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Liu XI, Momper JD, Rakhmanina NY, Green DJ, Burckart GJ, Cressey TR, Mirochnick M, Best BM, van den Anker JN, Dallmann A. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Framework to Predict Neonatal Pharmacokinetics of Transplacentally Acquired Emtricitabine, Dolutegravir, and Raltegravir. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:795-809. [PMID: 33527213 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Little is understood about neonatal pharmacokinetics immediately after delivery and during the first days of life following intrauterine exposure to maternal medications. Our objective was to develop and evaluate a novel, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling workflow for predicting perinatal and postnatal disposition of commonly used antiretroviral drugs administered prenatally to pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus. METHODS Using previously published, maternal-fetal, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for emtricitabine, dolutegravir, and raltegravir built with PK-Sim/MoBi®, placental drug transfer was predicted in late pregnancy. The total drug amount in fetal compartments at term delivery was estimated and subsequently integrated as initial conditions in different tissues of a whole-body, neonatal, physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict drug concentrations in the neonatal elimination phase after birth. Neonatal elimination processes were parameterized according to published data. Model performance was assessed by clinical data. RESULTS Neonatal physiologically based pharmacokinetic models generally captured the initial plasma concentrations after delivery but underestimated concentrations in the terminal phase. The mean percentage error for predicted plasma concentrations was - 71.5%, - 33.8%, and 76.7% for emtricitabine, dolutegravir, and raltegravir, respectively. A sensitivity analysis suggested that the activity of organic cation transporter 2 and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 during the first postnatal days in term newborns is ~11% and ~30% of that in adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the general feasibility of applying physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to predict washout concentrations of transplacentally acquired drugs in newborns. These models can increase the understanding of pharmacokinetics during the first postnatal days and allow the prediction of drug exposure in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei I Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Hospital, 10430 Owen Brown Road, Columbia, Maryland, 21044, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.,Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natella Y Rakhmanina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dionna J Green
- Office of Pediatric Therapeutics, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gilbert J Burckart
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tim R Cressey
- PHPT/IRD 174, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Brookie M Best
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.,Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John N van den Anker
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Hospital, 10430 Owen Brown Road, Columbia, Maryland, 21044, USA.,Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Komasaka T, Dressman J. Simulation of oral absorption from non-bioequivalent dosage forms of the salt of raltegravir, a poorly soluble acidic drug, using a physiologically based biopharmaceutical modeling (PBBM) approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 157:105630. [PMID: 33122010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-bioequivalent plasma concentration profiles among different dosage forms of the salt of raltegravir, a poorly soluble acidic drug, were investigated using biorelevant in vitro testing combined with the commercial in silico software, Simcyp®. A suspension and a tablet dosage forms of raltegravir potassium were selected as the test formulations. While dissolution from the suspension was rapid, dissolution from the tablets was slow and delayed by pre-exposure to an acidic environment. Although the tablet was expected to have complex in vivo performance, plasma concentration profiles were successfully simulated when gastric emptying was taken into account as a key physiological factor in in vitro and in silico trials. The effect of pre-exposure to acid in the stomach on dissolution behavior in the intestine was estimated by two-stage in vitro dissolution testing. Based on these results, theoretical in vivo dissolution profiles for different gastric emptying times were inputted into the in silico model and plasma concentration profiles were simulated taking the distribution of individual gastric emptying times into account. The in vitro and in silico method presented in this report would be a practical approach to simulate oral absorption from various formulations of poorly soluble weak acids and their salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Komasaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 3-16-89, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8505, Japan.
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Division of Translational Pharmacology and Medicine (TMP), and Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Liu XI, Momper JD, Rakhmanina NY, Green DJ, Burckart GJ, Cressey TR, Mirochnick M, Best BM, van den Anker JN, Dallmann A. Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Pharmacokinetics of Dolutegravir and Raltegravir Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 59:1433-1450. [PMID: 32451908 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00897-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting drug pharmacokinetics in pregnant women including placental drug transfer remains challenging. This study aimed to develop and evaluate maternal-fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for two antiretroviral drugs, dolutegravir and raltegravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei I Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natella Y Rakhmanina
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dionna J Green
- Office of Pediatric Therapeutics, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gilbert J Burckart
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tim R Cressey
- PHPT/IRD 174, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Brookie M Best
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John N van den Anker
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Dallmann
- Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinical Pharmacometrics, Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany
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4
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Liu SN, Lu JBL, Watson CJW, Lazarus P, Desta Z, Gufford BT. Mechanistic Assessment of Extrahepatic Contributions to Glucuronidation of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:535-544. [PMID: 30804050 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens dominate initial human immunodeficiency virus treatment. Most INSTIs are metabolized predominantly via UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). For drugs predominantly metabolized by UGTs, including INSTIs, in vitro data recovered from human liver microsomes (HLMs) alone often underpredict human oral clearance. While several factors may contribute, extrahepatic glucuronidation may contribute to this underprediction. Thus, we comprehensively characterized the kinetics for the glucuronidation of INSTIs (cabotegravir, dolutegravir, and raltegravir) using pooled human microsomal preparations from liver (HLMs), intestine (HIMs), and kidney (HKMs) tissues; human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing individual UGTs; and recombinant UGTs. In vitro glucuronidation of cabotegravir (HLMs≈HKMs>>>HIMs), dolutegravir (HLMs>HIMs>>HKMs), and raltegravir (HLMs>HKMs>> HIMs) occurred in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. The kinetic data from expression systems suggested the major enzymes in each tissue: hepatic UGT1A9 > UGT1A1 (dolutegravir and raltegravir) and UGT1A1 (cabotegravir), intestinal UGT1A3 > UGT1A8 > UGT1A1 (dolutegravir) and UGT1A8 > UGT1A1 (raltegravir), and renal UGT1A9 (dolutegravir and raltegravir). Enzymes catalyzing cabotegravir glucuronidation in the kidney and intestine could not be identified unequivocally. Using data from dolutegravir glucuronidation as a prototype, a "bottom-up" physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed in a stepwise approach and predicted dolutegravir oral clearance within 4.5-fold (hepatic data only), 2-fold (hepatic and intestinal data), and 32% (hepatic, intestinal, and renal data). These results suggest clinically meaningful glucuronidation of dolutegravir in tissues other than the liver. Incorporation of additional novel mechanistic and physiologic underpinnings of dolutegravir metabolism along with in silico approaches appears to be a powerful tool to accurately predict the clearance of dolutegravir from in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Jessica Bo Li Lu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Zeruesenay Desta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
| | - Brandon T Gufford
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana (S.N.L., J.B.L.L., Z.D., B.T.G.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (C.J.W.W., P.L.)
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Sajja Y, Vanguru S, Vulupala HR, Nagarapu L, Perumal Y, Sriram D, Nanubolu JB. Design, synthesis, and in vitro antituberculosis activity of benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:496-500. [PMID: 28267891 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new antitubercular agents, benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine-1,3,4- oxadiazole hybrids (6a-o), have been designed and synthesized involving oxidative cyclization of hydrazones by use of di(acetoxy)iodobenzene, characterized by IR,1 H NMR,13 C NMR, and HRMS, and further confirmed by X-ray analysis. All the newly synthesized compounds 4a-o evaluated for their in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC27294). Among the compounds tested, the compounds 4o (MIC: 1.56 μg/ml) and 4l, 4m (MIC: 3.125 μg/ml) are promising lead analogues and have shown lower cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasodakrishna Sajja
- Organic Chemistry Division-II (CPC), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sowmya Vanguru
- Organic Chemistry Division-II (CPC), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Hanmanth Reddy Vulupala
- Organic Chemistry Division-II (CPC), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lingaiah Nagarapu
- Organic Chemistry Division-II (CPC), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Yogeswari Perumal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Antimycobacterial Research Laboratory, Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Medicinal Chemistry and Antimycobacterial Research Laboratory, Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu
- Centre for X-Ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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6
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Jaiswal S, Shukla M, Sharma A, Rangaraj N, Vaghasiya K, Malik MY, Lal J. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and ADME characterization of a novel anticancer chalcone, cardamonin. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1124-1136. [PMID: 27794181 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardamonin (CRD), a chalconoid obtained from several medicinal plants of Zingiberaceae family, had shown promising potential in cancer prevention and therapy. For further development and better pharmacological elucidation, we performed a series of in vitro and in vivo studies to characterize its preclinical pharmacokinetics. The study samples were analyzed using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet (HPLC-UV) methods. CRD is partially soluble (<10 μM) and possess high permeability (>0.2 × 10-4 cm/sec). It is moderately bound to plasma proteins (<50%). It shows partitioning in red blood cell (RBC) compartment with the partition coefficient between RBCs and plasma (KRBC/P ) of 0.95 at 0 min to 1.39 at 60 min, indicating significant but slow RBC uptake. In mice, CRD is poorly absorbed after oral administration with 18% oral bioavailability. It possesses high clearance, short mean residence time, and high volume of distribution in mice. It exhibited multiple peak phenomena both after oral and intravenous administration and is excreted both as conjugated and unchanged CRD in bile. It is majorly excreted in faeces and negligibly in urine. The preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion data are expected to succour the future clinical investigations of CRD as a promising anticancer agent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jaiswal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nagarjun Rangaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Kalpesh Vaghasiya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Mohd Yaseen Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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7
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Dhumal ST, Deshmukh AR, Bhosle MR, Khedkar VM, Nawale LU, Sarkar D, Mane RA. Synthesis and antitubercular activity of new 1,3,4-oxadiazoles bearing pyridyl and thiazolyl scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3646-51. [PMID: 27301367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In search of more potent and safe new antitubercular agents, here new 2-pyridinyl substituted thiazolyl-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (6a-o), have been designed and synthesized using thionicotinamide as a starting, following novel multistep synthetic route. An intermediate, pyridinyl substituted thiazolyl acid hydrazide (4) when condensed with benzoic acids/nicotinic acids (5a-o) in the presence of silica supported POCl3 yielded better to excellent yields of the title compounds. All the synthesized compounds (6a-o) and intermediate acid hydrazide (4) have been screened for their in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MTB) and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Amongst them, 6f, 6j, 6l and 6o have revealed promising activity against M. bovis BCG at concentrations less than 3μg/mL. These compounds have shown low cytotoxicity (CC50: >100μg/mL) towards four human cancer cell lines. Molecular docking study has also been performed against mycobacterial enoyl reductase (InhA) enzyme to gain an insight into the binding modes of these molecules and recorded good binding affinity. The ADME properties the title products have also been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambhaji T Dhumal
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, India
| | - Amarsinh R Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, India
| | - Manisha R Bhosle
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, India
| | - Vijay M Khedkar
- Combi Chem-Bio Resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Laxman U Nawale
- Combi Chem-Bio Resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Combi Chem-Bio Resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ramrao A Mane
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, India.
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Rajoli RKR, Back DJ, Rannard S, Freel Meyers CL, Flexner C, Owen A, Siccardi M. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling to Inform Development of Intramuscular Long-Acting Nanoformulations for HIV. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 54:639-50. [PMID: 25523214 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antiretrovirals are currently used for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. However, poor adherence and low tolerability of some existing oral formulations can hinder their efficacy. Long-acting (LA) injectable nanoformulations could help address these complications by simplifying antiretroviral administration. The aim of this study is to inform the optimisation of intramuscular LA formulations for eight antiretrovirals through physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling. METHODS A whole-body PBPK model was constructed using mathematical descriptions of molecular, physiological and anatomical processes defining pharmacokinetics. These models were validated against available clinical data and subsequently used to predict the pharmacokinetics of injectable LA formulations RESULTS The predictions suggest that monthly intramuscular injections are possible for dolutegravir, efavirenz, emtricitabine, raltegravir, rilpivirine and tenofovir provided that technological challenges to control their release rate can be addressed. CONCLUSIONS These data may help inform the target product profiles for LA antiretroviral reformulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajith K R Rajoli
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L69 3GF, UK
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Hu L, Wu J, Li Z, Bu M, Qiao S, Wang H. RTG-loaded nanomicelles (CS–VES–NAC) for oral anti-HIV drug delivery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09662j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An acetylcysteine–chitosan–vitamin E succinate copolymer (CVN) was synthesized from chitosan (CS), vitamin E succinate (VES) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) as self-assembled nanomicelles for multifunctional delivery of anti-HIV drug Raltegravir (RTG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Hu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jiazhou Wu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Ming Bu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Shenglin Qiao
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing
- China
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10
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Nair V, Okello M. Integrase Inhibitor Prodrugs: Approaches to Enhancing the Anti-HIV Activity of β-Diketo Acids. Molecules 2015; 20:12623-51. [PMID: 26184144 PMCID: PMC6332332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV integrase, encoded at the 3'-end of the HIV pol gene, is essential for HIV replication. This enzyme catalyzes the incorporation of HIV DNA into human DNA, which represents the point of "no-return" in HIV infection. Integrase is a significant target in anti-HIV drug discovery. This review article focuses largely on the design of integrase inhibitors that are β-diketo acids constructed on pyridinone scaffolds. Methodologies for synthesis of these compounds are discussed. Integrase inhibition data for the strand transfer (ST) step are compared with in vitro anti-HIV data. The review also examines the issue of the lack of correlation between the ST enzymology data and anti-HIV assay results. Because this disconnect appeared to be a problem associated with permeability, prodrugs of these inhibitors were designed and synthesized. Prodrugs dramatically improved the anti-HIV activity data. For example, for compound, 96, the anti-HIV activity (EC50) improved from 500 nM for this diketo acid to 9 nM for its prodrug 116. In addition, there was excellent correlation between the IC50 and IC90 ST enzymology data for 96 (6 nM and 97 nM, respectively) and the EC50 and EC90 anti-HIV data for its prodrug 116 (9 nM and 94 nM, respectively). Finally, it was confirmed that the prodrug 116 was rapidly hydrolyzed in cells to the active compound 96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Maurice Okello
- Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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11
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Lee JY, Lee SY, Lee K, Oh SJ, Kim SK. Determination of species-difference in microsomal metabolism of amitriptyline using a predictive MRM-IDA-EPI method. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 229:109-18. [PMID: 25623954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated to compare species differences in amitriptyline (AMI) metabolism among mouse, rat, dog, and human liver microsomes. We developed a method for simultaneous determination of metabolic stability and metabolite profiling using predictive multiple reaction monitoring information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (MRM-IDA-EPI) scanning. In the cofactor-dependent microsomal metabolism study, AMI was metabolized more rapidly in rat and human liver microsomes incubated with NADPH than UDPGA. AMI incubated with NADPH+UDPGA in rat, dog, or mouse liver microsomes disappeared rapidly with a half-life of 3.5, 8.4, or 9.2 min, respectively, but slowly in human liver microsomes with a half-life of 96 min. In total, 9, 10, 11, and 6 putative metabolites of AMI were detected in mouse, rat, dog, and human liver microsomes, respectively, based on mass spectrometric analyses. Kinetic analysis of metabolites in liver microsomes from each species over 120 min showed common metabolic routes of AMI, such as N-demethylation, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation, and subtle interspecies differences in AMI metabolism. The main metabolic routes in mouse, rat, dog, and human liver microsomes were hydroxylation followed by glucuronide conjugation, methyl hydroxylation, and N-demethylation, respectively. The MRM-IDA-EPI method can provide quantitative and qualitative information about metabolic stability and metabolite profiling simultaneously. Moreover, time course analysis of metabolites can not only eliminate false identification of metabolites, but also provide a rationale for proposed metabolic pathways. The MRM-IDA-EPI method combined with time course analysis of metabolites is useful for investigating drug metabolism at the early drug discovery stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - KiHo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Jochiwon-eup, Yeongi-gun, Chungnam 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Bio-Evaluation Center, KRIBB, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Pregnancy influences the plasma pharmacokinetics but not the cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of raltegravir: A preclinical investigation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 65:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Yamamiya I, Yoshisue K, Ishii Y, Yamada H, Yoshida KI. Species variation in the enantioselective metabolism of tegafur to 5-fluorouracil among rats, dogs and monkeys. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1686-97. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Tegafur (FT), a pro-drug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is a racemate consisting of two enantiomers, R and S-FT. The aim of this study was to clarify interspecies variation in the enantioselective metabolism of FT.
Methods
Plasma concentrations of FT enantiomers were determined in rats, dogs and monkeys following intravenous and oral dosing of the racemate (5 mg/kg). In addition, the enzymatic conversion of FT enantiomers to 5-FU was assayed using hepatic preparations.
Key findings
Metabolic clearance of R-FT was higher than that of S-FT in rats and monkeys, but S-FT was the preferential substrate for dogs. An inhibition study revealed that cytochrome P450 is primarily responsible for the enantioselective metabolism of FT in rats and dogs. In contrast, in monkeys, thymidine phosphorylase was a determinant of the enantioselectivity in FT metabolism. Although oral bioavailability was not enantioselective, in-vitro and in-vivo kinetic studies suggested that the enantioselectivity in the hepatic intrinsic clearance of FT directly influences the body clearance in all animal species examined.
Conclusions
The interspecies variations were observed in the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of FT, and the in-vivo enantioselectivity could be extrapolated from the in-vitro metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Yamamiya
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yoshisue
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Yoshida
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
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14
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Moss DM, Curley P, Shone A, Siccardi M, Owen A. A multisystem investigation of raltegravir association with intestinal tissue: implications for pre-exposure prophylaxis and eradication. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:3275-81. [PMID: 25114168 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent clinical data have suggested high raltegravir concentrations in gut tissue after oral administration, with implications for treatment and prevention. We have used in silico, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models to further investigate the accumulation of raltegravir in gut tissue. METHODS Affinity of raltegravir for gut tissue was assessed in silico (Poulin-Theil method), in vitro (Caco-2 accumulation) and ex vivo (rat intestine) and compared with the lipophilic drug lopinavir. Finally, raltegravir concentrations in plasma, gut contents, small intestine and large intestine were determined after oral dosing to Wistar rats 1 and 4 h post-dose. Samples were analysed using LC-MS/MS and scintillation counting. RESULTS Gut tissue accumulation of raltegravir was less than for lopinavir in silico, in vitro and ex vivo (P < 0.05). After oral administration to rats, raltegravir concentrations 4 h post-dose were lower in plasma (0.05 μM) compared with small intestine (0.47 μM, P = 0.06) and large intestine (1.36 μM, P < 0.05). However, raltegravir concentrations in the contents of both small intestine (4.0 μM) and large intestine (40.6 μM) were also high. CONCLUSIONS In silico, in vitro and ex vivo data suggest low raltegravir accumulation in intestinal tissue. In contrast, in vivo animal data suggest raltegravir concentrates in intestinal tissue even when plasma concentrations are minimal. However, high raltegravir concentrations in gut contents are the likely driving factor behind this observation, rather than blood-to-tissue drug distribution. The methods described can be combined with clinical investigations to provide a complete strategy for selection of drugs with high gut accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Moss
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alison Shone
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marco Siccardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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15
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Nair V, Okello M, Mishra S, Mirsalis J, O'Loughlin K, Zhong Y. Pharmacokinetics and dose-range finding toxicity of a novel anti-HIV active integrase inhibitor. Antiviral Res 2014; 108:25-9. [PMID: 24821255 PMCID: PMC4101043 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Integration of viral DNA into human chromosomal DNA catalyzed by HIV integrase represents the "point of no return" in HIV infection. For this reason, HIV integrase is considered a crucial target in the development of new anti-HIV therapeutic agents. We have discovered a novel HIV integrase inhibitor 1, that exhibits potent antiviral activity and a favorable metabolism profile. This paper reports on the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of compound 1 and the relevance of these findings with respect to further development of this integrase-targeted antiviral agent. Oral administration of compound 1 in Sprague Dawley rats revealed rapid absorption. Drug exposure increased with increasing drug concentration, indicative of appropriate dose-dependence correlation. Compound 1 exhibited suitable plasma half-life, extensive extravascular distribution and acceptable bioavailability. Toxicity studies revealed no compound-related clinical pathology findings. There were no changes in erythropoietic, white blood cell or platelet parameters in male and female rats. There was no test-article related change in other clinical chemistry parameters. In addition, there were no detectable levels of bilirubin in the urine and there were no treatment-related effects on urobilinogen or other urinalysis parameters. The preclinical studies also revealed that the no observed adverse effect level and the maximum tolerated dose were both high (>500mg/kg/day). The broad and significant antiviral activity and favorable metabolism profile of this integrase inhibitor, when combined with the in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic data and their pharmacological relevance, provide compelling and critical support for its further development as an anti-HIV therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Maurice Okello
- Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jon Mirsalis
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Yu Zhong
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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16
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Hoppe E, Hewitt NJ, Buchstaller HP, Eggenweiler HM, Sirrenberg C, Zimmermann A, März J, Schwartz H, Saal C, Meyring M, Hecht S. A Novel Strategy for ADME Screening of Prodrugs: Combined Use of Serum and Hepatocytes to Integrate Bioactivation and Clearance, and Predict Exposure to Both Active and Prodrug to the Systemic Circulation. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1504-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Kimble B, Li KM, Valtchev P, Higgins DP, Krockenberger MB, Govendir M. In vitro hepatic microsomal metabolism of meloxicam in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), rats (Rattus norvegicus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 161:7-14. [PMID: 24345479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative and qualitative aspects of in vitro metabolism of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam, mediated via hepatic microsomes of specialized foliage (Eucalyptus) eating marsupials (koalas and ringtail possums), a generalized foliage eating marsupial (brushtail possum), rats, and dogs, are described. Using a substrate depletion method, intrinsic hepatic clearance (in vitro Clint) was determined. Significantly, rates of oxidative transformation of meloxicam, likely mediated via cytochromes P450 (CYP), were higher in marsupials compared to rats or dogs. The rank order of apparent in vitro Clint was brushtail possums (n=3) (mean: 394μL/min/mg protein), >koalas (n=6) (50), >ringtail possums (n=2) (36) (with no significant difference between koalas and ringtail possums), >pooled rats (3.2)>pooled dogs (in which the rate of depletion, as calculated by the ratio of the substrate remaining was <20% and too slow to determine). During the depletion of meloxicam, at a first-order rate constant, 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite (M1) was identified in the brushtail possums and the rat as the major metabolite. However, multiple hydroxyl metabolites were observed in the koala (M1, M2, and M3) and the ringtail possum (M1 and M3) indicating that these specialized foliage-eating marsupials have diverse oxidation capacity to metabolize meloxicam. Using a well-stirred model, the apparent in vitro Clint of meloxicam for koalas and the rat was further scaled to compare with published in vivo Cl. The closest in vivo Cl prediction from in vitro data of koalas was demonstrated with scaled hepatic Cl(total) (average fold error=1.9) excluding unbound fractions in the blood and microsome values; whereas for rats, the in-vitro scaled hepatic Cl fu(blood, mic), corrected with unbound fractions in the blood and microsome values, provided the best prediction (fold error=1.86). This study indicates that eutherians such as rats or dogs serve as inadequate models for dosage extrapolation of this drug to marsupials due to differences in hepatic turnover rate. Furthermore, as in vivo Cl is one of the pharmacokinetic indexes for determining therapeutic drug dosages, this study demonstrates the utility of in vitro to in vivo scaling as an alternative prediction method of drug Cl in koalas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kimble
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K M Li
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D P Higgins
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M B Krockenberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Govendir
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Grobler L, Grobler A, Haynes R, Masimirembwa C, Thelingwani R, Steenkamp P, Steyn HS. The effect of the Pheroid delivery system on the in vitro metabolism and in vivo pharmacokinetics of artemisone. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:313-25. [PMID: 24511903 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.885503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives were to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of artemisone and artemisone formulated in the Pheroid® drug delivery system in primates and to establish whether the formulation affects the in vitro metabolism of artemisone in human and monkey liver and intestinal microsomes. METHODS For the PK study, a single oral dose of artemisone was administered to vervet monkeys using a crossover design. Plasma samples were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For the in vitro metabolism study, clearance was determined using microsomes and recombinant CYP3A4 enzymes, and samples were analyzed by means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Artemisone and M1 plasma levels were unexpectedly low compared to those previously recorded in rodents and humans. The in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) of the reference formulation with monkey liver microsomes was much higher (1359.33 ± 103.24 vs 178.86 ± 23.42) than that of human liver microsomes. The in vitro data suggest that microsomal metabolism of artemisone is inhibited by the Pheroid delivery system. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo results obtained in this study indicate that the Pheroid delivery system improves the PK profile of artemisone. The in vitro results indicate that microsomal metabolism of artemisone is inhibited by the Pheroid delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Grobler
- North-West University, Faculty of Health Sciences, DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform , Potchefstroom , South Africa +27 18 299 2281, +27 18 299 4467 ; +27 18 285 2233 ; ;
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Zhang T, Li Y, Zou P, Yu JY, McEachern D, Wang S, Sun D. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of an antagonist (SM-406/AT-406) of multiple inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) in a mouse xenograft model of human breast cancer. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 34:348-59. [PMID: 23813446 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a class of key apoptosis regulators overexpressed or dysregulated in cancer. SM-406/AT-406 is a potent and selective small molecule mimetic of Smac that antagonizes the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK-PD) model was developed to predict the tissue concentration-time profiles of SM-406, the related onco-protein levels in tumor, and the tumor growth inhibition in a mouse model bearing human breast cancer xenograft. In the whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for pharmacokinetics characterization, a well stirred (perfusion rate-limited) model was used to describe SM-406 pharmacokinetics in the lung, heart, kidney, intestine, liver and spleen, and a diffusion rate-limited (permeability limited) model was used for tumor. Pharmacodynamic (PD) models were developed to correlate the SM-406 concentration in tumor to the cIAP1 degradation, pro-caspase 8 decrease, CL-PARP accumulation and tumor growth inhibition. The PBPK-PD model well described the experimental pharmacokinetic data, the pharmacodynamic biomarker responses and tumor growth. This model may be helpful to predict tumor and plasma SM-406 concentrations in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Desai NC, Bhatt N, Somani H, Trivedi A. Synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of some novel thiazole clubbed 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:54-9. [PMID: 23835482 PMCID: PMC7127452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiazole clubbed 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (5a-l) have been synthesized and characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral analysis. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The results indicated that, compounds 5c and 5i exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity. Compound 5f was found to be the most potent antifungal agent. The structure activity relationship revealed that the presence of electron withdrawing groups at para position of phenyl ring remarkably enhanced the antibacterial activity of synthesized compounds. Further, the results of preliminary MTT cytotoxicity studies on HeLa cells suggested that potent antimicrobial activity of 5b, 5c, 5f, 5h and 5i is accompanied by low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Desai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored), Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar 364 002, India.
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21
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Moss DM, Siccardi M, Back DJ, Owen A. Predicting intestinal absorption of raltegravir using a population-based ADME simulation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1627-34. [PMID: 23515248 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Raltegravir pharmacokinetics (PK) show high intra- and inter-patient variability and are also influenced by co-administered substances that alter the gastrointestinal tract environment, such as pH-altering or metal-containing agents. The aim of this investigation was to develop a population-based absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) model to investigate the effects of gastrointestinal pH and ingested magnesium on raltegravir PK. METHODS In vitro data describing the disposition of raltegravir were obtained from literature sources or generated by standard methods. Raltegravir (400 mg single dose) PK were simulated in healthy volunteers (50 subjects per group, 20-50 years old, 0.5 proportion female subjects) over a 12 h period. RESULTS Simulated raltegravir PK correlated well with data from clinical trials, with a mean deviation in C(max), AUC(0-12) and C(trough) of <20%. Solubility of raltegravir in the gastrointestinal tract was increased at higher luminal pH. Increased intestinal pH and transit time both correlated with higher raltegravir absorption (P<0.001). Magnesium ingestion reduced raltegravir exposure in simulated subjects, with mean C(trough) reduced by 32% (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The in vitro-in vivo extrapolation model developed in this study predicted raltegravir PK in virtual individuals with different gastrointestinal pH profiles. The main PK variables were predicted with good accuracy compared with reference data, and both luminal pH and magnesium were able to influence drug absorption. This modelling system provides a tool for investigating the absorption of other drugs, including HIV integrase inhibitors currently in development, which have also shown interactions with food and metal-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Moss
- Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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23
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Seo BI, Uchil VR, Okello M, Mishra S, Ma XH, Nishonov M, Shu Q, Chi G, Nair V. Discovery of a Potent HIV Integrase Inhibitor that Leads to a Prodrug with Significant anti-HIV Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:877-881. [PMID: 22328963 DOI: 10.1021/ml2001246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide research efforts in drug discovery involving HIV integrase have produced only one compound, raltegravir, that has been approved for clinical use in HIV/AIDS. As resistance, toxicity and drug-drug interactions are recurring issues with all classes of anti-HIV drugs, the discovery of novel integrase inhibitors remains a significant scientific challenge. We have designed a lead HIV-1 strand transfer (ST) inhibitor (IC(50) 70 nM), strategically assembled on a pyridinone scaffold. A focused structure-activity investigation of this parent compound led to a significantly more potent ST inhibitor, 2 (IC(50) 6 ± 3 nM). Compound 2 exhibits good stability in pooled human liver microsomes. It also displays a notably favorable profile with respect to key human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes and human UDP glucuronosyl transferases (UGTs). The prodrug of inhibitor 2, i.e., compound 10, was found to possess remarkable anti-HIV-1 activity in cell culture (EC(50) 9 ± 4 nM, CC(50) 135 ± 7 μM, therapeutic index = 15,000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung I. Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Vinod R. Uchil
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Maurice Okello
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Malik Nishonov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Qingning Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Guochen Chi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Vasu Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Minimal removal of raltegravir by hemodialysis in HIV-infected patients with end-stage renal disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3047-8. [PMID: 20439608 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00363-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about raltegravir removal by hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We therefore measured raltegravir concentrations in plasma in pre- and postdialyzer blood samples from 2 ESRD HIV-infected patients. The hemodialysis extraction ratio and raltegravir hemodialysis clearance were 5.5% and 9.1 ml/min in patient 1 and 9.5% and 19.1 ml/min in patient 2, respectively. Our results suggest minimal raltegravir removal by hemodialysis with no specific raltegravir dosage adjustments required in HIV-infected patients undergoing hemodialysis.
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