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Alvarez-Araos P, Jiménez S, Salazar-Ardiles C, Núñez-Espinosa C, Paez V, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, Raberin A, Millet GP, Iturriaga R, Andrade DC. Baroreflex and chemoreflex interaction in high-altitude exposure: possible role on exercise performance. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1422927. [PMID: 38895516 PMCID: PMC11184637 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1422927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic chemoreflex and the arterial baroreflex are implicated in the ventilatory response to exercise. It is well known that long-term exercise training increases parasympathetic and decreases sympathetic tone, both processes influenced by the arterial baroreflex and hypoxic chemoreflex function. Hypobaric hypoxia (i.e., high altitude [HA]) markedly reduces exercise capacity associated with autonomic reflexes. Indeed, a reduced exercise capacity has been found, paralleled by a baroreflex-related parasympathetic withdrawal and a pronounced chemoreflex potentiation. Additionally, it is well known that the baroreflex and chemoreflex interact, and during activation by hypoxia, the chemoreflex is predominant over the baroreflex. Thus, the baroreflex function impairment may likely facilitate the exercise deterioration through the reduction of parasympathetic tone following acute HA exposure, secondary to the chemoreflex activation. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to describe the main physiological mechanisms controlling baro- and chemoreflex function and their role in exercise capacity during HA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alvarez-Araos
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Sergio Jiménez
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro Asistencial de Docencia e Investigación (CADI-UMAG), Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Paez
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David C. Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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Siebenmann C, Roche J, Schlittler M, Simpson LL, Stembridge M. Regulation of haemoglobin concentration at high altitude. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 38051656 DOI: 10.1113/jp284578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowlanders sojourning for more than 1 day at high altitude (HA) experience a reduction in plasma volume (PV) that increases haemoglobin concentration and thus restores arterial oxygen content. If the sojourn extends over weeks, an expansion of total red cell volume (RCV) occurs and contributes to the haemoconcentration. While the reduction in PV was classically attributed to an increased diuretic fluid loss, recent studies support fluid redistribution, rather than loss, as the underlying mechanism. The fluid redistribution is presumably driven by a disappearance of proteins from the circulation and the resulting reduction in oncotic pressure exerted by the plasma, although the fate of the disappearing proteins remains unclear. The RCV expansion is the result of an accelerated erythropoietic activity secondary to enhanced renal erythropoietin release, but a contribution of other mechanisms cannot be excluded. After return from HA, intravascular volumes return to normal values and the normalisation of RCV might involve selective destruction of newly formed erythrocytes, although this explanation has been strongly challenged by recent studies. In contrast to acclimatised lowlanders, native highlanders originating from the Tibetan and the Ethiopian plateaus present with a normal or only mildly elevated haemoglobin concentration. Genetic adaptations blunting the erythropoietic response to HA exposure have been proposed as an explanation for the absence of more pronounced haemoconcentration in these populations, but new evidence also supports a contribution of a larger than expected PV. The functional significance of the relatively low haemoglobin concentration in Tibetan and Ethiopian highlanders is incompletely understood and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Roche
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maja Schlittler
- AO Research Institute Davos, Regenerative Orthopaedics Program, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Pratt EAL, Beheregaray LB, Fruet P, Tezanos-Pinto G, Bilgmann K, Zanardo N, Diaz-Aguirre F, Secchi ER, Freitas TRO, Möller LM. Genomic Divergence and the Evolution of Ecotypes in Bottlenose Dolphins (Genus Tursiops). Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad199. [PMID: 37935115 PMCID: PMC10655200 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Climatic changes have caused major environmental restructuring throughout the world's oceans. Marine organisms have responded to novel conditions through various biological systems, including genomic adaptation. Growing accessibility of next-generation DNA sequencing methods to study nonmodel species has recently allowed genomic changes underlying environmental adaptations to be investigated. This study used double-digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequence data to investigate the genomic basis of ecotype formation across currently recognized species and subspecies of bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) in the Southern Hemisphere. Subspecies-level genomic divergence was confirmed between the offshore common bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus truncatus) and the inshore Lahille's bottlenose dolphin (T. t. gephyreus) from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWAO). Similarly, subspecies-level divergence is suggested between inshore (eastern Australia) Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus) and the proposed Burrunan dolphin (T. australis) from southern Australia. Inshore bottlenose dolphin lineages generally had lower genomic diversity than offshore lineages, a pattern particularly evident for T. t. gephyreus, which showed exceptionally low diversity. Genomic regions associated with cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and energy production systems appear to have undergone repeated adaptive evolution in inshore lineages across the Southern Hemisphere. We hypothesize that comparable selective pressures in the inshore environment drove similar adaptive responses in each lineage, supporting parallel evolution of inshore bottlenose dolphins. With climate change altering marine ecosystems worldwide, it is crucial to gain an understanding of the adaptive capacity of local species and populations. Our study provides insights into key adaptive pathways that may be important for the long-term survival of cetaceans and other organisms in a changing marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A L Pratt
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luciano B Beheregaray
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pedro Fruet
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha (ECOMEGA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Museu Oceanográfico Prof. Eliézer de C. Rios, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Kaosa, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Kerstin Bilgmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nikki Zanardo
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Environment and Water, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Fernando Diaz-Aguirre
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eduardo R Secchi
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha (ECOMEGA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Museu Oceanográfico Prof. Eliézer de C. Rios, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Thales R O Freitas
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Evolução, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Möller
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Hsia CCW. Tissue Perfusion and Diffusion and Cellular Respiration: Transport and Utilization of Oxygen. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:594-611. [PMID: 37541315 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the journey of inspired oxygen after its uptake across the alveolar-capillary interface, and the interplay among tissue perfusion, diffusion, and cellular respiration in the transport and utilization of oxygen. The critical interactions between oxygen and its facilitative carriers (hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells), and with other respiratory and vasoactive molecules (carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide), are emphasized to illustrate how this versatile system dynamically optimizes regional convective transport and diffusive gas exchange. The rates of reciprocal gas exchange in the lung and the periphery must be well-matched and sufficient for meeting the range of energy demands from rest to maximal stress but not excessive as to become toxic. The mobile red blood cells play a vital role in matching tissue perfusion and gas exchange by dynamically regulating the controlled uptake of oxygen and communicating regional metabolic signals across different organs. Intracellular oxygen diffusion and facilitation via myoglobin into the mitochondria, and utilization via electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, are summarized. Physiological and pathophysiological adaptations are briefly described. Dysfunction of any component across this integrated system affects all other components and elicits corresponding structural and functional adaptation aimed at matching the capacities across the entire system and restoring equilibrium under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C W Hsia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Su F, Cao L, Ren X, Hu J, Tavengana G, Wu H, Zhou Y, Fu Y, Jiang M, Wen Y. Age and sex trend differences in hemoglobin levels in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:8. [PMID: 36624464 PMCID: PMC9827637 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01218-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both age and gender are the influence factors of hemoglobin concentration. However, the changing trend of hemoglobin levels between males and females with age remains unclear. This study aimed to explore their changing characteristics in different genders. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Physical Examination Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College in Wuhu, China from 2014 to 2016. The generalized linear model was applied to explore the relationship between age, gender and hemoglobin levels. RESULTS Among the 303,084 participants, the mean age for females and males was 46.9 ± 13.4(15-98) and 48.1 ± 13.7(14-98) years old, respectively. Generalized smoothing splines showed that hemoglobin levels increased up to age 25 and then decreased in men; in women the levels increased up until age 20, and then decreased, with slight increase again (β = 0.244, P < 0.01). After dividing all participants into hyperglycemia and normal groups, only the normal female group showed a significant upward trend (β = 0.257, P < 0.01) between ages 50-59. CONCLUSIONS Hemoglobin concentration changes with age and the curve is different in males and females. The slightly upward trend of female hemoglobin in the age range of 50-59 years old should be considered in developing the reference range of hemoglobin making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, No.22, Wenchang Xi Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Lei Cao
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, No.22, Wenchang Xi Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Xia Ren
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, No.22, Wenchang Xi Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, No.22, Wenchang Xi Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Grace Tavengana
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, No.22, Wenchang Xi Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Huan Wu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yumei Zhou
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, No.22, Wenchang Xi Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yuhan Fu
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, No.22, Wenchang Xi Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Mingfei Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yufeng Wen
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, No.22, Wenchang Xi Road, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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Wang H, Tang C, Dang ZH, Yong A, Liu L, Wang S, Zhao M. Clinicopathological characteristics of high-altitude polycythemia-related kidney disease in Tibetan inhabitants. Kidney Int 2022; 102:196-206. [PMID: 35513124 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
High-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) is a clinical syndrome that occurs in native inhabitants or long-term residents living at altitude. The kidney is one of the most affected organs. However, the clinical and kidney histopathological profiles of HAPC-related kidney disease have rarely been reported. Here, we report kidney biopsy-based clinicopathological study on this disease. HAPC was defined as excessive erythrocytosis [females, hemoglobin 190 g/L or more; males, 210 g/L or more] in patients living above an altitude of 2500 m for more than ten years. A total of 416 Tibetan patients underwent kidney biopsy between January 1, 2016, and November 31, 2020. Of these patients 17 met the diagnostic criteria for HAPC-related kidney disease. Clinically, these patients had a median urinary protein level of 2.5 g/24-hour (range 1.81-6.85). Twelve patients had hyperuricemia, nine had hypertension, and three had kidney insufficiency. On histopathology, glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular basement membrane thickening, podocyte foot process effacement, segmental glomerulosclerosis and global glomerulosclerosis were the main features. Extraglomerular arterial/arteriolar lesions were common, presenting as intimal fibrosis, hyalinosis and endothelial cell swelling/subintimal edema. Expansion of the arterial/arteriolar medial wall area characterized by smooth muscle cell proliferation was clearly observed, potentially indicating vascular remodeling. Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α was expressed in the kidney tissues of these patients. Thus, the pathological changes of HAPC-related kidney disease encompassed both glomerular and extraglomerular vascular lesions, suggesting a key role of both chronic hypoxia itself and secondary hemodynamic changes in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Renal Pathological Center, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China; Beijing 100034, P.R. China; Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Pathological Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Chen Tang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Renal Pathological Center, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China; Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Hui Dang
- The People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous region, Lhasa, Tibet, P.R. China
| | - A Yong
- The People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous region, Lhasa, Tibet, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Renal Pathological Center, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China; Beijing 100034, P.R. China.
| | - Suxia Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Renal Pathological Center, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China; Beijing 100034, P.R. China; Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Pathological Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China.
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Renal Pathological Center, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China; Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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Zhang P, Zhang X, Zhang X, Gao X, Huerta-Sanchez E, Zwyns N. Denisovans and Homo sapiens on the Tibetan Plateau: dispersals and adaptations. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:257-267. [PMID: 34863581 PMCID: PMC9140327 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent archaeological discoveries suggest that both archaic Denisovans and Homo sapiens occupied the Tibetan Plateau earlier than expected. Genetic studies show that a pulse of Denisovan introgression was involved in the adaptation of Tibetan populations to high-altitude hypoxia. These findings challenge the traditional view that the plateau was one of the last places on earth colonized by H. sapiens and warrant a reappraisal of the population history of this highland. Here, we integrate archaeological and genomic evidence relevant to human dispersal, settlement, and adaptation in the region. We propose two testable models to address the peopling of the plateau in the broader context of H. sapiens dispersal and their encounters with Denisovans in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Zhang
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 10044, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 10044, China
| | - Emilia Huerta-Sanchez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Nicolas Zwyns
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Insititute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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8
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Zhang Z, Qiu M, Du H, Li Q, Yu C, Gan W, Peng H, Xia B, Xiong X, Song X, Yang L, Hu C, Chen J, Yang C, Jiang X. Whole genome re-sequencing identifies unique adaption of single nucleotide polymorphism, insertion/deletion and structure variation related to hypoxia in Tibetan chickens. Gene Expr Patterns 2021; 40:119181. [PMID: 34004346 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2021.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adaptation to hypoxia in high altitude areas has great research value in the field of biological sciences. Tibetan chicken has unique adaptability to high-altitude, low pressure and anoxic conditions, and served as a biological model to search for genetic diversity of hypoxia adaption. METHODS The whole genome re-sequencing technology was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity. RESULTS In this study, we obtained quantity genetic resource, contained 5164926 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 237504 Insertion/Deletion (InDel), 55606 structural variation types in all chromosomes of Tibetan chicken. Moreover, 17154 non-synonymous mutations, 45763 synonymous mutations, 258 InDel mutations and 9468 structural mutations were detected in coding sequencing (CDS) region. Furthermore, SNPs occur in 591 genes, including HIF1A, VEGF, MAPK 8/9/10/11, PPARA/D/G, NOTCH2, and ABCs, which were involved in 14 hypoxia-related pathways, such as VEGF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway and Notch signaling pathway. Among them, 19 genes with non-synonymous SNP variation in CDS were identified. Moreover, structure variation in CDS also occurred in the mentioned above genes with SNPs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides useful targets for clarifying the hypoxia adaptability of the domestication of chickens in Tibetan and may help breeding efforts to develop improved breeds for the highlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengrong Zhang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China; Animal Breeding and Genetics key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Mohan Qiu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Huarui Du
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Chunlin Yu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Wu Gan
- Shanghai Ying Biotechnology Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Peng
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Xiaoyan Song
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Li Yang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Chenming Hu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Jialei Chen
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Chaowu Yang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China.
| | - Xiaosong Jiang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China; Animal Breeding and Genetics key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China.
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Effect of EGLN1 Genetic Polymorphisms on Hemoglobin Concentration in Andean Highlanders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3436581. [PMID: 33282944 PMCID: PMC7686849 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3436581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The physiological characteristics of Andean natives living at high altitudes have been investigated extensively, with many studies reporting that Andean highlanders have a higher hemoglobin (Hb) concentration than other highlander populations. It has previously been reported that positive natural selection has acted independently on the egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1 (EGLN1) gene in Tibetan and Andean highlanders and is related to Hb concentration in Tibetans. However, no study has yet revealed the genetic determinants of Hb concentration in Andeans even though several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EGLN1 have previously been examined. Therefore, we explored the relationship between hematological measurements and tag SNPs designed to cover the whole EGLN1 genomic region in Andean highlanders living in Bolivia. Our findings indicated that haplotype frequencies estimated from the EGLN1 SNPs were significantly correlated with Hb concentration in the Bolivian highlanders. Moreover, we found that an Andean-dominant haplotype related to high Hb level may have expanded rapidly in ancestral Andean highlander populations. Analysis of genotype data in an ~436.3 kb genomic region containing EGLN1 using public databases indicated that the population structure based on EGLN1 genetic markers in Andean highlanders was largely different from that in other human populations. This finding may be related to an intrinsic or adaptive physiological characteristic of Andean highlanders. In conclusion, the high Hb concentrations in Andean highlanders can be partly characterized by EGLN1 genetic variants.
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Zhao L, Wang X, Wang T, Fan W, Ren H, Zhang R, Zou Y, Xu H, Zhang J, Wu Y, Liu F. Associations Between High-Altitude Residence and End-Stage Kidney Disease in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. High Alt Med Biol 2020; 21:396-405. [PMID: 33185478 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2020.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zhao, Lijun, Xi Wang, Tingli Wang, Wenxin Fan, Honghong Ren, Rui Zhang, Yutong Zou, Huan Xu, Jie Zhang, Yunhong Wu, and Fang Liu. Associations between high-altitude residence and end-stage kidney disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. High Alt Med Biol. 21:396-405, 2020. Background: This study investigated whether living at high altitude was associated with progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in Chinese patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 369 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and biopsy-confirmed DN. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the influence of living at high altitude on ESKD. Results: Patients living at ≥2,000 m above sea level were more likely to be Tibetan, and they had higher mean body mass indexes, glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin concentrations, and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rates than those living at lower altitudes. During a median follow-up period of 20 months, 141 (38%) patients progressed to ESKD. In multivariable Cox analysis adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and clinical and pathological parameters, living at high altitude was independently associated with progression to ESKD in Chinese DN patients [HR 2.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-7.58]. Compared with Han Chinese, Tibetans were at a lower risk of progression to ESKD (HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04-0.59). Conclusions: Living at high altitude was independently associated with renal outcome in Han Chinese patients with T2DM and DN, but not native Tibetans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region (Hospital. C.T.), Chengdu, China
| | - Tingli Wang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxin Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghong Ren
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutong Zou
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Division of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunhong Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region (Hospital. C.T.), Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Brito J, Siques P, Pena E. Long-term chronic intermittent hypoxia: a particular form of chronic high-altitude pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:5-12. [PMID: 33110494 PMCID: PMC7557688 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020934625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In some subjects, high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia leads to high-altitude pulmonary
hypertension. The threshold for the diagnosis of high-altitude pulmonary hypertension is a
mean pulmonary artery pressure of 30 mmHg, even though for general pulmonary hypertension
is ≥25 mmHg. High-altitude pulmonary hypertension has been associated with high hematocrit
findings (chronic mountain sickness), and although these are two separate entities, they
have a synergistic effect that should be considered. In recent years, a new condition
associated with high altitude was described in South America named long-term chronic
intermittent hypoxia and has appeared in individuals who commute to work at high altitude
but live and rest at sea level. In this review, we discuss the initial epidemiological
pattern from the early studies done in Chile, the clinical presentation and possible
molecular mechanism and a discussion of the potential management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Brito
- Institute of Health Studies, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and Its Health Sequelae, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Siques
- Institute of Health Studies, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and Its Health Sequelae, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Pena
- Institute of Health Studies, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and Its Health Sequelae, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Mairbäurl H, Gassmann M, Muckenthaler MU. Geographical ancestry affects normal hemoglobin values in high-altitude residents. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1451-1459. [PMID: 33002380 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is a major mechanism adjusting arterial oxygen content to decreased oxygen partial pressure of inspired air at high altitude. Approximately 5% of the world's population living at altitudes higher than 1,500 m shows this adaptive mechanism. Notably, there is a wide variation in the extent of increase in Hb concentration among different populations. This short review summarizes available information on Hb concentrations of high-altitude residents living at comparable altitudes (3,500-4,500 m) in different regions of the world. An increased Hb concentration is found in all high-altitude populations. The highest mean Hb concentration was found in adult male Andean residents and in Han Chinese living at high altitude, whereas it was lowest in Ethiopians, Tibetans, and Sherpas. A lower plasma volume in Andean high-altitude natives may offer a partial explanation. Indeed, male Andean high-altitude natives have a lower plasma volume than Tibetans and Ethiopians. Moreover, Hb values were lower in adult, nonpregnant females than in males; differences between populations of different ancestry were less pronounced. Various genetic polymorphisms were detected in high-altitude residents thought to favor life in a hypoxic environment, some of which correlate with the relatively low Hb concentration in the Tibetans and Ethiopians, whereas differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme allele distribution may be related to elevated Hb in the Andeans. Taken together, these results indicate different sensitivity of oxygen dependent control of erythropoiesis or plasma volume among populations of different geographical ancestry, offering explanations for differences in the Hb concentration at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Mairbäurl
- Departmment of Translational Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Departmment of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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13
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Liu Y, Jin X, Mei S, Xu H, Zhao C, Lan Q, Xie T, Fang Y, Li S, Zhu B. Insights into the genetic characteristics and population structures of Chinese two Tibetan groups using 35 insertion/deletion polymorphic loci. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:957-968. [PMID: 32333170 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studying the genetic structure of each ethnic group is helpful to clarify the genetic background and trace back to the ethnic origin. Tibetan people have lived in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (mean elevation over 4500 m) for generations, and have well adapted to the high-altitude environment. Due to the relatively closed geographical environment, Tibetans have preserved their representative physical characteristics and genetic information, thereby become an important research group in human genetics. In this study, genetic characteristics and population structures of two Tibetan groups (Qinghai Tibetans and Tibet Tibetans) were revealed by 35 insertion/deletion polymorphism (DIP) loci, aiming to provide valuable genetic information for population genetic differentiation analyses and forensic identifications. The combined discrimination power, cumulative exclusion probability and combined match probability of the 35 DIP loci in Qinghai Tibetan and Tibet Tibetan groups were 0.9999999999999945, 0.9988, 5.56623 × 10-15; and 0.9999999999999904, 0.9990, 9.69071 × 10-15, respectively, indicating that the panel possessed a strong capability for Tibetan personal identifications. Population differentiations and genetic relationship analyses among the two studied Tibetan groups and other 27 comparison populations were carried out using the Nei's DA genetic distances, population pairwise genetic distances F-statistics (FST), analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), phylogenetic tree reconstruction, principal component analysis and STRUCTURE methods. Results demonstrated that the most intimate genetic relationships existed in these two Tibetan groups; and genetic similarities between two Tibetan groups and the populations from East Asia were much stronger than that between the Tibetan groups and other geographical populations. Furthermore, forensic ancestral informativeness assessments suggested that several loci could be regarded as ancestry informative markers inferring individual biogeographic origins as well as contributing to forensic anthropology and population genetic researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Multi‑Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoye Jin
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.,College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuyan Mei
- Multi‑Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Multi‑Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Congying Zhao
- Multi‑Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiong Lan
- Multi‑Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Multi‑Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yating Fang
- Multi‑Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shuanglin Li
- Multi‑Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Multi‑Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification; Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China. .,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
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14
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Guo Z, Fan C, Li T, Gesang L, Yin W, Wang N, Weng X, Gong Q, Zhang J, Wang J. Neural network correlates of high-altitude adaptive genetic variants in Tibetans: A pilot, exploratory study. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2406-2430. [PMID: 32128935 PMCID: PMC7267913 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made in the identification of genetic substrates underlying physiology, neuropsychology, and brain organization, the genotype–phenotype associations remain largely unknown in the context of high‐altitude (HA) adaptation. Here, we related HA adaptive genetic variants in three gene loci (EGLN1, EPAS1, and PPARA) to interindividual variance in a set of physiological characteristics, neuropsychological tests, and topological attributes of large‐scale structural and functional brain networks in 135 indigenous Tibetan highlanders. Analyses of individual HA adaptive single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed that specific SNPs selectively modulated physiological characteristics (erythrocyte level, ratio between forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity, arterial oxygen saturation, and heart rate) and structural network centrality (the left anterior orbital gyrus) with no effects on neuropsychology or functional brain networks. Further analyses of genetic adaptive scores, which summarized the overall degree of genetic adaptation to HA, revealed significant correlations only with structural brain networks with respect to local interconnectivity of the whole networks, intermodule communication between the right frontal and parietal module and the left occipital module, nodal centrality in several frontal regions, and connectivity strength of a subnetwork predominantly involving in intramodule edges in the right temporal and occipital module. Moreover, the associations were dependent on gene loci, weight types, or topological scales. Together, these findings shed new light on genotype–phenotype interactions under HA hypoxia and have important implications for developing new strategies to optimize organism and tissue responses to chronic hypoxia induced by extreme environments or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyue Guo
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Cunxiu Fan
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Li
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Luobu Gesang
- Institute of High Altitude Medicine, Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wu Yin
- Department of Radiology, Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ningkai Wang
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuchu Weng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Institute of Brain Diseases and Cognition, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Li C, Li X, Xiao J, Liu J, Fan X, Fan F, Lei H. Genetic changes in the EPAS1 gene between Tibetan and Han ethnic groups and adaptation to the plateau hypoxic environment. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7943. [PMID: 31681516 PMCID: PMC6822597 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Chinese Han population, prolonged exposure to hypoxic conditions can promote compensatory erythropoiesis which improves hypoxemia. However, Tibetans have developed unique phenotypes, such as downregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway through EPAS1 gene mutation, thus the mechanism of adaption of the Han population should be further studied. The results indicated that, under plateau hypoxic conditions, the plains population was able to acclimate rapidly to hypoxia through increasing EPAS1 mRNA expression and changing the hemoglobin conformation. Furthermore, the mutant genotype frequencies of the rs13419896, rs1868092 and rs4953354 loci in the EPAS1 gene were significantly higher in the Tibetan population than in the plains population. The EPAS1 gene expression level was lowest in the Han population carrying the A-A homozygous mutant of the rs13419896 locus but that it increased rapidly after these individuals entered the plateau. At this time, the hemoglobin content was lower in the homozygous mutant Han group than in the wild-type and heterozygous mutant populations, and the viscosity of blood was reduced in populations carrying the A-A haplotypes in rs13419896 and rs1868092 Among Tibetans, the group carrying homozygous mutations of the three SNPs also had lower hemoglobin concentrations than the wild-type. The Raman spectroscopy results showed that exposure of the Tibetan and Han population to hypoxic conditions changed the spatial conformation of hemoglobin and its binding ability to oxygen. The Tibetan population has mainly adapted to the plateau through genetic mutations, whereas some individuals adapt through changes in hemoglobin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Fan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyan Fan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Huifen Lei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
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16
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Storz JF, Scott GR. Life Ascending: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Adaptation to High-Altitude Hypoxia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019; 50:503-526. [PMID: 33033467 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-025014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To cope with the reduced availability of O2 at high altitude, air-breathing vertebrates have evolved myriad adjustments in the cardiorespiratory system to match tissue O2 delivery with metabolic O2 demand. We explain how changes at interacting steps of the O2 transport pathway contribute to plastic and evolved changes in whole-animal aerobic performance under hypoxia. In vertebrates native to high altitude, enhancements of aerobic performance under hypoxia are attributable to a combination of environmentally induced and evolved changes in multiple steps of the pathway. Additionally, evidence suggests that many high-altitude natives have evolved mechanisms for attenuating maladaptive acclimatization responses to hypoxia, resulting in counter-gradient patterns of altitudinal variation for key physiological phenotypes. For traits that exhibit counteracting environmental and genetic effects, evolved changes in phenotype may be cryptic under field conditions and can only be revealed by rearing representatives of high-and low-altitude populations under standardized environmental conditions to control for plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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17
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Yasukochi Y, Sakuma J, Takeuchi I, Kato K, Oguri M, Fujimaki T, Horibe H, Yamada Y. Evolutionary history of disease-susceptibility loci identified in longitudinal exome-wide association studies. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e925. [PMID: 31402603 PMCID: PMC6732299 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our longitudinal exome‐wide association studies previously detected various genetic determinants of complex disorders using ~26,000 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that passed quality control and longitudinal medical examination data (mean follow‐up period, 5 years) in 4884–6022 Japanese subjects. We found that allele frequencies of several identified SNPs were remarkably different among four ethnic groups. Elucidating the evolutionary history of disease‐susceptibility loci may help us uncover the pathogenesis of the related complex disorders. Methods In the present study, we conducted evolutionary analyses such as extended haplotype homozygosity, focusing on genomic regions containing disease‐susceptibility loci and based on genotyping data of our previous studies and datasets from the 1000 Genomes Project. Results Our evolutionary analyses suggest that derived alleles of rs78338345 of GGA3, rs7656604 at 4q13.3, rs34902660 of SLC17A3, and six SNPs closely located at 12q24.1 associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, and three complex disorders (hypertension, hyperuricemia, and dyslipidemia), respectively, rapidly expanded after the human dispersion from Africa (Out‐of‐Africa). Allele frequencies of GGA3 and six SNPs at 12q24.1 appeared to have remarkably changed in East Asians, whereas the derived alleles of rs34902660 of SLC17A3 and rs7656604 at 4q13.3 might have spread across Japanese and non‐Africans, respectively, although we cannot completely exclude the possibility that allele frequencies of disease‐associated loci may be affected by demographic events. Conclusion Our findings indicate that derived allele frequencies of nine disease‐associated SNPs (rs78338345 of GGA3, rs7656604 at 4q13.3, rs34902660 of SLC17A3, and six SNPs at 12q24.1) identified in the longitudinal exome‐wide association studies largely increased in non‐Africans after Out‐of‐Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yasukochi
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Jun Sakuma
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan.,Computer Science Department, College of Information Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Computer Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Kato
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Meitoh Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Oguri
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Fujimaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Inabe General Hospital, Inabe, Japan
| | - Hideki Horibe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital, Tajimi, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Yamada
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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18
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Regulation of Serum Sphingolipids in Andean Children Born and Living at High Altitude (3775 m). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112835. [PMID: 31212599 PMCID: PMC6600227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on Andean children indicate a prevalence of dyslipidemia and hypertension compared to dwellers at lower altitudes, suggesting that despite similar food intake and daily activities, they undergo different metabolic adaptations. In the present study, the sphingolipid pattern was investigated in serum of 7 underweight (UW), 30 normal weight (NW), 13 overweight (OW), and 9 obese (O) Andean children by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results indicate that levels of Ceramides (Cers) and sphingomyelins (SMs) correlate positively with biochemical parameters (except for Cers and Vitamin D, which correlate negatively), whereas sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) correlates negatively. Correlation results and LC-MS data identify the axis high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), Cers, and S1P as related to hypoxia adaptation. Specifically UW children are characterized by increased levels of S1P compared to O and lower levels of Cers compared to NW children. Furthermore, O children show lower levels of S1P and similar levels of Cers and SMs as NW. In conclusion, our results indicate that S1P is the primary target of hypoxia adaptation in Andean children, and its levels are associated with hypoxia tolerance. Furthermore, S1P can act as marker of increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiac dysfunction in young Andeans living at altitude.
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19
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Jacovas VC, Couto-Silva CM, Nunes K, Lemes RB, de Oliveira MZ, Salzano FM, Bortolini MC, Hünemeier T. Selection scan reveals three new loci related to high altitude adaptation in Native Andeans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12733. [PMID: 30143708 PMCID: PMC6109162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Andean Altiplano has been occupied continuously since the late Pleistocene, ~12,000 years ago, which places the Andean natives as one of the most ancient populations living at high altitudes. In the present study, we analyzed genomic data from Native Americans living a long-time at Andean high altitude and at Amazonia and Mesoamerica lowland areas. We have identified three new candidate genes - SP100, DUOX2 and CLC - with evidence of positive selection for altitude adaptation in Andeans. These genes are involved in the TP53 pathway and are related to physiological routes important for high-altitude hypoxia response, such as those linked to increased angiogenesis, skeletal muscle adaptations, and immune functions at the fetus-maternal interface. Our results, combined with other studies, showed that Andeans have adapted to the Altiplano in different ways and using distinct molecular strategies as compared to those of other natives living at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Jacovas
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cainã M Couto-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Nunes
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan B Lemes
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco M Salzano
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Paul S, Gangwar A, Bhargava K, Khurana P, Ahmad Y. Diagnosis and prophylaxis for high-altitude acclimatization: Adherence to molecular rationale to evade high-altitude illnesses. Life Sci 2018; 203:171-176. [PMID: 29698652 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lack of zero side-effect, prescription-less prophylactics and diagnostic markers of acclimatization status lead to many suffering from high altitude illnesses. Although not fully translated to the clinical setting, many strategies and interventions are being developed that are aimed at providing an objective and tangible answer regarding the acclimatization status of an individual as well as zero side-effect prophylaxis that is cost-effective and does not require medical supervision. This short review brings together the twin problems associated with high-altitude acclimatization, i.e. acclimatization status and zero side-effect, easy-to-use prophylaxis, for the reader to comprehend as cogs of the same phenomenon. We describe current research aimed at preventing all the high-altitude illnesses by considering them an assault on redox and energy homeostasis at the molecular level. This review also entails some proteins capable of diagnosing either acclimatization or high-altitude illnesses. The future strategies based on bioinformatics and systems biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Paul
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Anamika Gangwar
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Kalpana Bhargava
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Pankaj Khurana
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India.
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21
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Lague SL, Chua B, Alza L, Scott GR, Frappell PB, Zhong Y, Farrell AP, McCracken KG, Wang Y, Milsom WK. Divergent respiratory and cardiovascular responses to hypoxia in bar-headed geese and Andean birds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:4186-4194. [PMID: 29141880 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many high-altitude vertebrates have evolved increased capacities in their oxygen transport cascade (ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, circulation and tissue diffusion), enhancing oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to mitochondria. However, the extent of interspecies variation in the control processes that dictate hypoxia responses remains largely unknown. We compared the metabolic, cardiovascular and respiratory responses to progressive decreases in inspired oxygen levels of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus), birds that biannually migrate across the Himalayan mountains, with those of Andean geese (Chloephaga melanoptera) and crested ducks (Lophonetta specularioides), lifelong residents of the high Andes. We show that Andean geese and crested ducks have evolved fundamentally different mechanisms for maintaining oxygen supply during low oxygen (hypoxia) from those of bar-headed geese. Bar-headed geese respond to hypoxia with robust increases in ventilation and heart rate, whereas Andean species increase lung oxygen extraction and cardiac stroke volume. We propose that transient high-altitude performance has favoured the evolution of robust convective oxygen transport recruitment in hypoxia, whereas life-long high-altitude residency has favoured the evolution of structural enhancements to the lungs and heart that increase lung diffusion and stroke volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L Lague
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Beverly Chua
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Luis Alza
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.,Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.,Department of Ornithology, Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad, Lima, Peru
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Peter B Frappell
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Yang Zhong
- Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of High Altitude Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4.,Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Kevin G McCracken
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.,Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - William K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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22
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Massively parallel sequencing of 165 ancestry informative SNPs in two Chinese Tibetan-Burmese minority ethnicities. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2018; 34:141-147. [PMID: 29477877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Tibeto-Burman language, one subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan languages, is spoken by over 60 million people all over East Asia. Yet the ethnic origin and genetic architecture of Tibeto-Burman speaking populations remain largely unexplored. In the present study, 169 Chinese individuals from Tibeto-Burman speaking populations (two ethnic groups: Tibetan and Yi) in four different geographic regions in western China were analyzed using the Precision ID Ancestry Panel (165 AISNPs) and the Ion PGM System. The performance and corresponding forensic statistical parameters of this AISNPs panel were investigated. Comprehensive population genetic comparisons (143 populations based on Kidd' SNPs, 92 populations on the basis of Seldin' SNPs and 31 populations based on the Precision ID Ancestry Panel) and ancestry inference were further performed. Sequencing performance demonstrated that the Precision ID Ancestry Panel is effective and robust. Forensic characteristics suggested that this panel not only can be used for ancestry estimation of Tibeto-Burman populations but also for individual identification. Tibetan and Yi shared a common genetic ancestry origin but experienced the complex history of gene flow, local adaptation, and isolation, and constructed the specific genetic landscape of human genetic diversity of Highlander and Lowlander populations. Tibetan-Burman populations and other East Asian populations showed sufficient genetic difference and could be distinguished into three distinct groups. Furthermore, analysis of population structure revealed that significant genetic difference was existed inter-continent populations and strong genetic affinity was observed within-continent populations. Additional population-specific AISNPs and a relatively more comprehensive database with sufficient reference population data remain necessary to get better-scale resolution within a geographically proximate populations in East Asia.
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23
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Genetic variation and forensic characterization of highland Tibetan ethnicity reveled by autosomal STR markers. Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:1097-1102. [PMID: 29313099 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the origin and genetic background of Chinese high-altitude Tibetans play a pivotal role in medical genetics, archeology, anthropology, and forensics. In this study, to investigate the forensic characterization and genetic diversity of Chinese Tibetan, allele frequencies and corresponding forensic statistical parameters of 15 autosomal STRs included in the AmpFℓSTR® Sinofiler™ kit were obtained from 1220 Tibetan individuals residing in Lhasa country, Tibet Autonomous Region. We identified 191 alleles with corresponding allele frequencies varied from 0.0004 to 0.3984. The combined probability of discrimination and the combined probability of exclusion are 0.9999999999999999997 and 0.9999996, respectively. Our study provided the valuable dataset for forensic individual identification and parentage testing in the high-altitude Tibetan population. In addition, comprehensive population comparisons among 30 Chinese populations via PCA, AMOVA, MDS, and N-J tree demonstrated that the genetic components of Tibet Tibetan have received gene introgression from surrounding lowland populations (Such as Gansu Hui and Yunnan Bai) and Tibetan keeps the close genetic relationship with geographic neighboring populations.
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24
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Goldstein DS, Kopin IJ. Homeostatic systems, biocybernetics, and autonomic neuroscience. Auton Neurosci 2017; 208:15-28. [PMID: 28918243 PMCID: PMC5819891 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review we describe a series of major concepts introduced during the past 150years that have contributed to our current understanding about how physiological processes required for well-being and survival are regulated. One can theorize that hierarchical networks involving input-output relationships continuously orchestrate and learn adaptive patterns of observable behaviors, cognition, memory, mood, and autonomic systems. Taken together, these networks function as "good regulators" determining levels of internal variables and act as if there were homeostatic comparators ("homeostats"). The consequences of models with vs. without homeostats remain the same in terms of allostatic load and the eventual switch from stabilizing negative feedback loops to destabilizing, pathogenic positive feedback loops. Understanding this switch seems important for comprehending senescence-related, neurodegenerative disorders that involve the autonomic nervous system. Our general proposal is that disintegration of homeostatic systems causes disorders of regulation in degenerative diseases and that medical cybernetics can inspire and rationalize new approaches to treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA.
| | - Irwin J Kopin
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA
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25
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Abstract
More than 140 million people permanently reside in high-altitude regions of Asia, South America, North America, and Africa. Another 40 million people travel to these places annually for occupational and recreational reasons, and are thus exposed to the low ambient partial pressure of oxygen. This review will focus on the pulmonary circulatory responses to acute and chronic high-altitude hypoxia, and the various expressions of maladaptation and disease arising from acute pulmonary vasoconstriction and subsequent remodeling of the vasculature when the hypoxic exposure continues. These unique conditions include high-altitude pulmonary edema, high-altitude pulmonary hypertension, subacute mountain sickness, and chronic mountain sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniraj Neupane
- Mountain Medicine Society of Nepal, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Erik R. Swenson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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26
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Yadav R, Sarkar S. Drosophila glob1 is required for the maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity during oogenesis. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:1048-1065. [PMID: 27503269 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoglobins (Hbs) are evolutionarily conserved heme-containing metallo-proteins of the Globin protein family that harbour the characteristic "globin fold." Hemoglobins have been functionally diversified during evolution and their usual property of oxygen transport is rather a recent adaptation. Drosophila genome possesses three globin genes (glob1, glob2, and glob3), and we have reported earlier that adequate expression of glob1 is required for various aspects of development, as well as to regulate the cellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study illustrates the explicit role of Drosophila globin1 in progression of oogenesis. RESULTS We demonstrate a dynamic expression pattern of glob1 in somatic and germ cell derivatives of developing egg chambers during various stages of oogenesis, which largely confines around the F-actin-rich cellular components. Reduced expression of glob1 leads to various types of abnormalities during oogenesis, which were primarily mediated by the inappropriately formed F-actin-based cytoskeleton. Our subsequent analysis in the somatic and germ line clones shows cell autonomous role of glob1 in the maintenance of the integrity of F-actin-based cytoskeleton components in the somatic and germ cell derivatives. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes a novel role of glob1 in maintenance of F-actin-based cytoskeleton during progression of oogenesis in Drosophila. Developmental Dynamics 245:1048-1065, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Yadav
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Surajit Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India.
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27
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Simonson TS, Wagner PD. Oxygen transport adaptations to exercise in native highland populations. Exp Physiol 2016; 100:1231-2. [PMID: 26575339 DOI: 10.1113/ep085073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Lague SL, Chua B, Farrell AP, Wang Y, Milsom WK. Altitude matters: differences in cardiovascular and respiratory responses to hypoxia in bar-headed geese reared at high and low altitudes. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1974-84. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.132431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) fly at high altitudes during their migration across the Himalayas and Tibetan plateau. However, we know relatively little about whether rearing at high altitude (i.e. phenotypic plasticity) facilitates this impressive feat because most of what is known about their physiology comes from studies performed at sea level. To provide this information, a comprehensive analysis of metabolic, cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to progressive decreases in the equivalent fractional composition of inspired oxygen (FiO2: 0.21, 0.12, 0.09, 0.07 and 0.05) was made on bar-headed geese reared at either high altitude (3200 m) or low altitude (0 m) and on barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis), a low-altitude migrating species, reared at low altitude (0 m). Bar-headed geese reared at high altitude exhibited lower metabolic rates and a modestly increased hypoxic ventilatory response compared with low-altitude-reared bar-headed geese. Although the in vivo oxygen equilibrium curves and blood-oxygen carrying capacity did not differ between the two bar-headed goose study groups, the blood-oxygen carrying capacity was higher than that of barnacle geese. Resting cardiac output also did not differ between groups and increased at least twofold during progressive hypoxia, initially as a result of increases in stroke volume. However, cardiac output increased at a higher FiO2 threshold in bar-headed geese raised at high altitude. Thus, bar-headed geese reared at high altitude exhibited a reduced oxygen demand at rest and a modest but significant increase in oxygen uptake and delivery during progressive hypoxia compared with bar-headed geese reared at low altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L. Lague
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Beverly Chua
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - William K. Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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