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Ntsama F, Noh SM, Tizzani P, Ayangma Ntsama CF, Nteme Ella GS, Awada L, Djatche Tidjou GS. Identification of risk factors on rabies vaccine efficacy from censored data: Pre-travel tests for dogs and cats from Yaoundé (2005-2015). Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105278. [PMID: 38759348 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Little research is available on acquired immunity to rabies in dogs and cats from Central Africa, particularly regarding the legal movements of pets. Movement of domestic animals from rabies-endemic countries like Cameroon to rabies free areas poses one of the main risks for rabies introduction into rabies-free areas. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of various risk factors on rabies vaccine efficacy in Cameroonian. Since the dependent variable, rabies neutralizing titres, were censored from above (right-censoring), Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) was used in the analysis. Overall, 85.7% of dogs and 100% of cats had titres greater than or equal to 0.5 IU/mL, which is considered protective. Additionally, compared to cats, the value of the rabies-neutralizing serum titres in dogs was on average smaller by 2.3 IU/mL. For each additional year of age, the value of the rabies-neutralizing serum titre, on average, increased by approximately 0.14 IU/mL. Finally, for each 30 additional days between the date of the last rabies vaccination and the date of the sampling, the value the rabies neutralizing titre, on average, decreased by approximately 0.10 IU/mL, given the species and age at sampling were equivalent. These results are useful for assessing risk and improving surveillance to prevent the introduction of rabies into a country via the international movement of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Ntsama
- Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de recherche (UR) - Institut d'Etudes de Droit Public (IEDP), Faculté Jean Monnet, 54 bd Desgranges, 92331 Sceaux Cedex, France; World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE/WOAH), 12, Rue De Prony, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Susan M Noh
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA; Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Paolo Tizzani
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE/WOAH), 12, Rue De Prony, 75017 Paris, France
| | | | - Gualbert S Nteme Ella
- Service Anatomie Histologie Embryologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Productions Animales, Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecines Vétérinaires (EISMV), de Dakar, BP 5077, Sénégal
| | - Lina Awada
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE/WOAH), 12, Rue De Prony, 75017 Paris, France
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d’Aquino I, Piegari G, Miletti G, Sannino E, Costanza D, Meomartino L, Fico R, Riccio L, Vaccaro E, De Biase D, Paciello O. Morphometrical and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Kidney as an Indirect Parameter to Estimate Age in Puppies in Veterinary Forensic Pathology. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2665. [PMID: 37627455 PMCID: PMC10451229 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimation of age represents a central focus in the veterinary forensic pathology field. Currently, the visual examination of the dentition and the skeletal age are the main methods to estimate the age of puppies. Nevertheless, these methods are affected by a broad range of variables. In contrast, the kidney is characterized by a specific postnatal development. In human glomerulogenesis, fetal mesangial cells change their immunohistochemical phenotypes with maturation. Therefore, we hypothesized that histological and immunohistochemical examinations of the kidney can be used together as an indirect parameter for age determination in puppies' cadavers. Forty-five puppies' cadavers were divided into five groups defined by age (Group A= 0-15 days, Group B = 16-45 days, Group C = 46-85 days, Group D = 86-105 days, Group E= 105-365 days). For each case, kidney samples were collected and processed for histopathological (for morphometrical study of the glomerulus) and immunohistochemical (for the immunolocalization of the α-SMA protein) studies. Morphometrical study allowed us to observe statistical differences in the mean glomerulus numbers per field among assessed groups. Similarly, immunohistochemical examination showed differences in SMA expression among groups. Our findings suggest a potential use of kidney morphometrical and immunohistochemical examinations together as an indirect parameter to assess the age of illegally imported puppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria d’Aquino
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (I.d.); (D.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (O.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Piegari
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (I.d.); (D.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (O.P.)
| | - Gianluca Miletti
- Unit of Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Emanuela Sannino
- Unit of Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Dario Costanza
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (I.d.); (D.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (O.P.)
| | - Leonardo Meomartino
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (I.d.); (D.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (O.P.)
| | - Rosario Fico
- National Reference Centre for Veterinary Forensic Medicine, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, 58100 Grosseto, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Riccio
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (I.d.); (D.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (O.P.)
| | - Emanuela Vaccaro
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (I.d.); (D.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (O.P.)
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (I.d.); (D.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (O.P.)
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3
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Wera E, Warembourg C, Bulu PM, Siko MM, Dürr S. Loss of binding antibodies against rabies in a vaccinated dog population in Flores Island, Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009688. [PMID: 34492033 PMCID: PMC8448366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective parenteral vaccines are available to control rabies in dogs. While such vaccines are successfully used worldwide, the period between vaccine boosters required to guarantee protection of the population against rabies varies between vaccines and populations. In Flores Island, Indonesia, internationally and locally produced rabies vaccines are used during annual vaccination campaigns of predominantly free-roaming owned domestic dogs. The study objective was to identify the duration of the presence and factors associated with the loss of adequate level of binding antibodies (≥0.5 EU/ml) following rabies vaccination in a domestic dog population on Flores Island. A total of 171 dogs that developed an antibody titre higher or equal to 0.5 EU/ml 30 days after vaccination (D30), were repeatedly sampled at day 90, 180, 270, and 360 after vaccination. On the day of vaccination (D0), an interview was performed with dog owners to collect information on dog characteristics (age, sex, body condition score (BCS)), history of rabies vaccination, kind of daily food, frequency of feeding, and origin of the dog. Serum samples were collected and the level of antibodies was quantitatively assessed using ELISA tests. Dogs were categorized as having an adequate level of binding antibodies (≥0.5 EU/ml) or inadequate level of binding antibodies (<0.5 EU/ml) at each time points examined. A total of 115, 72, 23, and 31 dogs were sampled at D90, D180, D270, and D360, respectively, with the highest proportion of antibodies ≥ 0.5 EU/ml (58%, 95% CI, 49-67%) at D90, which reduced gradually until D360 (35%, 95% CI, 19-52%). Multivariable logistic regression models showed that loss of adequate level of binding antibodies is significantly associated with dogs having no history of vaccination or vaccination applied more than 12 months before D0, being less than 12 months of age, and having a poor BCS. These results highlight the importance of BCS regarding the immune response duration and provide insights into frequency of vaccination campaigns required for the internationally available vaccine used on Flores Island. For dogs without vaccination history or vaccination being applied more than 12 months before D0, a booster is recommended within 3 months (a largest drop of antibodies was detected within the first 90 days) after the first vaccination to guarantee measurable protection of the population that lasts at least for one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewaldus Wera
- Animal Health Study Program, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic (Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang), Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Charlotte Warembourg
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petrus M. Bulu
- Animal Health Study Program, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic (Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang), Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Maria M. Siko
- Animal Health Division, Agricultural Department of Sikka Regency, Maumere, Indonesia
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Cocchi M, Danesi P, De Zan G, Leati M, Gagliazzo L, Ruggeri M, Palei M, Bremini A, Rossmann MC, Lippert-Petscharnig M, Mansfeld MD, Deotto S, Leardini S, Gobbo F, Zucca P, De Benedictis P. A Three-Year Biocrime Sanitary Surveillance on Illegally Imported Companion Animals. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081047. [PMID: 34451511 PMCID: PMC8399716 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The illegal trade of companion animals in the European Union poses several legal, ethical and health issues to the entire community. In the framework of the Biocrime Interreg project between Italy and Austria, we surveyed puppies and kittens confiscated at the borders to identify the most frequent pathogens associated with (i) the risk of spread within the shelter, (ii) the development of fatal disease and (iii) the zoonotic potential. From January 2018 to December 2020, we examined a total of 613 puppies and 62 kittens coming from 44 requisitions. Feces, skin specimens and blood sera from confiscated animals were tested to verify the presence of major infections and to assess the rabies post-vaccination immunity. Out of the total of individuals under investigation, necropsies and laboratory investigations were also performed on 79 puppies and three kittens that had died during the observation period. Results indicated a high prevalence of Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Giardia spp. infections, CPV as the most likely cause of fatal gastroenteritis in puppies and Salmonella and Microsporum canis as major zoonotic pathogens. Conversely, both extended spectrum beta lactamases Escherichia coli and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains as rare findings. Results highlighted that illegal animal trade could expose the human population to potential zoonotic risk and naïve animal population to potentially disrupting epidemic waves, both of these issues being largely underestimated when buying companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Cocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Udine, 33030 Basaldella di Campoformido, Italy; (M.C.); (G.D.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- National Reference Centre/OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (P.D.); (S.L.); (F.G.)
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Gabrita De Zan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Udine, 33030 Basaldella di Campoformido, Italy; (M.C.); (G.D.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Marta Leati
- National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Laboratory of Parasitology, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Laura Gagliazzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Margherita Ruggeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Manlio Palei
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies and Disabilities, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, 34123 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (P.Z.)
| | - Alessandro Bremini
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies and Disabilities, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, 34123 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (P.Z.)
- Biocrime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre, c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, 9602 Arnoldstein, Austria;
| | - Marie-Christin Rossmann
- Biocrime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre, c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, 9602 Arnoldstein, Austria;
- Agiculture, Forestry, Rural Areas Veterinary Department, Land Carinthia, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Melanie Lippert-Petscharnig
- Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung, Institut für Lebensmittelsicherheit, Veterinärmedizin und Umwelt (ILV Kärnten), Laborbereichsleitung Serologie/PCR/Fischdiagnostik, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria;
| | - Michael-Dieter Mansfeld
- Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung, Institut für Lebensmittelsicherheit, Veterinärmedizin und Umwelt (ILV Kärnten), Laborbereichsleitung Bakteriologie/Hämatologie, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria;
| | - Silvia Deotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Udine, 33030 Basaldella di Campoformido, Italy; (M.C.); (G.D.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Sofia Leardini
- National Reference Centre/OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (P.D.); (S.L.); (F.G.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Laboratory of Special Virology, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Federica Gobbo
- National Reference Centre/OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (P.D.); (S.L.); (F.G.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Laboratory of Special Virology, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies and Disabilities, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, 34123 Trieste, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (P.Z.)
- Biocrime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre, c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, 9602 Arnoldstein, Austria;
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- National Reference Centre/OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (P.D.); (S.L.); (F.G.)
- National and FAO Reference Centre for Rabies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Zucca P, Rossmann MC, Osorio JE, Karem K, De Benedictis P, Haißl J, De Franceschi P, Calligaris E, Kohlweiß M, Meddi G, Gabrutsch W, Mairitsch H, Greco O, Furlani R, Maggio M, Tolomei M, Bremini A, Fischinger I, Zambotto P, Wagner P, Millard Y, Palei M, Zamaro G. The "Bio-Crime Model" of Cross-Border Cooperation Among Veterinary Public Health, Justice, Law Enforcements, and Customs to Tackle the Illegal Animal Trade/Bio-Terrorism and to Prevent the Spread of Zoonotic Diseases Among Human Population. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:593683. [PMID: 33240962 PMCID: PMC7670834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.593683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Illegal animal trade (pet, wildlife, animal products, etc.) is an example of transnational organized crime (T.O.C.) that generates a large business with huge profit margins. This criminal activity causes several negative effects on human health (zoonoses), animal health and welfare, market protection, consumer fraud and may be used as tool of agro/bio-terrorism. Illegal animal trade can facilitate the spread of zoonoses that are defined as diseases and infections that are transmitted by vertebrate animals to man. Humans are affected by more than 1,700 known pathogens: 60% of existing human infectious diseases are zoonotic and at least 75% of emerging infectious diseases of humans have an animal origin and 72% of zoonoses originate from wildlife or exotic animals. The Bio-Crime Project was developed in 2017 by Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (Italy) and Land Carinthia (Austria) together with other public institutions to combat illegal animal trade and to reduce the risk of disease transmission from animals to humans. Project partners agreed that a multi-agency approach was required to tackle the illegal animal trade that was high value, easy to undertake and transnational crime. The Bio-crime model of cross-border cooperation introduces the novel approach of replicating the cooperative framework given by the triad of Veterinary Public Health, Justice and Law Enforcements/Customs across borders using the International Police and Custom Cooperation Centres (IPCCCs) as a connection link among public entities of the neighbor countries. This model has been recognized as a best practice at European level because it can be easily replicated and scaled up without any supplementary cost for Member States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zucca
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies, and Disabilities, Trieste, Italy.,Bio-crime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre - c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria
| | - Marie-Christin Rossmann
- Agriculture, Forestry, Rural areas Veterinary Department, Land Carinthia, Klagenfurt, Austria.,Bio-crime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre - c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria
| | - Jorge E Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin Karem
- Centre for Global Health Leadership, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- OIE Collaborating Centre and National Reference Centre for Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, FAO and National Reference for Rabies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Josef Haißl
- Public Prosecutor Office, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Giulio Meddi
- SCIP International Service of Police Cooperation, International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria
| | | | | | - Oronzo Greco
- Italian Financial Police, Regional Command Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlani
- Italian Financial Police, Regional Command Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggio
- Italian Army, Regional Command Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Bremini
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies, and Disabilities, Trieste, Italy.,Bio-crime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre - c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria
| | - Ingrid Fischinger
- Bio-crime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre - c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria.,Agriculture, Forestry, Rural areas Veterinary Department, Land Carinthia, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Paolo Zambotto
- Veterinary Services, Autonomous Province of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter Wagner
- Health and Care Management Department, Veterinary Services, Land Styria, Graz, Austria
| | - Yvonne Millard
- Veterinary Services, Land Burgenland, Eisenstadt, Austria
| | - Manlio Palei
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies, and Disabilities, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianna Zamaro
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies, and Disabilities, Trieste, Italy
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Kaila M, Marjoniemi J, Nokireki T. Comparative study of rabies antibody titers of dogs vaccinated in Finland and imported street dogs vaccinated abroad. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:15. [PMID: 30871641 PMCID: PMC6419415 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-two canine serum samples were analyzed for post-vaccination serum titers of rabies antibodies. The samples were divided into two groups: Group 1 dogs (n = 36) were imported dogs from the Russian Federation (n = 31) or Romania (n = 5), with a mean serum antibody titer value of 1.54 IU/mL. Group 2 dogs (n = 36) were Finnish dogs vaccinated in Finland, with a mean titer of 4.19 IU/mL. Altogether, 14 (39%) dogs (CI 95% 23-56) were without detectable antibodies (≤ 0.1 IU/mL) in Group 1, whereas in Group 2, all dogs had an antibody titer greater than 0.1 IU/mL. A statistically significant difference was observed between these groups when comparing the proportions of dogs with antibody levels less than or exceeding 0.5 IU/mL. In Group 1, 19 out of the 36 dogs (CI 95% 36-70) had serum titer values < 0.5 IU/mL, while in Group 2, only 2 dogs had serum titer values < 0.5 IU/mL. Despite the small sample size, this raises concern over the imported dogs having insufficient antibody levels required for international travel and implies that these dogs had perhaps not been vaccinated, even though they had documentation of vaccination upon arrival.
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Tasioudi KE, Papatheodorou D, Iliadou P, Kostoulas P, Gianniou M, Chondrokouki E, Mangana-Vougiouka O, Mylonakis ME. Factors influencing the outcome of primary immunization against rabies in young dogs. Vet Microbiol 2018; 213:1-4. [PMID: 29291991 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is currently limited information on the factors influencing the outcome of rabies vaccination in dogs based on the primary immunization schedule. The objective of this study was to investigate whether selected variables (signalment, number of vaccinations, vaccine brand and multivalence, and time interval between the most recent vaccination and blood sampling) were associated with the achievement of an acceptable titer threshold (based on international standards) and with absolute antibody titers in young dogs vaccinated with commercially available vaccines. Serologic data from 662 dogs tested prior to their first annual booster for rabies were retrospectively reviewed. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined using a fluorescent antibody neutralization test. An acceptable titer threshold (≥0.5IU/ml) was achieved in 86.5% of the dogs. Dogs that had been vaccinated twice had significantly (P<0.001) higher antibody titers compared with dogs vaccinated once. The odds of achieving seropositivity and the median absolute antibody titer tended to decrease with increasing time between vaccination and blood sampling. Dogs vaccinated with monovalent vaccines were more likely to achieve an acceptable titer than dogs vaccinated with polyvalent vaccines. Dogs that were vaccinated after 3-6 months of age were more likely to develop higher antibody titers. These results indicate that the administration of two vaccines rather than one vaccine in the primary immunization schedule for rabies, result in a superior vaccination response and may be a more beneficial policy for ensuring pre-exposure prophylaxis and for travel certification of young dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantia E Tasioudi
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimos Papatheodorou
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Peristera Iliadou
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, School of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Maria Gianniou
- Department of Imports, Exports and Intraunion Trade of Live Animals and Products of Animal Origin, Animal Health Directorate, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Chondrokouki
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Mangana-Vougiouka
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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8
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Evaluation of the efficacy of the Japanese rabies RC-HL strain vaccine in domestic dogs using past and present data: Prediction based on logistic regression and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2017; 147:172-177. [PMID: 29254717 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Japan is one of the few rabies-free countries or territories (under the OIE standard) which still implement the policy of mandatory vaccination of domestic dogs. Under the Rabies Prevention Law enacted since 1950, pet owners in Japan are obliged to vaccinate their dogs every year. However, the national vaccination rate is estimated to average 42% over the past decade. Given this low owner compliance, there is debate over whether or not the mandatory vaccination policy should be maintained and if it were to be maintained, whether the yearly booster requirement is necessary or not. Data on 144 companion dogs vaccinated with the Japanese rabies RC-HL strain vaccine were analysed using multiple logistic regression. An extensive literature review was conducted and five previous vaccination studies were selected for meta-analysis. Results of logistic regression indicate that the proportion of dogs having a satisfactory antibody level lasting for 12 months (P_protected12) with only one vaccination was 74.7% (95% prediction interval (PI): 51.4%-90.5%). By contrast, P_protected12 for dogs vaccinated 2-4 times and 5 times or more was estimated as 96.6% (95%PI: 83.1%-99.3%) and 98.7% (95%PI: 96.9%-99.6%), respectively. Moreover, P_protected for 36 months would drop to 33.4% (95%PI: 11.4%-71.6%) for dogs vaccinated only once, while it would be 83.0% (95% PI: 39.4%-97.1%) and 93.0% (95%PI: 59.7%-99.2%) for dogs vaccinated 2-4 times and 5 times or more, respectively. The pooled P_protected for at least 12 months from meta-analysis was estimated as 83.8% (95%CI: 66.1%-97.5%) for dogs vaccinated only once, while it was estimated as 94.7% (95%CI: 87.7%-99.1%) for dogs vaccinated at least twice. Therefore, the yearly booster requirement of the current mandatory vaccination policy in Japan is reasonable in terms of its frequency. However, there is potential for future policy amendment to one that requires less frequent boosters, i.e. a booster is required within one year after primary vaccination and then every two to three years.
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