1
|
Chen S. Spatial and temporal dynamic analysis of rabies: A review of current methodologies. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2022; 17. [PMID: 36468590 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2022.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rabies continues to be one of the deadliest, high risk diseases worldwide, posing a severe threat to public health. The lack of human-to-human transmission means that the spread of rabies is not significantly affected by the distribution of humans or migra- tion. Thus, the spatiotemporal dynamic of cases in both wild and domestic animals is an important issue that can result in human cases. This paper gives an overview of the methodologies for the spatial and temporal dynamic analysis of this disease. It introduces the most representative research progress of spatial aggregation, dynamic transmission, spatiotemporal distribution, epidemiologi- cal analysis and application of modelling in the study of rabies transmission in recent years. This overview should be useful for investigating the spatial and temporal dynamics of rabies, as it could help understanding the spread of cases as well as contribute to the development of better prevention and control strategies in ecology and epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaicheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Naveenkumar V, Bharathi MV, Porteen K, Selvaraju G, Vijayarani K, Kharkwal P, Chanda MM. Temporal Pattern and Risk Factors for Occurrence of Canine Rabies in Chennai. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
3
|
Exploring rabies endemicity in Pakistan: Major constraints & possible solutions. Acta Trop 2021; 221:106011. [PMID: 34144001 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, the oldest recorded viral zoonosis in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, is a neglected and lingering endemic disease in Pakistan. The review of online available rabies-related journals, papers and reports through platforms and electronic databases have provided the basis for a detailed analysis of the rabies situation in Pakistan. Only published materials related to various research areas of rabies in Pakistan were included and meaningful conclusions were developed to identify major constraints and generate an intellectual discussion on possible solutions. Results revealed 52 studies representing major issues concerning rabies prevention related to topics including, but not limited to: epidemiological investigations (40.38%), prophylactic measures (21.15%), population of wandering dogs (13.46%), public awareness and government interventions (17.30%) and diagnostic surveillance (7.69%). In order to minimize these problems and reduce the prevalence of dog bites or rabies in significant manners, the country direly needs to apply the following actions: a maintained supply of rabies prophylactic measures in public hospitals at subsidized rates, mass dog vaccination at regional levels, enforced responsible animal ownerships, implementing a systematic One Health approach, and diagnostic labs equipped with surveillance mechanisms established in coordination with the livestock and medical departments. This review, which presents up-to-date information on the risk factors and epidemiological features of rabies in Pakistan, provides useful information for scientists, policy makers, and administrative health officials wishing to understand how this deadly disease persists in the absence of effective control measures.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu WG, Ai D, Song H, Xie Y, Liu S, Zhu W, Yang J. Epidemiological and numerical simulation of rabies spreading from canines to various human populations in mainland China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009527. [PMID: 34260584 PMCID: PMC8312940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality of humans due to rabies in China has been declining in recent years, but it is still a significant public health problem. According to the global framework, China strives to achieve the goal of eliminating human rabies before 2030. METHODS We reviewed the epidemiology of human deaths from rabies in mainland China from 2004 to 2018. We identified high risk regions, age and occupational groups, and used a continuous deterministic susceptibility-exposure-infection-recovery (SEIR) model with periodic transmission rate to explore seasonal rabies prevalence in different human populations. The SEIR model was used to simulate the data of human deaths from rabies reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). We calculated the relative transmission intensity of rabies from canines to different human groups, and they provided a reliable epidemiological basis for further control and prevention of human rabies. RESULTS Results showed that human deaths from rabies exhibited regional differences and seasonal characteristics in mainland China. The annual human death from rabies in different regions, age groups and occupational groups decreased steadily across time. Nevertheless, the decreasing rates and the calculated R0s of canines of various human groups were different. The transmission intensity of rabies from canines to human populations was the highest in the central regions of China, in people over 45 years old, and in farmers. CONCLUSIONS Although the annual cases of human deaths from rabies have decreased steadily since 2007, the proportion of human deaths from rabies varies with region, age, gender, and occupation. Further enhancement of public awareness and immunization status in high-risk population groups and blocking the transmission routes of rabies from canines to humans are necessary. The concept of One Health should be abided and human, animal, and environmental health should be considered simultaneously to achieve the goal of eradicating human rabies before 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-gao Lu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Danni Ai
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Song
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (WZ); (JY)
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (WZ); (JY)
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (WZ); (JY)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Using Dairy Value Chains to Identify Production Constraints and Biosecurity Risks. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122332. [PMID: 33302484 PMCID: PMC7763085 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dairy industry plays a key role in the Indian economy. This study was conducted to understand the dairy inputs and outputs and to identify production constraints and biosecurity. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted in the Punjab state of India with 119 participants, including veterinarians, paraveterinarians, veterinary academics, dairy farmers and key informants. Farm inputs (e.g., feed and animal health services) and outputs (e.g., milk, animal sales, carcass and manure disposal) were mapped. Production constraints and biosecurity practices were identified and included the availability of green and dry fodder, provision of veterinary services by untrained practitioners, improper disposal of carcass/placenta/excreta, absence of health certification during sale or purchase of animals and absence of testing of village bulls. The government was a major provider of health and management services in the state, although a very high proportion of farmers relied on untrained or partially trained service providers for health advice and veterinary procedures. Improvement in biosecurity practices and adequate use of personal protective equipment is recommended to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and minimize their impact. Abstract The dairy industry plays an important role in the economy and food security of India. A study of the dairy value chains was conducted in Punjab, India, to identify production constraints and biosecurity risks. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted during 2018–2019 with a total of 119 participants comprising veterinarians (41), paraveterinarians (15), veterinary academics (12), dairy farmers (46) and key informants (5). Input and output value chains were created, and potential risk nodes were identified that could facilitate the transmission of pathogens between animals, farms and villages. The majority of the participants were male (93%), middle-aged (68%) or worked in rural areas (75%). Most of the farmers self-cultivated their green fodder (82%), used the wheat straw from their own fields (60%) but purchased commercial feed (63%). Artificial insemination was used by 85% of farmers for cattle, but only 68% for buffaloes. Most of the farmers (76%) reported getting their animals vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease and hemorrhagic septicemia. Animals were sold and purchased without any health certification and testing in most cases. Adoption of biosecurity measures by farmers and the use of personal protective equipment by veterinary personnel were very low. We recommend conducting epidemiological studies to further characterize the identified risk nodes, training of veterinary practitioners and farmers to ensure adequate biosecurity practices and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gill GS, Singh BB, Dhand NK, Aulakh RS, Sandhu BS, Ward MP, Brookes VJ. Estimation of the incidence of animal rabies in Punjab, India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222198. [PMID: 31498815 PMCID: PMC6733466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a devastating zoonotic disease of mammals that causes encephalitis and death. It is endemic in India, with an estimated annual 20,000 human deaths (one-third of the global rabies burden). The magnitude of animal rabies incidence is unknown. Methods In four sub-districts of Punjab, India, we monitored canine and livestock populations from August 15, 2016 to August 14, 2017. Demographic, clinical and rabies diagnostic laboratory (RDL) data were collected from suspected cases of rabies. The annual incidence rate / 10,000 animal years at risk (95% CI) in each sub-district was estimated for each species. Results During 2016–2017, a total of 41 suspected rabies cases were detected in the four selected sub-districts in Punjab. Laboratory confirmed rabies (LCR) incidence was 2.03/10,000 dog years (0.69, 5.96) and 2.71/10,000 dog years (1.14, 6.43) in stray and pet dogs, respectively. The LCR incidence in farmed buffalo and cattle was 0.19/10,000 buffalo years (0.07, 0.57) and 0.23/10,000 cattle years (0.06, 0.88), respectively. The LCR incidence amongst equine was 4.28/10,000 equine years (0.48, 38.10). Stray cattle rabies incidence in the selected sub-districts was 9.49/10,000 cattle years (3.51, 25.67). If similar enhanced surveillance for rabies was conducted state-wide, we estimate that 98 (34–294) buffalo, 18 (2–156) equine, 56 (15–214) farmed cattle, 96 (35–259) stray cattle, 128 (54–303) pet dogs and 62 (21–182) stray dogs would be expected to be confirmed with rabies in Punjab annually. Conclusion These results indicate that rabies incidence in animals, particularly in dogs and stray cattle, is much higher than previously suspected. We recommend that statewide enhanced disease surveillance should be conducted to obtain more accurate estimates of rabies incidence in Punjab to facilitate better control of this important disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurlal S. Gill
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Balbir B. Singh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Rabinder S. Aulakh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder S. Sandhu
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brookes VJ, Dürr S, Ward MP. Rabies-induced behavioural changes are key to rabies persistence in dog populations: Investigation using a network-based model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007739. [PMID: 31545810 PMCID: PMC6776358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies was endemic pre-urbanisation, yet little is known about how it persists in small populations of dogs typically seen in rural and remote regions. By simulating rabies outbreaks in such populations (50-90 dogs) using a network-based model, our objective was to determine if rabies-induced behavioural changes influence disease persistence. Behavioural changes-increased bite frequency and increased number or duration of contacts (disease-induced roaming or paralysis, respectively)-were found to be essential for disease propagation. Spread occurred in approximately 50% of model simulations and in these, very low case rates (2.0-2.6 cases/month) over long durations (95% range 20-473 days) were observed. Consequently, disease detection is a challenge, risking human infection and spread to other communities via dog movements. Even with 70% pre-emptive vaccination, spread occurred in >30% of model simulations (in these, median case rate was 1.5/month with 95% range of 15-275 days duration). We conclude that the social disruption caused by rabies-induced behavioural change is the key to explaining how rabies persists in small populations of dogs. Results suggest that vaccination of substantially greater than the recommended 70% of dog populations is required to prevent rabies emergence in currently free rural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brookes VJ, Gill GS, Singh BB, Sandhu BS, Dhand NK, Aulakh RS, Ward MP. Challenges to human rabies elimination highlighted following a rabies outbreak in bovines and a human in Punjab, India. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:325-336. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Brookes
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Camden New South Wales Australia
| | - Gurlal S. Gill
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU) Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Balbir B. Singh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU) Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Bhupinder S. Sandhu
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU) Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Camden New South Wales Australia
| | - Rabinder S. Aulakh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU) Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Camden New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Knowledge, attitude and practices relating to zoonotic diseases among livestock farmers in Punjab, India. Acta Trop 2019; 189:15-21. [PMID: 30268685 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases cause significant health and economic impact in developing countries such as India. Many zoonotic diseases are prevalent in the livestock and as an occupational zoonosis in the livestock farmers in India. Lack of knowledge on the disease transmission, prevention and control measures is a potential high risk for the occurrence of zoonotic diseases in the livestock and its keepers in India. We conducted this study to understand knowledge, attitude and practices of livestock farmers regarding zoonoses. Five villages from each of the 22 districts of the state were conveniently selected (n = 110). Farmers available at village community sites were enrolled in the study and requested to complete a custom designed questionnaire (n = 558). In addition, livestock farmers attending basic livestock husbandry training were also surveyed (n = 301). Data from questionnaires was used to create three index variables: (a) knowledge score; (b) attitude score and (c) practice score. Association between demographic and other explanatory variables with knowledge score was evaluated using linear regression analyses. Similarly, the association between knowledge and attitude score with practice score was evaluated. Of the 859 participants, 685 (80%) livestock farmers had heard the term 'zoonoses' but only 345 (40%), 264 (31%) and 214 (25%) farmers were aware of the zoonotic nature of tuberculosis, Japanese encephalitis and taeniosis, respectively. For practices, 23% farmers reported consumption of raw milk and only 10% and 8% livestock farmers ever got their animals tested for brucellosis and tuberculosis, respectively. The low level of education and being a cattle farmer were negatively associated with the farmer's knowledge on zoonotic diseases. The attitude score was positively associated with the practice score of the participants. The results indicate need for educating the livestock farmers particularly those with a low level of education to reduce the health and economic impact of zoonotic diseases in India.
Collapse
|