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Fast Gating for Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082579. [PMID: 33916972 PMCID: PMC8067580 DOI: 10.3390/s21082579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fast gating in Raman spectroscopy is used to reject the fluorescence contribution from the sample and/or the substrate. Several techniques have been set up in the last few decades aiming either to enhance the Raman signal (CARS, SERS or Resonant Raman scattering) or to cancel out the fluorescence contribution (SERDS), and a number of reviews have already been published on these sub-topics. However, for many reasons it is sometimes necessary to reject fluorescence in traditional Raman spectroscopy, and in the last few decades a variety of papers dealt with this issue, which is still challenging due to the time scales at stake (down to picoseconds). Fast gating (<1 ns) in the time domain allows one to cut off part of the fluorescence signal and retrieve the best Raman signal, depending on the fluorescence lifetime of the sample and laser pulse duration. In particular, three different techniques have been developed to accomplish this task: optical Kerr cells, intensified Charge Coupling Devices and systems based on Single Photon Avalanche Photodiodes. The utility of time domain fast gating will be discussed, and In this work, the utility of time domain fast gating is discussed, as well as the performances of the mentioned techniques as reported in literature.
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2
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Bruschini C, Homulle H, Antolovic IM, Burri S, Charbon E. Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:87. [PMID: 31645931 PMCID: PMC6804596 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are solid-state detectors that offer imaging capabilities at the level of individual photons, with unparalleled photon counting and time-resolved performance. This fascinating technology has progressed at a very fast pace in the past 15 years, since its inception in standard CMOS technology in 2003. A host of architectures have been investigated, ranging from simpler implementations, based solely on off-chip data processing, to progressively "smarter" sensors including on-chip, or even pixel level, time-stamping and processing capabilities. As the technology has matured, a range of biophotonics applications have been explored, including (endoscopic) FLIM, (multibeam multiphoton) FLIM-FRET, SPIM-FCS, super-resolution microscopy, time-resolved Raman spectroscopy, NIROT and PET. We will review some representative sensors and their corresponding applications, including the most relevant challenges faced by chip designers and end-users. Finally, we will provide an outlook on the future of this fascinating technology.
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Chou CK, Tsou PH, Hsu JL, Lee HH, Wang YN, Kameoka J, Hung MC. Analysis of Individual Signaling Complexes by mMAPS, a Flow-Proteometric System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 114:20.11.1-20.11.22. [PMID: 27038387 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb2011s114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction is essential for maintaining normal cell physiological functions, and deregulation of signaling can lead to diseases such as diabetes and cancers. Some of the major players in signal delivery are molecular complexes composed of proteins and nucleic acids. This unit describes a technique called microchannel for multiparameter analysis of proteins in a single complex (mMAPS) for analyzing and quantifying individual target signaling complexes. mMAPS is a flow-proteometric system that allows detection of individual proteins or complexes flowing through a microfluidic channel. Specific target proteins and nucleic acids labeled by fluorescent tags are harvested from tissues or cultured cells for analysis by the mMAPS system. Overall, mMAPS enables both detection of multiple components within a single complex and direct quantification of different populations of molecular complexes in one setting in a short timeframe and requiring very low sample input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Kai Chou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pei-Hsiang Tsou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying-Nai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun Kameoka
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Michalet X, Ingargiola A, Colyer RA, Scalia G, Weiss S, Maccagnani P, Gulinatti A, Rech I, Ghioni M. Silicon photon-counting avalanche diodes for single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2014; 20:38044201-380442020. [PMID: 25309114 PMCID: PMC4190971 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2014.2341568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Solution-based single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful experimental tool with applications in cell biology, biochemistry and biophysics. The basic feature of this technique is to excite and collect light from a very small volume and work in a low concentration regime resulting in rare burst-like events corresponding to the transit of a single molecule. Detecting photon bursts is a challenging task: the small number of emitted photons in each burst calls for high detector sensitivity. Bursts are very brief, requiring detectors with fast response time and capable of sustaining high count rates. Finally, many bursts need to be accumulated to achieve proper statistical accuracy, resulting in long measurement time unless parallelization strategies are implemented to speed up data acquisition. In this paper we will show that silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) best meet the needs of single-molecule detection. We will review the key SPAD parameters and highlight the issues to be addressed in their design, fabrication and operation. After surveying the state-of-the-art SPAD technologies, we will describe our recent progress towards increasing the throughput of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy in solution using parallel arrays of SPADs. The potential of this approach is illustrated with single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Michalet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90046,
USA
| | | | - Ryan A. Colyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90046,
USA
- Department of Science, Cabrini College, Radnor, PA 19087, USA
| | - Giuseppe Scalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90046,
USA
- Département de Physique, Université de Fribourg, 1700
Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90046,
USA
| | - Piera Maccagnani
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM-CNR), Sezione di
Bologna, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Gulinatti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di
Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ivan Rech
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di
Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Ghioni
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di
Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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5
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Chou CK, Lee HH, Tsou PH, Chen CT, Hsu JM, Yamaguchi H, Wang YN, Lee HJ, Hsu JL, Lee JF, Kameoka J, Hung MC. mMAPS: a flow-proteometric technique to analyze protein-protein interactions in individual signaling complexes. Sci Signal 2014; 7:rs1. [PMID: 24595109 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction is a dynamic process that regulates cellular functions through multiple types of biomolecular interactions, such as the interactions between proteins and between proteins and nucleic acids. However, the techniques currently available for identifying protein-protein or protein-nucleic acid complexes typically provide information about the overall population of signaling complexes in a sample instead of information about the individual signaling complexes therein. We developed a technique called "microchannel for multiparameter analysis of proteins in a single complex" (mMAPS) that simultaneously detected individual target proteins either singly or in a multicomponent complex in cell or tissue lysates. We detected the target proteins labeled with fluorophores by flow proteometry, which provided quantified data in the form of multidimensional fluorescence plots. Using mMAPS, we quantified individual complexes of epidermal growth factor (EGF) with its receptor EGFR, EGFR with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and STAT3 with the acetylase p300 and DNA in lysates from cultured cells with and without treatment with EGF, as well as in lysates from tumor xenograft tissue. Consistent with the ability of this method to reveal the dynamics of signaling protein interactions, we observed that cells treated with EGF induced the interaction of EGF with EGFR and the autophosphorylation of EGFR, but this interaction decreased with longer treatment time. Thus, we expect that this technique may reveal new aspects of molecular interaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Kai Chou
- 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Panzeri F, Ingargiola A, Lin RR, Sarkhosh N, Gulinatti A, Rech I, Ghioni M, Cova S, Weiss S, Michalet X. Single-molecule FRET experiments with a red-enhanced custom technology SPAD. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2013; 8590. [PMID: 24371508 DOI: 10.1117/12.2003187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy of freely diffusing molecules in solution is a powerful tool used to investigate the properties of individual molecules. Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are the detectors of choice for these applications. Recently a new type of SPAD detector was introduced, dubbed red-enhanced SPAD (RE-SPAD), with good sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum and with excellent timing performance. We report a characterization of this new detector for single-molecule fluorescence resonant energy transfer (smFRET) studies on freely diffusing molecules in a confocal geometry and alternating laser excitation (ALEX) scheme. We use a series of doubly-labeled DNA molecules with donor-to-acceptor distances covering the whole range of useful FRET values. Both intensity-based (μs-ALEX) and lifetime-based (ns-ALEX) measurements are presented and compared to identical measurements performed with standard thick SPADs. Our results demonstrate the great potential of this new detector for smFRET measurements and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panzeri
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ron R Lin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Niusha Sarkhosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Angelo Gulinatti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Rech
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Ghioni
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Cova
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xavier Michalet
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Michalet X, Colyer RA, Scalia G, Ingargiola A, Lin R, Millaud JE, Weiss S, Siegmund OHW, Tremsin AS, Vallerga JV, Cheng A, Levi M, Aharoni D, Arisaka K, Villa F, Guerrieri F, Panzeri F, Rech I, Gulinatti A, Zappa F, Ghioni M, Cova S. Development of new photon-counting detectors for single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120035. [PMID: 23267185 PMCID: PMC3538434 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two optical configurations are commonly used in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy: point-like excitation and detection to study freely diffusing molecules, and wide field illumination and detection to study surface immobilized or slowly diffusing molecules. Both approaches have common features, but also differ in significant aspects. In particular, they use different detectors, which share some requirements but also have major technical differences. Currently, two types of detectors best fulfil the needs of each approach: single-photon-counting avalanche diodes (SPADs) for point-like detection, and electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices (EMCCDs) for wide field detection. However, there is room for improvements in both cases. The first configuration suffers from low throughput owing to the analysis of data from a single location. The second, on the other hand, is limited to relatively low frame rates and loses the benefit of single-photon-counting approaches. During the past few years, new developments in point-like and wide field detectors have started addressing some of these issues. Here, we describe our recent progresses towards increasing the throughput of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy in solution using parallel arrays of SPADs. We also discuss our development of large area photon-counting cameras achieving subnanosecond resolution for fluorescence lifetime imaging applications at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Michalet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA.
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8
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Michalet X, Colyer RA, Scalia G, Weiss S, Siegmund OHW, Tremsin AS, Vallerga JV, Villa F, Guerrieri F, Rech I, Gulinatti A, Tisa S, Zappa F, Ghioni M, Cova S. New photon-counting detectors for single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2011; 8033:803316. [PMID: 24729836 DOI: 10.1117/12.883708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Solution-based single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful new experimental approach with applications in all fields of natural sciences. Two typical geometries can be used for these experiments: point-like and widefield excitation and detection. In point-like geometries, the basic concept is to excite and collect light from a very small volume (typically femtoliter) and work in a concentration regime resulting in rare burst-like events corresponding to the transit of a single-molecule. Those events are accumulated over time to achieve proper statistical accuracy. Therefore the advantage of extreme sensitivity is somewhat counterbalanced by a very long acquisition time. One way to speed up data acquisition is parallelization. Here we will discuss a general approach to address this issue, using a multispot excitation and detection geometry that can accommodate different types of novel highly-parallel detector arrays. We will illustrate the potential of this approach with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and single-molecule fluorescence measurements. In widefield geometries, the same issues of background reduction and single-molecule concentration apply, but the duration of the experiment is fixed by the time scale of the process studied and the survival time of the fluorescent probe. Temporal resolution on the other hand, is limited by signal-to-noise and/or detector resolution, which calls for new detector concepts. We will briefly present our recent results in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Michalet
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - R A Colyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - G Scalia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - S Weiss
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | - F Villa
- Dipartimento di Elettronica de Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - F Guerrieri
- Dipartimento di Elettronica de Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - I Rech
- Dipartimento di Elettronica de Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - A Gulinatti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica de Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Tisa
- Micro Photon Devices, Bolzano, Italy
| | - F Zappa
- Dipartimento di Elettronica de Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M Ghioni
- Dipartimento di Elettronica de Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Cova
- Dipartimento di Elettronica de Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Colyer RA, Scalia G, Villa FA, Guerrieri F, Tisa S, Zappa F, Cova S, Weiss S, Michalet X. Ultra high-throughput single molecule spectroscopy with a 1024 pixel SPAD. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2011; 7905. [PMID: 24386535 DOI: 10.1117/12.874238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule spectroscopy is a powerful approach to measuring molecular properties such as size, brightness, conformation, and binding constants. Due to the low concentrations in the single-molecule regime, measurements with good statistical accuracy require long acquisition times. Previously we showed a factor of 8 improvement in acquisition speed using a custom-CMOS 8x1 SPAD array. Here we present preliminary results with a 64X improvement in throughput obtained using a liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM) and a novel standard CMOS 1024 pixel SPAD array, opening the way to truly high-throughput single-molecule spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Colyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Giuseppe Scalia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Federica A Villa
- Dipartimento di Elettronica ed Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guerrieri
- Dipartimento di Elettronica ed Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Franco Zappa
- Dipartimento di Elettronica ed Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Cova
- Dipartimento di Elettronica ed Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xavier Michalet
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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