the wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 136:227-240. [PMID: 30953780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lycosids are a diverse family of spiders distributed worldwide. Previous studies recovered some of the deeper splits of the family, but with little support. We present a broad phylogenetic analysis of the Lycosidae including a wide geographic sampling of representatives and all the subfamilies described to date. Additionally, we extend the amount of molecular data used in previous studies (28S, 12S and NADH) through the inclusion of two additional markers, the nuclear H3 and the mitochondrial COI. We estimated the divergence times through the inclusion of fossils as calibration points and used the phylogenetic hypothesis obtained to explore the evolution of particular traits associated with dispersal capabilities. We recovered most of the currently recognized subfamilies with high nodal support. Based on these results, we synonymize Piratinae and Wadicosinae with Zoicinae and Pardosinae, respectively, and revalidate the subfamily Hippasinae. We corroborated that lycosids are a family with a relatively young origin that diversified with the reduction of tropical forests and the advance of open habitats. We show that a gradual accumulation of behavioral traits associated with ambulatory dispersal made Lycosidae the most vagrant subfamily of spiders, with an impressive ability to disperse long distances which helps to explain the worldwide distribution of some very young clades, such as the members of the subfamily Lycosinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis N Piacentini
- División de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Martín J Ramírez
- División de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hazzi NA, Polotow D, Brescovit AD, González-Obando R, Simó M. Systematics and biogeography of Spinoctenus, a new genus of wandering spider from Colombia (Ctenidae). INVERTEBR SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/is17022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Among ctenid spiders, ctenines comprise the most diverse subfamily. In this study, a new genus of Cteninae, Spinoctenus, is proposed to include the type species S. yotoco, sp. nov. Ten new species are also described: S. escalerete, S. pericos, S. eberhardi, S. spinosus, S. stephaniae, S. nambi, S. florezi, S. tequendama, S. chocoensis and S. flammigerus. Results of the parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses using morphological and behavioural characters indicate the monophyly of this genus, closely related to Phoneutria Perty, 1883 and Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805. This genus can be distinguished from the remaining Ctenidae by three unambiguous synapomorphies: embolus with folded process, tegulum with median process, and RTA curved internally close to the cymbium. A dispersal-vicariance biogeographical analysis of the genus in the Andean and Chocó regions indicates the origin of Spinoctenus in the Western and Central Andean Cordilleras. From this region, three events of dispersal occurred to the other regions (one to the Chocó and two to the Eastern Cordillera), which were subsequently followed by three events of vicariance, suggesting that dispersal and vicariance were equally important in shaping the current distribution patterns of Spinoctenus species. The discovery of this new genus containing a large number of new species in the Andean and Chocó regions highlights the current poor knowledge of the Colombian biodiversity. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A7DA044C-8A59-4FAE-8F3B-00D3D2498820
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Rincão MP, Chavari JL, Brescovit AD, Dias AL. Cytogenetic analysis of five Ctenidae species (Araneae): detection of heterochromatin and 18S rDNA sites. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:627-639. [PMID: 29114358 PMCID: PMC5672157 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i4.10620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to cytogenetically analyse five Ctenidae species Ctenus ornatus (Keyserling, 1877), Ctenus medius (Keyserling, 1891), Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891), Viracucha andicola (Simon, 1906), and Enoploctenus cyclothorax (Philip Bertkau, 1880), from Brazil. All species presented a 2n♂ = 28 except for V. andicola, which showed 2n♂ = 29. Analysis of segregation and behavior of sex chromosomes during male meiosis showed a sex chromosome system of the type X1X20 in species with 28 chromosomes and X1X2X30 in V. andicola. C banding stained with fluorochromes CMA3 and DAPI revealed two distributions patterns of GC-rich heterochromatin: (i) in terminal regions of most chromosomes, as presented in C. medius, P. nigriventer, E. cyclothorax and V. andicola and (ii) in interstitial regions of most chromosomes, in addition to terminal regions, as observed for C. ornatus. The population of Ubatuba (São Paulo State) of this same species displayed an additional accumulation of GC-rich heterochromatin in one bivalent. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that this bivalent corresponded to the NOR-bearing chromosome pair. All analyzed species have one bivalent with 18S rDNA site, except P. nigriventer, which has three bivalents with 18S rDNA site. Karyotypes of two species, C. medius and E. cyclothorax, are described for the first time. The latter species is the first karyotyped representative of the subfamily Acantheinae. Finally, 18S rDNA probe is used for the first time in Ctenidae at the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Pires Rincão
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics; Department of General Biology, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, km 380, Londrina-Brasil
| | - João Lucas Chavari
- Special Laboratory of Biological Collections, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lúcia Dias
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics; Department of General Biology, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, km 380, Londrina-Brasil
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Kumar SA, Venu G, Jayaprakash G, Venkatachalaiah G. Studies on chromosomal characteristics of Ctenus indicus (Gravely 1931) (Araneae: Ctenidae). THE NUCLEUS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-016-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Henrard A, Jocqué R. Morphological and molecular evidence for new genera in the Afrotropical Cteninae (Araneae, Ctenidae) complex. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Henrard
- Section Invertebrates Non-insects; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Leuvensesteenweg 13 3080 Tervuren Belgium
- Earth and Life Institute; Biodiversity Research Center; Université Catholique de Louvain; Pl. Croix du Sud, 1-4 1348 Louvain la Neuve Belgium
| | - Rudy Jocqué
- Section Invertebrates Non-insects; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Leuvensesteenweg 13 3080 Tervuren Belgium
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Abstract
This catalogue lists 1,084 species of spiders (three identified to genus only) in 311 genera from 53 families currently recorded from Texas and is based on the "Bibliography of Texas Spiders" published by Bea Vogel in 1970. The online list of species can be found at http://pecanspiders.tamu.edu/spidersoftexas.htm. Many taxonomic revisions have since been published, particularly in the families Araneidae, Gnaphosidae and Leptonetidae. Many genera in other families have been revised. The Anyphaenidae, Ctenidae, Hahniidae, Nesticidae, Sicariidae and Tetragnathidae were also revised. Several families have been added and others split up. Several genera of Corinnidae were transferred to Phrurolithidae and Trachelidae. Two genera from Miturgidae were transferred to Eutichuridae. Zoridae was synonymized under Miturgidae. A single species formerly in Amaurobiidae is now in the Family Amphinectidae. Some trapdoor spiders in the family Ctenizidae have been transferred to Euctenizidae. Gertsch and Mulaik started a list of Texas spiders in 1940. In a letter from Willis J. Gertsch dated October 20, 1982, he stated "Years ago a first listing of the Texas fauna was published by me based largely on Stanley Mulaik material, but it had to be abandoned because of other tasks." This paper is a compendium of the spiders of Texas with distribution, habitat, collecting method and other data available from revisions and collections. This includes many records and unpublished data (including data from three unpublished studies). One of these studies included 16,000 adult spiders belonging to 177 species in 29 families. All specimens in that study were measured and results are in the appendix. Hidalgo County has 340 species recorded with Brazos County at 323 and Travis County at 314 species. These reflect the amount of collecting in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Allen Dean
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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17
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Polotow D, Carmichael A, Griswold CE. Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of Lycosoidea spiders (Araneae, Entelegynae). INVERTEBR SYST 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/is14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships within the superfamily Lycosoidea are investigated through the coding and analysis of character data derived from morphology, behaviour and DNA sequences. In total, 61 terminal taxa were studied, representing most of the major groups of the RTA-clade (i.e. spiders that have a retrolateral tibial apophysis on the male palp). Parsimony and model-based approaches were used, and several support values, partitions and implied weighting schemes were explored to assess clade stability. The morphological–behavioural matrix comprised 96 characters, and four gene fragments were used: 28S (~737 base pairs), actin (~371 base pairs), COI (~630 base pairs) and H3 (~354 base pairs). Major conclusions of the phylogenetic analysis include: the concept of Lycosoidea is restricted to seven families: Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Ctenidae, Psechridae, Thomisidae, Oxyopidae (but Ctenidae and Pisauridae are not monophyletic) and also Trechaleidae (not included in the analysis); the monophyly of the ‘Oval Calamistrum clade’ (OC-clade) appears to be unequivocal, with high support, and encompassing the Lycosoidea plus the relimited Zoropsidae and the proposed new family Udubidae (fam. nov.); Zoropsidae is considered as senior synonym of Tengellidae and Zorocratidae (syn. nov.); Viridasiinae (rank nov.) is raised from subfamily to family rank, excluded from the Ctenidae and placed in Dionycha. Our quantitative phylogenetic analysis confirms the synonymy of Halidae with Pisauridae. The grate-shaped tapetum appears independently at least three times and has a complex evolutionary history, with several reversions.
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