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Hampel U, Babout L, Banasiak R, Schleicher E, Soleimani M, Wondrak T, Vauhkonen M, Lähivaara T, Tan C, Hoyle B, Penn A. A Review on Fast Tomographic Imaging Techniques and Their Potential Application in Industrial Process Control. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062309. [PMID: 35336477 PMCID: PMC8948778 DOI: 10.3390/s22062309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With the ongoing digitalization of industry, imaging sensors are becoming increasingly important for industrial process control. In addition to direct imaging techniques such as those provided by video or infrared cameras, tomographic sensors are of interest in the process industry where harsh process conditions and opaque fluids require non-intrusive and non-optical sensing techniques. Because most tomographic sensors rely on complex and often time-multiplexed excitation and measurement schemes and require computationally intensive image reconstruction, their application in the control of highly dynamic processes is often hindered. This article provides an overview of the current state of the art in fast process tomography and its potential for use in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hampel
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (E.S.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Power Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Laurent Babout
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowski 18, 90-937 Lodz, Poland; (L.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Robert Banasiak
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowski 18, 90-937 Lodz, Poland; (L.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Eckhard Schleicher
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (E.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Manuchehr Soleimani
- Engineering Tomography Lab (ETL), Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Thomas Wondrak
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (E.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Marko Vauhkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (M.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (M.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Chao Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Process Measurement and Control, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Brian Hoyle
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Alexander Penn
- Institute of Process Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 17, 21073 Hamburg, Germany;
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Hosseinzadegan S, Fhager A, Persson M, Meaney PM. Application of Two-Dimensional Discrete Dipole Approximation in Simulating Electric Field of a Microwave Breast Imaging System. IEEE JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETICS, RF AND MICROWAVES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 3:80-87. [PMID: 31131336 PMCID: PMC6530794 DOI: 10.1109/jerm.2018.2882689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The two-dimensional electric field distribution of the microwave imaging system is numerically simulated for a simplified breast tumour model. The proposed two-dimensional discrete dipole approximation (DDA) has the potential to improve computational speed compared to other numerical methods while retaining comparable accuracy. We have modeled the field distributions in COMSOL Multiphysics as baseline results to benchmark the DDA simulations. We have also investigated the adequate sampling size and the effect of inclusion size and property contrast on solution accuracy. In this way, we can utilize the 2D DDA as an alternative, fast and reliable forward solver for microwave tomography. From a mathematical perspective, the derivation of the 2D DDA and its application to microwave imaging is new and not previously implemented. The simulation results and the measurements show that the 2D DDA is a well-grounded forward solver for the specified microwave breast imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Hosseinzadegan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Fhager
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Persson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul M Meaney
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA and the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fang Q, Meaney PM, Paulsen KD. Viable Three-Dimensional Medical Microwave Tomography: Theory and Numerical Experiments. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 2010; 58:449-458. [PMID: 20352084 PMCID: PMC2844097 DOI: 10.1109/tap.2009.2037691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional microwave tomography represents a potentially very important advance over 2D techniques because it eliminates associated approximations which may lead to more accurate images. However, with the significant increase in problem size, computational efficiency is critical to making 3D microwave imaging viable in practice. In this paper, we present two 3D image reconstruction methods utilizing 3D scalar and vector field modeling strategies, respectively. Finite element (FE) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithms are used to model the electromagnetic field interactions in human tissue in 3D. Image reconstruction techniques previously developed for the 2D problem, such as the dual-mesh scheme, iterative block solver, and adjoint Jacobian method are extended directly to 3D reconstructions. Speed improvements achieved by setting an initial field distribution and utilizing an alternating-direction implicit (ADI) FDTD are explored for 3D vector field modeling. The proposed algorithms are tested with simulated data and correctly recovered the position, size and electrical properties of the target. The adjoint formulation and the FDTD method utilizing initial field estimates are found to be significantly more effective in reducing the computation time. Finally, these results also demonstrate that cross-plane measurements are critical for reconstructing 3D profiles of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Fang
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Charlestown, MA 02129 USA and also with Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ()
| | - Paul M. Meaney
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA ()
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA and also with the Radiobiology and Bioengineering Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA ()
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Fang Q, Meaney PM, Paulsen KD. The multidimensional phase unwrapping integral and applications to microwave tomographical image reconstruction. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2006; 15:3311-24. [PMID: 17076392 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2006.881999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial unwrapping of the phase component of time varying electromagnetic fields has important implications in a range of disciplines including synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, MRI, optical confocal microscopy, and microwave tomography. This paper presents a fundamental framework based on the phase unwrapping integral, especially in the complex case where phase singularities are enclosed within the closed path integral. With respect to the phase unwrapping required when utilized in Gauss-Newton iterative microwave image reconstruction, the concept of dynamic phase unwrapping is introduced where the singularity location varies as a function of the iteratively modified property distributions. Strategies for dynamic phase unwrapping in the microwave problem were developed and successfully tested in simulations and clinical experiments utilizing large, high contrast targets to validate the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Fang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Ciocan R, Jiang H. Model-based microwave image reconstruction: simulations and experiments. Med Phys 2004; 31:3231-41. [PMID: 15651607 DOI: 10.1118/1.1812871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an integrated microwave imaging system that can provide spatial maps of dielectric properties of heterogeneous media with tomographically collected data. The hardware system (800-1200 MHz) was built based on a lock-in amplifier with 16 fixed antennas. The reconstruction algorithm was implemented using a Newton iterative method with combined Marquardt-Tikhonov regularizations. System performance was evaluated using heterogeneous media mimicking human breast tissue. Finite element method coupled with the Bayliss and Turkel radiation boundary conditions were applied to compute the electric field distribution in the heterogeneous media of interest. The results show that inclusions embedded in a 76-diameter background medium can be quantitatively reconstructed from both simulated and experimental data. Quantitative analysis of the microwave images obtained suggests that an inclusion of 14 mm in diameter is the smallest object that can be fully characterized presently using experimental data, while objects as small as 10 mm in diameter can be quantitatively resolved with simulated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Ciocan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Kruger RA, Miller KD, Reynolds HE, Kiser WL, Reinecke DR, Kruger GA. Breast cancer in vivo: contrast enhancement with thermoacoustic CT at 434 MHz-feasibility study. Radiology 2000; 216:279-83. [PMID: 10887262 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.216.1.r00jl30279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The authors performed thermoacoustic computed tomography (CT) with 434-MHz radio waves in five patients with documented breast cancer. Three of the patients underwent imaging before chemotherapy was initiated and two at the conclusion of their primary chemotherapy. In the former three patients, thermoacoustic CT demonstrated contrast enhancement in the region of the tumor. In the latter two patients, no contrast enhancement was seen, and pathologic examination after surgical resection of the area of original tumor confirmed complete remission of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kruger
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Clinical Bldg 157, 541 Clinical Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5111, USA.
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Kruger RA, Kopecky KK, Aisen AM, Reinecke DR, Kruger GA, Kiser WL. Thermoacoustic CT with radio waves: a medical imaging paradigm. Radiology 1999; 211:275-8. [PMID: 10189483 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.211.1.r99ap05275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The authors evaluated images obtained with a prototypic thermoacoustic computed tomographic (CT) scanner constructed for use at 434 MHz, a promising radio frequency for detecting breast cancer. In one excised porcine kidney, acoustic energy emanating from the kidney was detected with transducers. The resultant electric signals were used to create a three-dimensional data set. Two-dimensional images reconstructed in multiple planes were compared with state-of-the-art T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images. The renal outline, parenchyma, and collecting system were clearly delineated on the thermoacoustic CT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kruger
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5111, USA
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Franchois A, Joisel A, Pichot C, Bolomey JC. Quantitative microwave imaging with a 2.45-GHz planar microwave camera. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 1998; 17:550-561. [PMID: 9845311 DOI: 10.1109/42.730400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents microwave tomographic reconstructions of the complex permittivity of lossy dielectric objects immersed in water from experimental multiview near-field data obtained with a 2.45-GHz planar active microwave camera. An iterative reconstruction algorithm based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method was used to solve the nonlinear matrix equation which results when applying a moment method to the electric field integral representation. The effects of uncertainties in experimental parameters such as the exterior medium complex permittivity, the imaging system geometry and the incident field at the object location are illustrated by means of reconstructions from synthetic data. It appears that the uncertainties in the incident field have the strongest impact on the reconstructions. A receiver calibration procedure has been implemented and some ways to access to the incident field at the object location have been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franchois
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes/Service d'Electromagnétisme (CNRS/SUPELEC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Rius JM, Pichot C, Jofre L, Bolomey JC, Joachimowicz N, Broquetas A, Ferrando M. Planar and cylindrical active microwave temperature imaging: numerical simulations. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 1992; 11:457-469. [PMID: 18222887 DOI: 10.1109/42.192681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study at 2.45 GHz concerning both measurement and reconstruction parameters for planar and cylindrical configurations is presented. For the sake of comparison, a numerical model consisting of two nonconcentric cylinders is considered and reconstructed using both geometries from simulated experimental data. The scattered fields and reconstructed images permit extraction of very useful information about dynamic range, sensitivity, resolution, and quantitative image accuracy for the choice of the configuration in a particular application. Both geometries can measure forward and backward scattered fields. The backscattering measurement improves the image resolution and reconstruction in lossy mediums, but, on the other hand, has several dynamic range difficulties. This tradeoff between forward only and forward-backward field measurement is analyzed. As differential temperature imaging is a weakly scattering problem, Born approximation algorithms can be used. The simplicity of Born reconstruction algorithms and the use of FFT make them very attractive for real-time biomedical imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rius
- E.T.S.E. Telecommun., Univ. Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona
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Jofre L, Hawley MS, Broquetas A, de los Reyes E, Ferrando M, Elias-Fusté AR. Medical imaging with a microwave tomographic scanner. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1990; 37:303-12. [PMID: 2329003 DOI: 10.1109/10.52331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A microwave tomographic scanner for biomedical applications is presented. The scanner consists of a 64 element circular array with a useful diameter of 20 cm. Electronically scanning the transmitting and receiving antennas allows multiview measurements with no mechanical movement. Imaging parameters are appropriate for medical use: a spatial resolution of 7 mm and a contrast resolution of 1% for a measurement time of 3 s. Measurements on tissue-simulating phantoms and volunteers, together with numerical simulations, are presented to assess the system for absolute imaging of tissue distribution and for differential imaging of physiological, pathological, and induced changes in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jofre
- ETSE Telecommunicació, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Foster KR, Schepps JL. Dielectric properties of tumor and normal tissues at radio through microwave frequencies. THE JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE POWER 1981; 16:107-19. [PMID: 7033539 DOI: 10.1080/16070658.1981.11689230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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