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Fink N, Bogomilsky S, Raz A, Hoffer O, Scheinowitz M. Thermographic Changes following Short-Term High-Intensity Anaerobic Exercise. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2175. [PMID: 38004315 PMCID: PMC10671906 DOI: 10.3390/life13112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Current studies report thermographic changes following aerobic or resistance exercise but not short, vigorous anaerobic exercise. Therefore, we investigated body surface temperature changes using thermal imaging following a short session of anaerobic exercise. We studied three different regions of interest (ROIs): the legs, chest, and forehead. Thermal imaging for each participant was performed before and immediately after completing a Wingate anaerobic test and every minute during a 15 min recovery period. Immediately after the test, the maximum temperature was significantly higher in all ROIs (legs, p = 0.0323; chest, p = 0.0455; forehead, p = 0.0444) compared to pre-test values. During the recovery period, both legs showed a significant and continuous temperature increase (right leg, p = 0.0272; left leg, p = 0.0382), whereas a non-significant drop was noted in the chest and forehead temperatures. Additionally, participants with a lower anaerobic capacity exhibited a higher delta increase in surface leg temperature than participants with higher anaerobic capacities, with a minimal change in surface leg temperature. This is the first study to demonstrate body surface temperature changes following the Wingate anaerobic test. This temperature increase is attributed to the high anaerobic mechanical power outputs achieved by the leg muscles and the time taken for temperature reduction post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Fink
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shai Bogomilsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Avi Raz
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Oshrit Hoffer
- School of Electrical Engineering, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Tel Aviv 6910717, Israel
| | - Mickey Scheinowitz
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Iellamo F. Editorial: Exercise in the prevention, management of and rehabilitation from cardiovascular diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1255634. [PMID: 37534369 PMCID: PMC10392932 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1255634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
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Kriel Y, Askew CD, Solomon C. Sprint interval exercise versus continuous moderate intensity exercise: acute effects on tissue oxygenation, blood pressure and enjoyment in 18-30 year old inactive men. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7077. [PMID: 31211019 PMCID: PMC6557258 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sprint interval training (SIT) can be as effective, or more effective, than continuous moderate intensity exercise (CMIE) for improving a primary risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, there has been no direct comparison in inactive individuals, of the acute effects of a session of SIT with a work-matched session of CMIE on local oxygen utilisation, which is a primary stimulus for increasing CRF. Furthermore, post-exercise blood pressure (BP) and enjoyment, if symptomatic and low, respectively, have implications for safety and adherence to exercise and have not been compared between these specific conditions. It was hypothesised that in young inactive men, local oxygen utilisation would be higher, while post-exercise BP and enjoyment would be lower for SIT, when compared to CMIE. METHODS A total of 11 inactive men (mean ± SD; age 23 ± 4 years) completed a maximal ramp-incremental exercise test followed by two experiment conditions: (1) SIT and (2) work-matched CMIE on a cycle ergometer on separate days. Deoxygenated haemoglobin (∆HHb) in the pre-frontal cortex (FH), gastrocnemius (GN), left vastus lateralis (LVL) and the right vastus lateralis (RVL) muscles, systemic oxygen utilisation (VO2), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) were measured during the experiment conditions. RESULTS During SIT, compared to CMIE, ∆HHb in FH (p = 0.016) and GN (p = 0.001) was higher, while PACES (p = 0.032) and DBP (p = 0.043) were lower. No differences in SBP and ∆HHb in LVL and RVL were found between conditions. CONCLUSIONS In young inactive men, higher levels of physiological stress occurred during SIT, which potentially contributed to lower levels of post-exercise DBP and enjoyment, when compared to CMIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kriel
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Christopher D. Askew
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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4
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Olowoyeye OA, Gar-Wai Chiu SE, Leung G, Wright GA, Moody AR. Analysis of the Velocity Profile of the Popliteal Artery and Its Relevance During Blood Flow Studies. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/8756479317716394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mean blood velocity is required to calculate blood flow and to determine the associated shear rate. The maximal blood flow velocity is assumed to have a parabolic velocity profile; therefore, the mean velocity is half of the maximal value. Previous studies have been carried out on vessels such as the brachial and femoral artery, but none have been reported for the popliteal artery. To assess the velocity profile of the popliteal artery, a spectral Doppler analysis was performed on ten healthy patients during varied flow states (resting, distal occlusion, hyperemia). The results were then averaged over the entire cardiac cycle. The flow described in these patients’ popliteal artery had a blunted parabolic flow profile with a TAVmean:TAVmax ratio of 0.68 ± 0.07 at baseline. The baseline measures were compared to a TAVmean:TAV max ratio of 0.68 ± 0.12 during distal occlusion and 0.67 ± 0.16 during reactive hyperemia. These descriptive results may suggest that adjustments may be needed for a blunted parabolic profile, especially when calculating the mean velocity of the popliteal artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omodele Abosede Olowoyeye
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - General Leung
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Graham A. Wright
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Instiitute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alan R. Moody
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Instiitute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ruffino JS, Songsorn P, Haggett M, Edmonds D, Robinson AM, Thompson D, Vollaard NBJ. A comparison of the health benefits of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) and moderate-intensity walking in type 2 diabetes patients. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:202-208. [PMID: 28121184 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) is a genuinely time-efficient intervention that can improve aerobic capacity and insulin sensitivity in sedentary individuals. The present study compared the effects of REHIT and moderate-intensity walking on health markers in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a counter-balanced crossover study. Sixteen men with T2D (mean ± SD age: 55 ± 5 years, body mass index: 30.6 ± 2.8 kg·m-2, maximal aerobic capacity: 27 ± 4 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed 8 weeks of REHIT (three 10-min low-intensity cycling sessions/week with two "all-out" 10-20-s sprints) and 8 weeks of moderate-intensity walking (five 30-min sessions/week at an intensity corresponding to 40%-55% of heart-rate reserve), with a 2-month wash-out period between interventions. Before and after each intervention, participants underwent an incremental fitness test, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, and continuous glucose monitoring. REHIT was associated with a significantly larger increase in maximal aerobic capacity compared with walking (7% vs. 1%; time × intervention interaction effect: p < 0.05). Both REHIT and walking decreased resting mean arterial pressure (-4%; main effect of time: p < 0.05) and plasma fructosamine (-5%; main effect of time: p < 0.05). Neither intervention significantly improved OGTT-derived measures of insulin sensitivity, glycaemic control measured using continuous glucose monitors, blood lipid profile, or body composition. We conclude that REHIT is superior to a 5-fold larger volume of moderate-intensity walking in improving aerobic fitness, but similar to walking REHIT is not an effective intervention for improving insulin sensitivity or glycaemic control in T2D patients in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Ruffino
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Malindi Haggett
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Daniel Edmonds
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Dylan Thompson
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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6
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Soares AHG, Oliveira TP, Cavalcante BR, Farah BQ, Lima AHRA, Cucato GG, Cardoso CG, Ritti-Dias RM. Effects of active recovery on autonomic and haemodynamic responses after aerobic exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:62-67. [PMID: 26183711 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of active recovery on autonomic and haemodynamic responses after exercise in healthy adults. Nineteen healthy young male individuals underwent two experimental sessions: exercise with active recovery (AR) and exercise with passive recovery (PR). The exercise sessions comprised three phases: warm-up (5 min), exercise phase (cycle ergometer, 30 min, intensity between 60 and 70% of the heart rate reserve) and recovery (5 min). In the AR, the subjects remained cycling in the recovery phase at intensity between 30% and 35% of heart rate reserve, while in the PR, the subjects stopped the exercise after finishing the exercise phase. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and over the 30 min after the interventions. There were no differences for systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate and rate pressure product between active and passive recovery sessions. Also, all heart rate variability parameters changed similarly after exercise with passive or active recovery sessions. In summary, exercise with active recovery does not affect the autonomic and haemodynamic responses after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in healthy young male individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago P Oliveira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aluísio H R A Lima
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Crivaldo G Cardoso
- Center of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raphael M Ritti-Dias
- University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Bartels-Ferreira R, de Sousa ÉD, Trevizani GA, Silva LP, Nakamura FY, Forjaz CLM, Lima JRP, Peçanha T. Can a first-order exponential decay model fit heart rate recovery after resistance exercise? Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:98-103. [PMID: 24494748 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The time-constant of postexercise heart rate recovery (HRRτ ) obtained by fitting heart rate decay curve by a first-order exponential fitting has being used to assess cardiac autonomic recovery after endurance exercise. The feasibility of this model was not tested after resistance exercise (RE). The aim of this study was to test the goodness of fit of the first-order exponential decay model to fit heart rate recovery (HRR) after RE. Ten healthy subjects participated in the study. The experimental sessions occurred in two separated days and consisted of performance of 1 set of 10 repetitions at 50% or 80% of the load achieved on the one-repetition maximum test [low-intensity (LI) and high-intensity (HI) sessions, respectively]. Heart rate (HR) was continuously registered before and during exercise and also for 10 min of recovery. A monoexponential equation was used to fit the HRR curve during the postexercise period using different time windows (i.e. 30, 60, 90, … 600 s). For each time window, (i) HRRτ was calculated and (ii) variation of HR explained by the model (R(2) goodness of fit index) was assessed. The HRRτ showed stabilization from 360 and 420 s on LI and HI, respectively. Acceptable R(2) values were observed from the 360 s on LI (R(2) > 0.65) and at all tested time windows on HI (R(2) > 0.75). In conclusion, this study showed that using a minimum length of monitoring (~420 s) HRR after RE can be adequately modelled by a first-order exponential fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhenan Bartels-Ferreira
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Tsampoukos A, Stokes K, Nevill M. Separate and combined influence of posture and sprint running on plasma volume changes. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14 Suppl 1:S267-74. [PMID: 24444217 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2012.691114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is currently unknown whether any changes in plasma volume (PV) after sprint running are inherent to sprint running per se or are due to other confounding factors such as changes in posture. The purpose of the present study was to examine the independent effects of sprint running on PV changes. Eight females completed two trials on separate days: (1) a 30-s sprint on a non-motorised treadmill and (2) a control trial where no exercise was undertaken but blood samples were taken at identical time points as in the exercise trial. Changes in PV were calculated using haematocrit and haemoglobin. Post-sprint PV reductions were greater in the sprint than the control trial (mean: -17.7, SD=3.1% vs. mean: -7.5, s = 4.9, P<0.05, n=8). There were greater changes in PV in the sprint than the control trial in most sampling points. These data show that sprint running of only 30 s induces transient reductions in PV independently of posture change. The present findings suggest that PV changes due to sprint running should be routinely reported as well as the posture and the exact time in this posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Tsampoukos
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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9
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de Oliveira TP, de Alvarenga Mattos R, da Silva RBF, Rezende RA, de Lima JRP. Absence of parasympathetic reactivation after maximal exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012; 33:143-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Peçanha de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Raphael de Alvarenga Mattos
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Rhenan Bartels Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Rafael Andrade Rezende
- Exercise and Hemodynamic Laboratory; School of Physical Education and Sport; University of São Paulo; São Paulo; SP; Brazil
| | - Jorge Roberto Perrout de Lima
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
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10
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Stuckey MI, Tordi N, Mourot L, Gurr LJ, Rakobowchuk M, Millar PJ, Toth R, MacDonald MJ, Kamath MV. Autonomic recovery following sprint interval exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 22:756-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Effect of acute sprint interval exercise on central and peripheral artery distensibility in young healthy males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 105:787-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Hemodynamic responses and linear and non-linear dynamics of cardiovascular autonomic regulation following supramaximal exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 105:525-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Niewiadomski W, Gasiorowska A, Krauss B, Mróz A, Cybulski G. Suppression of heart rate variability after supramaximal exertion. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2007; 27:309-19. [PMID: 17697028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2007.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wingate test is short anaerobic exercise, performed with maximal power, whereas aerobic exercise at 85% maximal heart rate (HR(max)) may be performed for long period. Sustained HR elevations and changes in autonomic activity indices have been observed after latter kind of exercise. Several studies reported reduction in mean interval between consecutive R peaks in ECG (RRI) 1 h after Wingate test; however, underlying changes in autonomic activity remain elusive. In eight young males, RRI and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured daily over two 5-day trials. Subjects exercised on third day of each trial, measurements were taken 1 h after (i) two consecutive 30-s bouts of Wingate tests or (ii) after a 30-min exercise at 85% HR(max), with subjects in supine rest and breathing either spontaneously or at controlled rates of 6 and 15 breaths / min. RRI was significantly shorter after Wingate and submaximal exercise, reduction of high- and low-frequency components of HRV attained reliability only after Wingate tests. This pattern remained preserved for three modes of breathing: spontaneous, 6 and 15 breaths /min. After 24 and 48 h, no exercise effects were traceable. We hypothesize that (i) anaerobic exertion is followed by sustained inhibition of vagal activity, (ii) parasympathetic system plays dominant role in mediating suppression of high- and low-HRV frequency components during postexercise recovery, (iii) degree of alteration of autonomic activity caused by anaerobic and strenuous aerobic exercise may be similar and (iv) normalization of vagal activity precedes normalization of sympathetic cardiac nerves activity during final stage of postexercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Niewiadomski
- Department of Applied Physiology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinski Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Haus JM, Miller BF, Carroll CC, Weinheimer EM, Trappe TA. The effect of strenuous aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteolysis in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 17:260-6. [PMID: 16787442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the dynamics of the skeletal muscle protein pool following aerobic exercise. Myofibrillar protein synthesis has recently been shown to be substantially elevated for 3 days after a strenuous 60 min bout of one-legged aerobic exercise, and this increase was surprisingly equal to or greater than what has been shown numerous times following resistance exercise over the same time course. Because net protein accretion is the sum of protein synthesis and degradation, we sought to directly measure skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteolysis in five healthy young males in response to an identical strenuous 60 min aerobic exercise bout and at the same time points (rest, 6, and 24 h post-exercise and 48 and 72 h post-exercise in a subset of subjects). We measured skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteolysis by monitoring the release of the natural tracer 3-methylhistidine (3MH) from the vastus lateralis muscle into the interstitial space via microdialysis. Skeletal muscle interstitial 3MH concentration was no different (P>0.05) from rest (5.16+/-0.38 nmol/mL) after 6 (5.37+/-0.55 nmol/mL), 24 (5.40+/-0.26 nmol/mL), 48 (5.50+/-0.74 nmol/mL), or 72 h (4.73+/-0.28 nmol/mL). These results suggest that proteolysis of the myofibrillar fraction of skeletal muscle is relatively refractory to an intense aerobic exercise stimulus for up to 3 days, despite the large increase in synthesis of this muscle fraction following the same exercise stimulus. The apparent net myofibrillar protein accretion in the hours and days after exercise may occur in order to offset the large elevation in mixed muscle proteolysis that has been shown during similar bouts of intense one-legged aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Haus
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
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15
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Paterson ND, Kowalchuk JM, Paterson DH. Kinetics of .VO2 and femoral artery blood flow during heavy-intensity, knee-extension exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:683-90. [PMID: 15817720 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that, during heavy-intensity exercise, O(2) delivery may limit oxygen uptake (.VO2) kinetics; however, there are limited data regarding the relationship of blood flow and .VO2 kinetics for heavy-intensity exercise. The purpose was to determine the exercise on-transient time course of femoral artery blood flow (Q(leg)) in relation to .VO2 during heavy-intensity, single-leg, knee-extension exercise. Five young subjects performed five to eight repeats of heavy-intensity exercise with measures of breath-by-breath pulmonary .VO2 and Doppler ultrasound femoral artery mean blood velocity and vessel diameter. The phase 2 time frame for .VO2 and Q(leg) was isolated and fit with a monoexponent to characterize the amplitude and time course of the responses. Amplitude of the phase 3 response was also determined. The phase 2 time constant for .VO2 of 29.0 s and time constant for Q(leg) of 24.5 s were not different. The change (Delta) in .VO2 response to the end of phase 2 of 0.317 l/min was accompanied by a DeltaQ(leg) of 2.35 l/min, giving a DeltaQ(leg)-to-Delta.VO2 ratio of 7.4. A slow-component .VO2 of 0.098 l/min was accompanied by a further Q(leg) increase of 0.72 l/min (DeltaQ(leg)-to-Delta.VO2 ratio = 7.3). Thus the time course of Q(leg) was similar to that of muscle .VO2 (as measured by the phase 2 .VO2 kinetics), and throughout the on-transient the amplitude of the Q(leg) increase achieved (or exceeded) the Q(leg)-to-.VO2 ratio steady-state relationship (ratio approximately 4.9). Additionally, the .VO2 slow component was accompanied by a relatively large rise in Q(leg), with the increased O(2) delivery meeting the increased Vo(2). Thus, in heavy-intensity, single-leg, knee-extension exercise, the amplitude and kinetics of blood flow to the exercising limb appear to be closely linked to the .VO2 kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Paterson
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, 1490 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6G 2M3.
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16
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Bisquolo VAF, Cardoso CG, Ortega KC, Gusmão JL, Tinucci T, Negrão CE, Wajchenberg BL, Mion D, Forjaz CLM. Previous exercise attenuates muscle sympathetic activity and increases blood flow during acute euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:866-71. [PMID: 15542577 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00251.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin infusion causes muscle vasodilation, despite the increase in sympathetic nerve activity. In contrast, a single bout of exercise decreases sympathetic activity and increases muscle blood flow during the postexercise period. We tested the hypothesis that muscle sympathetic activity would be lower and muscle vasodilation would be higher during hyperinsulinemia performed after a single bout of dynamic exercise. Twenty-one healthy young men randomly underwent two hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps performed after 45 min of seated rest (control) or bicycle exercise (50% of peak oxygen uptake). Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, microneurography), forearm blood flow (FBF, plethysmography), blood pressure (BP, oscillometric method), and heart rate (HR, ECG) were measured at baseline (90 min after exercise or seated rest) and during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps. Baseline glucose and insulin concentrations were similar in the exercise and control sessions. Insulin sensitivity was unchanged by previous exercise. During the clamp, insulin levels increased similarly in both sessions. As expected, insulin infusion increased MSNA, FBF, BP, and HR in both sessions (23 ± 1 vs. 36 ± 2 bursts/min, 1.8 ± 0.1 vs. 2.2 ± 0.2 ml·min−1·100 ml−1, 89 ± 2 vs. 92 ± 2 mmHg, and 58 ± 1 vs. 62 ± 1 beats/min, respectively, P < 0.05). BP and HR were similar between sessions. However, MSNA was significantly lower (27 ± 2 vs. 31 ± 2 bursts/min), and FBF was significantly higher (2.2 ± 0.2 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 ml·min−1·100 ml−1, P < 0.05) in the exercise session compared with the control session. In conclusion, in healthy men, a prolonged bout of dynamic exercise decreases MSNA and increases FBF. These effects persist during acute hyperinsulinemia performed after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A F Bisquolo
- Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Wray DW, Uberoi A, Lawrenson L, Richardson RS. Heterogeneous limb vascular responsiveness to shear stimuli during dynamic exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:81-6. [PMID: 15718401 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01285.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arm and leg vascular responsiveness to comparable shear stimuli during isolated dynamic exercise has not been assessed in humans. Consequently, six young cyclists performed incremental, intermittent handgrip exercise (arm) and knee-extensor exercise (leg) from 5 to 60% of maximal work rate (WR). Ultrasound Doppler measurements were taken in the brachial artery (BA), common femoral artery (CFA), and deep femoral artery (DFA) at rest and at each WR to assess diameter and sheer rate changes. Exercise at 60% maximum WR increased shear rate to the same degree in the CFA (314.3 +/- 33.3 s(-1)) and BA (303.3 +/- 26.3 s(-1)), but was significantly higher in the DFA (712.6 +/- 88.3 s(-1)). Compared with rest, exercise at 60% maximum WR did not alter CFA vessel diameter, but increased BA diameter (0.42 +/- 0.01 to 0.49 +/- 0.01 cm) and DFA diameter (0.59 +/- 0.05 to 0.64 +/- 0.04 cm). These data from the DFA demonstrate for the first time a substantial improvement in vascular reactivity in a conduit vessel only slightly distal to the CFA. However, despite comparable dilation between the BA and DFA, the slope of the relationship between vessel diameter and shear rate was much greater in the arm (2.4 x 10(-4) +/- 4.6 x 10(-5) cm/s) than in either the DFA (8.9 x 10(-5) +/- 1.5 x 10(-5) cm/s) or CFA (2.1 x 10(-5) +/- 1.1 x 10(-5) cm/s). Together, these findings reveal a substantial heterogeneity in vascular responsiveness in the leg during dynamic exercise but demonstrate that conduit vessel dilation for a given change in shear rate is, nonetheless, reduced in the leg compared with the arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Walter Wray
- Dept. of Medicine, Physiology Division, Univ. of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, USA.
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Blumen MB, de La Sota AP, Quera-Salva MA, Frachet B, Chabolle F, Lofaso F. Tongue mechanical characteristics and genioglossus muscle EMG in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2004; 140:155-64. [PMID: 15134663 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increased genioglossus muscle (GGm) activity seen in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) may lead to increased fatigability or longer recovery time of the tongue. Maximal force, endurance, and recovery times of the tongue, electromyogram (EMG) absolute value, and EMG spectral analysis of the GGm obtained during submaximal contractions were compared in eight individuals without chronic snoring and eight OSAS patients. Endurance time values were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.40). Time to recovery of initial maximal force was significantly greater in the OSAS group (P = 0.01). Final EMG median frequency was significantly higher (P = 0.01) and the final low-frequency EMG component smaller in the OSAS patients (P = 0.02). Patients did not have changes in endurance time or fatigability but had longer recovery times and changes in spectral analysis variations. This functional investigation may be helpful in determining the presence of OSAS and the potential contribution of the tongue to pharyngeal obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Blumen
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Foch Teaching Hospital, Suresnes, France
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Trappe T, Williams R, Carrithers J, Raue U, Esmarck B, Kjaer M, Hickner R. Influence of age and resistance exercise on human skeletal muscle proteolysis: a microdialysis approach. J Physiol 2003; 554:803-13. [PMID: 14608013 PMCID: PMC1664803 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.051755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We combined the interstitial sampling method of microdialysis with the natural tracer qualities (i.e. non-recyclability) of the amino acid 3-methylhistidine (3MH) to uniquely study in vivo degradation of the two most abundant skeletal muscle proteins, myosin and actin. Interstitial 3MH concentration was measured before and for 24 h following a single bout of resistance exercise in eight young (27 +/- 2 years) and eight old (75 +/- 4 years) men. The exercise bout consisted of four exercises (3 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% one-repetition maximum (1RM) per exercise) emphasizing the quadriceps. Interstitial 3MH concentration was calculated using the internal reference method from microdialysate samples that were obtained from two microdialysis probes placed in the vastus lateralis. Resting interstitial 3MH concentration was 44% higher (P < 0.05) in the old (6.16 +/- 0.56 nmol ml(-1)) as compared with the young (4.28 +/- 0.27 nmol ml(-1)). Interstitial 3MH was not different (P > 0.05) from preexercise at any time point within the 24 h following exercise in both the young and the old. Leg arteriovenous exchange measurements in a separate group of young subjects also showed no increase in 3MH release during the 4 h following a resistance exercise bout compared with a non-exercised control leg (control leg: -28 +/- 6, exercise leg: -28 +/- 11 nmol min(-1)). These results suggest that myosin and actin proteolysis are not increased in the first 24 h following a standard bout of resistance exercise, and this response is not altered with ageing. The higher interstitial 3MH concentration in the old suggests an increased proteolysis of the two main contractile proteins in the rested and fasted state, which is consistent with a decrease in muscle mass with ageing. Microdialysis is an appropriate methodology for use in ageing individuals and is compatible with high-intensity resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Trappe
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Exercise Laboratory, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Hunter AM, St Clair Gibson A, Lambert MI, Nobbs L, Noakes TD. Effects of supramaximal exercise on the electromyographic signal. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37:296-9. [PMID: 12893711 PMCID: PMC1724671 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.37.4.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the neuromuscular recruitment characteristics during supramaximal exercise. METHODS Ten healthy subjects completed the Wingate anaerobic test (WAT) cycling protocol. Electromyographic (EMG) data and rate of fatigue were recorded throughout the cycling. RESULTS The mean (SD) rate of fatigue (decrease in power output) was 44.5 (8.6)%. No significant change was found in EMG amplitude. A significant decrease (p<0.01) in mean power frequency spectrum was found over the 30 second period. CONCLUSIONS During WAT, mean power frequency spectrum was attenuated with no decline in EMG amplitude, which may be caused by an accumulation of metabolites in the periphery. However, it is also possible that the feedback loop from intramuscular metabolism to the central nervous system is unable, within the 30 second period of the WAT, to affect neural recruitment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hunter
- MRC/UCT Research Unit of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape town, South Africa.
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Walker RD, Sherriff SB, Wood RFM. The development of a model of the femoral artery bifurcation for use with duplex Doppler systems. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2003; 29:487-494. [PMID: 12706201 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(02)00728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to reproduce physiologic blood flow characteristics in vitro, combined with the ability to extract data using duplex Doppler ultrasound (US), is a desirable characteristic in a model of the femoral artery. This would allow duplex Doppler measurement protocols to be studied and developed on a realistic and repeatable platform. This paper describes the development and limitations of a model with these design specifications. The model features pulsatile pressure and flow, a source impedance and compliant vessels including bifurcations. The effects of bifurcation angle on the volume flow division ratio between the superficial femoral and the profunda femoris sections of the model were measured using a transit time flowmeter. No significant dependence on bifurcation angle was detected. Duplex Doppler US was also used to measure the volumetric flow in each arm of the bifurcation. Readings were compared with the transit time flowmeter. Measurements were overestimated by approximately 30% in the profunda femoris and underestimated by approximately 20% in the superficial femoral sections of the model. These errors were larger than those predicted by other theoretical studies. The model has been shown to be a useful platform on which to perform haemodynamic simulations. The model demonstrated that bifurcation angle does not influence the volumetric flow in the downstream arteries. Volumetric flow measurements using duplex Doppler US are erroneous around the bifurcation and need to be treated with great care. The model shows excellent potential to be a useful tool in duplex Doppler-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Walker
- Section of Surgery, Division of Clinical Sciences (NGH), Clinical Sciences Centre, University of Sheffield, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
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Legramante JM, Galante A, Massaro M, Attanasio A, Raimondi G, Pigozzi F, Iellamo F. Hemodynamic and autonomic correlates of postexercise hypotension in patients with mild hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282:R1037-43. [PMID: 11893607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00603.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the interplay of neural and hemodynamic mechanisms in postexercise hypotension (PEH) in hypertension. In 15 middle-aged patients with mild essential hypertension, we evaluated blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR), forearm (FVR) and calf vascular resistance (CVR), and autonomic function [by spectral analysis of R-R interval and BP variabilities and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)] before and after maximal exercise. Systolic and diastolic BP, TPR, and CVR were significantly reduced from baseline 60-90 min after exercise. CO, FVR, and HR were unchanged. The low-frequency (LF) component of BP variability increased significantly after exercise, whereas the LF component of R-R interval variability was unchanged. The overall change in BRS was not significant after exercise vs. baseline, although a significant, albeit small, BRS increase occurred in response to hypotensive stimuli. These findings indicate that in hypertensive patients, PEH is mediated mainly by a peripheral vasodilation, which may involve metabolic factors linked to postexercise hyperemia in the active limbs. The vasodilator effect appears to override a concomitant, reflex sympathetic activation selectively directed to the vasculature, possibly aimed to counter excessive BP decreases. The cardiac component of arterial baroreflex is reset during PEH, although the baroreflex mechanisms controlling heart period appear to retain the potential for greater opposition to hypotensive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo M Legramante
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Centro di Riabilitazione Cardiologica San Raffaele and Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy
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Pedersen PK, Kiens B, Saltin B. Hyperoxia does not increase peak muscle oxygen uptake in small muscle group exercise. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1999; 166:309-18. [PMID: 10468668 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.1999.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the influence of hyperoxia on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and peripheral gas exchange during exercise with the quadriceps femoris muscle. Young, trained men (n=5) and women (n=3) performed single-leg knee-extension exercise at 70% and 100% of maximum while inspiring normal air (NOX) or 60% O2 (HiOX). Blood was sampled from the femoral vein of the exercising limb and from the contralateral artery. In comparison with NOX, hyperoxic arterial O2 tension (PaO2) increased from 13.5 +/- 0.3 (x +/- SE) to 41.6 +/- 0. 3 kPa, O2 saturation (SaO2) from 98 +/- 0.1 to 100 +/- 0.1%, and O2 concentration (CaO2) from 177 +/- 4 to 186 +/- 4 mL L-1 (all P < 0. 01). Peak exercise femoral venous PO2 (PvO2) was also higher in HiOX (3.68 +/- 0.06 vs. 3.39 +/- 0.7 kPa; P < 0.05), indicating a higher O2 diffusion driving pressure. HiOX femoral venous O2 saturation averaged 36.8 +/- 2.0% as opposed to 33.4 +/- 1.5% in NOX (P < 0.05) and O2 concentration 63 +/- 6 vs. 55 +/- 4 mL L-1 (P < 0.05). Peak exercise quadriceps blood flow (Qleg), measured by the thermo-dilution technique, was lower in HiOX than in NOX, 6.4 +/- 0. 5 vs. 7.3 +/- 0.9 L min-1 (P < 0.05); mean arterial blood pressure at inguinal height was similar in NOX and HiOX at 144 and 142 mmHg, respectively. O2 delivery to the limb (Qleq times CaO2) was not significantly different in HiOX and NOX. VO2peak of the exercising limb averaged 890 mL min-1 in NOX and 801 mL min-1 in HiOX (n.s.) corresponding to 365 and 330 mL min-1 per kg active muscle, respectively. The VO2peak-to-PvO2 ratio was lower (P < 0.05) in HiOX than in NOX suggesting a lower O2 conductance. We conclude that the similar VO2peak values despite higher O2 driving pressure in HiOX indicates a peripheral limitation for VO2peak. This may relate to saturation of the rate of O2 turnover in the mitochondria during exercise with a small muscle group but can also be caused by tissue diffusion limitation related to lower O2 conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Pedersen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Denmark
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Abstract
Exercise has a profound acute effect on protein metabolism. Whereas reports on whole body responses to exercise have varied results, it is generally agreed leucine oxidation is increased during exercise, thus indicating increased net protein breakdown. Following endurance exercise, whole body protein breakdown is generally reduced from resting levels, while following eccentric exercise, both whole body protein breakdown and leucine oxidation are increased. Whole body protein synthesis, on the other hand, is either increased or unchanged. Much of the disagreement in the results of studies on the response of whole body protein metabolism to exercise may be attributed to the limitations of the available methods. Even if the methodology accurately reflects whole body metabolism, this may not reflect changes in the protein metabolism of muscle. Although endurance exercise has not been studied, muscle protein breakdown is increased following resistance exercise. There is a concomitant, and qualitatively greater, increase in muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise, which may last for as long as 48 h. Increased muscle protein synthesis is linked to increased intramuscular availability of amino acids, and thus, to increased blood flow and increased amino acid delivery to the muscle, as well as increased amino acid transport. Administration of exogenous amino acids after exercise increases protein synthesis while ameliorating protein breakdown, thus improving net muscle protein balance. While it is clear that muscle protein synthesis and protein breakdown increase in a qualitatively similar manner following exercise, the mechanisms of stimulation have yet to be determined. However, we propose that the intracellular availability of amino acids is the link between these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Tipton
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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