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Neder JA, Santyr G, Zanette B, Kirby M, Pourafkari M, James MD, Vincent SG, Ferguson C, Wang CY, Domnik NJ, Phillips DB, Porszasz J, Stringer WW, O'Donnell DE. Beyond Spirometry: Linking Wasted Ventilation to Exertional Dyspnea in the Initial Stages of COPD. COPD 2024; 21:2301549. [PMID: 38348843 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2023.2301549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Exertional dyspnea, a key complaint of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ultimately reflects an increased inspiratory neural drive to breathe. In non-hypoxemic patients with largely preserved lung mechanics - as those in the initial stages of the disease - the heightened inspiratory neural drive is strongly associated with an exaggerated ventilatory response to metabolic demand. Several lines of evidence indicate that the so-called excess ventilation (high ventilation-CO2 output relationship) primarily reflects poor gas exchange efficiency, namely increased physiological dead space. Pulmonary function tests estimating the extension of the wasted ventilation and selected cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables can, therefore, shed unique light on the genesis of patients' out-of-proportion dyspnea. After a succinct overview of the basis of gas exchange efficiency in health and inefficiency in COPD, we discuss how wasted ventilation translates into exertional dyspnea in individual patients. We then outline what is currently known about the structural basis of wasted ventilation in "minor/trivial" COPD vis-à-vis the contribution of emphysema versus a potential impairment in lung perfusion across non-emphysematous lung. After summarizing some unanswered questions on the field, we propose that functional imaging be amalgamated with pulmonary function tests beyond spirometry to improve our understanding of this deeply neglected cause of exertional dyspnea. Advances in the field will depend on our ability to develop robust platforms for deeply phenotyping (structurally and functionally), the dyspneic patients showing unordinary high wasted ventilation despite relatively preserved FEV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Neder
- Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Canada
| | - Giles Santyr
- Translational Medicine Department, Faculty of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brandon Zanette
- Translational Medicine Department, Faculty of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Miranda Kirby
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marina Pourafkari
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Canada
| | - Matthew D James
- Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sandra G Vincent
- Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Canada
| | - Carrie Ferguson
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor U.C.L.A Medical Centre, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Chu-Yi Wang
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor U.C.L.A Medical Centre, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Nicolle J Domnik
- Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Devin B Phillips
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Janos Porszasz
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor U.C.L.A Medical Centre, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - William W Stringer
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor U.C.L.A Medical Centre, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Denis E O'Donnell
- Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Canada
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Balasubramanian A, Gearhart AS, Putcha N, Fawzy A, Singh A, Wise RA, Hansel NN, McCormack MC. Diffusing Capacity as a Predictor of Hospitalizations in a Clinical Cohort of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2024; 21:243-250. [PMID: 37870393 PMCID: PMC10848911 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202301-014oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospitalizations are a major burden on patients. Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DlCO) is a potential predictor that has not been studied in large cohorts. Objectives: This study used electronic health record data to evaluate whether clinically obtained DlCO predicts COPD hospitalizations. Methods: We performed time-to-event analyses of individuals with COPD and DlCO measurements from the Johns Hopkins COPD Precision Medicine Center of Excellence. Cox proportional hazard methods were used to model time from DlCO measurement to first COPD hospitalization and composite first hospitalization or death, adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking status, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), history of prior COPD hospitalization, and comorbidities. To identify the utility of including DlCO in risk models, area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) values were calculated for models with and without DlCO. Results were externally validated in a separate analogous cohort. Results: Of 2,793 participants, 368 (13%) had a COPD hospitalization within 3 years. In adjusted analyses, for every 10% decrease in DlCO% predicted, risk of COPD hospitalization increased by 10% (hazard ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.2; P < 0.001). Similar associations were observed for COPD hospitalizations or death. The model including demographics, comorbidities, FEV1, DlCO, and prior COPD hospitalizations performed well, with an AUC of 0.85 and an AUC of 0.84 in an external validation cohort. Conclusions: Diffusing capacity is a strong predictor of COPD hospitalizations in a clinical cohort of individuals with COPD, independent of airflow obstruction and prior hospitalizations. These findings support incorporation of DlCO in risk assessment of patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Balasubramanian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew S. Gearhart
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland; and
| | - Nirupama Putcha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashraf Fawzy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anil Singh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep, Alleghany Health Network, Highmark Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert A. Wise
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nadia N. Hansel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Meredith C. McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Hanaoka M, Wada Y, Goto N, Kitaguchi Y, Koarai A, Kubota M, Oyamada Y, Koto H. Referential equations for pulmonary diffusing capacity generated from the Japanese population using the Lambda, Mu, or Sigma method and their comparisons with prior referential equations. Respir Investig 2023; 61:687-697. [PMID: 37708634 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to establish reference equations for single-breath lung carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO), alveolar volume (VA), and transfer coefficient of the lungs for carbon monoxide (KCO, sometimes written as DLCO/VA) in the Japanese population. A generalised additive model for location size and shape (GAMLSS) was used to build each equation. METHODS To collect pulmonary function data throughout a broad age range, we prospectively obtained pulmonary function data from healthy volunteers and retrospectively obtained data from patients with normal diffusing capacity aged 16-85 years. RESULTS In total, 702 tests were conducted. The validation group z-scores, except for DLCO in males, showed substantial discrepancies between the Global Lung Initiative (GLI) baseline prediction equations and the present study's prediction equations, indicating the need for a new reference value prediction approach. The root mean square errors of the DLCO, VA, and KCO reference values obtained from the present study's prediction equations were lower than those derived from the GLI and previous linear regression equations. CONCLUSIONS Reference values obtained in this study were more appropriate for our sample than those derived from the existing baseline prediction equations. This research's contribution is the development of a more precise prediction equation that can be used to establish a reference value range for pulmonary diffusing capacity. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This research does not include any dissemination plan (publications, data deposition and curation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hanaoka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yosuke Wada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Norihiko Goto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitaguchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akira Koarai
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, 1-1-1 Asutonagamachi, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Kubota
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oyamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyushu Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, 3-23-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8588, Japan
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Priel E, Diab N, Patel M, Wahab M, Freitag A, O’Byrne PM, Killian KJ, Satia I. The added value of haemoglobin to height, age, and sex to predict DLCO in subjects with preserved exercise capacity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289540. [PMID: 37552695 PMCID: PMC10409289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single breath diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) captures several aspects of the role of the lung in meeting the metabolic demands of the body. The magnitude of the independent contributors to the DLCO is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that independently contribute to the DLCO. OBJECTIVES The objective was to investigate the impact of height, age, sex and haemoglobin on DLCO, alveolar volume (VA) and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO). METHODS Study participants were pre-screened based on normal exercise capacity achieved during an incremental cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPET) using cycle ergometry at McMaster University Medical Center between 1988-2012. Participants who had an FEV1>80% predicted, with an FEV1/FVC ≥0.7 and who achieved a maximum power output ≥80% were selected for analysis. In total, 16,298 subjects [61% male, mean height 1.70m (range 1.26-2.07), age 49 yrs (10-94), weight 79 kg (23-190) had DLCO measured while demonstrating normal spirometry and exercise capacity. RESULTS The DLCO increased exponentially with height, was 15% greater in males, increased with age yearly until 20, then decreased yearly after the age of 35, and was 6% higher per gram of haemoglobin (5.58*Height(m)1.69*1.15 in Males*(1-0.006*Age>35)*(1+0.01*Age<20) *(1+0.06*Hb gm/dl), (r = 0.76). CONCLUSION Height, age, sex, and haemoglobin all have independent influence on the DLCO in subjects with normal spirometry and preserved exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldar Priel
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nermin Diab
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Matthew Patel
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mustafaa Wahab
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Andreas Freitag
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul M. O’Byrne
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Imran Satia
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
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5
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Mancilla-Ceballos R, Milne KM, Guenette JA, Cortes-Telles A. Inflammation associated with lung function abnormalities in COVID-19 survivors. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:235. [PMID: 37391742 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of inflammatory pathways promotes organ dysfunction in COVID-19. Currently, there are reports describing lung function abnormalities in COVID-19 survivors; however, the biological mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between serum biomarkers collected during and following hospitalization and pulmonary function in COVID-19 survivors. METHODS Patients recovering from severe COVID-19 were prospectively evaluated. Serum biomarkers were analyzed from admission to hospital, peak during hospitalization, and at the time of discharge. Pulmonary function was measured approximately 6 weeks after discharge. RESULTS 100 patients (63% male) were included (age 48 years, SD ± 14) with 85% having at least one comorbidity. Patients with a restrictive spirometry pattern (n = 46) had greater inflammatory biomarkers compared to those with normal spirometry (n = 54) including peak Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) value [9.3 (10.1) vs. 6.5 (6.6), median (IQR), p = 0.027] and NLR at hospital discharge [4.6 (2.9) vs. 3.2 (2.9) p = 0.005] and baseline C-reactive protein value [164.0 (147.0) vs. 106.5 (139.0) mg/dL, p = 0.083). Patients with an abnormal diffusing capacity (n = 35) had increased peak NLR [8.9 (5.9) vs. 5.6 (5.7) mg/L, p = 0.029]; baseline NLR [10.0 (19.0) vs. 4.0 (3.0) pg/ml, p = 0.002] and peak Troponin-T [10.0 (20.0) vs. 5.0 (5.0) pg/ml, p = 0.011] compared to patients with normal diffusing capacity (n = 42). Multivariable linear regression analysis identified predictors of restrictive spirometry and low diffusing capacity, but only accounted for a low degree of variance in pulmonary function outcome. CONCLUSION Overexpression of inflammatory biomarkers is associated with subsequent lung function abnormalities in patients recovered from severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mancilla-Ceballos
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de La Peninsula de Yucatan, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Kathryn M Milne
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jordan A Guenette
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Arturo Cortes-Telles
- Respiratory Diseases Clinic, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de La Peninsula de Yucatan, Yucatan, Mexico.
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Fu J, Liu X, Cui Z, Zheng Y, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liang Y, Zhu S, Chu PK, Yeung KWK, Wu S. Probiotic-based nanoparticles for targeted microbiota modulation and immune restoration in bacterial pneumonia. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwac221. [PMID: 36817841 PMCID: PMC9935993 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While conventional bacterial pneumonia mainly centralizes avoidance of bacterial colonization, it remains unclear how to restore the host immunity for hyperactive immunocompetent primary and immunocompromised secondary bacterial pneumonia. Here, probiotic-based nanoparticles of OASCLR were formed by coating chitosan, hyaluronic acid and ononin on living Lactobacillus rhamnosus. OASCLR nanoparticles could effectively kill various clinic common pathogens and antibacterial efficiency was >99.97%. Importantly, OASCLR could modulate lung microbiota, increasing the overall richness and diversity of microbiota by decreasing pathogens and increasing probiotic and commensal bacteria. Additionally, OASCLR could target inflammatory macrophages by the interaction of OASCLR with the macrophage binding site of CD44 and alleviate overactive immune responses for hyperactive immunocompetent pneumonia. Surprisingly, OASCLR could break the state of the macrophage's poor phagocytic ability by upregulating the expression of the extracellular matrix assembly, immune activation and fibroblast activation in immunocompromised pneumonia. The macrophage's phagocytic ability was increased from 2.61% to 12.3%. Our work provides a potential strategy for hyperactive immunocompetent primary and immunocompromised secondary bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Fu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- School of Health Science & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Zhenduo Cui
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanqin Liang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shengli Zhu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Wai Kwok Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Madsen AC, Thomsen RS, Nymand SB, Hartmann JP, Rasmussen IE, Mohammad M, Skovgaard LT, Hanel B, Jønck S, Iepsen UW, Chistensen RH, Mortensen J, Berg RMG. Pulmonary diffusing capacity to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide during exercise and in the supine position: a test-retest reliability study. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:307-317. [PMID: 36621806 PMCID: PMC10103891 DOI: 10.1113/ep090883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question in this study? How reliable is the combined measurement of the pulmonary diffusing capacity to carbon monoxide and nitric oxide (DLCO/NO ) during exercise and in the resting supine position, respectively? What is the main finding and its importance? The DLCO/NO technique is reliable with a very low day-to-day variability both during exercise and in the resting supine position, and may thus provide a useful physiological outcome that reflects the alveolar-capillary reserve in humans. ABSTRACT DLCO/NO , the combined single-breath measurement of the diffusing capacity to carbon monoxide (DLCO ) and nitric oxide (DLNO ) measured either during exercise or in the resting supine position may be a useful physiological measure of alveolar-capillary reserve. In the present study, we investigated the between-day test-retest reliability of DLCO/NO -based metrics. Twenty healthy volunteers (10 males, 10 females; mean age 25 (SD 2) years) were randomized to repeated DLCO/NO measurements during upright rest followed by either exercise (n = 11) or resting in the supine position (n = 9). The measurements were repeated within 7 days. The smallest real difference (SRD), defined as the 95% confidence limit of the standard error of measurement (SEM), the coefficient of variance (CV), and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess test-retest reliability. SRD for DLNO was higher during upright rest (5.4 (95% CI: 4.1, 7.5) mmol/(min kPa)) than during exercise (2.7 (95% CI: 2.0, 3.9) mmol/(min kPa)) and in the supine position (3.0 (95% CI: 2.1, 4.8) mmol/(min kPa)). SRD for DLCOc was similar between conditions. CV values for DLNO were slightly lower than for DLCOc both during exercise (1.5 (95% CI: 1.2, 1.7) vs. 3.8 (95% CI: 3.2, 4.3)%) and in the supine position (2.2 (95% CI: 1.8, 2.5) vs. 4.8 (95% CI: 3.8, 5.4)%). DLNO increased by 12.3 (95% CI: 11.1, 13.4) and DLCOc by 3.3 (95% CI: 2.9, 3.7) mmol/(min kPa) from upright rest to exercise. The DLCO/NO technique provides reliable indices of alveolar-capillary reserve, both during exercise and in the supine position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Christrup Madsen
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Rie Skovly Thomsen
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Stine B. Nymand
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jacob Peter Hartmann
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Iben E. Rasmussen
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Milan Mohammad
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lene Theil Skovgaard
- Department of BiostatisticsFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Birgitte Hanel
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Simon Jønck
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ulrik Winning Iepsen
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive CareCopenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Regitse H. Chistensen
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of CardiologyCopenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte HospitalsCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jann Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ronan M. G. Berg
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Neurovascular Research LaboratoryFaculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
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8
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Shimizu K, Kimura H, Tanabe N, Chubachi S, Sato S, Suzuki M, Tanimura K, Iijima H, Oguma A, Ito YM, Wakazono N, Takimoto-Sato M, Matsumoto-Sasaki M, Abe Y, Takei N, Makita H, Nishimura M, Konno S. Relationships of computed tomography-based small vessel indices of the lungs with ventilation heterogeneity and high transfer coefficients in non-smokers with asthma. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1137603. [PMID: 36935740 PMCID: PMC10014854 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1137603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanism of high transfer coefficients of the lungs for carbon monoxide (Kco) in non-smokers with asthma is explained by the redistribution of blood flow to the area with preserved ventilation, to match the ventilation perfusion. Objectives: To examine whether ventilation heterogeneity, assessed by pulmonary function tests, is associated with computed tomography (CT)-based vascular indices and Kco in patients with asthma. Methods: Participants were enrolled from the Hokkaido-based Investigative Cohort Analysis for Refractory Asthma (Hi-CARAT) study that included a prospective asthmatic cohort. Pulmonary function tests including Kco, using single breath methods; total lung capacity (TLC), using multiple breath methods; and CT, were performed on the same day. The ratio of the lung volume assessed using single breath methods (alveolar volume; VA) to that using multiple breath methods (TLC) was calculated as an index of ventilation heterogeneity. The volume of the pulmonary small vessels <5 mm2 in the whole lung (BV5 volume), and number of BV5 at a theoretical surface area of the lungs from the plural surface (BV5 number) were evaluated using chest CT images. Results: The low VA/TLC group (the lowest quartile) had significantly lower BV5 number, BV5 volume, higher BV5 volume/BV5 number, and higher Kco compared to the high VA/TLC group (the highest quartile) in 117 non-smokers, but not in 67 smokers. Multivariable analysis showed that low VA/TLC was associated with low BV5 number, after adjusting for age, sex, weight, lung volume on CT, and CT emphysema index in non-smokers (not in smokers). Conclusion: Ventilation heterogeneity may be associated with low BV5 number and high Kco in non-smokers (not in smokers). Future studies need to determine the dynamic regional system in ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoruko Shimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kaoruko Shimizu,
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Tanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shotaro Chubachi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tanimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iijima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Oguma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi M. Ito
- Data Science Center, Promotion Unit, Institute of Health Science Innovation for Medical Care, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Wakazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michiko Takimoto-Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Abe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Takei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironi Makita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido Medical Research Institute for Respiratory Diseases, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nishimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido Medical Research Institute for Respiratory Diseases, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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9
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An L, Ji F, Yin Y, Liu Y, Zhou C. Modeling of Red Blood Cells in Capillary Flow Using Fluid-Structure Interaction and Gas Diffusion. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243987. [PMID: 36552751 PMCID: PMC9776841 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) distribution, RBC shape, and flow rate have all been shown to have an effect on the pulmonary diffusing capacity. Through this study, a gas diffusion model and the immersed finite element method were used to simulate the gas diffusion into deformable RBCs running in capillaries. It has been discovered that when RBCs are deformed, the CO flux across the membrane becomes nonuniform, resulting in a reduced capacity for diffusion. Additionally, when compared to RBCs that were dispersed evenly, our simulation showed that clustered RBCs had a significantly lower diffusion capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling An
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Fenglong Ji
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yueming Yin
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chichun Zhou
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (C.Z.)
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10
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Hughes M. The Roughton-Forster equation for pulmonary diffusion: how it happened. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:60/1/2200789. [PMID: 35902101 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00789-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hughes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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11
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Abstract
Molecular diameters are an important property of gases for numerous scientific and technical disciplines. Different measurement techniques for these diameters exist, each delivering a characteristic value. Their reliability in describing the flow of rarefied gases, however, has not yet been discussed, especially the case for the transitional range between continuum and ballistic flow. Here, we present a method to describe gas flows in straight channels with arbitrary cross sections for the whole Knudsen range by using a superposition model based on molecular diameters. This model allows us to determine a transition diameter from flow measurement data that paves the way for generalized calculations of gas behaviour under rarefied conditions linking continuum and free molecular regime.
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12
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Natural Course of the Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide in COPD: Importance of Sex. Chest 2021; 160:481-490. [PMID: 33878339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The value of the single-breath diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (Dlco) relates to outcomes for patients with COPD. However, little is known about the natural course of Dlco over time, intersubject variability, and factors that may influence Dlco progression. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the natural course of Dlco in patients with COPD over time, and which other factors, including sex differences, could influence this progression? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We phenotyped 602 smokers (women, 33%), of whom 506 (84%) had COPD and 96 (16%) had no airflow limitation. Lung function, including Dlco, was monitored annually over 5 years. A random coefficients model was used to evaluate Dlco changes over time. RESULTS The mean (± SE) yearly decline in Dlco % in patients with COPD was 1.34% ± 0.015%/y. This was steeper compared with non-COPD control subjects (0.04% ± 0.032%/y; P = .004). Sixteen percent of the patients with COPD, vs 4.3% of the control subjects, had a statistically significant Dlco % slope annual decline (4.14%/y). At baseline, women with COPD had lower Dlco values (11.37% ± 2.27%; P < .001) in spite of a higher FEV1 % than men. Compared with men, women with COPD had a steeper Dlco annual decline of 0.89% ± 0.42%/y (P = .039). INTERPRETATION Patients with COPD have an accelerated decline in Dlco compared with smokers without the disease. However, the decline is slow, and a testing interval of 3 to 4 years may be clinically informative. The lower and more rapid decline in Dlco values in women, compared with men, suggests a differential impact of sex in gas exchange function. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01122758; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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13
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A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins. Nitric Oxide 2021; 111-112:45-63. [PMID: 33838343 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that 10% of carbon throughout the cosmos is in the form of carbon monoxide (CO). Earth's earliest prebiotic atmosphere included the trinity of gasotransmitters CO, nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), for which all of life has co-evolved with. The history of CO can be loosely traced to mythological and prehistoric origins with rudimentary understanding emerging in the middle ages. Ancient literature is focused on CO's deadly toxicity which is understandable in the context of our primitive relationship with coal and fire. Scientific inquiry into CO appears to have emerged throughout the 1700s followed by chemical and toxicological profiling throughout the 1800s. Despite CO's ghastly reputation, several of the 18th and 19th century scientists suggested a therapeutic application of CO. Since 2000, the fundamental understanding of CO as a deadly nuisance has undergone a paradigm shift such that CO is now recognized as a neurotransmitter and viable pharmaceutical candidate. This review is intended to provide a brief history on the trace origins pertaining to endogenous formation and therapeutic application of CO.
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14
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Ni Y, Yu Y, Dai R, Shi G. Diffusing capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment: A meta-analysis. Chron Respir Dis 2021; 18:14799731211056340. [PMID: 34855516 PMCID: PMC8649441 DOI: 10.1177/14799731211056340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve a multidimensional evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, the spirometry measures are supplemented by assessment of symptoms, risk of exacerbations, and CT imaging. However, the measurement of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is not included in most common used models of COPD assessment. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the role of DLCO in COPD assessment.The studies were identified by searching the terms "diffusing capacity" OR "diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide" or "DLCO" AND "COPD" AND "assessment" in Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The mean difference of DLCO % predict was assessed in COPD patient with different severity (according to GOLD stage and GOLD group), between COPD patients with or without with frequent exacerbation, between survivors and non-survivors, between emphysema dominant and non-emphysema dominant COPD patients, and between COPD patients with or without pulmonary hypertension.43 studies were included in the meta-analysis. DLCO % predicted was significantly lower in COPD patients with more severe airflow limitation (stage II/IV), more symptoms (group B/D), and high exacerbation risk (group C/D). Lower DLCO % predicted was also found in exacerbation patients and non-survivors. Low DLCO % predicted was related to emphysema dominant phenotype, and COPD patients with PH.The current meta-analysis suggested that DLCO % predicted might be an important measurement for COPD patients in terms of severity, exacerbation risk, mortality, emphysema domination, and presence of pulmonary hypertension. As diffusion capacity reflects pulmonary ventilation and perfusion at the same time, the predictive value of DLCO or DLCO combined with other criteria worth further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmeng Ni
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care
Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youchao Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care
Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ranran Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care
Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guochao Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care
Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of
Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Abstract
This overview presents the recent progress in our understanding of gas transfer by the lungs during the respiratory cycle and during breath holding. Different phenomena intervene in gas transfer, convection and diffusion in the gas, dissolution, diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane, diffusion across blood plasma, and finally diffusion and reaction with hemoglobin inside blood cells. The different gases, O2 , CO, and NO, have very different reaction times with hemoglobin ranging from a few microseconds to tens of milliseconds. This is leading to different outcomes. For O2 , the solutions to the coupled nonlinear gas and blood equations are obtained at the acinus level. They include the fact that the acinar internal ventilation is strongly heterogeneous due to the arborescent structure. Also, in the dynamic calculation, one takes care of the delay between the start of inhalation and arrival of fresh air in the acinus. This "dead" time is the dynamic equivalent of the dead space ventilation. The question of the dependence of Vo2 on ventilation and perfusion takes a different form. The results show that Vo2 is not only a function of the ventilation/perfusion ratio but also depends on the variables: acinar ventilation VEac and perfusion Qac . The ratio VEac /Qac roughly determines arterial O2 saturation and arterial and alveolar O2 partial pressure. The classic Roughton-Forster interpretation of DLCO (separation between independent membrane and blood resistance) was a mathematical conjecture. It was shown recently that this conjecture was violated. This article presents an alternative interpretation that uses time concepts instead of resistance. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1289-1314, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Sapoval
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Min-Yeong Kang
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan
- Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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16
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van Dijk M, Klooster K, Ten Hacken NHT, Sciurba F, Kerstjens HAM, Slebos DJ. The effects of lung volume reduction treatment on diffusing capacity and gas exchange. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/158/190171. [PMID: 33115787 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0171-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung volume reduction (LVR) treatment in patients with severe emphysema has been shown to have a positive effect on hyperinflation, expiratory flow, exercise capacity and quality of life. However, the effects on diffusing capacity of the lungs and gas exchange are less clear. In this review, the possible mechanisms by which LVR treatment can affect diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D LCO) and arterial gas parameters are discussed, the use of D LCO in LVR treatment is evaluated and other diagnostic techniques reflecting diffusing capacity and regional ventilation (V')/perfusion (Q') mismatch are considered.A systematic review of the literature was performed for studies reporting on D LCO and arterial blood gas parameters before and after LVR surgery or endoscopic LVR with endobronchial valves (EBV). D LCO after these LVR treatments improved (40 studies, n=1855) and the mean absolute change from baseline in % predicted D LCO was +5.7% (range -4.6% to +29%), with no real change in blood gas parameters. Improvement in V' inhomogeneity and V'/Q' mismatch are plausible explanations for the improvement in D LCO after LVR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies van Dijk
- University of Groningen, Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Research Institute for Asthma and COPD Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Klooster
- University of Groningen, Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Research Institute for Asthma and COPD Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick H T Ten Hacken
- University of Groningen, Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Research Institute for Asthma and COPD Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Sciurba
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- University of Groningen, Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Research Institute for Asthma and COPD Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Slebos
- University of Groningen, Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Research Institute for Asthma and COPD Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Manickavel S. Pathophysiology of respiratory failure and physiology of gas exchange during ECMO. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 37:203-209. [PMID: 33967443 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-020-01042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lungs play a key role in sustaining cellular respiration by regulating the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. This is achieved by exchanging these gases between blood and ambient air across the alveolar capillary membrane by the process of diffusion. In the microstructure of the lung, gas exchange is compartmentalized and happens in millions of microscopic alveolar units. In situations of lung injury, this structural complexity is disrupted resulting in impaired gas exchange. Depending on the severity and the type of lung injury, different aspects of pulmonary physiology are affected. If the respiratory failure is refractory to ventilator support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be utilized to support the gas exchange needs of the body. In ECMO, thin hollow fiber membranes made up of polymethylpentene act as blood-gas interface for diffusion. Decades of innovative engineering with membranes and their alignment with blood and gas flows has enabled modern oxygenators to achieve clinically and physiologically significant amount of gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Manickavel
- Miami Transplant Institute, University of Miami, 1801 NW 9th Ave, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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18
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Bollmann T, Ittermann T, Gläser S, Völzke H, Doerr M, Habedank D, Obst A, Ewert R, Schäper C, Stubbe B. Reference Values for Pulmonary Single-Breath Diffusing Capacity - Results of the "Study of Health in Pomerania". Pneumologie 2020; 75:268-275. [PMID: 32820488 DOI: 10.1055/a-1234-7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The assessment of pulmonary single-breath diffusing capacity is a frequently performed diagnostic procedure and considered as an important tool in medical surveillance examinations of pulmonary diseases.The aim of this study was to establish reference equations for pulmonary single-breath diffusing capacity parameters in a representative adult-population across a wide age range and to compare the normative values from this sample with previous ones. METHODS Diffusing capacity measurement was carried out in 3566 participants (1811 males) of a cross-sectional, population-based survey ("Study of Health in Pomerania - SHIP"). RESULTS Individuals with cardiopulmonary disorders and current smoking habits were excluded, resulting in 1786 healthy individuals (923 males), aged 20 - 84 years. Prediction equations for both sexes were established by quantile regression analyses, taking into consideration the influence of age, height, weight and former smoking. CONCLUSION The study provides a novel set of prediction equations for pulmonary single-breath diffusing capacity in an adult Caucasian population. The results are comparable to previously reported equations, underline their importance and draw attention to the need for up-to-date reference equations that adequately take into account both the subjects' origin, age, anthropometric characteristics and the equipment used.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bollmann
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, SHIP/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, University Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Gläser
- Vivantes Hospital Berlin-Neukölln
| | - H Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, SHIP/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, University Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Doerr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - A Obst
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Ewert
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - C Schäper
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - B Stubbe
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, Pneumology, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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19
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Balasubramanian A, Kolb TM, Damico RL, Hassoun PM, McCormack MC, Mathai SC. Diffusing Capacity Is an Independent Predictor of Outcomes in Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With COPD. Chest 2020; 158:722-734. [PMID: 32184109 PMCID: PMC8173778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with COPD who experience pulmonary hypertension (PH) have worse mortality than those with COPD alone. Predictors of poor outcomes in COPD-PH are not well-described. Diffusing capacity of the lung (Dlco) assesses the integrity of the alveolar-capillary interface and thus may be a useful prognostic tool among those with COPD-PH. RESEARCH QUESTION Using a single center registry, we sought to evaluate Dlco as a predictor of mortality in a cohort of patients with COPD-PH. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed 71 COPD-PH patients from the Johns Hopkins Pulmonary Hypertension Registry with right-sided heart catheterization (RHC)-proven PH and pulmonary function testing data within one year of diagnostic RHC. Transplant-free survival was calculated from index RHC. Adjusted transplant-free survival was modelled using Cox proportional hazard methods; age, pulmonary vascular resistance, FEV1, oxygen use, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide were included as covariates. RESULTS Overall unadjusted transplant-free 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals were 87%, 60%, and 51%, respectively. Survival was associated with reduced Dlco across the observed range of pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance. Severe Dlco impairment was associated with poorer survival (log-rank χ2 13.07) (P < .001); adjusting for covariates, for every percent predicted decrease in Dlco, mortality rates increased by 4% (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07). INTERPRETATION Among patients with COPD-PH, severe gas transfer impairment is associated with higher mortality, even with adjustment for airflow obstruction and hemodynamics, which suggests that Dlco may be a useful prognostic marker in this population. Future studies are needed to further investigate the association between Dlco and morbidity and to determine the utility of Dlco as a biomarker for disease risk and severity in COPD-PH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd M Kolb
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachel L Damico
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paul M Hassoun
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Stephen C Mathai
- Johns Hopkins University Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baltimore, MD.
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20
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Oliveira A, Rutter M, Quijano-Campos JC, Herrero-Cortina B, Clari M, O'Rourke A, McGowan A, Burtin C, Sajnic A, De Brandt J. ERS International Congress, Madrid, 2019: highlights from the Allied Respiratory Professionals' Assembly. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00034-2020. [PMID: 32280669 PMCID: PMC7132037 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00034-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of outstanding sessions that were (co)organised by the Allied Respiratory Professionals' Assembly during the European Respiratory Society International Congress 2019 in Madrid, Spain. Session content was mainly targeted at allied respiratory professionals such as respiratory physiologists, respiratory physiotherapists and respiratory nurses, and is summarised in this document. Short take-home messages related to pulmonary function testing highlight the importance of quality control. Furthermore, novel findings regarding the assessment of functional status call attention to bodily factors that can affect functional status. Regarding pulmonary rehabilitation, data were presented about the use of equipment and type of exercise training in COPD and lung cancer. Recent developments in physical activity-related research give insight in enablers of physical activity after hospital admission. The importance of integrated respiratory care was also highlighted, with the occupational therapist, nurse, and nutritional and psychological counsellor playing a pivotal role, which relates directly to research in the field of respiratory nursing that formulates the need for more nursing led-interventions in the future. To conclude, this review provides readers with valuable insight into some of the emerging and future areas affecting clinical practice of allied healthcare professionals. A highlights review of selected presentations from #ERSCongress 2019 by @ERS_Assembly9http://bit.ly/2VNFgAj
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oliveira
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Lab 3R - Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Matthew Rutter
- Lung Function Dept, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Juan Carlos Quijano-Campos
- Research and Development, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Beatriz Herrero-Cortina
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Marco Clari
- Dept of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Aoife O'Rourke
- Respiratory Dept, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Aisling McGowan
- Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Diagnostics, Connolly Hospital, Blanchardstown, Ireland
| | - Chris Burtin
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Andreja Sajnic
- Dept for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, University Hospital Center Rebro, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jana De Brandt
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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21
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Neder JA, Berton DC, Muller PT, O'Donnell DE. Incorporating Lung Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide in Clinical Decision Making in Chest Medicine. Clin Chest Med 2020; 40:285-305. [PMID: 31078210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (Dlco) remains the only noninvasive pulmonary function test to provide an integrated picture of gas exchange efficiency in human lungs. Due to its critical dependence on the accessible "alveolar" volume (Va), there remains substantial misunderstanding on the interpretation of Dlco and the diffusion coefficient (Dlco/Va ratio, Kco). This article presents the physiologic and methodologic foundations of Dlco measurement. A clinically friendly approach for Dlco interpretation that takes those caveats into consideration is outlined. The clinical scenarios in which Dlco can effectively assist the chest physician are discussed and illustrative clinical cases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Division of Respirology and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Richardson House, 102 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V6, Canada.
| | - Danilo C Berton
- Division of Respirology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo T Muller
- Division of Respirology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Denis E O'Donnell
- Respiratory Investigation Unit, Division of Respirology and Sleep Medicine, Kingston Health Science Center & Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Wang T, Wood S. Mogens Lesner Glass (1946-2018). Braz J Med Biol Res 2020. [PMCID: PMC7679110 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wang
- Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Denmark
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23
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D R Borland C, B Hughes JM. Lung Diffusing Capacities (D L ) for Nitric Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO): The Evolving Story. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:73-97. [PMID: 31853952 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide diffusing capacities (DLNO and DLCO ) obey Fick's First Law of Diffusion and the basic principles of chemical kinetic theory. NO gas transfer is dominated by membrane diffusion (DM ), whereas CO transfer is limited by diffusion plus chemical reaction within the red cell. Marie Krogh, who pioneered the single-breath measurement of DLCO in 1915, believed that the combination of CO with red cell hemoglobin (Hb) was instantaneous. Roughton and colleagues subsequently showed, in vitro, that the reaction rate was finite, and prolonged in the presence of high P O 2 . Roughton and Forster (R-F) proposed that the resistance to transfer (1/DL ) was the sum of the membrane resistance (1/DM ) and (1/θVc), the red cell resistance (θ being the CO or NO conductance for blood uptake and Vc the capillary volume). From this R-F equation, DM for CO and Vc can be solved with simultaneous NO and CO inhalation. At near maximum exercise, DMCO and Vc for normal subjects were 88% and 79%, respectively, of morphometric values. The validity of these calculations depends on the values chosen for θ for CO and NO, and on the diffusivity of NO versus CO. Recent mathematical modeling suggests that θ for NO is "effectively" infinite because NO reacts only with Hb in the outer 0.1 μM of the red cell. An "infinite θNO " recalculation reduced DMCO to 53% and increased Vc to 95% of morphometric values. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:73-97, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Mike B Hughes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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Michaelchuk WW, Tedjasaputra V, Bryan TL, van Diepen S, Stickland MK. The effect of dopamine on pulmonary diffusing capacity and capillary blood volume responses to exercise in young healthy humans. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1952-1962. [PMID: 31603268 DOI: 10.1113/ep088056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the Central question? Does dopamine, a pulmonary vascular vasodilator, contribute to the regulation of pulmonary diffusing capacity and capillary blood volume responses to exercise and exercise tolerance? What are the main findings and their importance? Dopamine appears not to be important for regulating pulmonary diffusing capacity or pulmonary capillary blood volume during exercise in healthy participants. Dopamine blockade trials demonstrated that endogenous dopamine is important for maintaining exercise tolerance; however, exogenous dopamine does not improve exercise tolerance. ABSTRACT Pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc ) and diffusing membrane capacity (Dm ) expansion are important contributors to the increased pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO ) observed during upright exercise. Dopamine is a pulmonary vascular vasodilator, and recent studies suggest that it may play a role in Vc regulation through changes in pulmonary vascular tone. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exogenous dopamine and dopamine receptor-2 (D2 -receptor) blockade on DLCO , Vc and Dm at baseline and during cycle exercise, as well as time-to-exhaustion at 85% of V ̇ O 2 peak . We hypothesized that dopamine would increase DLCO , Vc , Dm and time-to-exhaustion, while D2 -receptor blockade would have the opposite effect. We recruited 14 young, healthy, recreationally active subjects ( V ̇ O 2 peak 45.8 ± 6.6 ml kg-1 min-1 ). DLCO , Vc and Dm were determined at baseline and during exercise at 60% and 85% of V ̇ O 2 peak under the following randomly assigned and double blinded conditions: (1) intravenous saline and placebo pill, (2) intravenous dopamine (2 µg kg-1 min-1 ) and placebo pill, and (3) intravenous saline and D2 -receptor antagonist (20 mg oral metoclopramide). Exogenous dopamine and dopamine blockade had no effect on DLCO , Vc and Dm responses at baseline or during exercise. Dopamine blockade reduced time-to-exhaustion by 47% (P = 0.04), but intravenous dopamine did not improve time-to-exhaustion. While dopamine modulation did not affect DLCO , Vc or Dm , the reduction in time-to-exhaustion with D2 -receptor blockade suggests that endogenous dopamine is important for exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade W Michaelchuk
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vincent Tedjasaputra
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tracey L Bryan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sean van Diepen
- Department of Critical Care and Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael K Stickland
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,G.F. MacDonald Centre for Lung Health, Covenant Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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[Rebreathing method for measuring CO transfer factor in children]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:937-945. [PMID: 31521429 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The reference technique to measure the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLco) is the single-breath method (sb). For patients unable to perform this method, the rebreathing method (rb) can be used. However, the clinical relevance of DLCOrb has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of the rb method in children seen in a clinical setting and its relationships with sb method. SUBJECTS AND METHOD We prospectively included children referred for 1) a suspected or confirmed interstitial lung disease (ILD group) (DLCOsb and DLCOrb measurements) ; 2) controlled asthma with normal lung function (DLCOrb measurements to derive DLCOrb/KCOrb expected values). DLCOrb was computed from the decrease in CO and Helium concentrations during tidal breathing in a rebreathing bag. RESULTS Data on DLCOrb measurements were available for 53 (91%) children in the ILD group and 48 (91%) control children (mean (range) 11.5 (4.3-18.2) and 9.5 (4-17) years ; respectively). In the ILD group, high or moderate correlations were found between raw DLCOrb and DLCOsb values (rhô=0.82 ; P<0.0001) and between KCOrb and KCOsb (rhô=0.62 ; P<0.0001), respectively. Results expressed as percentage predicted were moderately correlated (rhô=0.55 ; P=0.0003 for DLCO ; rhô=0.51 ; P=0.001 for KCO). CONCLUSION DLCOrb is easy to perform in children and gives values that are highly correlated to DCLOsb. Our preliminary results are in favour of a possible clinical use after further validation.
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Pickerodt PA, Kuebler WM. Go West: translational physiology for noninvasive measurement of pulmonary gas exchange in patients with hypoxemic lung disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L701-L702. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00515.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A. Pickerodt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Yamaguchi K, Tsuji T, Aoshiba K, Nakamura H, Abe S. Anatomical backgrounds on gas exchange parameters in the lung. World J Respirol 2019; 9:8-29. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v9.i2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many problems regarding structure-function relationships have remained unsolved in the field of respiratory physiology. In the present review, we highlighted these uncertain issues from a variety of anatomical and physiological viewpoints. Model A of Weibel in which dichotomously branching airways are incorporated should be used for analyzing gas mixing in conducting and acinar airways. Acinus of Loeschcke is taken as an anatomical gas-exchange unit. Although it is difficult to define functional gas-exchange unit in a way entirely consistent with anatomical structures, acinus of Aschoff may serve as a functional gas-exchange unit in a first approximation. Based on anatomical and physiological perspectives, the multiple inert-gas elimination technique is thought to be highly effective for predicting ventilation-perfusion heterogeneity between acini of Aschoff under steady-state condition. Changes in effective alveolar PO2, the most important parameter in classical gas-exchange theory, are coherent with those in mixed alveolar PO2 decided from the multiple inert-gas elimination technique. Therefore, effective alveolar-arterial PO2 difference is considered useful for assessing gas-exchange abnormalities in lung periphery. However, one should be aware that although alveolar-arterial PO2 difference sensitively detects moderately low ventilation-perfusion regions causing hypoxemia, it is insensitive to abnormal gas exchange evoked by very low and high ventilation-perfusion regions. Pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO (DLCO) and the value corrected for alveolar volume (VAV), i.e., DLCO/VAV (KCO), are thought to be crucial for diagnosing alveolar-wall damages. DLCO-related parameters have higher sensitivity to detecting abnormalities in pulmonary microcirculation than those in the alveolocapillary membrane. We would like to recommend four categories derived from combining behaviors of DLCO with those of KCO for differential diagnosis on anatomically morbid states in alveolar walls: type-1 abnormality defined by decrease in both DLCO and KCO; type-2 abnormality by decrease in DLCO but increase in KCO; type-3 abnormality by decrease in DLCO but restricted rise in KCO; and type-4 abnormality by increase in both DLCO and KCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Shinji Abe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
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Munkholm M, Marott JL, Bjerre-Kristensen L, Madsen F, Pedersen OF, Lange P, Nordestgaard B, Mortensen J. Reference equations for pulmonary diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide in adult Caucasians. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.00677-2015. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00677-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine reference equations for the combined measurement of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) (DLCONO). In addition, we wanted to appeal for consensus regarding methodology of the measurement including calculation of diffusing capacity of the alveolo-capillary membrane (Dm) and pulmonary capillary volume (Vc).DLCONO was measured in 282 healthy individuals aged 18–97 years using the single-breath technique and a breath-hold time of 5 s (true apnoea period). The following values were used: 1) specific conductance of nitric oxide (θNO)=4.5 mLNO·mLblood−1·min−1·mmHg−1; 2) ratio of diffusing capacity of the membrane for NO and CO (DmNO/DmCO)=1.97; and 3) 1/red cell CO conductance (1/θCO)=(1.30+0.0041·mean capillary oxygen pressure)·(14.6/Hb concentration in g·dL−1).Reference equations were established for the outcomes of DLCONO, including DLCO and DLNO and the calculated values Dm and Vc. Independent variables were age, sex, height and age squared.By providing new reference equations and by appealing for consensus regarding the methodology, we hope to provide a basis for future studies and clinical use of this novel and interesting method.
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Shimizu K, Konno S, Makita H, Kimura H, Kimura H, Suzuki M, Nishimura M. Transfer coefficients better reflect emphysematous changes than carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in obstructive lung diseases. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:183-189. [PMID: 29648520 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01062.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The overlap between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has attracted the interest of pulmonary physicians; thus, measurement of carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLco) and/or transfer coefficients (Kco, DLco/VA) may become valuable in clinical settings. How these parameters behave in chronic obstructive lung diseases is poorly understood. We predicted that Kco might more accurately reflect emphysematous changes in the lungs than DLco. We examined DLco and Kco in nonsmokers and smokers with asthma and investigated their relationships with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (%FEV1) by group. We then selected nonsmokers (As-NS) and smokers with asthma (As-Sm) in both groups and those with COPD while controlling for the degree of airflow limitation across groups. Emphysema volumes [%lung attenuation volume (%LAV)] and percentage of cross-sectional area of small pulmonary vessels <5 mm2 (%CSA<5) were measured by computed tomography. In As-NS, %Kco was significantly higher when FEV1% was reduced, but such a correlation was not seen in As-Sm. %Kco successfully differentiated among the three groups when airflow limitation levels were matched. However, %DLc, was significantly reduced only in patients with COPD. Both %LAV and %CSA<5 were better correlated with %Kco than with %DLco. There was discordance between %DLCO and %Kco in As-Sm, which was not seen in As-NS. Overall, %Kco better reflects emphysematous changes in obstructive lung diseases than %DLco. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Despite differing behaviors of %Kco and %DLco in several diseases, the characteristics of these parameters have not been fully examined in smokers with asthma. Here, we demonstrated that %Kco is a more sensitive parameter of pathophysiology, better reflecting emphysematous changes in chronic obstructive lung diseases overall, compared with %DLco. Thus, more precise interpretations of %DLco and %Kco may provide clues for understanding the pathophysiology of obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoruko Shimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Satoshi Konno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Hironi Makita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Hiroki Kimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Masaru Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Masaharu Nishimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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Yamaguchi K, Tsuji T, Aoshiba K, Nakamura H. Simultaneous measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Respir Investig 2018; 56:100-110. [PMID: 29548647 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In Europe and America, the newly-developed, simultaneous measurement of diffusing capacity for CO (DLCO) and NO (DLNO) has replaced the classic DLCO measurement for detecting the pathophysiological abnormalities in the acinar regions. However, simultaneous measurement of DLCO and DLNO is currently not used by Japanese physicians. To encourage the use of DLNO in Japan, the authors reviewed aspects of simultaneously-estimated DLCO and DLNO from previously published manuscripts. The simultaneous DLCO-DLNO technique identifies the alveolocapillary membrane-related diffusing capacity (membrane component, DM) and the blood volume in pulmonary microcirculation (VC); VC is the principal factor constituting the blood component of diffusing capacity (DB,DB=θ·VC where θ is the specific gas conductance for CO or NO in the blood). As the association velocity of NO with hemoglobin (Hb) is fast and the affinity of NO with Hb is high in comparison with those of CO, θNO can be taken as an invariable simply determined by diffusion limitation inside the erythrocyte. This means that θNO is independent of the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). However, θCO involves the limitations by diffusion and chemical reaction elicited by the erythrocyte, resulting in θCO to be a PO2-dependent variable. Furthermore, DLCO is determined primarily by DB (∼77%), while DLNO is determined equally by DM (∼55%) and DB (∼45%). This suggests that DLCO is more sensitive for detecting microvascular diseases, while DLNO can equally identify alveolocapillary membrane and microcirculatory abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Comprehensive Sleep Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawata-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Geriatrics Tokyo Women's Medical University, 2-15-1 Sibuya, Shibuya-ku, 150-0002 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, 300-0395 Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, 300-0395 Ibaraki, Japan.
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Batubara TL, Yunus F, Nurwidya F. Pulmonary Diffusion Capacity for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) in Indonesian Patients with End-stage Renal Disease. MAEDICA 2017; 12:235-241. [PMID: 29610585 PMCID: PMC5879593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES End-stage renal disease affects all systems in human including the respiratory system. This study aimed to discover the lung diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) in chronic hemodialysis patients and to establish its relation to several demographic and clinical factors as well as spirometry parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study among chronic hemodialysis patients aged .18 years, clinically stable in the last four weeks, without prior history of lung and cardiac disorder. Spirometry and DLCO examination were performed in the span of 24 hours after hemodialysis. OUTCOMES There were 40 subjects analyzed. Majority of them were males (67.5%), non-smokers (55%), with a median age of 51 years, a mean body mass index of 22.6±3.9 kg/m2, a hemoglobin level of 9.5±1.3 g/dL, a median dialysis adequacy of 1.62 and a hemodialysis duration of 31.5 months. Hypertension was the most common underlying disease. About 20% of subjects had varying degrees of dyspnea. Prevalence of DLCO reduction was 52.5% with mild to moderate degree. Restrictive spirometry pattern was evident in 47.5% of subjects and obstructive pattern in 5%. There was a significant relation between DLCO reduction with smoking history (OR 4.52 [95% CI 1.04-19.6]) and also with restrictive disorder [OR 5.5 (95% CI 1.29-23.8)]. We suspected a lung parenchymal disorder as the cause of lung restriction and diffusion inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Reduction of lung diffusion capacity in chronic dialysis patients is common, although not accompanied by dyspnea. Risk factors for DLCO reduction are smoking history and restrictive disorder in spirometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruli Loura Batubara
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Faisal Yunus
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fariz Nurwidya
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Kang MY, Guénard H, Sapoval B. Diffusion Reaction of Carbon Monoxide in the Human Lung. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:078101. [PMID: 28949676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.078101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The capture of CO, a standard lung function test, results from diffusion-reaction processes of CO with hemoglobin inside red blood cells (RBCs). In its current understanding, suggested by Roughton and Forster in 1957, the capture is represented by two independent resistances in series, one for diffusion from the gas to the RBC periphery, the second for internal diffusion reaction. Numerical studies in 3D model structures described here contradict the independence hypothesis. This results from two different theoretical reasons: (i) The RBC peripheries are not equi-concentrations; (ii) diffusion times in series are not additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Y Kang
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - H Guénard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Université Bordeaux 2, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - B Sapoval
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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The Roughton-Forster equation for DL CO and DL NO re-examined. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 241:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zavorsky GS, Hsia CCW, Hughes JMB, Borland CDR, Guénard H, van der Lee I, Steenbruggen I, Naeije R, Cao J, Dinh-Xuan AT. Standardisation and application of the single-breath determination of nitric oxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/2/1600962. [PMID: 28179436 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00962-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diffusing capacity of the lung for nitric oxide (DLNO), otherwise known as the transfer factor, was first measured in 1983. This document standardises the technique and application of single-breath DLNO This panel agrees that 1) pulmonary function systems should allow for mixing and measurement of both nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) gases directly from an inspiratory reservoir just before use, with expired concentrations measured from an alveolar "collection" or continuously sampled via rapid gas analysers; 2) breath-hold time should be 10 s with chemiluminescence NO analysers, or 4-6 s to accommodate the smaller detection range of the NO electrochemical cell; 3) inspired NO and oxygen concentrations should be 40-60 ppm and close to 21%, respectively; 4) the alveolar oxygen tension (PAO2 ) should be measured by sampling the expired gas; 5) a finite specific conductance in the blood for NO (θNO) should be assumed as 4.5 mL·min-1·mmHg-1·mL-1 of blood; 6) the equation for 1/θCO should be (0.0062·PAO2 +1.16)·(ideal haemoglobin/measured haemoglobin) based on breath-holding PAO2 and adjusted to an average haemoglobin concentration (male 14.6 g·dL-1, female 13.4 g·dL-1); 7) a membrane diffusing capacity ratio (DMNO/DMCO) should be 1.97, based on tissue diffusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Zavorsky
- Dept of Respiratory Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Colin D R Borland
- Dept of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, UK
| | - Hervé Guénard
- Dept of Physiology and Pulmonary Laboratory, University of Bordeaux and CHU, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ivo van der Lee
- Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, Spaarne Hospital, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Naeije
- Dept of Cardiology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jiguo Cao
- Dept of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan
- Dept of Physiology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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Graham BL, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Cooper BG, Jensen R, Kendrick A, MacIntyre NR, Thompson BR, Wanger J. 2017 ERS/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/1/1600016. [PMID: 28049168 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00016-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This document provides an update to the European Respiratory Society (ERS)/American Thoracic Society (ATS) technical standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung that was last updated in 2005. Although both DLCO (diffusing capacity) and TLCO (transfer factor) are valid terms to describe the uptake of carbon monoxide in the lung, the term DLCO is used in this document. A joint taskforce appointed by the ERS and ATS reviewed the recent literature on the measurement of DLCO and surveyed the current technical capabilities of instrumentation being manufactured around the world. The recommendations in this document represent the consensus of the taskforce members in regard to the evidence available for various aspects of DLCO measurement. Furthermore, it reflects the expert opinion of the taskforce members on areas in which peer-reviewed evidence was either not available or was incomplete. The major changes in these technical standards relate to DLCO measurement with systems using rapidly responding gas analysers for carbon monoxide and the tracer gas, which are now the most common type of DLCO instrumentation being manufactured. Technical improvements and the increased capability afforded by these new systems permit enhanced measurement of DLCO and the opportunity to include other optional measures of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Graham
- Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Vito Brusasco
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Felip Burgos
- Respiratory Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brendan G Cooper
- Lung Function and Sleep, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert Jensen
- Pulmonary Division, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Adrian Kendrick
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
| | - Neil R MacIntyre
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bruce R Thompson
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Coffman KE, Chase SC, Taylor BJ, Johnson BD. The blood transfer conductance for nitric oxide: Infinite vs. finite θ NO. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 241:45-52. [PMID: 28013060 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Whether the specific blood transfer conductance for nitric oxide (NO) with hemoglobin (θNO) is finite or infinite is controversial but important in the calculation of alveolar capillary membrane conductance (DmCO) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (VC) from values of lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and nitric oxide (DLNO). In this review, we discuss the background associated with θNO, explore the resulting values of DmCO and VC when applying either assumption, and investigate the mathematical underpinnings of DmCO and VC calculations. In general, both assumptions yield reasonable rest and exercise DmCO and VC values. However, the finite θNO assumption demonstrates increasing VC, but not DmCO, with submaximal exercise. At relatively high, but physiologic, DLNO/DLCO ratios both assumptions can result in asymptotic behavior for VC values, and under the finite θNO assumption, DmCO values. In conclusion, we feel that the assumptions associated with a finite θNO require further in vivo validation against an established method before widespread research and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Coffman
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, 200 1(st) St. SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Steven C Chase
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, 200 1(st) St. SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bryan J Taylor
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Bruce D Johnson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1(st) St. SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Jakobsson JKF, Hedlund J, Kumlin J, Wollmer P, Löndahl J. A new method for measuring lung deposition efficiency of airborne nanoparticles in a single breath. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36147. [PMID: 27819335 PMCID: PMC5098138 DOI: 10.1038/srep36147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of respiratory tract deposition of nanoparticles is a key link to understanding their health impacts. An instrument was developed to measure respiratory tract deposition of nanoparticles in a single breath. Monodisperse nanoparticles are generated, inhaled and sampled from a determined volumetric lung depth after a controlled residence time in the lung. The instrument was characterized for sensitivity to inter-subject variability, particle size (22, 50, 75 and 100 nm) and breath-holding time (3–20 s) in a group of seven healthy subjects. The measured particle recovery had an inter-subject variability 26–50 times larger than the measurement uncertainty and the results for various particle sizes and breath-holding times were in accordance with the theory for Brownian diffusion and values calculated from the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry model. The recovery was found to be determined by residence time and particle size, while respiratory flow-rate had minor importance in the studied range 1–10 L/s. The instrument will be used to investigate deposition of nanoparticles in patients with respiratory disease. The fast and precise measurement allows for both diagnostic applications, where the disease may be identified based on particle recovery, and for studies with controlled delivery of aerosol-based nanomedicine to specific regions of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K F Jakobsson
- Div. of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Dep. of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.,NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Hedlund
- Div. of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Dep. of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - John Kumlin
- Div. of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Dep. of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Wollmer
- Dept. of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 00, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Div. of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Dep. of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.,NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Kang MY, Sapoval B. Time-based understanding of DLCO and DLNO. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 225:48-59. [PMID: 26851654 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Capture of CO and NO by blood requires molecules to travel by diffusion from alveolar gas to haemoglobin molecules inside RBCs and then to react. One can attach to these processes two times, a time for diffusion and a time for reaction. This reaction time is known from chemical kinetics and, therefore, constitutes a unique physical clock. This paper presents a time-based bottom-up theory that yields a simple expression for DLCO and DLNO that produces quantitative predictions which compare successfully with experiments. Specifically, when this new approach is applied to DLCO experiments, it can be used to determine the value of the characteristic diffusion time, and the value of capillary volume (Vc). The new theory also provides a simple explanation for still unexplained correlations such as the observed proportionality between the so-called membrane conductance DM and Vc of Roughton and Forster's interpretation. This new theory indicates that DLCO should be proportional to the haematocrit as found in several experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yeong Kang
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Bernard Sapoval
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France.
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Morrell MJ. One hundred years of pulmonary function testing: a perspective on 'The diffusion of gases through the lungs of man' by Marie Krogh. J Physiol 2015; 593:351-2. [PMID: 25630255 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.287573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Morrell
- Academic Unit of Sleep and Ventilation, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, London, UK; Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College and Imperial College London, London, UK
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The single-breath diffusing capacity of CO and NO in healthy children of European descent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113177. [PMID: 25514246 PMCID: PMC4267784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale The diffusing capacity (DL) of the lung can be divided into two components: the diffusing capacity of the alveolar membrane (Dm) and the pulmonary capillary volume (Vc). DL is traditionally measured using a single-breath method, involving inhalation of carbon monoxide, and a breath hold of 8–10 seconds (DL,CO). This method does not easily allow calculation of Dm and Vc. An alternative single-breath method (DL,CO,NO), involving simultaneous inhalation of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, and traditionally a shorter breath hold, allows calculation of Dm and Vc and the DL,NO/DL,CO ratio in a single respiratory maneuver. The clinical utility of Dm, Vc, and DL,NO/DL,CO in the pediatric age range is currently unknown but also restricted by lack of reference values. Objectives The aim of this study was to establish reference ranges for the outcomes of DL,CO,NO with a 5 second breath hold, including the calculated outcomes Dm, Vc, and the DL,NO/DL,CO ratio, as well as to establish reference values for the outcomes of the traditional DL,CO method, with a 10 second breath hold in children. Methods DL,CO,NO and DL,CO were measured in healthy children, of European descent, aged 5–17 years using a Jaeger Masterscreen PFT. The data were analyzed using the Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) statistical method. Measurements and Main Results A total of 326 children were eligible for diffusing capacity measurements, resulting in 312 measurements of DL,CO,NO and 297 of DL,CO, respectively. Reference equations were established for the outcomes of DL,CO,NO and DL,CO, including the calculated values: Vc, Dm, and the DL,NO/DL,CO ratio. Conclusion These reference values are based on the largest sample of children to date and may provide a basis for future studies of their clinical utility in differentiating between alterations in the pulmonary circulation and changes in the alveolar membrane in pediatric patients.
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Hughes JMB, Borland CDR. The centenary (2015) of the transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO): Marie Krogh's legacy. Thorax 2014; 70:391-4. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Rouatbi S, Khemis M, Garrouch A, Ben Saad H. Reference values of capillary blood volume and pulmonary membrane diffusing capacity in North African boys aged 8 to 16 years. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
As early as the 6th century B.C. the Greeks speculated on a substance pneuma that meant breath or soul, and they argued that this was essential for life. An important figure in the 2nd century A.D. was Galen whose school developed an elaborate cardiopulmonary system that influenced scientific thinking for 1400 years. A key concept was that blood was mixed with pneuma from the lung in the left ventricle thus forming vital spirit. It was also believed that blood flowed from the right to the left ventricle of the heart through pores in the interventricular septum but this view was challenged first by the Arab physician Ibn al-Nafis in the 13th century and later by Michael Servetus in the 16th century. The 17th century saw an enormous burgeoning of knowledge about the respiratory gases. First Torricelli explained the origin of atmospheric pressure, and then a group of physiologists in Oxford clarified the properties of inspired gas that were necessary for life. This culminated in the work of Lavoisier who first clearly elucidated the nature of the respiratory gases, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. At that time it was thought that oxygen was consumed in the lung itself, and the fact that the actual metabolism took place in peripheral tissues proved to be a very elusive concept. It was not until the late 19th century that the issue was finally settled by Pflüger. In the early 20th century there was a colorful controversy about whether oxygen was secreted by the lung. During and shortly after World War II, momentous strides were made on the understanding of pulmonary gas exchange, particularly the role of ventilation-perfusion inequality. A critical development in the 1960s was the introduction of blood gas electrodes, and these have transformed the management of patients with severe lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B West
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, USA.
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Degano B, Perrin F, Soumagne T, Agard C, Chambellan A. [Pulmonary CO/NO transfer: physiological basis, technical aspects and clinical impact]. Rev Med Interne 2013; 35:322-7. [PMID: 24314829 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diseases affecting the alveolar-capillary membrane or the capillary blood vessels can impair pulmonary gas exchanges and lung diffusion. The single-breath transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TL,CO) is the classical technique for measuring gas transfer from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary blood. Pulmonary gas exchanges can also be explored by the transfer factor of the lung for nitric oxide (TL,NO). TL,NO represents a better index for the diffusing capacity of the alveolar-capillary membrane whereas TL,CO is more influenced by red blood cell resistance. Membrane diffusing capacity (DM) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) derivated from TL,CO and TL,NO by the Roughton-Forster equation can give additional insights into pulmonary pathologies. The clinical impact of the CO/NO transfer has still to be precised even if this measurement seems to provide an alternative way of investigating the alveolar membrane and the blood reacting with the gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Degano
- Physiologie-explorations fonctionnelles, EA 3920, hôpital Jean-Minjoz, CHU de Besançon, 25030 Besançon cedex, France.
| | - F Perrin
- Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; Inserm UMR 1087, 8, quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes, France; Service de médecine interne, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - T Soumagne
- Physiologie-explorations fonctionnelles, EA 3920, hôpital Jean-Minjoz, CHU de Besançon, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - C Agard
- Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; Inserm UMR 1087, 8, quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes, France; Service de médecine interne, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - A Chambellan
- Laboratoire d'explorations fonctionnelles, institut du thorax, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; Inserm UMR 1087, 8, quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes, France
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Abstract
Joseph Barcroft (1872-1947) was an eminent British physiologist who made contributions to many areas. Some of his studies at high altitude and related topics are reviewed here. In a remarkable experiment he spent 6 days in a small sealed room while the oxygen concentration of the air gradually fell, simulating an ascent to an altitude of nearly 5,500 m. The study was prompted by earlier reports by J. S. Haldane that the lung secreted oxygen at high altitude. Barcroft tested this by having blood removed from an exposed radial artery during both rest and exercise. No evidence for oxygen secretion was found, and the combination of 6 days incarceration and the loss of an artery was heroic. To obtain more data, Barcroft organized an expedition to Cerro de Pasco, Peru, altitude 4,300 m, that included investigators from both Cambridge, UK and Harvard. Again oxygen secretion was ruled out. The protocol included neuropsychometric measurements, and Barcroft famously concluded that all dwellers at high altitude are persons of impaired physical and mental powers, an assertion that has been hotly debated. Another colorful experiment in a low-pressure chamber involved reducing the pressure below that at the summit of Mt. Everest but giving the subjects 100% oxygen to breathe while exercising as a climber would on Everest. The conclusion was that it would be possible to reach the summit while breathing 100% oxygen. Barcroft was exceptional for his self-experimentation under hazardous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B West
- UCSD Dept. of Medicine 0623A, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0623.
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Abstract
The development and clinical application of lung function tests have a long history, and the various components of lung function tests provide very important tools for the clinical evaluation of respiratory health and disease. Spirometry, measurement of the diffusion factor, bronchial provocation tests and forced oscillation techniques have found diverse clinical applications in the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung diseases and asthma. However, there are some practical issues to be resolved, including the establishment of reference values for individual test parameters and the roles of these tests in preoperative risk assessment and pulmonary rehabilitation. Novel measurements, including negative expiratory pressure, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and analysis of exhaled breath condensate, may provide new insights into physiological abnormalities or airway inflammation in respiratory diseases, but their clinical applications need to be further evaluated. The clinical application of lung function tests continues to face challenges, which may be overcome by further improvement of conventional techniques for lung function testing and further specification of new testing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Miao Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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