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Effects of Bismuth Exposure on the Human Kidney-A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121741. [PMID: 36551397 PMCID: PMC9774474 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of bismuth toxicity on the kidney-the main organ responsible for blood filtration-were systematically reviewed. This review was motivated by availability of several sources of bismuth in contact with humans including environmental, medications, dental materials, and cosmetics, potentially leading to kidney filtration of this chemical. No previous studies have systematically reviewed the literature considering this association. A total of 22 studies with a total of 46 individuals met the inclusion criteria, 19 being case reports with only one patient enrolled. The included studies publication dates ranged from 1961 to 2021 and the countries of publication were the United States of America, United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Switzerland, and Canada. Bismuth sources affecting the kidneys were uniquely reported as from medical purposes and mostly associated to overdoses with several symptoms, apparently with dose-dependent consequences. Patient history of renal impairment seemed to affect the outcome of the case. Several therapies were conducted following bismuth intoxication, and few studies performed renal biopsies describing its histological findings. It is crucial to reconsider the nephrotoxicity of bismuth compounds, mainly in patients with previous history of renal impairment.
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McDermott TR, Stolz JF, Oremland RS. Arsenic and the gastrointestinal tract microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:136-159. [PMID: 31773890 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxin, ranking first on the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Environmental Protection Agency Priority List of Hazardous Substances. Chronic exposure increases the risk of a broad range of human illnesses, most notably cancer; however, there is significant variability in arsenic-induced disease among exposed individuals. Human genetics is a known component, but it alone cannot account for the large inter-individual variability in the presentation of arsenicosis symptoms. Each part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) may be considered as a unique environment with characteristic pH, oxygen concentration, and microbiome. Given the well-established arsenic redox transformation activities of microorganisms, it is reasonable to imagine how the GIT microbiome composition variability among individuals could play a significant role in determining the fate, mobility and toxicity of arsenic, whether inhaled or ingested. This is a relatively new field of research that would benefit from early dialogue aimed at summarizing what is known and identifying reasonable research targets and concepts. Herein, we strive to initiate this dialogue by reviewing known aspects of microbe-arsenic interactions and placing it in the context of potential for influencing host exposure and health risks. We finish by considering future experimental approaches that might be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R McDermott
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - John F Stolz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Environmental Research and Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Wu T, Yang S, Shi H, Ye J. Preparation and cytocompatibility of a novel bismuth aluminate/calcium phosphate cement with high radiopacity. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:149. [PMID: 30182158 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In a minimally invasive surgery, using a bone cement being radiologically detectable is vital to the success of the procedure and avoiding cement leakage in the early stage. The radiopacity of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is inadequate, thus limiting its clinic application in this area. In this work, bismuth aluminate (BiA) was employed as a radiopaque agent for CPC. The influences of BiA on physicochemical, radiopaque and in vitro biocompatible properties of CPC were investigated. With the increasing content of BiA, the setting time and the compressive strength of CPC were augmented, while the injectability of the cement pastes was reduced. The radiopacity of CPC was significantly improved by adding more than 6 wt.% BiA. CPC specimens with less than 12 wt.% BiA showed good cellular affinity. Moreover, the CPC containing 6 and 9 wt.% BiA promoted the cell growth and ALP activity of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells when compared with the control. On the basis of its improved radiopacity and cytocompatibility, the radiopaque CPC with 6 ~ 9 wt.% BiA is expected to be a potential substitute for bone defect restoration via minimally invasive surgery. CPC with bismuth aluminate reveals better radiopacity and cell affinity along with proper physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shue Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South, China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Haishan Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P.R. China
| | - Jiandong Ye
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South, China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China.
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Weber M, Schlesinger M, Walther M, Zahn D, Schalley CA, Mehring M. Investigations on the growth of bismuth oxido clusters and the nucleation to give metastable bismuth oxide modifications. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2016-1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInvestigations on bismuth oxido clusters are focused on the nucleation and growth processes towards large cluster motifs and their stability in the gas phase, which has been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and X-ray scattering experiments evaluated by pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. The formation of metastable bismuth(III) oxides was obtained by hydrolysis of polynuclear bismuth oxido clusters and subsequent thermal treatment under non-equilibrium conditions. Temperature dependent PXRD and Raman spectroscopic experiments gave insight into the formation process of metastable β-Bi
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Schlesinger M, Pathak A, Richter S, Sattler D, Seifert A, Rüffer T, Andrews PC, Schalley CA, Lang H, Mehring M. Salicylate‐Functionalized Bismuth Oxido Clusters: Hydrolysis Processes and Microbiological Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Schlesinger
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany, http://www.tu‐chemnitz.de/koord/
| | - Amita Pathak
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sebastian Richter
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Sattler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Polymerchemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Philip C. Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Mehring
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Institut für Chemie, Professur Koordinationschemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany, http://www.tu‐chemnitz.de/koord/
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Mansfeld D, Miersch L, Rüffer T, Schaarschmidt D, Lang H, Böhle T, Troff RW, Schalley CA, Müller J, Mehring M. From {Bi22O26} to Chiral Ligand-Protected {Bi38O45}-Based Bismuth Oxido Clusters. Chemistry 2011; 17:14805-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huber B, Dammann P, Krüger C, Kirsch P, Bialek B, Diaz-Bone RA, Hensel R. Production of toxic volatile trimethylbismuth by the intestinal microbiota of mice. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:491039. [PMID: 22007211 PMCID: PMC3191823 DOI: 10.1155/2011/491039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotransformation of metals and metalloids into their volatile methylated derivatives by microbes growing under anaerobic conditions (e.g., the mammalian intestinal microbiota) plays an important role in spreading these compounds in the environment. In this paper, we could show that the presence of an intact intestinal microbiota of mice provides the conditio sine qua non for the production of these mostly toxic derivatives. To document the indispensible role of the intestinal microbiota in methylating metals and metalloids to volatile derivatives under in vivo conditions, we compared the methylation capability of conventionally raised (CONV) and germ-free (GF) B6-mice fed with chow containing colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) as the starting material for the formation of volatile methylated metal(loid)s. Permethylated volatile trimethylbismuth ((CH(3))(3)Bi) was only detected in the blood of the conventionally raised mice. Concomitantly, a higher bismuth concentration was found in organs such as liver, lung, testicles, and brain of the CONV mice as compared to those of GF mice (P > 0.01), strongly suggesting a correlation between the intestinal biomethylation of bismuth and its accumulation in mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Huber
- Department of Microbioloy I, University of Duisburg-Essen, UniversitaetsstraBe 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Dammann
- Central Animal Laboratory, University Hospital Essen, HufelandstraBe 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Krüger
- Central Animal Laboratory, University Hospital Essen, HufelandstraBe 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Kirsch
- Animal Research Center, University of Ulm, Oberberghof, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrix Bialek
- Department of Microbioloy I, University of Duisburg-Essen, UniversitaetsstraBe 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Roland A. Diaz-Bone
- Department of Microbioloy I, University of Duisburg-Essen, UniversitaetsstraBe 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, UniversitaetsstraBe 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hensel
- Department of Microbioloy I, University of Duisburg-Essen, UniversitaetsstraBe 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Toxicity of volatile methylated species of bismuth, arsenic, tin, and mercury in Mammalian cells in vitro. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:503576. [PMID: 22007212 PMCID: PMC3189616 DOI: 10.1155/2011/503576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemical transformation of mercury, tin, arsenic and bismuth through formation of volatile alkylated species performs a fundamental role in determining the environmental processing of these elements. While the toxicity of inorganic forms of most of these compounds are well documented (e.g., arsenic, mercury) and some of them are of relatively low toxicity (e.g., tin, bismuth), the more lipid-soluble organometals can be highly toxic.
In the present study we investigated the cyto- and genotoxicity of five volatile metal(loid) compounds: trimethylbismuth, dimethylarsenic iodide, trimethylarsine, tetramethyltin, and dimethylmercury. As far as we know, this is the first study investigating the toxicity of volatile metal(loid) compounds in vitro. Our results showed that dimethylmercury was most toxic to all three used cell lines (CHO-9 cells, CaCo, Hep-G2) followed by dimethylarsenic iodide. Tetramethyltin was the least toxic compound; however, the toxicity was also dependend upon the cell type. Human colon cells (CaCo) were most susceptible to the toxicity of the volatile compounds compared to the other cell lines. We conclude from our study that volatile metal(loid) compounds can be toxic to mammalian cells already at very low concentrations but the toxicity depends upon the metal(loid) species and the exposed cell type.
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Bialek B, Diaz-Bone RA, Pieper D, Hollmann M, Hensel R. Toxicity of Methylated Bismuth Compounds Produced by Intestinal Microorganisms to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a Member of the Physiological Intestinal Microbiota. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:608349. [PMID: 21966291 PMCID: PMC3182067 DOI: 10.1155/2011/608349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanoarchaea have an outstanding capability to methylate numerous metal(loid)s therefore producing toxic and highly mobile derivatives. Here, we report that the production of methylated bismuth species by the methanoarchaeum Methanobrevibacter smithii, a common member of the human intestine, impairs the growth of members of the beneficial intestinal microbiota at low concentrations. The bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, which is of great importance for the welfare of the host due to its versatile digestive abilities and its protective function for the intestine, is highly sensitive against methylated, but not against inorganic, bismuth species. The level of methylated bismuth species produced by the methanoarchaeum M. smithii in a coculture experiment causes a reduction of the maximum cell density of B. thetaiotaomicron. This observation suggests that the production of methylated organometal(loid) species in the human intestine, caused by the activity of methanoarchaea, may affect the health of the host. The impact of the species to reduce the number of the physiological intestinal microbiota brings an additional focus on the potentially harmful role of methanoarchaea in the intestine of a higher organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Bialek
- Department of Microbiology I, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Roland A. Diaz-Bone
- Department of Microbiology I, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Department of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Dominik Pieper
- Department of Microbiology I, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Hollmann
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hensel
- Department of Microbiology I, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Miersch L, Rüffer T, Lang H, Schulze S, Hietschold M, Zahn D, Mehring M. A Novel Water-Soluble Hexanuclear Bismuth Oxido Cluster - Synthesis, Structure and Complexation with Polyacrylate. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hirner AV, Rettenmeier AW. Methylated Metal(loid) Species in Humans. ORGANOMETALLICS IN ENVIRONMENT AND TOXICOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849730822-00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
While the metal(loid)s arsenic, bismuth, and selenium (probably also tellurium) have been shown to be enzymatically methylated in the human body, this has not yet been demonstrated for antimony, cadmium, germanium, indium, lead, mercury, thallium, and tin, although the latter elements can be biomethylated in the environment. Methylated metal(loid)s exhibit increased mobility, thus leading to a more efficient metal(loid) transport within the body and, in particular, opening chances for passing membrane barriers (blood-brain barrier, placental barrier). As a consequence human health may be affected. In this review, relevant data from the literature are compiled, and are discussed with respect to the evaluation of assumed and proven health effects caused by alkylated metal(loid) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred V. Hirner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen D-45117 Essen Germany
| | - Albert W. Rettenmeier
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen D-45122 Essen Germany
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Hollmann M, Boertz J, Dopp E, Hippler J, Hirner AV. Parallel on-line detection of a methylbismuth species by hyphenated GC/EI-MS/ICP-MS technique as evidence for bismuth methylation by human hepatic cells. Metallomics 2009; 2:52-6. [PMID: 21072374 DOI: 10.1039/b911945k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of metal(loid)s by bacteria or even mammals is a well known process that can lead to increased toxicity for humans. Nevertheless, reliable analytical techniques and tools are indispensable in speciation analysis of trace elements, especially since environmental or biological samples are usually characterised by complex matrices. Here the methylating capability of hepatic cells was observed in vitro. HepG2 cells were incubated with colloidal bismuth subcitrate, bismuth cysteine and bismuth glutathione, respectively for a period of 24 h. For identification the cell lysate was ethylated by sodium tetraethyl borate under neutral conditions. After cryo focussing by purge and trap, the bismuth speciation was carried out via GC/EI-MS/ICP-MS. Colloidal bismuth subcitrate and bismuth cysteine were methylated by HepG2 cells, while no methylated bismuth species was detected after incubation with bismuth glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hollmann
- Institute of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 3-5, Essen, Germany.
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Diaz-Bone RA, van de Wiele TR. Biovolatilization of metal(loid)s by intestinal microorganisms in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:5249-5256. [PMID: 19708349 DOI: 10.1021/es900544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Methylation and hydrogenation of metal(loid)s by microorganisms are widespread and well-known processes in the environment by which mobility and in most cases toxicity are significantly enhanced in comparison to inorganic species. The human gut contains highly diverse and active microbiocenosis, yet little is known about the occurrence and importance of microbial metal(loid) methylation and hydrogenation. In this study, an in vitro gastrointestinal model, the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME),was used for investigating volatilization of metal(loid)s by intestinal microbiota. Suspensions from different compartments of the SHIME system analogous to different parts of the human intestinal tract were incubated with different concentrations of inorganic Ge, As, Se, Sn, Sb, Te, Hg, Pb, and Bi and analyzed by gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS). Significant volatilization was found for Se, As, and Te (maximal hourly production rates relative to the amount spiked; 0.6, 2, and 9 ng/mg/h, respectively). In addition, volatile species of Sb and Bi were detected. The occurrence of AsH3 and (CH3)2Te was toxicologically important. Furthermore, mixed Se/S and mixed As/S metabolites were detected in significant amounts in the gas phase of the incubation experiments of which two metabolites, (CH3)2AsSSCH3 and CH3As(SCH3)2, are described for the first time in environmental matrices. The toxicology of these species is unknown. These data show that the intestinal microbiota may increase the mobility of metal(loid)s, suggesting a significant modulation of their toxicity. Our research warrants further studies to investigate the extent of this process as well as the availability of metal(loid)s from different sources for microbial transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland A Diaz-Bone
- Institute of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstrasse 3-5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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