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Ngankem AE, Simo CRT, Bongue D, Njantang RN, Ndontchueng MM, Samba ON. Estimating of radiation output of X-RAY tube using mathematical model: Case of high-frequency machines. Phys Med 2024; 120:103324. [PMID: 38458105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2024.103324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE During any radiological procedure, it is important to know the dose to be-administered to the patient and this can be done by estimating the output of the X-ray tube either with a dosimeter or with a mathematical equation or Monte Carlo simulations. The aim of this work is to develop a new mathematical model equation (NMME) for estimating the output of high-frequency X-ray tubes. METHODS To achieve this, data collected from ten machines in many regions of Cameroon were used (for nine machines) to build an initial model that does not take into account the anode angle and the tenth machine was used to test the model. Using the SpekCalc software, some simulations were carried out to evaluate the influence of the anode angle. This allowed the NMME to be proposed. RESULTS The deviations frequencies between 0.65% and 19.61% were obtained by comparing the output values obtained using initial model with the measured values. The statistical hypothesis test showed that the estimated values using initial model and NMME are in agreement with those measured unlike the Kothan and Tungjai model. For the tenth machine, the percentage difference between estimated and measured values is less than 8 %. CONCLUSION These results show that the proposed model performed better than the previous models. In the absence of a dosimeter, the NMME could be used to estimate the output of high frequency X-ray machines and therefore the radiation doses received by patients during diagnostic X-ray examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Eclador Ngankem
- Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), University of Douala, P.O 8580 Douala, Cameroun.
| | - Clemence Raïssa Tchatchouang Simo
- Condensed Matter, Electronics and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Bongue
- Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), University of Douala, P.O 8580 Douala, Cameroun
| | - Ruth Nana Njantang
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O 24157 Douala, Cameroun; National Radiation Protection Agency, Yaounde P.O 33732, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Moyo Ndontchueng
- Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), University of Douala, P.O 8580 Douala, Cameroun; National Radiation Protection Agency, Yaounde P.O 33732, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Odette Ngano Samba
- Laboratory of Modelling and Simulation in Engineering and Biological Physics, University of Yaounde 1, P.O 812 Yaoundé, Cameroun
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Jeyasugiththan J, Ehalagasthanna GPNT, Hishaam U, Satharasinghe DM. DETERMINATION OF ENTRANCE SURFACE DOSE FOR THREE COMMON PLANAR DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EXAMINATIONS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:1361-1367. [PMID: 36037526 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Patient dose during diagnostic radiography procedures primarily depends on the entrance surface dose (ESD) and the exposure area. The purpose of this study was to determine ESD for five common diagnostic X-ray examinations using dose area product and X-ray tube output. The ESDs were estimated in a sample of 340 patients using normalised X-ray output from Philips-PrimaryDiagnost digital X-ray machine equipped with digital flat panel scintillator detector. The resultant mean ESDs for chest postero-anterior/lateral, lumbar spine antero-posterior (AP)/lateral and abdomen AP were 0.49, 2.00, 5.74, 12.79 and 4.62 mGy, respectively. The mean and third quartile ESD values of this study were significantly higher than the values found in the literature. This can be attributed to the lower tube potential (kVp) values and the higher tube current-time products (mAs). The methodology used here is a better option for low-resources countries for routine dose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G P N T Ehalagasthanna
- Department of Nuclear Science, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Urshella Hishaam
- Department of Nuclear Science, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - D M Satharasinghe
- Department of Nuclear Science, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
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A practical guide for paediatric diagnostic reference levels (PiDRLs). J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2022; 53:123-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jibiri NN, Olowookere CJ. Evaluation of dose-area product of common radiographic examinations towards establishing a preliminary diagnostic reference levels (PDRLs) in Southwestern Nigeria. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2016; 17:392-404. [PMID: 27929511 PMCID: PMC5690520 DOI: 10.1120/jacmp.v17i6.6011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Nigeria, a large number of radiographic examinations are conducted yearly for various diagnostic purposes. However, most examinations carried out do not have records of doses received by the patients, and the employed exposure parameters used are not documented; therefore, adequate radiation dose management is hin-dered. The aim of the present study was to estimate the dose-area product (DAP) of patients examined in Nigeria, and to propose regional reference dose levels for nine common examinations (chest PA, abdomen AP, pelvis AP, lumbar AP, skull AP, leg AP, knee AP, hand AP, and thigh AP) undertaken in Nigeria. Measurement of entrance surface dose (ESD) was carried out using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD). Measured ESDS were converted into DAP using the beam area of patients in 12 purposely selected hospitals. Results of the study show that the maximum/ minimum ratio ranged from 3 for thigh AP to 57 in abdomen AP. The range of determined mean and 75th percentile DAPs were 0.18-17.16, and 0.25-28.59 Gy cm2, respectively. Data available for comparison show that 75th percentile DAPs in this study (in chest PA, abdomen AP, pelvis AP, lumbar AP) are higher than NRPB-HPE reference values. The DAP in this study is higher by factor of 31.4 (chest PA), 9.9 (abdomen AP), 2.2 (pelvis AP), and 2.1 (lumbar AP) than NRPB-HPE values. The relative higher dose found in this study shows nonoptimization of practice in Nigeria. It is expected that regular dose auditing and dose optimization implementation in Nigeria would lead to lower DAP value, especially in abdomen AP. The 75th percentile DAP distribution reported in this study could be taken as regional diagnostic reference level in the Southwestern Nigeria; however, a more extensive nationwide dose survey is required to establish national reference dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi N Jibiri
- Radiation and Health Physics Laboratory, University of Ibadan.
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Chen TR, Tyan YS, Chu CH, Wu MC, Tung CJ. Surveyed data for structural shielding calculations of radiographic x-ray installations in Taiwan. HEALTH PHYSICS 2013; 104:S60-S67. [PMID: 23528275 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e318286caeb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of surveyed data on the x-ray tube workloads and clinical exposure parameters was suggested in NCRP Report No. 147 for the structural shielding design of medical x-ray installations. To guide the shielding design of radiographic x-ray rooms in Taiwan, a large-scale survey was conducted to collect information required for the computations of the transmissions from broad x-ray beams through shielding materials. Surveyed data were collected during one week from 10,750 projections of 6,657 examinations in 13 radiographic rooms from nine hospitals. This survey was the first time that this type of clinical data has been collected in Taiwan on a large scale. The surveyed total workload was divided into separate contributions from x-ray projections directed at the floor, the wall bucky, and all barriers (used for secondary barriers). Based on the surveyed workload distributions, the unshielded air kerma per patient at 1 m from the source was calculated by the PCXMC program using surveyed x-ray tube parameters on the generator waveform, anode material, target angle, and filtration. Subsequently, the transmissions of x-rays through different barrier materials were computed by considering the average workloads and the average workloads plus one standard deviations. The latter computations were for a sensitivity study to find the influence of workload variations in different hospitals on the shielding requirements. All surveyed data and calculated results were compared with corresponding values given in NCRP 147 to analyze the radiographic imaging differences between Taiwan and U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tou-Rong Chen
- School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
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Hernández L, Rivera T, Jimenez Y, Alvarez R, Zeferino J, Vázquez A, Azorín J. Thermoluminescent response of CaSO4:Dy+PTFE induced by X-ray beams. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:1307-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tung CJ, Yang CH, Yeh CY, Chen TR. Population dose from medical diagnostic exposure in Taiwan. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2011; 146:248-251. [PMID: 21502299 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Medical exposure showed a continuous increasing trend. This trend was due to the growth of diagnostic procedures such as computed tomography (CT) and interventional fluoroscopy (IVF). In the present work, results of a recent study on medical exposure in Taiwan are reported. This study analysed data from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Surveyed data on the dose indices, including the entrance surface dose in radiography, dose area product in fluoroscopy, CT dose index in CT and mean glandular dose in mammography, were applied. Using programmes and databases, dose indices were converted to the effective dose. For the year 2008, individual effective doses in Taiwan were estimated as 0.16, 0.37, 0.12 and 0.12 mSv for conventional radiography and fluoroscopy, CT, IVF and nuclear medicine, respectively. The total collective effective dose and the effective dose per individual for medical exposure were 17 788 person-Sv and 0.77 mSv, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Tung
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan Kweishan 333, Taiwan
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Chen TR, Tyan YS, Teng PS, Chou JH, Yeh CY, E TW, Shao CH, Tung CJ. Population dose from medical exposure in Taiwan for 2008. Med Phys 2011; 38:3139-48. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3592936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Oliveira MLD, Maia AF, Nascimento NCDES, Fragoso MDCDF, Galindo RS, Hazin CA. Influência da dependência energética de dosímetros termoluminescentes na medida da dose na entrada da pele em procedimentos radiográficos. Radiol Bras 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-39842010000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da dependência energética de materiais termoluminescentes na determinação da dose na entrada da pele de pacientes submetidos a exames radiográficos (radiologia geral, mamografia e radiologia odontológica). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Três diferentes materiais termoluminescentes foram utilizados: LiF:Mg,Ti, LiF:Mg,Cu,P e CaSO4:Dy. Estes materiais foram expostos a fontes padronizadas de radiação X e gama, e a feixes clínicos de raios X. RESULTADOS: As curvas de calibração e de dependência energética foram obtidas. Todos os materiais apresentaram resposta linear em função do kerma no ar. Com relação à dependência energética, as amostras de CaSO4:Dy e LiF:Mg,Ti mostraram maior variação da resposta termoluminescente em função da energia efetiva do feixe de radiação. CONCLUSÃO: Os materiais testados mostraram desempenho adequado para a detecção da radiação X em feixes padronizados e clínicos. Embora as amostras de CaSO4:Dy e LiF:Mg,Ti apresentem dependência energética significativa no intervalo de energia considerado, este materiais podem ser utilizados para medição da dose de entrada na pele se fatores de correção apropriados forem utilizados.
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Abdelhalim MAK. Patient dose levels for seven different radiographic examination types. Saudi J Biol Sci 2010; 17:115-8. [PMID: 23961066 PMCID: PMC3730880 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out as a part of a comprehensive project to establish a national diagnostic reference level (NDRL), for the first time, in Saudi Arabia. Seven of the most common X-ray examinations (10 projections) were included. This study consisted of 200 patients who were referred for X-ray examinations at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH). The selected X-ray examinations were skull (PA), kub (AP and LAT), ankle (AP and LAT), foot (AP/OBL and LAT/OBL), hib (AP and LAT) and sinuses paranasal (AP). Mean patient information and exposure parameters for these seven radiographic examinations were recorded at KKUH. Some of these radiographic examinations were compared with their corresponding values at other national places [Security Forces Hospital (SFH); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)] in Saudi Arabia. We found that the patient mean dose values recorded at KKUH were varied from those recorded at other national places. Wide variations in patient dose arising from a specific type of X-ray examination at different national places suggests that significant reductions in patient dose would be possible without affecting image quality. Furthermore, variations in patient dose may emerge from the examination technique, clinical condition, radiologist skill, tube current, tube potential and focus to film distance. The data of this study will be useful for the formulation of NDRLs, and it is also provides local diagnostic reference levels for some diagnostic X-ray examinations at KKUH and other national places in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Anwar K. Abdelhalim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Science Group, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Tsai H, Yang C, Huang K, Li M, Tung C. Analyses of patient dose and image quality for chest digital radiography. RADIAT MEAS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Patient Doses in Radiographic Examinations in 12 Countries in Asia, Africa, and Eastern Europe: Initial Results from IAEA Projects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190:1453-61. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.07.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tung C, Lee C, Tsai H, Tsai S, Chen I. Body size-dependent patient effective dose for diagnostic radiography. RADIAT MEAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tsai HY, Tung CJ, Yu CC, Tyan YS. Survey of computed tomography scanners in Taiwan: Dose descriptors, dose guidance levels, and effective doses. Med Phys 2007; 34:1234-43. [PMID: 17500455 DOI: 10.1118/1.2712412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The IAEA and the ICRP recommended dose guidance levels for the most frequent computed tomography (CT) examinations to promote strategies for the optimization of radiation dose to CT patients. A national survey, including on-site measurements and questionnaires, was conducted in Taiwan in order to establish dose guidance levels and evaluate effective doses for CT. The beam quality and output and the phantom doses were measured for nine representative CT scanners. Questionnaire forms were completed by respondents from facilities of 146 CT scanners out of 285 total scanners. Information on patient, procedure, scanner, and technique for the head and body examinations was provided. The weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDI(w)), the dose length product (DLP), organ doses and effective dose were calculated using measured data, questionnaire information and Monte Carlo simulation results. A cost-effective analysis was applied to derive the dose guidance levels on CTDI(w) and DLP for several CT examinations. The mean effective dose +/- standard deviation distributes from 1.6 +/- 0.9 mSv for the routine head examination to 13 +/- 11 mSv for the examination of liver, spleen, and pancreas. The surveyed results and the dose guidance levels were provided to the national authorities to develop quality control standards and protocols for CT examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Tsai
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Ciraj O, Kosutic D, Kovacevic M, Markovic S. A survey of patient doses from conventional diagnostic radiology examinations: first results from Serbia and Montenegro. Phys Med 2005; 21:159-63. [DOI: 10.1016/s1120-1797(05)80005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ciraj O, Marković S, Kosutić D. First results on patient dose measurements from conventional diagnostic radiology procedures in Serbia and Montenegro. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2005; 113:330-335. [PMID: 15755772 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nch469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to assess patient doses for the most frequent X-ray examinations for the first time in Serbia and Montenegro. A total of 510 procedures for 11 different examination categories in 3 general hospitals were analysed. Mean and median entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and kerma area product (KAP) values followed by mean effective doses were reported. Using X-ray tube output data, ESAK for each radiographic examination was calculated, as well as the effective dose for each patient. Except for chest PA examination, all estimated doses are less than stated European and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reference levels for simple radiographic examinations. For complex examinations involving fluoroscopy and radiography total KAP was measured and contributions from fluoroscopy and radiography were assessed. The study of KAP confirms that the dose level for complex fluoroscopy investigations is closely related to the technique and individual patient variation in terms of fluoroscopy time and number of radiography exposures. The obtained values are comparable to those reported in the UK. Survey data are aimed aid development of a national quality control and radiation protection programme for medical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Ciraj
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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