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Lefebvre R, Houssaye A, Mallison H, Cornette R, Allain R. A path to gigantism: Three‐dimensional study of the sauropodomorph limb long bone shape variation in the context of the emergence of the sauropod bauplan. J Anat 2022; 241:297-336. [PMID: 35249216 PMCID: PMC9296025 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sauropodomorph dinosaurs include the largest terrestrial animals that ever lived on Earth. The early representatives of this clade were, however, relatively small and partially to totally bipedal, conversely to the gigantic and quadrupedal sauropods. Although the sauropod bauplan is well defined, notably by the acquisition of columnar limbs, the evolutionary sequence leading to its emergence remains debated. Here, we aim to tackle this evolutionary episode by investigating shape variation in the six limb long bones for the first time using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. The morphological features of the forelimb zeugopod bones related to the sauropod bauplan tend to appear abruptly, whereas the pattern is more gradual for the hindlimb zeugopod bones. The stylopod bones tend to show the same pattern as their respective zeugopods. The abrupt emergence of the sauropod forelimb questions the locomotor abilities of non‐sauropodan sauropodomorphs inferred as quadrupeds. Features characterizing sauropods tend to corroborate a view of their locomotion mainly based on stylopod retraction. An allometric investigation of the shape variation in accordance with size highlight differences in hindlimb bone allometries between the sauropods and the non‐sauropodan sauropodomorphs. These differences notably correspond to an unexpected robustness decrease trend in the sauropod hindlimb zeugopod. In addition to forelimb bones that appear to be proportionally more gracile than in non‐sauropodan sauropodomorphs, sauropods may have relied on limb architecture and features related to the size increase, rather than general robustness, to deal with the role of weight‐bearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Lefebvre
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution, UMR 7179, MNHN, CNRS Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris France
| | - Alexandra Houssaye
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution, UMR 7179, MNHN, CNRS Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris France
| | | | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR7205, MNHN, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris France
| | - Ronan Allain
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Paris, UMR 7207, MNHN, CNRS, SU Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris France
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2
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Ballell A, Rayfield EJ, Benton MJ. Walking with early dinosaurs: appendicular myology of the Late Triassic sauropodomorph Thecodontosaurus antiquus. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211356. [PMID: 35116154 PMCID: PMC8767213 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dinosaur evolution is marked by numerous independent shifts from bipedality to quadrupedality. Sauropodomorpha is one of the lineages that transitioned from small bipedal forms to graviportal quadrupeds, with an array of intermediate postural strategies evolving in non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs. This locomotor shift is reflected by multiple modifications of the appendicular skeleton, coupled with a drastic rearrangement of the limb musculature. Here, we describe the osteological correlates of appendicular muscle attachment of the Late Triassic sauropodomorph Thecodontosaurus antiquus from multiple well-preserved specimens and provide the first complete forelimb and hindlimb musculature reconstruction of an early-branching sauropodomorph. Comparisons with other sauropodomorphs and early dinosaurs reveal a unique combination of both plesiomorphic and derived musculoskeletal features. The diversity of appendicular osteological correlates among early dinosaurs and their relevance in muscle reconstruction are discussed. In line with previous evidence, aspects of the limb muscle arrangement, such as conspicuous correlates of lower limb extensors and flexors and low moment arms of hip extensors and flexors, suggest Thecodontosaurus was an agile biped. This reconstruction helps to elucidate the timing of important modifications of the appendicular musculature in the evolution of sauropodomorphs which facilitated the transition to quadrupedalism and contributed to their evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ballell
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Emily J. Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Michael J. Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Sauropodomorph evolution across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: body size, locomotion, and their influence on morphological disparity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22534. [PMID: 34795322 PMCID: PMC8602272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sauropodomorph dinosaurs were the dominant medium to large-sized herbivores of most Mesozoic continental ecosystems, being characterized by their long necks and reaching a size unparalleled by other terrestrial animals (> 60 tonnes). Our study of morphological disparity across the entire skeleton shows that during the Late Triassic the oldest known sauropodomorphs occupied a small region of morphospace, subsequently diversifying both taxonomically and ecologically, and shifting to a different and broader region of the morphospace. After the Triassic–Jurassic boundary event, there are no substancial changes in sauropodomorph morphospace occupation. Almost all Jurassic sauropodomorph clades stem from ghost lineages that cross the Triassic–Jurassic boundary, indicating that variations after the extinction were more related to changes of pre-existing lineages (massospondylids, non-gravisaurian sauropodiforms) rather than the emergence of distinct clades or body plans. Modifications in the locomotion (bipedal to quadrupedal) and the successive increase in body mass seem to be the main attributes driving sauropodomorph morphospace distribution during the Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic. The extinction of all non-sauropod sauropodomorphs by the Toarcian and the subsequent diversification of gravisaurian sauropods represent a second expansion of the sauropodomorph morphospace, representing the onset of the flourishing of these megaherbivores that subsequently dominated in Middle and Late Jurassic terrestrial assemblages.
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Moro D, Kerber L, Müller RT, Pretto FA. Sacral co-ossification in dinosaurs: The oldest record of fused sacral vertebrae in Dinosauria and the diversity of sacral co-ossification patterns in the group. J Anat 2021; 238:828-844. [PMID: 33164207 PMCID: PMC7930772 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of the sacrum occurs in the major dinosaur lineages, i.e. ornithischians, theropods, and sauropodomorphs, but it is unclear if this trait is a common ancestral condition, or if it evolved independently in each lineage, or even how or if it is related to ontogeny. In addition, the order in which the different structures of the sacrum are fused, as well as the causes that lead to this co-ossification, are poorly understood. Herein, we described the oldest record of fused sacral vertebrae within dinosaurs, based on two primordial sacral vertebrae from the Late Triassic of Candelária Sequence, southern Brazil. We used computed microtomography (micro-CT) to analyze the extent of vertebral fusion, which revealed that it occurred only between the centra. We also assessed the occurrence of sacral fusion in Dinosauria and close relatives. The degree of fusion observed in representatives of the major dinosaur lineages suggested that there may be a sequential pattern of fusion of the elements of the sacrum, more clearly observed in Sauropodomorpha. Our analyses suggest that primordial sacral vertebrae fuse earlier in the lineage (as seen in Norian sauropodomorphs). Intervertebral fusion is observed to encompass progressively more vertebral units as sauropodomorphs evolve, reaching up to five or more fully fused sacrals in Neosauropoda. Furthermore, the new specimen described here indicates that the fusion of sacral elements occurred early in the evolution of dinosaurs. Factors such as ontogeny and the increase in body size, combined with the incorporation of vertebrae to the sacrum may have a significant role in the process and in the variation of sacral fusion observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Moro
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade AnimalUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSanta MariaRSBrazil
- Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta ColôniaUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSão João do PolêsineRSBrazil
| | - Leonardo Kerber
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade AnimalUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSanta MariaRSBrazil
- Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta ColôniaUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSão João do PolêsineRSBrazil
- Museu Paraense Emílio GoeldiCoordenação de Ciências da Terra e EcologiaBelémBrazil
| | - Rodrigo T. Müller
- Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta ColôniaUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSão João do PolêsineRSBrazil
| | - Flávio A. Pretto
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade AnimalUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSanta MariaRSBrazil
- Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta ColôniaUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSão João do PolêsineRSBrazil
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Lefebvre R, Allain R, Houssaye A, Cornette R. Disentangling biological variability and taphonomy: shape analysis of the limb long bones of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Plateosaurus. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9359. [PMID: 32775045 PMCID: PMC7382942 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sauropodomorph dinosaurs constitute a well-studied clade of dinosaurs, notably because of the acquisition of gigantism within this group. The genus Plateosaurus is one of the best-known sauropodomorphs, with numerous remains from various localities. Its tumultuous taxonomic history suggests the relevance of addressing its intrageneric shape variability, mixed with taphonomic modifications of the original bone shape. Here we investigate quantitatively the morphological variation of Plateosaurus occurring at the genus level by studying the shape variation of a sample of limb long bones. By means of 3D geometric morphometrics, the analysis of the uncorrelated variation permits separation of the variation estimated as obviously taphonomically influenced from the more biologically plausible variation. Beyond the dominant taphonomic signal, our approach permits interpretation of the most biologically plausible features, even on anatomical parts influenced by taphonomic deformations. Those features are thus found on a quantitative basis from the variation of samples containing fossil specimens, by taking the impact of taphonomy into account, which is paramount in order to avoid making biologically ambiguous interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Lefebvre
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution, UMR 7179, MNHN, CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Ronan Allain
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris, UMR 7207, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Houssaye
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution, UMR 7179, MNHN, CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR7205, MNHN, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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6
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Button DJ, Zanno LE. Repeated Evolution of Divergent Modes of Herbivory in Non-avian Dinosaurs. Curr Biol 2020; 30:158-168.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wang Y, Wang T, Yang Z, You H. Cranium and Vertebral Column of
Xingxiulong chengi
(Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Early Jurassic of China. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:772-789. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Wang
- Bureau of Land and Resources of Lufeng County Lufeng Yunnan China
| | - Zhi‐Wen Yang
- Bureau of Land and Resources of Lufeng County Lufeng Yunnan China
| | - Hai‐Lu You
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Bronzati M, Müller RT, Langer MC. Skull remains of the dinosaur Saturnalia tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil): With comments on the early evolution of sauropodomorph feeding behaviour. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221387. [PMID: 31490962 PMCID: PMC6730896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturnalia tupiniquim is a sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Triassic (Carnian–c. 233 Ma) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil. Due to its phylogenetic position and age, it is important for studies focusing on the early evolution of both dinosaurs and sauropodomorphs. The osteology of Saturnalia has been described in a series of papers, but its cranial anatomy remains mostly unknown. Here, we describe the skull bones of one of its paratypes (only in the type-series to possess such remains) based on CT Scan data. The newly described elements allowed estimating the cranial length of Saturnalia and provide additional support for the presence of a reduced skull (i.e. two thirds of the femoral length) in this taxon, as typical of later sauropodomorphs. Skull reduction in Saturnalia could be related to an increased efficiency for predatory feeding behaviour, allowing fast movements of the head in order to secure small and elusive prey, a hypothesis also supported by data from its tooth and brain morphology. A principal co-ordinates analysis of the sauropodomorph jaw feeding apparatus shows marked shifts in morphospace occupation in different stages of the first 30 million years of their evolutionary history. One of these shifts is observed between non-plateosaurian and plateosaurian sauropodomorphs, suggesting that, despite also having an omnivorous diet, the feeding behaviour of some early Carnian sauropodomorphs, such as Saturnalia, was markedly different from that of later Triassic taxa. A second shift, between Late Triassic and Early Jurassic taxa, is congruent with a floral turnover hypothesis across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bronzati
- Laboratório de Paleontologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MB); (MCL)
| | - Rodrigo T. Müller
- Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Max C. Langer
- Laboratório de Paleontologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MB); (MCL)
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9
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Jannel A, Nair JP, Panagiotopoulou O, Romilio A, Salisbury SW. “Keep your feet on the ground”: Simulated range of motion and hind foot posture of the Middle Jurassic sauropod
Rhoetosaurus brownei
and its implications for sauropod biology. J Morphol 2019; 280:849-878. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andréas Jannel
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Jay P. Nair
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Anthony Romilio
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Steven W. Salisbury
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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10
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Krupandan E, Chinsamy-Turan A, Pol D. The Long Bone Histology of the Sauropodomorph, Antetonitrus ingenipes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 301:1506-1518. [PMID: 30312030 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This analysis of the long bone microstructure of Antetonitrus ingenipes fills a crucial gap in our understanding of the growth dynamics of sauropodomorph dinosaurs. The bone histology of basal Sauropodomorpha are often characterized by zonal tissue, and contrasts with that of more derived sauropod taxa which show a shift toward the deposition of uninterrupted fibrolamellar bone (with lines of growth being either absent or only present in the outer circumferential layer). In Antetonitrus, growth patterns in the youngest individuals exhibit uninterrupted fibrolamellar bone without any growth marks. Sub-adult individuals, also exhibit highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone throughout the cortex, as in more derived Sauropods and Mussaurus, but growth lines occur intermittently (although not regularly) throughout the cortex as in Lessemsaurus. This indicates that Antetonitrus does not exhibit the growth dynamics previously considered characteristic of Sauropoda. Despite this, the largest (and possibly the oldest femur, NMQR 1705/163) does show an incipient external fundamental system (EFS). Our findings further suggest that growth marks are decoupled from bone size, which indicates a level of developmental plasticity in this taxon. Modulations or textural shifts in the pattern of vascular channel arrangements throughout the fibrolamellar bone in the cortex may be related to periods of resource limitations, although the lack of consistency of these modulations suggest that it is unlikely due to seasonal fluctuations. Localized bands of radial fibrolamellar bone, followed by resumption of normal growth in two samples are interpreted as evidence of a disease infliction, and subsequent recovery thereof. Anat Rec, 301:1506-1518, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Krupandan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rhodes Gift, 7701, South Africa
| | - Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rhodes Gift, 7701, South Africa
| | - Diego Pol
- Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Av. Fontana 140, Trelew, Chubut Province, U9100GYO, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina
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11
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Langer MC, McPhee BW, Marsola JCDA, Roberto-da-Silva L, Cabreira SF. Anatomy of the dinosaur Pampadromaeus barberenai (Saurischia-Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212543. [PMID: 30785940 PMCID: PMC6382151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sauropodomorphs are the most abundant and diverse clade of Triassic dinosaurs, but the taxonomy of their earliest (Carnian) representatives is still poorly understood. One such taxon is Pampadromaeus barberenai, represented by a nearly complete disarticulated skeleton recovered from the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Here, the osteology of Pam. barberenai is fully described for the first time. Detailed comparisons with other Carnian sauropodomorphs reveal a unique anatomy, corroborating its status as a valid species. Potential autapomorphies of Pam. barberenai can be seen in the articulation of the sacral zygapophyses, the length of the pectoral epipodium, the shape of the distal articulation of the femur and the proximal articulation of metatarsal 1. A novel phylogenetic study shows that relationships among the Carnian sauropodomorphs are poorly constrained, possibly because they belong to a "zone of variability", where homoplasy abounds. Yet, there is some evidence that Pam. barberenai may nest within Saturnaliidae, along with Saturnalia tupiniquim and Chromogisaurus novasi, which represents the sister group to the larger sauropodomorphs, i.e. Bagualosauria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Cardoso Langer
- Laboratório de Paleontologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Blair Wayne McPhee
- Laboratório de Paleontologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Dinosaurs were large-bodied land animals of the Mesozoic that gave rise to birds. They played a fundamental role in structuring Jurassic–Cretaceous ecosystems and had physiology, growth, and reproductive biology unlike those of extant animals. These features have made them targets of theoretical macroecology. Dinosaurs achieved substantial structural diversity, and their fossil record documents the evolutionary assembly of the avian body plan. Phylogeny-based research has allowed new insights into dinosaur macroevolution, including the adaptive landscape of their body size evolution, patterns of species diversification, and the origins of birds and bird-like traits. Nevertheless, much remains unknown due to incompleteness of the fossil record at both local and global scales. This presents major challenges at the frontier of paleobiological research regarding tests of macroecological hypotheses and the effects of dinosaur biology, ecology, and life history on their macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger B.J. Benson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
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13
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McPhee BW, Benson RB, Botha-Brink J, Bordy EM, Choiniere JN. A Giant Dinosaur from the Earliest Jurassic of South Africa and the Transition to Quadrupedality in Early Sauropodomorphs. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3143-3151.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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A new sauropodiform dinosaur with a 'sauropodan' skull from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation of Yunnan Province, China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13464. [PMID: 30194381 PMCID: PMC6128897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Early Jurassic Lufeng Formation of Yunnan Province in southwestern China is one of the best fossil localities in the world for understanding the early radiation of sauropodomorph dinosaurs. It has yielded a rich assemblage of complete and three-dimensionally preserved skeletons of herbivorous dinosaurs that provide crucial morphological information for systematic and evolutionary studies. Here we describe a new taxon, Yizhousaurus sunae gen. et sp. nov., represented by a nearly complete skeleton with an exquisitely preserved skull and mandible. Yizhousaurus is distinguished from other non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs by a unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features, which increases our understanding of the anatomical variation on the relatively conservative ‘prosauropod’ cranial plan. Phylogenetic analysis resolves Yizhousaurus as a sauropodiform, showcasing a mosaic character suite combining plesiomorphic states in the postcranial skeleton with some more ‘sauropodan’-like features in the skull. Furthermore, Yizhousaurus is placed closer to the base of Sauropoda than other non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs currently known from the Lufeng Formation, adding another taxon to enrich the Lower Jurassic Lufeng dinosaur fauna.
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15
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An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1227-1232. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Otero A, Allen V, Pol D, Hutchinson JR. Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3976. [PMID: 29188140 PMCID: PMC5703147 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the major locomotor transitions during the evolution of Archosauria, the lineage including crocodiles and birds as well as extinct Dinosauria, were shifts from quadrupedalism to bipedalism (and vice versa). Those occurred within a continuum between more sprawling and erect modes of locomotion and involved drastic changes of limb anatomy and function in several lineages, including sauropodomorph dinosaurs. We present biomechanical computer models of two locomotor extremes within Archosauria in an analysis of joint ranges of motion and the moment arms of the major forelimb muscles in order to quantify biomechanical differences between more sprawling, pseudosuchian (represented the crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni) and more erect, dinosaurian (represented by the sauropodomorph Mussaurus patagonicus) modes of forelimb function. We compare these two locomotor extremes in terms of the reconstructed musculoskeletal anatomy, ranges of motion of the forelimb joints and the moment arm patterns of muscles across those ranges of joint motion. We reconstructed the three-dimensional paths of 30 muscles acting around the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. We explicitly evaluate how forelimb joint mobility and muscle actions may have changed with postural and anatomical alterations from basal archosaurs to early sauropodomorphs. We thus evaluate in which ways forelimb posture was correlated with muscle leverage, and how such differences fit into a broader evolutionary context (i.e. transition from sprawling quadrupedalism to erect bipedalism and then shifting to graviportal quadrupedalism). Our analysis reveals major differences of muscle actions between the more sprawling and erect models at the shoulder joint. These differences are related not only to the articular surfaces but also to the orientation of the scapula, in which extension/flexion movements in Crocodylus (e.g. protraction of the humerus) correspond to elevation/depression in Mussaurus. Muscle action is highly influenced by limb posture, more so than morphology. Habitual quadrupedalism in Mussaurus is not supported by our analysis of joint range of motion, which indicates that glenohumeral protraction was severely restricted. Additionally, some active pronation of the manus may have been possible in Mussaurus, allowing semi-pronation by a rearranging of the whole antebrachium (not the radius against the ulna, as previously thought) via long-axis rotation at the elbow joint. However, the muscles acting around this joint to actively pronate it may have been too weak to drive or maintain such orientations as opposed to a neutral position in between pronation and supination. Regardless, the origin of quadrupedalism in Sauropoda is not only linked to manus pronation but also to multiple shifts of forelimb morphology, allowing greater flexion movements of the glenohumeral joint and a more columnar forelimb posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Otero
- División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vivian Allen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Diego Pol
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Museo Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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17
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McPhee BW, Choiniere JN. The osteology of Pulanesaura eocollum: implications for the inclusivity of Sauropoda (Dinosauria). Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blair W McPhee
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jonah N Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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18
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Bronzati M, Rauhut OWM. Braincase redescription of Efraasia minor Huene, 1908 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Germany, with comments on the evolution of the sauropodomorph braincase. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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19
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Mannion PD, Allain R, Moine O. The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3217. [PMID: 28480136 PMCID: PMC5417094 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachiosauridae is a clade of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs that includes the well-known Late Jurassic taxa Brachiosaurus and Giraffatitan. However, there is disagreement over the brachiosaurid affinities of most other taxa, and little consensus regarding the clade's composition or inter-relationships. An unnamed partial sauropod skeleton was collected from middle-late Oxfordian (early Late Jurassic) deposits in Damparis, in the Jura department of eastern France, in 1934. Since its brief description in 1943, this specimen has been informally known in the literature as the 'Damparis sauropod' and 'French Bothriospondylus', and has been considered a brachiosaurid by most authors. If correctly identified, this would make the specimen the earliest known titanosauriform. Coupled with its relatively complete nature and the rarity of Oxfordian sauropod remains in general, this is an important specimen for understanding the early evolution of Titanosauriformes. Full preparation and description of this specimen, known from teeth, vertebrae and most of the appendicular skeleton of a single individual, recognises it as a distinct taxon: Vouivria damparisensis gen. et sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis of a data matrix comprising 77 taxa (including all putative brachiosaurids) scored for 416 characters recovers a fairly well resolved Brachiosauridae. Vouivria is a basal brachiosaurid, confirming its status as the stratigraphically oldest known titanosauriform. Brachiosauridae consists of a paraphyletic array of Late Jurassic forms, with Europasaurus, Vouivria and Brachiosaurus recovered as successively more nested genera that lie outside of a clade comprising (Giraffatitan + Sonorasaurus) + (Lusotitan + (Cedarosaurus + Venenosaurus)). Abydosaurus forms an unresolved polytomy with the latter five taxa. The Early Cretaceous South American sauropod Padillasaurus was previously regarded as a brachiosaurid, but is here placed within Somphospondyli. A recent study contended that a number of characters used in a previous iteration of this data matrix are 'biologically related', and thus should be excluded from phylogenetic analysis. We demonstrate that almost all of these characters show variation between taxa, and implementation of sensitivity analyses, in which these characters are excluded, has no effect on tree topology or resolution. We argue that where there is morphological variation, this should be captured, rather than ignored. Unambiguous brachiosaurid remains are known only from the USA, western Europe and Africa, and the clade spanned the Late Jurassic through to the late Albian/early Cenomanian, with the last known occurrences all from the USA. Regardless of whether their absence from the Cretaceous of Europe, as well as other regions entirely, reflects regional extinctions and genuine absences, or sampling artefacts, brachiosaurids appear to have become globally extinct by the earliest Late Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D. Mannion
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan Allain
- Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Moine
- Laboratoire de Géographie Physique: Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels, CNRS/Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne/UPEC, Paris, France
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20
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Wang YM, You HL, Wang T. A new basal sauropodiform dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Yunnan Province, China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41881. [PMID: 28205592 PMCID: PMC5312170 DOI: 10.1038/srep41881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lufeng Formation in Lufeng Basin of Yunnan Province, southwestern China preserves one of the richest terrestrial Lower Jurassic vertebrate faunas globally, especially for its basal sauropodomorphs, such as Lufengosaurus and Yunnanosaurus. Here we report a new taxon, Xingxiulong chengi gen. et sp. nov. represented by three partial skeletons with overlapping elements. Xingxiulong possesses a number of autapomorphies, such as transversely expanded plate-like summit on top of the neural spine of posterior dorsal vertebrae, four sacral vertebrae, robust scapula, and elongated pubic plate approximately 40% of the total length of the pubis. Phylogenetic analysis resolves Xingxiulong as a basal member of Sauropodiformes, and together with another two Lufeng basal sauropodiforms Jingshanosaurus and Yunnanosaurus, they represent the basalmost lineages of this clade, indicating its Asian origin. Although being relatively primitive, Xingxiulong displays some derived features normally occurred in advanced sauropodiforms including sauropods, such as a four sacral-sacrum, a robust scapula, and a pubis with elongated pubic plate. The discovery of Xingxiulong increases the diversity of basal sauropodomorphs from the Lufeng Formation and indicates a more complicated scenario in the early evolution of sauropodiforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ming Wang
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lu You
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 142 Xizhimenwai Street, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China.,College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Bureau of Land and Resources of Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, 651299, P. R. China
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21
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Sullivan C, Xu X. Morphological Diversity and Evolution of the Jugal in Dinosaurs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 300:30-48. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corwin Sullivan
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 142 Xizhimenwai Dajie Beijing 100044 China
| | - Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 142 Xizhimenwai Dajie Beijing 100044 China
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22
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McPhee BW, Upchurch P, Mannion PD, Sullivan C, Butler RJ, Barrett PM. A revision of Sanpasaurus yaoi Young, 1944 from the Early Jurassic of China, and its relevance to the early evolution of Sauropoda (Dinosauria). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2578. [PMID: 27781168 PMCID: PMC5075712 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Early Jurassic of China has long been recognized for its diverse array of sauropodomorph dinosaurs. However, the contribution of this record to our understanding of early sauropod evolution is complicated by a dearth of information on important transitional taxa. We present a revision of the poorly known taxon Sanpasaurus yaoiYoung, 1944 from the late Early Jurassic Ziliujing Formation of Sichuan Province, southwest China. Initially described as the remains of an ornithopod ornithischian, we demonstrate that the material catalogued as IVPP V156 is unambiguously referable to Sauropoda. Although represented by multiple individuals of equivocal association, Sanpasaurus is nonetheless diagnosable with respect to an autapomorphic feature of the holotypic dorsal vertebral series. Additional material thought to be collected from the type locality is tentatively referred to Sanpasaurus. If correctly attributed, a second autapomorphy is present in a referred humerus. The presence of a dorsoventrally compressed pedal ungual in Sanpasaurus is of particular interest, with taxa possessing this typically ‘vulcanodontid’ character exhibiting a much broader geographic distribution than previously thought. Furthermore, the association of this trait with other features of Sanpasaurus that are broadly characteristic of basal eusauropods underscores the mosaic nature of the early sauropod–eusauropod transition. Our revision of Sanpasaurus has palaeobiogeographic implications for Early Jurassic sauropods, with evidence that the group maintained a cosmopolitan Pangaean distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair W McPhee
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Paul Upchurch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Mannion
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Corwin Sullivan
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Richard J Butler
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Barrett
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Peyre de Fabrègues C, Allain R. New material and revision of Melanorosaurus thabanensis, a basal sauropodomorph from the Upper Triassic of Lesotho. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1639. [PMID: 26855874 PMCID: PMC4741091 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanorosaurus is a genus of basal sauropodomorph that currently includes two species from Southern Africa. In this paper, we redescribe the holotype femur of Melanorosaurus thabanensis from the Elliot Formation of Lesotho, as well as associated remains. The stratigraphic position of this taxon is reviewed, and it is clear that it comes from the Lower Elliot Formation being, therefore, Late Triassic in age, and not Early Jurassic as originally described. The knowledge of the anatomy of the basal sauropodomorph of Thabana Morena is enhanced by the description of six new skeletal elements from the type locality. The femur and the ilium from Thabana Morena are diagnostic and characterized by unusual proportions. The first phylogenetic analysis including both this specimen and Melanorosaurus is conducted. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the femur described in the original publication of Melanorosaurus thabanensis can no longer be referred to Melanorosaurus. For these reasons, we hereby create Meroktenos gen. nov. to encompass Meroktenos thabanensis comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Peyre de Fabrègues
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207), Sorbonne Universités-MNHN, CNRS, UPMC , Paris , France
| | - Ronan Allain
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207), Sorbonne Universités-MNHN, CNRS, UPMC , Paris , France
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24
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A new basal sauropod from the pre-Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa: evidence of niche-partitioning at the sauropodomorph-sauropod boundary? Sci Rep 2015; 5:13224. [PMID: 26288028 PMCID: PMC4541066 DOI: 10.1038/srep13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The early evolution of sauropod dinosaurs remains poorly understood, with a paucity of unequivocal sauropod taxa known from the first twenty million years of the Jurassic. Recently, the Early Jurassic of South Africa has yielded an assemblage of dental and post-cranial remains displaying a more apomorphic character suite than any other similarly aged sauropodomorph. These remains are interpreted as a new species of basal sauropod and recovered cladistically as the sister taxon to Vulcanodon +more derived Sauropoda, underscoring its importance for our understanding of this pivotal period of sauropod evolution. Key changes in the dentition, axial skeleton and forelimb of this new species suggest a genuine functional distinction occurring at the sauropodiform-sauropod boundary. With reference to these changes, we propose a scenario in which interdependent refinements of the locomotory and feeding apparatus occurred in tandem with, or were effected by, restrictions in the amount of vertical forage initially available to the earliest sauropods. The hypothesized instance of niche-partitioning between basal sauropodan taxa and higher-browsing non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs may partially explain the rarity of true sauropods in the basal rocks of the Jurassic, while having the added corollary of couching the origins of Sauropoda in terms of an ecologically delimited ‘event’.
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25
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Otero A, Krupandan E, Pol D, Chinsamy A, Choiniere J. A new basal sauropodiform from South Africa and the phylogenetic relationships of basal sauropodomorphs. Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Otero
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); División Paleontología de Vertebrados; Museo de La Plata; Paseo del Bosque s/n; 1900 La Plata Argentina
- Evolutionary Studies Institute; Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Johannesburg Gauteng 2050 South Africa
| | - Emil Krupandan
- Biological Sciences Department; University of Cape Town; Private Bag Rondebosch Cape Town South Africa
| | - Diego Pol
- CONICET; Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Av. Fontana 140 9100 Trelew Argentina
| | - Anusuya Chinsamy
- Biological Sciences Department; University of Cape Town; Private Bag Rondebosch Cape Town South Africa
| | - Jonah Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute; Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Johannesburg Gauteng 2050 South Africa
- NRF/Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Johannesburg Gauteng 2050 South Africa
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26
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Peyre de Fabrègues C, Allain R, Barriel V. Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships. Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Peyre de Fabrègues
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207); Sorbonne Universités-MNHN; CNRS, UPMC, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 38 F-75005 Paris France
| | - Ronan Allain
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207); Sorbonne Universités-MNHN; CNRS, UPMC, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 38 F-75005 Paris France
| | - Véronique Barriel
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207); Sorbonne Universités-MNHN; CNRS, UPMC, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 38 F-75005 Paris France
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