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Lopergolo D, Rosini F, Pretegiani E, Bargagli A, Serchi V, Rufa A. Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias: a diagnostic classification approach according to ocular features. Front Integr Neurosci 2024; 17:1275794. [PMID: 38390227 PMCID: PMC10883068 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1275794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders affecting primarily the cerebellum and/or its afferent tracts, often accompanied by damage of other neurological or extra-neurological systems. Due to the overlap of clinical presentation among ARCAs and the variety of hereditary, acquired, and reversible etiologies that can determine cerebellar dysfunction, the differential diagnosis is challenging, but also urgent considering the ongoing development of promising target therapies. The examination of afferent and efferent visual system may provide neurophysiological and structural information related to cerebellar dysfunction and neurodegeneration thus allowing a possible diagnostic classification approach according to ocular features. While optic coherence tomography (OCT) is applied for the parametrization of the optic nerve and macular area, the eye movements analysis relies on a wide range of eye-tracker devices and the application of machine-learning techniques. We discuss the results of clinical and eye-tracking oculomotor examination, the OCT findings and some advancing of computer science in ARCAs thus providing evidence sustaining the identification of robust eye parameters as possible markers of ARCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lopergolo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosini
- UOC Stroke Unit, Department of Emergenza-Urgenza, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pretegiani
- Unit of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise Lausanne, Unit of Neurology and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Universitary Hospital of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Bargagli
- Evalab-Neurosense, Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Serchi
- Evalab-Neurosense, Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
- Evalab-Neurosense, Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Inomata-Terada S, Fukuda H, Tokushige SI, Matsuda SI, Hamada M, Ugawa Y, Tsuji S, Terao Y. Abnormal saccade profiles in hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration reveal cerebellar contribution to visually guided saccades. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 154:70-84. [PMID: 37572405 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study how the pathophysiology underlying hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration (spinocerebellar ataxia; SCA) with pure cerebellar manifestation evolves with disease progression using saccade recordings. METHODS We recorded visually- (VGS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) task performance in a homogeneous population of 20 genetically proven SCA patients (12 SCA6 and eight SCA31 patients) and 19 normal controls. RESULTS For VGS but not MGS, saccade latency and amplitude were increased and more variable than those in normal subjects, which correlated with cerebellar symptom severity assessed using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Parameters with significant correlations with cerebellar symptoms showed an aggravation after disease stage progression (ICARS > 50). The saccade velocity profile exhibited shortened acceleration and prolonged deceleration, which also correlated with disease progression. The main sequence relationship between saccade amplitude and peak velocity as well as saccade inhibitory control were preserved. CONCLUSIONS The cerebellum may be involved in initiating VGS, which was aggravated acutely during disease stage progression. Dysfunction associated with disease progression occurs mainly in the cerebellum and brainstem interaction but may also eventually involve cortical saccade processing. SIGNIFICANCE Saccade recording can reveal cerebellar pathophysiology underlying SCA with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shun-Ichi Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Bremova-Ertl T, Hofmann J, Stucki J, Vossenkaul A, Gautschi M. Inborn Errors of Metabolism with Ataxia: Current and Future Treatment Options. Cells 2023; 12:2314. [PMID: 37759536 PMCID: PMC10527548 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of hereditary ataxias are caused by inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), most of which are highly heterogeneous in their clinical presentation. Prompt diagnosis is important because disease-specific therapies may be available. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of metabolic ataxias summarized by disease, highlighting novel clinical trials and emerging therapies with a particular emphasis on first-in-human gene therapies. We present disease-specific treatments if they exist and review the current evidence for symptomatic treatments of these highly heterogeneous diseases (where cerebellar ataxia is part of their phenotype) that aim to improve the disease burden and enhance quality of life. In general, a multimodal and holistic approach to the treatment of cerebellar ataxia, irrespective of etiology, is necessary to offer the best medical care. Physical therapy and speech and occupational therapy are obligatory. Genetic counseling is essential for making informed decisions about family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Bremova-Ertl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (J.H.); (J.S.)
- Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hofmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (J.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Janine Stucki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (J.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Anja Vossenkaul
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Matthias Gautschi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.V.); (M.G.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Zaino D, Serchi V, Giannini F, Pucci B, Veneri G, Pretegiani E, Rosini F, Monti L, Rufa A. Different saccadic profile in bulbar versus spinal-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2023; 146:266-277. [PMID: 35136957 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two clinical phenotypes characterize the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): the spinal variant, with symptoms beginning in the limbs, and the bulbar variant, affecting firstly speech and swallowing. The two variants show some distinct features in the histopathology, localization and prognosis, but to which extent they really differ clinically and pathologically remains to be clarified. Recent neuropathological and neuroimaging studies have suggested a broader spreading of the neurodegenerative process in ALS, extending beyond the motor areas, toward other cortical and deep grey matter regions, many of which are involved in visual processing and saccadic control. Indeed, a wide range of eye movement deficits have been reported in ALS, but they have never been used to distinguish the two ALS variants. Since quantifying eye movements is a very sensitive and specific method for the study of brain networks, we compared different saccadic and visual search behaviours across spinal ALS patients (n = 12), bulbar ALS patients (n = 6) and healthy control subjects (n = 13), along with cognitive and MRI measures, with the aim to define more accurately the two patients subgroups and possibly clarify a different underlying neural impairment. We found separate profiles of visually-guided saccades between spinal (short saccades) and bulbar (slow saccades) ALS, which could result from the pathologic involvement of different pathways. We suggest an early involvement of the parieto-collicular-cerebellar network in spinal ALS and the fronto-brainstem circuit in bulbar ALS. Overall, our data confirm the diagnostic value of the eye movements analysis in ALS and add new insight on the involved neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Zaino
- Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Serchi
- Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Giannini
- Centre for Motor Neuron Diseases, Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Pucci
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Veneri
- Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pretegiani
- Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosini
- Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Monti
- Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Department of Neurological and Neurosensorial Sciences, AOUS, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Consumption of combined fructose and sucrose diet exacerbates oxidative stress, hypertrophy and CaMKII δ oxidation in hearts from rats with metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1309-1320. [PMID: 35138512 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04364-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its cardiac comorbidities as cardiac hypertrophy (CH) have increased considerably due to the high consumption of carbohydrates, such as sucrose and/or fructose. We compared the effects of sucrose (S), fructose (F) and their combination (S + F) on the development of MetS in weaned male Wistar rats and established the relationship between the consumption of these sugars and the degree of cardiac CH development, oxidative stress (OS) and Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta oxidation (ox-CaMKIIδ). 12 weeks after the beginning of treatments with S, F or S + F, arterial pressure was measured and 8 weeks later (to complete 20 weeks) the animals were sacrificed and blood samples, visceral adipose tissue and hearts were obtained. Biochemical parameters were determined in serum and cardiac tissue to evaluate the development of MetS and OS. To evaluate CH, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), CaMKIIδ and ox-CaMKIIδ were determined by western blot and histological studies were performed in cardiac tissue. Our data showed that chronic consumption of S + F exacerbates MetS-induced CH which is related with a higher OS and ox-CaMKIIδ.
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Cheviet A, Masselink J, Koun E, Salemme R, Lappe M, Froment-Tilikete C, Pélisson D. Cerebellar Signals Drive Motor Adjustments and Visual Perceptual Changes during Forward and Backward Adaptation of Reactive Saccades. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3896-3916. [PMID: 34979550 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic adaptation ($SA$) is a cerebellar-dependent learning of motor commands ($MC$), which aims at preserving saccade accuracy. Since $SA$ alters visual localization during fixation and even more so across saccades, it could also involve changes of target and/or saccade visuospatial representations, the latter ($CDv$) resulting from a motor-to-visual transformation (forward dynamics model) of the corollary discharge of the $MC$. In the present study, we investigated if, in addition to its established role in adaptive adjustment of $MC$, the cerebellum could contribute to the adaptation-associated perceptual changes. Transfer of backward and forward adaptation to spatial perceptual performance (during ocular fixation and trans-saccadically) was assessed in eight cerebellar patients and eight healthy volunteers. In healthy participants, both types of $SA$ altered $MC$ as well as internal representations of the saccade target and of the saccadic eye displacement. In patients, adaptation-related adjustments of $MC$ and adaptation transfer to localization were strongly reduced relative to healthy participants, unraveling abnormal adaptation-related changes of target and $CDv$. Importantly, the estimated changes of $CDv$ were totally abolished following forward session but mainly preserved in backward session, suggesting that an internal model ensuring trans-saccadic localization could be located in the adaptation-related cerebellar networks or in downstream networks, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Cheviet
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France
| | - Jana Masselink
- Institute for Psychology and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Eric Koun
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France
| | - Roméo Salemme
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Caroline Froment-Tilikete
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon - Pierre-Wertheimer Hospital, Neuro-Ophtalmology unit, Bron cedex 69500, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex 69676, France
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Wang HP, Wong LC, Hsu CJ, Hu SC, Chu YJ, Lee WT. Eye motor manifestations in children with neurometabolic disorders. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:736-748. [PMID: 34561118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurometabolic diseases are complex group of rare neurogenetic disorders, which are difficult to diagnose. Patients may have toxic metabolite accumulation, inadequate energy supply, or neurotransmitter deficiency, resulting in a variety of clinical manifestations and severity with enzyme activity or transporter function defects. Multiple organ involvement is frequently seen, among which neurological symptoms and signs are one of the most encountered problems. Ocular motor problems deserve special attention for it occurs in some inborn error of metabolism. Furthermore, some are early signs or characteristic findings of certain diseases, such as the gaze palsy in Niemann-Pick disease type C and Gaucher disease or oculogyric crisis in neurotransmitter diseases. Early recognition and intervention are important for better prognosis in treatable neurometabolic disorders. In addition, ways to evaluate and describe eye movement problems also help to demonstrate the severity or clinical progression for those diagnosed with certain neurometabolic diseases. However, the complexity of eye movement and ocular motor control renders our clinical observation, recording and even anatomic localization of abnormal eye movements. Clinicians are more likely to detect early signs and unravel problems by gaining awareness of abnormal eye movement. This study amied to approach neurometabolic diseases in children via eye motor manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Pei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital YunLin branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Chin Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ching Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tacyildiz AE, Bilgin B, Gungor A, Ucer M, Karadag A, Tanriover N. Dentate Nucleus: Connectivity-Based Anatomic Parcellation Based on Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Projections. World Neurosurg 2021; 152:e408-e428. [PMID: 34062299 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Projections from the dentate nucleus (DN) follow a certain organized course to upper levels. Crossing and noncrossing fibers of the dentatorubrothalamic (DRT) tract terminate in the red nucleus and thalamus and have various connections throughout the cerebral cortex. We aimed to establish the microsurgical anatomy of the DN in relation to its efferent connections to complement the increased recognition of its surgical importance and also to provide an insight into the network-associated symptoms related to lesions and microsurgery in and around the region. METHODS The cerebellum, DN, and superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) en route to red nucleus were examined through fiber dissections from the anterior, posterior, and lateral sides to define the connections of the DN and its relationships with adjacent neural structures. RESULTS The DN was anatomically divided into 4 areas based on its relation to the SCP; the lateral major, lateral anterosuperior, posteromedial, and anteromedial compartments. Most of the fibers originating from the lateral compartments were involved in the decussation of the SCP. The ventral fibers originating from the lateral anterosuperior compartment were exclusively involved in the decussation. The fibers from the posteromedial compartment ascended ipsilaterally and decussated, whereas most anteromedial fibers ascended ipsilaterally and did not participate in the decussation. CONCLUSIONS Clarifying the anatomofunctional organization of the DN in relation to the SCP could improve microneurosurgical results by reducing the complication rates during infratentorial surgery in and around the nucleus. The proposed compartmentalization would be a major step forward in this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Emre Tacyildiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karabuk Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Karabuk, Turkey; Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berra Bilgin
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abuzer Gungor
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Umraniye Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Ucer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Karadag
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Tanriover
- Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lal V, Mehta S, Takkar A, Ray S. Ophthalmological findings in movement disorders. ANNALS OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/aomd.aomd_35_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Cao LX, Yang M, Liu Y, Long WY, Zhao GH. Chinese patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis confirmed by genetic testing: A case report and literature review. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:5446-5456. [PMID: 33269283 PMCID: PMC7674721 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i21.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a treatable autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder. It results from a deficiency of sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1), which is a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of cholesterol and modulates cholesterol homeostasis. Patients with CYP27A1 deficiency show symptoms related to excessive accumulation of cholesterol and cholestanol in lipophilic tissues such as the brain, eyes, tendons, and vessels, resulting in juvenile cataracts, tendon xanthoma, chronic diarrhea, cognitive impairment, ataxia, spastic paraplegia, and peripheral neuropathy. CTX is underdiagnosed as knowledge of the disorder is mainly based on case reports.
CASE SUMMARY A Chinese family with CTX consisting of one patient and four heterozygous carriers was studied. The patient is a 47-year-old male, who mainly had psychiatric signs but without some cardinal features of CTX such as cataracts, cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs and chronic diarrhea. There was a significant increase in the concentration of free fatty acid compared to normal range. Doppler ultrasound of the urinary system showed multiple left kidney stones, a right kidney cyst, and a hypoechoic area in the bladder, which could move with body position. Sagittal and axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the right ankle joint showed apparent enlargement of the right Achilles tendon and upper medial malleolus flexor tendon, abnormal thickening of the plantar fat, and a small amount of exudation around the fascia in front of the Achilles tendon. Cerebral MRI suggested white matter (WM) demyelination and slight cerebral atrophy. The diagnosis was confirmed by targeted sequencing, which identified compound heterozygous mutations in exon 2 and intron 7 of the CYP27A1 gene (c.435G>T, c.1263+1G>A). Treatment for 3 wk with a combination of lipid-lowering and antipsychotic therapy improved his psychiatric symptoms and normalized the levels of serum free fatty acid. Sediments in the bladder disappeared after therapy.
CONCLUSION CYP27A1 genetic analysis should be the definitive method for CTX diagnosis. This case suggests that urinary system diseases may be neglected in CTX patients. The clinical, biological, radiological, and genetic characteristics of CTX are summarized to promote early diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Xiao Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Ying Long
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guo-Hua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Yunisova G, Tufekcioglu Z, Dogu O, Bilgic B, Kaleagasi H, Akca Kalem S, Lohmann E, Gurvit H, Emre M, Hanagasi H. Patients with Lately Diagnosed Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 19:218-224. [DOI: 10.1159/000506770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn lipid storage disorder due to various pathogenic mutations in the CYP27A1 gene. Although the symptoms begin commonly in infancy, CTX diagnosis is often delayed. In this study, we report 7 Turkish CTX patients who had a delayed diagnosis despite early clinical signs and belonged to 6 unrelated families. Methods: We have retrospectively evaluated clinical, laboratory, imaging, and genetic findings of CTX patients, which were collected from 2 centers specialized in movement disorders: the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, and the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University. Results: All patients were diagnosed with CTX after neurological symptom development, and their mean age at diagnosis was 38.7 ± 9.6 years, despite a mean onset age of 12.4 ± 10.6 years. The mean follow-up period was 28 months (range: 3–60 months). The most common initial clinical abnormalities in our cohort were unexplained chronic diarrhea (42%), febrile convulsion (42%), juvenile cataract (85%), childhood depression and autism (14%), parkinsonism (14%), and intellectual disability (100%). The most prominent neurological findings were the pyramidal-cerebellar syndrome (85%) and extrapyramidal signs (42%). All patients were genetically confirmed. Serum cholestanol levels were elevated in all patients and decreased after chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) treatment in 6 patients. Conclusion: This cohort is the largest CTX case series in Turkey. All cases showed improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms as a response to CDCA treatment and stabilization on neurological symptoms, i.e., no further progression of neurological abnormalities were noted during this treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment is crucial in preventing clinical deterioration.
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Egorova PA, Bezprozvanny IB. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutics for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1050-1073. [PMID: 31435879 PMCID: PMC6985344 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective therapeutic treatment and the disease-modifying therapy for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) (a progressive hereditary disease caused by an expansion of polyglutamine in the ataxin-2 protein) is not available yet. At present, only symptomatic treatment and methods of palliative care are prescribed to the patients. Many attempts were made to study the physiological, molecular, and biochemical changes in SCA2 patients and in a variety of the model systems to find new therapeutic targets for SCA2 treatment. A better understanding of the uncovered molecular mechanisms of the disease allowed the scientific community to develop strategies of potential therapy and helped to create some promising therapeutic approaches for SCA2 treatment. Recent progress in this field will be discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina A Egorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - Ilya B Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia.
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, ND12.200, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.
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Piu P, Pretegiani E, Rosini F, Serchi V, Zaino D, Chiantini T, Rufa A. The cerebellum improves the precision of antisaccades by a latency-duration trade-off. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 249:125-139. [PMID: 31325973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum adapts motor responses by controlling the gain of a movement, preserving its accuracy and by learning from endpoint errors. Adaptive behavior likely acts not only in the motor but also in the sensory, behavioral, and cognitive domains, thus supporting a role of cerebellum in monitoring complex brain performances. Here, we analyzed the relationship between saccade latency, duration and endpoint error of antisaccades in a group of 10 idiopathic cerebellar atrophy (ICA) patients compared to controls. The latency distribution was decomposed in a decision time and a residual time. Both groups showed a trade-off between duration and decision time, with a peak of entropy within the range of this trade-off where the information flow was maximized. In cerebellar patients, greater reductions of duration as the time of decision increased, were associated with a lower probability for a saccade to fall near the target, with a constant low entropy outside the optimal time window. We suggest a modulation of saccade duration, depending on the latency-related decision time (accumulation of sensory and motor evidences in favor of a goal-directed movement), normally adopted to perform efficient trajectories in goal-directed saccades. This process is impaired in cerebellar patients suggesting a role for the cerebellum in monitoring voluntary motor performance by controlling the movement onset until the ambiguity of planning is resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Piu
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pretegiani
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research-NEI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francesca Rosini
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Serchi
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Domenica Zaino
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Chiantini
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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14
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Eye movement abnormalities in essential tremor versus tremor dominant Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:683-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Koens LH, Tijssen MAJ, Lange F, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Rufa A, Zee DS, de Koning TJ. Eye movement disorders and neurological symptoms in late-onset inborn errors of metabolism. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1844-1856. [PMID: 30485556 PMCID: PMC6587951 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism in adults are still largely unexplored. Despite the fact that adult‐onset phenotypes have been known for many years, little attention is given to these disorders in neurological practice. The adult‐onset presentation differs from childhood‐onset phenotypes, often leading to considerable diagnostic delay. The identification of these patients at the earliest stage of disease is important, given that early treatment may prevent or lessen further brain damage. Neurological and psychiatric symptoms occur more frequently in adult forms. Abnormalities of eye movements are also common and can be the presenting sign. Eye movement disorders can be classified as central or peripheral. Central forms are frequently observed in lysosomal storage disorders, whereas peripheral forms are a key feature of mitochondrial disease. Furthermore, oculogyric crisis is an important feature in disorders affecting dopamine syntheses or transport. Ocular motor disorders are often not reported by the patient, and abnormalities can be easily overlooked in a general examination. In adults with unexplained psychiatric and neurological symptoms, a special focus on examination of eye movements can serve as a relatively simple clinical tool to detect a metabolic disorder. Eye movements can be easily quantified and analyzed with video‐oculography, making them a valuable biomarker for following the natural course of disease or the response to therapies. Here, we review, for the first time, eye movement disorders that can occur in inborn errors of metabolism, with a focus on late‐onset forms. We provide a step‐by‐step overview that will help clinicians to examine and interpret eye movement disorders. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette H Koens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fiete Lange
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab)-Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, Siena, Italy
| | - David S Zee
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Neurology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tom J de Koning
- University of Groningen, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Pretegiani E, Piu P, Rosini F, Federighi P, Serchi V, Tumminelli G, Dotti MT, Federico A, Rufa A. Anti-Saccades in Cerebellar Ataxias Reveal a Contribution of the Cerebellum in Executive Functions. Front Neurol 2018; 9:274. [PMID: 29740392 PMCID: PMC5926529 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests a cerebellar contribution to modulate cognitive aspects of motor behavior and executive functions. Supporting findings come from studies on patients with neurodegenerative diseases, in which however, given the extent of the disease, the specific role of the cerebellum, could not be clearly isolated. Anti-saccades are considered a sensitive tool to test executive functions. The anti-saccade underlying neural network, consisting of different cortical areas and their downstream connections including the lateral cerebellum, has been largely clarified. To separate the role of the cerebellum with respect to other cortical structures in executive control, we compared the anti-saccade performances in two distinct cohorts of patients with cerebellar disorders (with and without cerebral cortical involvement). METHODS Eye movements during the execution of anti-saccades were recorded in 12 patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (a cortical-subcortical neurodegenerative disease), 10 patients with late onset cerebellar ataxia (an isolated cerebellar atrophy), and 34 matched controls. RESULTS In the anti-saccade task, besides dynamic changes already demonstrated in the pro-saccades of these patients, we found in both groups of cerebellar patients prolonged latency with larger variability than normal and increased directional error rate. Errors, however, were corrected by cerebellar patients as frequently as normal. No significant differences were found in patients with and without cortical involvement. CONCLUSION Our results indicate, in a large cohort of cerebellar patients, that the cerebellum plays a critical role in the regulation of executive motor control not only, as well known, by controlling the end of a movement, but also modulating its initiation and reducing reflexive responses that would perturb voluntary actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pretegiani
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pietro Piu
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosini
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pamela Federighi
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Business and Law, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Serchi
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gemma Tumminelli
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dotti
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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