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Liu Y, Levenson RM, Jenkins MW. Slide Over: Advances in Slide-Free Optical Microscopy as Drivers of Diagnostic Pathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:180-194. [PMID: 34774514 PMCID: PMC8883436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional analysis using clinical histopathology is based on bright-field microscopy of thinly sliced tissue specimens. Although bright-field microscopy is a simple and robust method of examining microscope slides, the preparation of the slides needed is a lengthy and labor-intensive process. Slide-free histopathology, however, uses direct imaging of intact, minimally processed tissue samples using advanced optical-imaging systems, bypassing the extended workflow now required for the preparation of tissue sections. This article explains the technical basis of slide-free microscopy, reviews common slide-free optical microscopy techniques, and discusses the opportunities and challenges involved in clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Richard M. Levenson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California–Davis, Sacramento, California,Address correspondence to Richard M. Levenson, M.D., UC Davis Health, Path Building, 4400 V St., Sacramento, CA 95817; or Michael W. Jenkins, Ph.D., 2109 Adelbert Rd., Wood Bldg., WG28, Cleveland, OH 44106.
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,Address correspondence to Richard M. Levenson, M.D., UC Davis Health, Path Building, 4400 V St., Sacramento, CA 95817; or Michael W. Jenkins, Ph.D., 2109 Adelbert Rd., Wood Bldg., WG28, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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Extranuclear Structural Components that Mediate Dynamic Chromosome Movements in Yeast Meiosis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1207-1216.e4. [PMID: 32059771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Telomere-led rapid chromosome movements or rapid prophase movements direct fundamental meiotic processes required for successful haploidization of the genome. Critical components of the machinery that generates rapid prophase movements are unknown, and the mechanism underlying rapid prophase movements remains poorly understood. We identified S. cerevisiae Mps2 as the outer nuclear membrane protein that connects the LINC complex with the cytoskeleton. We also demonstrate that the motor Myo2 works together with Mps2 to couple the telomeres to the actin cytoskeleton. Further, we show that Csm4 interacts with Mps2 and is required for perinuclear localization of Myo2, implicating Csm4 as a regulator of the Mps2-Myo2 interaction. We propose a model in which the newly identified functions of Mps2 and Myo2 cooperate with Csm4 to drive chromosome movements in meiotic prophase by coupling telomeres to the actin cytoskeleton.
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Xiao S, Tseng HA, Gritton H, Han X, Mertz J. Video-rate volumetric neuronal imaging using 3D targeted illumination. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7921. [PMID: 29784920 PMCID: PMC5962542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast volumetric microscopy is required to monitor large-scale neural ensembles with high spatio-temporal resolution. Widefield fluorescence microscopy can image large 2D fields of view at high resolution and speed while remaining simple and costeffective. A focal sweep add-on can further extend the capacity of widefield microscopy by enabling extended-depth-of-field (EDOF) imaging, but suffers from an inability to reject out-of-focus fluorescence background. Here, by using a digital micromirror device to target only in-focus sample features, we perform EDOF imaging with greatly enhanced contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, while reducing the light dosage delivered to the sample. Image quality is further improved by the application of a robust deconvolution algorithm. We demonstrate the advantages of our technique for in vivo calcium imaging in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xiao
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's St., Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.
| | - Hua-An Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Howard Gritton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Jerome Mertz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
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Meyer RE, Brown J, Beck L, Dawson DS. Mps1 promotes chromosome meiotic chromosome biorientation through Dam1. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:479-489. [PMID: 29237818 PMCID: PMC6014172 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During meiosis, chromosomes attach to microtubules at their kinetochores and are moved by microtubule depolymerization. The Mps1 kinase is essential for this process. Phosphorylation of Dam1 by Mps1 allows kinetochores to move processively poleward along microtubules during the biorientation process. In budding yeast meiosis, homologous chromosomes become linked by chiasmata and then move back and forth on the spindle until they are bioriented, with the kinetochores of the partners attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. Certain mutations in the conserved kinase, Mps1, result in catastrophic meiotic segregation errors but mild mitotic defects. We tested whether Dam1, a known substrate of Mps1, was necessary for its critical meiotic role. We found that kinetochore–microtubule attachments are established even when Dam1 is not phosphorylated by Mps1, but that Mps1 phosphorylation of Dam1 sustains those connections. But the meiotic defects when Dam1 is not phosphorylated are not nearly as catastrophic as when Mps1 is inactivated. The results demonstrate that one meiotic role of Mps1 is to stabilize connections that have been established between kinetochores and microtubles by phosphorylating Dam1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis E Meyer
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Jamin Brown
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Lindsay Beck
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Dean S Dawson
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Wang Z, Cai Y, Liang Y, Zhou X, Yan S, Dan D, Bianco PR, Lei M, Yao B. Single shot, three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy with a spatially rotating point spread function. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:5493-5506. [PMID: 29296483 PMCID: PMC5745098 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.005493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A wide-field fluorescence microscope with a double-helix point spread function (PSF) is constructed to obtain the specimen's three-dimensional distribution with a single snapshot. Spiral-phase-based computer-generated holograms (CGHs) are adopted to make the depth-of-field of the microscope adjustable. The impact of system aberrations on the double-helix PSF at high numerical aperture is analyzed to reveal the necessity of the aberration correction. A modified cepstrum-based reconstruction scheme is promoted in accordance with properties of the new double-helix PSF. The extended depth-of-field images and the corresponding depth maps for both a simulated sample and a tilted section slice of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells are recovered, respectively, verifying that the depth-of-field is properly extended and the depth of the specimen can be estimated at a precision of 23.4nm. This three-dimensional fluorescence microscope with a framerate-rank time resolution is suitable for studying the fast developing process of thin and sparsely distributed micron-scale cells in extended depth-of-field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi' an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' an 710119, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi' an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' an 710119, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yansheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi' an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' an 710119, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi' an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' an 710119, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi' an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' an 710119, China
| | - Dan Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi' an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' an 710119, China
| | - Piero R Bianco
- University at Buffalo, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, No. 12 Capen Hall, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi' an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' an 710119, China
| | - Baoli Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi' an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' an 710119, China
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Shain WJ, Vickers NA, Goldberg BB, Bifano T, Mertz J. Extended depth-of-field microscopy with a high-speed deformable mirror. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:995-998. [PMID: 28248351 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a wide-field fluorescence microscopy add-on that provides a fast, light-efficient extended depth-of-field (EDOF) using a deformable mirror with an update rate of 20 kHz. Out-of-focus contributions in the raw EDOF images are suppressed with a deconvolution algorithm derived directly from the microscope 3D optical transfer function. Demonstrations of the benefits of EDOF microscopy are shown with GCaMP-labeled mouse brain tissue.
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Lu SH, Hua H. Imaging properties of extended depth of field microscopy through single-shot focus scanning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:10714-31. [PMID: 25969109 PMCID: PMC4523374 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the single-shot focus scanning technique (SSFS) has been experimentally demonstrated for extended depth of field (EDOF) imaging, few work has been performed to characterize its imaging properties and limitations. In this paper, based on an analytical model of a SSFS system, we examined the properties of the system response and the restored image quality in relation to the axial position of the object, scan range, and signal-to-noise ratio, and demonstrated the properties via a prototype of 10 × 0.25 NA microscope system. We quantified the full range of the achievable EDOF is equivalent to the focus scan range. We further demonstrated that the restored image quality can be improved by extending the focus scan range by a distance equivalent to twice of the standard DOF. For example, in a focus-scanning microscope with a ± 15 μm standard DOF, a 120 μm focus scan range can obtain a ± 60 μm EDOF, but a 150 μm scan range affords noticeably better EDOF images for the same EDOF range. These results provide guidelines for designing and implementing EDOF systems using SSFS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Huei Lu
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Hong Hua
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Wu J, Chan RKY. A fast fluorescence imaging flow cytometer for phytoplankton analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:23921-6. [PMID: 24104302 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.023921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a fast fluorescence imaging flow cytometer for phytoplankton analysis that can achieve a volume flow rate up to 1ml/min. The instrument shows a high immunity to motion blur in image captured with a lateral resolution of 0.75 ± 0.06 μm for a wide size range ~1 μm to ~200 μm. This is made possible by suppressing the out-of-focus light using thin light sheet illumination and image deconvolution, and by precluding the motion-blur with a unique flow configuration. Preliminary results from untreated coastal water samples show the technique has high potential as a practical field instrument for monitoring phytoplankton abundance and species composition.
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Lee CY, Conrad MN, Dresser ME. Meiotic chromosome pairing is promoted by telomere-led chromosome movements independent of bouquet formation. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002730. [PMID: 22654677 PMCID: PMC3359977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome pairing in meiotic prophase is a prerequisite for the high fidelity of chromosome segregation that haploidizes the genome prior to gamete formation. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as in most multicellular eukaryotes, homologous pairing at the cytological level reflects the contemporaneous search for homology at the molecular level, where DNA double-strand broken ends find and interact with templates for repair on homologous chromosomes. Synapsis (synaptonemal complex formation) stabilizes pairing and supports DNA repair. The bouquet stage, where telomeres have formed a transient single cluster early in meiotic prophase, and telomere-promoted rapid meiotic prophase chromosome movements (RPMs) are prominent temporal correlates of pairing and synapsis. The bouquet has long been thought to contribute to the kinetics of pairing, but the individual roles of bouquet and RPMs are difficult to assess because of common dependencies. For example, in budding yeast RPMs and bouquet both require the broadly conserved SUN protein Mps3 as well as Ndj1 and Csm4, which link telomeres to the cytoskeleton through the intact nuclear envelope. We find that mutants in these genes provide a graded series of RPM activity: wild-type>mps3-dCC>mps3-dAR>ndj1Δ>mps3-dNT = csm4Δ. Pairing rates are directly correlated with RPM activity even though only wild-type forms a bouquet, suggesting that RPMs promote homologous pairing directly while the bouquet plays at most a minor role in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A new collision trap assay demonstrates that RPMs generate homologous and heterologous chromosome collisions in or before the earliest stages of prophase, suggesting that RPMs contribute to pairing by stirring the nuclear contents to aid the recombination-mediated homology search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Lee
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Conrad
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Dresser
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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Liu S, Hua H. Extended depth-of-field microscopic imaging with a variable focus microscope objective. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:353-62. [PMID: 21263574 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the depth-of-field (DOF) while maintaining high resolution imaging has been a classical challenge for conventional microscopes. Extended DOF (EDOF) is especially essential for imaging thick specimens. We present a microscope capable of capturing EDOF images in a single shot. A volumetric optical sampling method is applied by rapidly scanning the focus of a vari-focal microscope objective throughout the extended depths of a thick specimen within the duration of a single detector exposure. An EDOF image is reconstructed by deconvolving the captured image with the response function of the system. Design of a vari-focal objective and algorithms for restoring EDOF images are presented. Proof-of-concept experimental results demonstrate significantly extended DOF compared to the conventional microscope counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- 3-D Visualization and Imaging Systems Laboratory, College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Abstract
Movements are implicit in the chromosome behaviors of bouquet formation, pairing and synapsis during meiotic prophase. In S. cerevisiae, the positions of chromosomes, specific structures, and individual chromosomal loci marked by fluorescent fusion proteins are easily visualized in living cells. Time-lapse analyses have revealed rapid and varied chromosome movements throughout meiotic prophase. To facilitate the analysis of these movements, we have developed a simple, inexpensive, and efficient method to prepare sporulating cells for fluorescence microscopy. This method produces a monolayer of cells that progress from meiosis through spore formation, allows visualization of hundreds of cells in a single high-resolution frame and is suitable for most methods of fluorescence microscopy.
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Conrad MN, Lee CY, Chao G, Shinohara M, Kosaka H, Shinohara A, Conchello JA, Dresser ME. Rapid telomere movement in meiotic prophase is promoted by NDJ1, MPS3, and CSM4 and is modulated by recombination. Cell 2008; 133:1175-87. [PMID: 18585352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Haploidization of the genome in meiosis requires that chromosomes be sorted exclusively into pairs stabilized by synaptonemal complexes (SCs) and crossovers. This sorting and pairing is accompanied by active chromosome positioning in meiotic prophase in which telomeres cluster near the spindle pole to form the bouquet before dispersing around the nuclear envelope. We now describe telomere-led rapid prophase movements (RPMs) that frequently exceed 1 microm/s and persist throughout meiotic prophase. Bouquet formation and RPMs depend on NDJ1, MPS3, and a new member of this pathway, CSM4, which encodes a meiosis-specific nuclear envelope protein required specifically for telomere mobility. RPMs initiate independently of recombination but differ quantitatively in mutants that fail to complete recombination, suggesting that RPMs respond to recombination status. Together with recombination defects described for ndj1, our observations suggest that RPMs and SCs balance the disruption and stabilization of recombinational interactions, respectively, to regulate crossing over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Conrad
- Program in Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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