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Pulkki V, Daugintis R, Lähivaara T, Öyry A. Perceived difficulty of upwind shouting is a misconception explained by convective attenuation effect. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5240. [PMID: 37002294 PMCID: PMC10066215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a common thought that in windy conditions the voice of a shouter emanates towards the upwind with lower strength than towards the downwind. Contradicting with this, acoustics literature states that a source emanates with a higher amplitude against the upwind direction in comparison with the downwind direction, which is known as the convective amplification or attenuation effect. This article shows that the discrepancy arises because shouters receive their own voice at their ear canals worse when facing against the upwind direction than in the corresponding down-wind case. When shouting upwind, the ears are situated downwind from the mouth, and the strength of one's own voice decreases in the ears due to the convective attenuation effect depending on frequency, making the shouter believe that it is more difficult to shout against the wind. This is shown by computational simulations and real measurements using models of a human shouter with simplified geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Pulkki
- Acoustics Lab, Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, FI, Finland.
| | - Rapolas Daugintis
- Acoustics Lab, Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, FI, Finland
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, FI, Finland
| | - Aleksi Öyry
- Acoustics Lab, Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, FI, Finland
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2
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Hampel U, Babout L, Banasiak R, Schleicher E, Soleimani M, Wondrak T, Vauhkonen M, Lähivaara T, Tan C, Hoyle B, Penn A. A Review on Fast Tomographic Imaging Techniques and Their Potential Application in Industrial Process Control. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22062309. [PMID: 35336477 PMCID: PMC8948778 DOI: 10.3390/s22062309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With the ongoing digitalization of industry, imaging sensors are becoming increasingly important for industrial process control. In addition to direct imaging techniques such as those provided by video or infrared cameras, tomographic sensors are of interest in the process industry where harsh process conditions and opaque fluids require non-intrusive and non-optical sensing techniques. Because most tomographic sensors rely on complex and often time-multiplexed excitation and measurement schemes and require computationally intensive image reconstruction, their application in the control of highly dynamic processes is often hindered. This article provides an overview of the current state of the art in fast process tomography and its potential for use in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hampel
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (E.S.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Power Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Laurent Babout
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowski 18, 90-937 Lodz, Poland; (L.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Robert Banasiak
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowski 18, 90-937 Lodz, Poland; (L.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Eckhard Schleicher
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (E.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Manuchehr Soleimani
- Engineering Tomography Lab (ETL), Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Thomas Wondrak
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (E.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Marko Vauhkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (M.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (M.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Chao Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Process Measurement and Control, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Brian Hoyle
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Alexander Penn
- Institute of Process Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 17, 21073 Hamburg, Germany;
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Omrani A, Yadav R, Link G, Lähivaara T, Vauhkonen M, Jelonnek J. An Electromagnetic Time-Reversal Imaging Algorithm for Moisture Detection in Polymer Foam in an Industrial Microwave Drying System. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21217409. [PMID: 34770714 PMCID: PMC8588238 DOI: 10.3390/s21217409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microwave tomography (MWT) based control is a novel idea in industrial heating systems for drying polymer foam. In this work, an X-band MWT module is designed and developed using a fixed antenna array configuration and integrated with the HEPHAISTOS industrial heating system. A decomposition of the time-reversal operator (DORT) algorithm with a proper Green’s function of multilayered media is utilized to localize the moisture location. The derived Green’s function can be applied to the media with low or high contrast layers. It is shown that the time-reversal imaging (TRI) with the proposed Green’s function can be applied to the multilayered media with a moderately rough surface. Moreover, a single frequency TRI is proposed to decrease the measurement time. Numerical results for different moisture scenarios are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. The developed method is then tested on the experimental data for different moisture scenarios from our developed MWT experimental prototype. Image reconstruction results show promising capabilities of the TRI algorithm in estimating the moisture location in the polymer foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Omrani
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (G.L.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland; (R.Y.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Guido Link
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (G.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland; (R.Y.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Marko Vauhkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland; (R.Y.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
| | - John Jelonnek
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (G.L.); (J.J.)
- Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Koponen J, Lähivaara T, Kaipio J, Vauhkonen M. Model reduction in acoustic inversion by artificial neural network. J Acoust Soc Am 2021; 150:3435. [PMID: 34852627 DOI: 10.1121/10.0007049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In ultrasound tomography, the speed of sound inside an object is estimated based on acoustic measurements carried out by sensors surrounding the object. An accurate forward model is a prominent factor for high-quality image reconstruction, but it can make computations far too time-consuming in many applications. Using approximate forward models, it is possible to speed up the computations, but the quality of the reconstruction may have to be compromised. In this paper, a neural network-based approach is proposed that can compensate for modelling errors caused by the approximate forward models. The approach is tested with various different imaging scenarios in a simulated two-dimensional domain. The results show that with fairly small training datasets, the proposed approach can be utilized to approximate the modelling errors, and to significantly improve the image reconstruction quality in ultrasound tomography, compared to commonly used inversion algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Koponen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Kaipio
- Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marko Vauhkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Hosseini M, Kaasinen A, Aliyari Shoorehdeli M, Link G, Lähivaara T, Vauhkonen M. System Identification of Conveyor Belt Microwave Drying Process of Polymer Foams Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:7170. [PMID: 34770476 PMCID: PMC8588042 DOI: 10.3390/s21217170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The microwave drying process has a wide application in industry, including drying polymer foams after the impregnation process for sealings in the construction industry. The objective of the drying process is to reach a certain moisture in the foam by adjusting the power levels of the microwave sources. A moisture controller can be designed to achieve this goal; however, a process model is required to design model-based controllers. Since complex physics governs the microwave drying process, system identification tools are employed in this paper to exploit the process input and output information and find a simplified yet accurate model of the process. The moisture content of the foam that is the process output is measured using a designed electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensor. The ECT sensor estimates the 2D permittivity distribution of moving foams, which correlates with the foam moisture. Experiments are conducted to collect the ECT measurements while giving different inputs to the microwave sources. A state-space model is estimated using one of the collected datasets and is validated using the other datasets. The comparison between the model response and the actual measurements shows that the model is accurate enough to design a controller for the microwave drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Hosseini
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.K.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Kaasinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.K.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Mahdi Aliyari Shoorehdeli
- Mechatronics Department, Electrical Engineering Faculty, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 16315-1355, Iran;
| | - Guido Link
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.K.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Marko Vauhkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.K.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
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6
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Yadav R, Omrani A, Link G, Vauhkonen M, Lähivaara T. Microwave Tomography Using Neural Networks for Its Application in an Industrial Microwave Drying System. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21206919. [PMID: 34696133 PMCID: PMC8538942 DOI: 10.3390/s21206919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The article presents an application of microwave tomography (MWT) in an industrial drying system to develop tomographic-based process control. The imaging modality is applied to estimate moisture distribution in a polymer foam undergoing drying process. Our Leading challenges are fast data acquisition from the MWT sensors and real-time image reconstruction of the process. Thus, a limited number of sensors are chosen for the MWT and are placed only on top of the polymer foam to enable fast data acquisition. For real-time estimation, we present a neural network-based reconstruction scheme to estimate moisture distribution in a polymer foam. Training data for the neural network is generated using a physics-based electromagnetic scattering model and a parametric model for moisture sample generation. Numerical data for different moisture scenarios are considered to validate and test the performance of the network. Further, the trained network performance is evaluated with data from our developed prototype of the MWT sensor array. The experimental results show that the network has good accuracy and generalization capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.V.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Adel Omrani
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.O.); (G.L.)
| | - Guido Link
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.O.); (G.L.)
| | - Marko Vauhkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland; (M.V.); (T.L.)
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7
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Nissinen T, Suoranta S, Saavalainen T, Sund R, Hurskainen O, Rikkonen T, Kröger H, Lähivaara T, Väänänen SP. Detecting pathological features and predicting fracture risk from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images using deep learning. Bone Rep 2021; 14:101070. [PMID: 33997147 PMCID: PMC8102403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard imaging method for diagnosing osteoporosis in clinical practice. The DXA images are commonly used to estimate a numerical value for bone mineral density (BMD), which decreases in osteoporosis. Low BMD is a known risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. In this study, we used deep learning to identify lumbar scoliosis and structural abnormalities that potentially affect BMD but are often neglected in lumbar spine DXA analysis. In addition, we tested the approach's ability to predict fractures using only DXA images. A dataset of 2949 images gathered by Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Study was used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification. The model was able to classify scoliosis with an AUC of 0.96 and structural abnormalities causing unreliable BMD measurement with an AUC of 0.91. It predicted fractures occurring within 5 years from the lumbar spine DXA scan with an AUC of 0.63, meeting the predictive performance of combined BMD measurements from the lumbar spine and hip. In an independent test set of 574 clinical patients, AUC for lumbar scoliosis was 0.93 and AUC for unreliable BMD measurements was 0.94. In each classification task, neural network visualizations indicated the model's predictive strategy. We conclude that deep learning could complement the well established DXA method for osteoporosis diagnostics by analyzing incidental findings and image reliability, and improve its predictive ability in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Nissinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, POB1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Suoranta
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Taavi Saavalainen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reijo Sund
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ossi Hurskainen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Toni Rikkonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, POB1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami P. Väänänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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8
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Niskanen M, Duclos A, Dazel O, Groby JP, Kaipio J, Lähivaara T. Estimating the material parameters of an inhomogeneous poroelastic plate from ultrasonic measurements in water. J Acoust Soc Am 2019; 146:2596. [PMID: 31671978 DOI: 10.1121/1.5129369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of poroelastic material parameters based on ultrasound measurements is considered. The acoustical characterisation of poroelastic materials based on various measurements is typically carried out by minimising a cost functional of model residuals, such as the least squares functional. With a limited number of unknown parameters, least squares type approaches can provide both reliable parameter and error estimates. With an increasing number of parameters, both the least squares parameter estimates and, in particular, the error estimates often become unreliable. In this paper, the estimation of the material parameters of an inhomogeneous poroelastic (Biot) plate in the Bayesian framework for inverse problems is considered. Reflection and transmission measurements are performed and 11 poroelastic parameters, as well as 4 measurement setup-related nuisance parameters, are estimated. A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is employed for the computational inference to assess the actual uncertainty of the estimated parameters. The results suggest that the proposed approach for poroelastic material characterisation can reveal the heterogeneities in the object, and yield reliable parameter and uncertainty estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Niskanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Postal Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aroune Duclos
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans, LAUM - Unité mixte de recherche Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR CNRS 6613, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, F-72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Dazel
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans, LAUM - Unité mixte de recherche Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR CNRS 6613, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, F-72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Groby
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans, LAUM - Unité mixte de recherche Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR CNRS 6613, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, F-72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Jari Kaipio
- Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Postal Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Lähivaara T, Kärkkäinen L, Huttunen JMJ, Hesthaven JS. Deep convolutional neural networks for estimating porous material parameters with ultrasound tomography. J Acoust Soc Am 2018; 143:1148. [PMID: 29495714 DOI: 10.1121/1.5024341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of data based machine learning applied to ultrasound tomography is studied to estimate water-saturated porous material parameters. In this work, the data to train the neural networks is simulated by solving wave propagation in coupled poroviscoelastic-viscoelastic-acoustic media. As the forward model, a high-order discontinuous Galerkin method is considered, while deep convolutional neural networks are used to solve the parameter estimation problem. In the numerical experiment, the material porosity and tortuosity is estimated, while the remaining parameters which are of less interest are successfully marginalized in the neural networks-based inversion. Computational examples confirm the feasibility and accuracy of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Jan S Hesthaven
- Computational Mathematics and Simulation Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
In voice communication in windy outdoor conditions, complex velocity gradients appear in the flow field around the source, the receiver, and also in the atmosphere. It is commonly known that voice emanates stronger towards the downstream direction when compared with the upstream direction. In literature, the atmospheric effects are used to explain the stronger emanation in the downstream direction. This work shows that the wind also has an effect to the directivity of voice also favouring the downstream direction. The effect is addressed by measurements and simulations. Laboratory measurements are conducted by using a large pendulum with a loudspeaker mimicking the human head, whereas practical measurements utilizing the human voice are realized by placing a subject through the roof window of a moving car. The measurements and a simulation indicate congruent results in the speech frequency range: When the source faces the downstream direction, stronger radiation coinciding with the wind direction is observed, and when it faces the upstream direction, radiation is not affected notably. The simulated flow gradients show a wake region in the downstream direction, and the simulated acoustic field in the flow show that the region causes a wave-guide effect focusing the sound in the direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Pulkki
- Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka Huhtakallio
- Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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11
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Niskanen M, Groby JP, Duclos A, Dazel O, Le Roux JC, Poulain N, Huttunen T, Lähivaara T. Deterministic and statistical characterization of rigid frame porous materials from impedance tube measurements. J Acoust Soc Am 2017; 142:2407. [PMID: 29092615 DOI: 10.1121/1.5008742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A method to characterize macroscopically homogeneous rigid frame porous media from impedance tube measurements by deterministic and statistical inversion is presented. Equivalent density and bulk modulus of the samples are reconstructed with the scattering matrix formalism, and are then linked to its physical parameters via the Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge model. The model includes six parameters, namely the porosity, tortuosity, viscous and characteristic lengths, and static flow and thermal permeabilities. The parameters are estimated from the measurements in two ways. The first one is a deterministic procedure that finds the model parameters by minimizing a cost function in the least squares sense. The second approach is based on statistical inversion. It can be used to assess the validity of the least squares estimate, but also presents several advantages since it provides valuable information on the uncertainty and correlation between the parameters. Five porous samples with a range of pore properties are tested, and the pore parameter estimates given by the proposed inversion processes are compared to those given by other characterization methods. Joint parameter distributions are shown to demonstrate the correlations. Results show that the proposed methods find reliable parameter and uncertainty estimates to the six pore parameters quickly with minimal user input.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Niskanen
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universite du Maine (LAUM), UMR-6613 CNRS, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, Le Mans Cedex 9, F-72085, France
| | - J-P Groby
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universite du Maine (LAUM), UMR-6613 CNRS, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, Le Mans Cedex 9, F-72085, France
| | - A Duclos
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universite du Maine (LAUM), UMR-6613 CNRS, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, Le Mans Cedex 9, F-72085, France
| | - O Dazel
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Universite du Maine (LAUM), UMR-6613 CNRS, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, Le Mans Cedex 9, F-72085, France
| | - J C Le Roux
- Centre de Transfert de Technologie du Mans, 20 rue Thalès de Milet, Le Mans, F-72000, France
| | - N Poulain
- Centre de Transfert de Technologie du Mans, 20 rue Thalès de Milet, Le Mans, F-72000, France
| | - T Huttunen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, FIN-70211, Finland
| | - T Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, FIN-70211, Finland
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