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Fourel I, Roque F, Orabi P, Augiron S, Couzi FX, Puech MP, Chetot T, Lattard V. Stereoselective bioaccumulation of chiral anticoagulant rodenticides in the liver of predatory and scavenging raptors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170545. [PMID: 38296081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are persistent chiral pesticides used to control rodent populations. Raptors are protected species and may be exposed through the ingestion of rodents contaminated with SGARs. Commercial formulations of SGARs are a mixture of four stereoisomers (E1, E2, E3, E4): the cis- and trans-diastereoisomers are each a racemic mixture of two enantiomers. In this study, the residue levels of all SGARs (bromadiolone, difenacoum, brodifacoum, difethialone, flocoumafen) were evaluated in the liver of 529 raptor carcasses. All species (n = 18) and 75 % of individuals (n = 396) were SGAR positive and 29 % (n = 154) had summed hepatic concentrations above 100 ng/g ww. Concentrations were higher for predators with facultative scavenging behaviors than for predators and obligate scavengers. Bromadiolone, brodifacoum and difenacoum had equivalent hepatic prevalence (between 48.9 and 49.9 %), and difethialone was detected less frequently (31.7 %). Concentrations and enantiomeric fractions of the four stereoisomers of all SGARs are described in to demonstrate the biological enantioselectivity of these chiral pesticides in the food chain. A difference was observed between the proportions of SGARs diastereoisomers and stereoisomers in the liver of all raptor species and in commercial baits. The enantioselective bioaccumulation of E1-trans-bromadiolone, E3-cis-brodifacoum, E1-cis-difenacoum and E3-cis-difethialone was characterized and represented 96.8 % of total SGARs hepatic residues. While hepatic concentrations were heterogeneous, the proportions of stereoisomers and diastereoisomers were homogeneous with no inter-individual or inter-species differences (only E1-trans-bromadiolone is present in hepatic residues). However, proportions of brodifacoum stereoisomers and diastereoisomers were more scattered, probably due to their slower elimination. This could provide an opportunity to date the exposure of individuals to brodifacoum. We highlight the need to consider each SGAR as four molecular entities (four stereoisomers) rather than one. These findings suggest new commercial formulations with the less persistent stereoisomers could reduce secondary exposure of non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233-INRAE RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Florence Roque
- CNITV, VetAgro Sup, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Pascal Orabi
- French Bird Protection League (LPO France), France
| | - Steve Augiron
- SEOR, 13 ruelle des Orchidées, 97440 Saint-André, La Réunion, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Chetot
- USC 1233-INRAE RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233-INRAE RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Takeda K, Shimizu K, Sato M, Katayama M, Nakayama SMM, Tanaka K, Ikenaka Y, Hashimoto T, Minato R, Oyamada Y, Tanaka KD, Kimura G, Tanikawa T, Kato K, Kusakabe T, Ishizuka M, Kamata R. Sensitivity assessment of diphacinone by pharmacokinetic analysis in invasive black rats in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Archipelago, Japan. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 199:105767. [PMID: 38458676 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The Bonin Archipelago is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's World Natural Heritage Site in Japan with a unique ecosystem; however, the invasive rodents preying on endemic species have been a significant concern. The anticoagulant rodenticide, diphacinone, sprayed by the Ministry of the Environment, has succeeded; however, its repeated use leads to rodenticide resistance. This study evaluated the sensitivity by in vivo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) analysis and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to diphacinone in black rats (Rattus rattus) captured on the Bonin Archipelago in February 2022. The Bonin rats exhibited prolonged coagulation time after diphacinone administration. They recovered earlier than susceptible black rats, indicating that Bonin rats were less susceptible, though there were no genetic mutations in Vkorc1, the target enzyme of diphacinone. After the administration of diphacinone, hepatic expression levels of Fsp1, identified as the vitamin K reductase, was decreased, however, the Bonin rats exhibited the most minor suppression. The PK analysis showed that the excretion capacity of the Bonin rats was lower than that of the resistant black rats. In the PBPK modeling, the resistant black rats showed higher clearance than the Bonin and susceptible black rats due to high hepatic metabolic capacity. The Bonin rats demonstrated slow absorption and relatively low clearance. This study highlighted the reduced rodenticide-sensitive tendency of wild black rats in the Bonin Archipelago at an in vivo phenotype level. At the same time, they do not have known rodenticide resistance mechanisms, such as hepatic metabolic enhancement or Vkorc1 mutations. It is crucial to monitor the biological levels to evaluate rodenticide sensitivity accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takeda
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, E23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-0021, Japan; Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J3-1818, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 226-0026, Japan; Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Keita Shimizu
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, E23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-0021, Japan
| | - Miyu Sato
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, E23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-0021, Japan
| | - Masafumi Katayama
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Great East Road, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kotaro Tanaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, E23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuma Hashimoto
- Japan Wildlife Research Center, Kotobashi 3-3-7, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8606, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Minato
- Japan Wildlife Research Center, Kotobashi 3-3-7, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8606, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oyamada
- Japan Wildlife Research Center, Kotobashi 3-3-7, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8606, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki D Tanaka
- Technical Research Laboratory, Ikari Shodoku Co., Ltd, Akanehama 1-12-3, Shin-Narashino, Chiba 275-0024, Japan
| | - Goro Kimura
- Technical Research Laboratory, Ikari Shodoku Co., Ltd, Akanehama 1-12-3, Shin-Narashino, Chiba 275-0024, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanikawa
- Technical Research Laboratory, Ikari Shodoku Co., Ltd, Akanehama 1-12-3, Shin-Narashino, Chiba 275-0024, Japan; Animal Health Technology Department, Yamazaki Professional Collage of Animal Health Technology, Shoto2-3-10, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo 150-0046, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Taichi Kusakabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamata
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, E23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-0021, Japan
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Yáñez O, Alegría-Arcos M, Suardiaz R, Morales-Quintana L, Castro RI, Palma-Olate J, Galarza C, Catagua-González Á, Rojas-Pérez V, Urra G, Hernández-Rodríguez EW, Bustos D. Calcium-Alginate-Chitosan Nanoparticle as a Potential Solution for Pesticide Removal, a Computational Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3020. [PMID: 37514411 PMCID: PMC10383139 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides have a significant negative impact on the environment, non-target organisms, and human health. To address these issues, sustainable pest management practices and government regulations are necessary. However, biotechnology can provide additional solutions, such as the use of polyelectrolyte complexes to encapsulate and remove pesticides from water sources. We introduce a computational methodology to evaluate the capture capabilities of Calcium-Alginate-Chitosan (CAC) nanoparticles for a broad range of pesticides. By employing ensemble-docking and molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the intermolecular interactions and absorption/adsorption characteristics between the CAC nanoparticles and selected pesticides. Our findings reveal that charged pesticide molecules exhibit more than double capture rates compared to neutral counterparts, owing to their stronger affinity for the CAC nanoparticles. Non-covalent interactions, such as van der Waals forces, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonds, are identified as key factors which stabilized the capture and physisorption of pesticides. Density profile analysis confirms the localization of pesticides adsorbed onto the surface or absorbed into the polymer matrix, depending on their chemical nature. The mobility and diffusion behavior of captured compounds within the nanoparticle matrix is assessed using mean square displacement and diffusion coefficients. Compounds with high capture levels exhibit limited mobility, indicative of effective absorption and adsorption. Intermolecular interaction analysis highlights the significance of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions in the pesticide-polymer association. Notably, two promising candidates, an antibiotic derived from tetracycline and a rodenticide, demonstrate a strong affinity for CAC nanoparticles. This computational methodology offers a reliable and efficient screening approach for identifying effective pesticide capture agents, contributing to the development of eco-friendly strategies for pesticide removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Yáñez
- Núcleo de Investigación en Data Science, Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Melissa Alegría-Arcos
- Núcleo de Investigación en Data Science, Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Reynier Suardiaz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3400000, Chile
| | - Ricardo I Castro
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Carrera de Ingeniería en Construcción, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3400000, Chile
| | | | - Christian Galarza
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil EC090903, Ecuador
| | | | - Víctor Rojas-Pérez
- Doctorado en Biotecnología Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3480094, Chile
| | - Gabriela Urra
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Química Computacional, Departamento de Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3480094, Chile
| | - Erix W Hernández-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Química Computacional, Departamento de Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3480094, Chile
- Unidad de Bioinformática Clínica, Centro Oncológico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3480094, Chile
| | - Daniel Bustos
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Química Computacional, Departamento de Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3480094, Chile
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
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Rached A, Mahjoub T, Fafournoux A, Barbier B, Fourel I, Caruel H, Lefebvre S, Lattard V. Interest of the faecal and plasma matrix for monitoring the exposure of wildlife or domestic animals to anticoagulant rodenticides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:104033. [PMID: 36481560 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs), particularly second-generation compounds (SGAR), are known to be a potential threat to unintended species due to their tissue persistence. The liver is the storage tissue of ARs and is a matrix of choice in diagnosing exposure and intoxication of non-target fauna. However, it is only available on dead animals. Blood and faeces can be used on living animals. These two biological matrices were compared in terms of their relevance to exposure to ARs. In addressing this question, we compared the faecal, plasma and liver concentrations of bromadiolone, one of the SGAR frequently implicated in wildlife exposure. We studied this comparison at the individual level and at the population level, considering three influencing factors: dose, sex and time. Our findings demonstrate that faecal analyses are more valuable than plasma analyses for monitoring AR exposure of domestic and wild animals, even if faecal concentrations cannot be correlated with liver concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Rached
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Liphatech, Bonnel, 47480 Pont du Casse, France
| | - Tarek Mahjoub
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Biochemistry, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ambre Fafournoux
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Brigitte Barbier
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Sébastien Lefebvre
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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5
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Oliva-Vidal P, Martínez JM, Sánchez-Barbudo IS, Camarero PR, Colomer MÀ, Margalida A, Mateo R. Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in the blood of obligate and facultative European avian scavengers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120385. [PMID: 36257565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) and their high persistence in animal tissues has led to these compounds becoming ubiquitous in rodent-predator-scavenger food webs. Exposure to SGARs has usually been investigated in wildlife species found dead, and despite growing evidence of the potential risk of secondary poisoning of predators and scavengers, the current worldwide exposure of free-living scavenging birds to SGARs remains scarcely investigated. We present the first active monitoring of blood SGAR concentrations and prevalence in the four European obligate (i.e., vultures) and facultative (red and black kites) avian scavengers in NE Spain. We analysed 261 free-living birds and detected SGARs in 39.1% (n = 102) of individuals. Both SGAR prevalence and concentrations (ΣSGARs) were related to the age and foraging behaviour of the species studied. Black kites showed the highest prevalence (100%), followed by red kites (66.7%), Egyptian (64.2%), bearded (20.9%), griffon (16.9%) and cinereous (6.3%) vultures. Overall, both the prevalence and average ΣSGARs were higher in non-nestlings than nestlings, and in species such as kites and Egyptian vultures foraging in anthropic landscapes (e.g., landfill sites and livestock farms) and exploiting small/medium-sized carrions. Brodifacoum was most prevalent (28.8%), followed by difenacoum (16.1%), flocoumafen (12.3%) and bromadiolone (7.3%). In SGAR-positive birds, the ΣSGAR (mean ± SE) was 7.52 ± 0.95 ng mL-1; the highest level detected being 53.50 ng mL-1. The most abundant diastereomer forms were trans-bromadiolone and flocoumafen, and cis-brodifacoum and difenacoum, showing that lower impact formulations could reduce secondary exposures of non-target species. Our findings suggest that SGARs can bioaccumulate in scavenging birds, showing the potential risk to avian scavenging guilds in Europe and elsewhere. We highlight the need for further studies on the potential adverse effects associated with concentrations of SGARSs in the blood to better interpret active monitoring studies of free-living birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Oliva-Vidal
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Spain.
| | - José María Martínez
- Gobierno de Aragón, Subdirección General de Desarrollo Rural y Sostenibilidad, Departamento Medio Ambiente, C/ General Lasheras 8, E-22003 Huesca, Spain
| | - Inés S Sánchez-Barbudo
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mª Àngels Colomer
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Avda. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Spain
| | - Antoni Margalida
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain; Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), Avda. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, 12, 22700, Jaca, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Ravindran S, Noor HM, Salim H. Anticoagulant rodenticide use in oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia and hazard assessment to non-target animals. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:976-997. [PMID: 35699849 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are used worldwide for the control of rodent pests and are the main method of control of rat pest populations in agricultural areas. The main aim of this review is to discuss the risk of ARs to non-target wildlife in oil palm areas in Southeast Asia, mainly Indonesia and Malaysia. We discussed AR use in oil palm areas and toxicities of ARs on target and non-target animals. We also reviewed published literature on wildlife species reported in oil palm areas in Southeast Asia and utilizing this information, we assessed the hazard risk of ARs to non-target wildlife in oil palm plantations. ARs are a secondary exposure hazard to rodent-consuming mammalian carnivores, such as leopard cats and civets, and rodent-consuming raptors, such as barn owls. Consumption of dead poisoned prey puts scavengers, such as water monitors, at high risk for AR exposure. Domestic livestock and granivorous birds are at high risk for AR exposure via primary exposure to toxic bait, while omnivores such as macaques and wild pigs are at moderate risk for both primary and secondary exposure to ARs. The effects of ARs on barn owls have been well studied in the field and in laboratory secondary toxicity studies. Thus, the nest-box occupancy and reproductive parameters of local barn owl populations can be monitored as an indicator of the AR exposure level in the area. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: No clinical trials were involved in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakinah Ravindran
- Barn Owl and Rodent Research Group (BORG), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hafidzi Mohd Noor
- Plant Protection Department, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasber Salim
- Barn Owl and Rodent Research Group (BORG), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Vector Control and Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Mahjoub T, Krafft E, Garnier L, Mignard A, Hugnet C, Lefebvre S, Fourel I, Benoit E, Lattard V. Asymptomatic Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure in Dogs and Cats—A French and Belgian Rural and Urban Areas Study. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:907892. [PMID: 35647575 PMCID: PMC9131000 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.907892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are important tools for controlling rodent pests, but they also pose a health threat to non-target species. ARs are one of the most common causes of pet poisoning. However, exposure of domestic animals to subclinical doses of ARs is poorly documented. To study the random exposure of dogs and cats to ARs, feces from animals showing no clinical signs of rodenticide poisoning were collected from a network of French and Belgian veterinarians. We analyzed fresh feces from 304 dogs and 289 cats by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This study showed a limited prevalence of AR exposure in dogs and cats of 2.6 and 4.5% respectively. In both species, access to the outdoors is a risk factor for ARs exposure. In contrast, the sex of the animals did not affect the ARs exposure status. The observation of the ratio of cis and trans isomers suggested primary exposure in dogs, but also in some cats. While primary exposure in dogs appears to be related to the use of ARs as plant protection products, primary exposure in cats may be malicious, as warfarin, an anticoagulant formerly used as a rodenticide and now used only in humans, was found in 4 of 13 exposed cats. Secondary exposure may also occur in cats.Our study showed reduced exposure in dogs and cats, compared to wildlife, which often has high exposure, especially in areas where rodent control is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mahjoub
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Biochemistry, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Emilie Krafft
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Léa Garnier
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Mignard
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Isabelle Fourel
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Virginie Lattard,
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8
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Moriceau MA, Lefebvre S, Fourel I, Benoit E, Buronfosse-Roque F, Orabi P, Rattner BA, Lattard V. Exposure of predatory and scavenging birds to anticoagulant rodenticides in France: Exploration of data from French surveillance programs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151291. [PMID: 34748846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wild raptors are widely used to assess exposure to different environmental contaminants, including anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). ARs are used on a global scale for rodent control, and act by disruption of the vitamin K cycle that results in haemorrhage usually accompanied by death within days. Some ARs are highly persistent and bioaccumulative, which can cause significant exposure of non-target species. We characterized AR exposure in a heterogeneous sample of dead raptors collected over 12 years (2008-2019) in south-eastern France. Residue analysis of 156 liver samples through LC-MS/MS revealed that 50% (78/156) were positive for ARs, with 13.5% (21/156) having summed second-generation AR (SGAR) concentrations >100 ng/g ww. While SGARs were commonly detected (97.4% of positive samples), first-generation ARs were rarely found (7.7% of positive samples). ARs were more frequently detected and at greater concentration in predators (prevalence: 82.5%) than in scavengers (38.8%). Exposure to multiple ARs was common (64.1% of positive samples). While chlorophacinone exposure decreased over time, an increasing exposure trend was observed for the SGAR brodifacoum, suggesting that public policies may not be efficient at mitigating risk of exposure for non-target species. Haemorrhage was observed in 88 birds, but AR toxicosis was suspected in only 2 of these individuals, and no difference in frequency of haemorrhage was apparent in birds displaying summed SGAR levels above or below 100 ng/g ww. As for other contaminants, 17.2% of liver samples (11/64) exhibited Pb levels compatible with sub-clinical poisoning (>6 μg/g dw), with 6.3% (4/64) above the threshold for severe/lethal poisoning (>30 μg/g dw). Nine individuals with Pb levels >6 μg/g dw also had AR residues, demonstrating exposure to multiple contaminants. Broad toxicological screening for other contaminants was positive for 18 of 126 individuals, with carbofuran and mevinphos exposure being the suspected cause of death of 17 birds. Our findings demonstrate lower but still substantial AR exposure of scavenging birds compared to predatory birds, and also illustrate the complexity of diagnosing AR toxicosis through forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg-Anne Moriceau
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France; CNITV, VetAgro Sup, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Sébastien Lefebvre
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Isabelle Fourel
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | | | - Pascal Orabi
- French Bird Protection League (LPO France), France
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F69 280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France.
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9
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Rached A, Lattard V, Fafournoux A, Caruel H, Fourel I, Benoit E, Lefebvre S. Comparative pharmacokinetics of difethialone stereoisomers in male and female rats and mice: development of an intra- and inter-species model to predict the suitable formulation mix. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:535-544. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Suljević D, Ibragić S, Mitrašinović-Brulić M, Fočak M. Evaluating the effects of anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone in Wistar rats co-exposed to vitamin K: impact on blood-liver axis and brain oxidative status. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:525-536. [PMID: 34816338 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of vitamin K relate to protection against detrimental effects of bromadiolone. Wistar rats (n = 30) were divided in three groups (n = 10): control group and two groups treated with bromadiolone (0.12 mg/kg) and bromadiolone + vitamin K (0.12 mg/kg + 100 mg/kg) over the period of four days. The main findings in the bromadiolone-exposed rats, such as damaged hepatocytes, high levels of globulin, total proteins and lymphocytes, and altered albumin/globulin ratio, collectively indicate an acute inflammatory process. Morphological changes in erythrocytes include microcytosis, hypochromia, hyperchromia, hemolysis, stomatocytosis, and spherocytosis. Significantly low values of RBC, Hct, and hemoglobin concentrations indicate impairments of the hematopoietic pathway causing combined anemia. The selected dose of bromadiolone caused a non-significant increase of catalase activity and a significant increase of the total protein content in brain tissue homogenates. Vitamin K supplementation reduced many of the harmful effects of bromadiolone. The cytoprotective role of vitamin K was proved to be of great importance for the preservation of structural changes on the membranes of hepatocytes and erythrocytes, in addition to the known role in the treatment of coagulopathies. The results of the study suggest valuable properties of vitamin K in the prevention and treatment of various types of anemia caused by bromadiolone toxicity. Future research is necessary to determine the adequate dose and treatment duration with vitamin K in disorders caused by the cumulative action of bromadiolone and possibly other pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Suljević
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Saida Ibragić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Mitrašinović-Brulić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muhamed Fočak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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11
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Fourel I, Couzi FX, Lattard V. Monitoring the hepatic residues of cis- and trans-diastereoisomers of second generation anticoagulant rodenticides reveals a different bioaccumulation of diastereoisomers in the food chain of the Réunion harrier (Circus maillardi). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146287. [PMID: 33752022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Réunion harrier is an endangered raptor and endemic species to the Réunion Island. Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are widely used pesticides on the island in order to control rodent populations. The latter are responsible for the transmission of leptospirosis to humans, the damage of sugarcane crops, and the decline of endemic endangered birds. SGARs are very persistent chiral pesticides and consequent secondary exposure or poisoning of the Réunion harrier has been observed (73% of prevalence in a group of 58 harriers). Commercial formulations of SGARs are a mixture of trans- and cis-diastereoisomers. Both diastereoisomers of all SGARs have been shown to inhibit coagulation function with the same potency. On the other hand, they have been shown to have a significant difference in terms of tissue-persistence. This difference has led to residue levels in rats with a significantly lower proportion of one of the isomers compared to the bait composition. In this study, residue levels of the diastereoisomers of all SGARs were evaluated in the livers of 58 harrier carcasses. The respective concentrations and proportions of cis- and trans- diastereoisomers of all SGARs are presented. cis-Brodifacoum and trans-bromadiolone had the highest concentrations (up to 438 and 573 ng/g ww respectively), while trans-brodifacoum was less than 46 ng/g and cis-bromadiolone was barely detected. cis-Difenacoum showed the highest prevalence and the highest concentration was 82 ng/g ww, while trans-difenacoum was never detected. This study demonstrated that only cis-brodifacoum and trans-bromadiolone (and cis-difethialone, but with a low prevalence) had hepatic concentrations above a toxic threshold. The cis- and trans-diastereoisomers of SGARs had differential bioaccumulation in the food chain of the Réunion harrier compared to commercial baits. This suggests that a change of the proportions of SGARs diastereoisomers in baits could reduce the risk of secondary poisoning of predators, but maintain primary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | | | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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12
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An Innovative Nanobody-Based High-Biocompatibility Gold Interdigitated Microelectrode Electrochemical Bioimpedance Sensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Difenacoum in Human Serum. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143930. [PMID: 34300848 PMCID: PMC8306424 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Difenacoum (DIF) is one of the most widely used anticoagulant rodenticides. However, accidental or intentional ingestion of DIF seriously threatens humans and other non-target species. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive detection method to quantify DIF is urgently needed. In this study, one anti-DIF nanobody (Nb) was assembled on the surface of a gold interdigitated microelectrode (IDME) using an Au–S bond to fabricate a bioimpedance sensor. To improve the immobilization amount of Nbs on the electrode, a polycrystalline gold IDME was prepared to provide a larger surface and better biocompatibility. Thus, a novel and ultrasensitive bioimpedance sensor based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was designed for the determination of DIF, and it displayed good reproducibility and stability in human serum. The proposed bioimpedance sensor displayed a wide working range, between 0.1–1000 pg/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 pg/mL of DIF. This method exhibited excellent performance, good sensitivity, and reproducibility and achieved the highest sensitivity of all currently existing methods used to quantify DIF. The highly sensitive DIF detection of this proposed bioimpedance sensor indicates its potential as an efficacious approach for DIF monitoring in human serum with high accuracy and precision.
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13
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Nosal DG, Feinstein DL, van Breemen RB. Chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of superwarfarin rodenticide stereoisomers - Bromadiolone, difenacoum and brodifacoum - In human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1165:122529. [PMID: 33486217 PMCID: PMC7875153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Superwarfarins are second-generation long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides that can cause unintended human and wildlife toxicity due, in part, to their prolonged half-lives. Commercially available superwarfarin rodenticides are synthesized as racemates with two asymmetric carbons, producing four stereoisomers. To support studies of human plasma half-lives of individual superwarfarin stereoisomers, a method was developed based on LC-MS/MS to separate and quantify stereoisomers of the commercially important superwarfarins bromadiolone, difenacoum and brodifacoum. Human plasma samples were prepared using protein precipitation and centrifugation. Chiral-phase HPLC separation was carried out on-line with tandem mass spectrometric quantitative analysis of the eluting stereoisomers using selected-reaction monitoring with positive ion electrospray on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. All four stereoisomers of each superwarfarin were resolved within 12.5 min with calibration curves spanning 2-3 orders of magnitude and lower limits of quantitation between 0.87 and 2.55 ng/mL. This method was used to determine the half-lives of superwarfarin stereoisomers in plasma from patients who had inhaled synthetic cannabinoid products contaminated with superwarfarins. These data may be used to guide the development of safer next generation anticoagulant rodenticides stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Nosal
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Ave, MC513, E720, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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14
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Abi Khalil R, Barbier B, Rached A, Benoit E, Pinot A, Lattard V. Water vole management - Could anticoagulant rodenticides stereochemistry mitigate the ecotoxicity issues associated to their use? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103536. [PMID: 33130091 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic water vole population explosions can be controlled in some European countries with anticoagulant rodenticides leading sometimes to wildlife poisonings due to the toxin's tissue persistence. Here, we analyzed the pharmacokinetics of rodenticide residues in voles and we explored potential ways of improving the mass application of these agents based on the concept of stereoisomers. We demonstrated the dramatic persistence of bromadiolone in vole tissues with a hepatic half-life of about 10-30 days, while the tissue persistence of chlorophacinone is rather short with a hepatic half-life of about one day. The dramatic persistence of bromadiolone is due to the trans-isomer group (the major compound in bromadiolone), while the cis-isomer group has a short half-life. Because of resistance to chlorophacinone, the cis-bromadiolone isomers may constitute an excellent compromise between efficacy and ecotoxicological risk to control voles. A mathematical model is proposed to favor the development of baits mixed with cis-isomer groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abi Khalil
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Brigitte Barbier
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Antoine Rached
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Adrien Pinot
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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15
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Rached A, Moriceau MA, Serfaty X, Lefebvre S, Lattard V. Biomarkers Potency to Monitor Non-target Fauna Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:616276. [PMID: 33426034 PMCID: PMC7785832 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.616276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides to control agricultural pests is a hot topic on the public scene of environmental health. Selective pest control for minimum environmental impact is a major goal of the environmental toxicology field, notably to avoid unintended poisoning in different organisms. Anticoagulant rodenticides cause abnormal blood coagulation process; they have been widely used to control rodents, allowing inadvertent primary and secondary exposure in domestic animals and non-target predatory wildlife species through direct ingestion of rodenticide-containing bait or by consumption of poisoned prey. To report toxic effect, the most common approach is the measurement of liver or plasma residues of anticoagulant rodenticides in dead or intoxicated animals showing clinical symptoms. However, one major challenge is that literature currently lacks a hepatic or plasma concentration threshold value for the differentiation of exposure from toxicity. Regarding the variation in pharmacology properties of anticoagulant rodenticides inter- and intra-species, the dose-response relationship must be defined for each species to prejudge the relative risk of poisoning. Beyond that, biomarkers are a key solution widely used for ecological risk assessment of contaminants. Since anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) have toxic effects at the biochemical level, biomarkers can serve as indicators of toxic exposure. In this sense, toxicological knowledge of anticoagulant rodenticides within organisms is an important tool for defining sensitive, specific, and suitable biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview of the toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic parameters of anticoagulant rodenticides in different animal species. We examine different types of biomarkers used to characterize and differentiate the exposure and toxic effects of anticoagulant rodenticide, showing the strengths and weaknesses of the assays. Finally, we describe possible new biomarkers and highlight their capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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16
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Alabau E, Mentaberre G, Camarero PR, Castillo-Contreras R, Sánchez-Barbudo IS, Conejero C, Fernández-Bocharán MS, López-Olvera JR, Mateo R. Accumulation of diastereomers of anticoagulant rodenticides in wild boar from suburban areas: Implications for human consumers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139828. [PMID: 32534275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We studied the prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in liver and muscle tissues of wild boar captured in the urban area of Barcelona, the suburban area of Collserola Natural Park and the rural area of Santa Quiteria, next to Cabañeros National Park, in Spain. The objective was to assess the influence of both urbanisation and wild boar (Sus scrofa) trophic opportunism on the accumulation of these compounds. We have also evaluated the risk for human consumers of this game meat. Wild boars from Barcelona city showed the highest prevalence of ARs detection (60.8%), followed by the adjoining suburban area of Collserola N.P. (40%) and the rural distant area of Santa Quiteria (7.7%). Liver bioaccumulated ARs (45.2%) more frequently than muscle (11.9%). A significant proportion (13.7%) of wild boar captured in Barcelona city exceeded 200 ng/g of total ARs in liver, a threshold for adverse effects on blood clotting. For difenacoum, there was a predominance of cis isomer, while for brodifacoum and bromadiolone cis and trans isomers appeared in a similar proportion. According to the scarce available information on ARs toxicity in humans, the risk of acute poisoning from game meat consumption seems to be low. However, repeated exposure through liver consumption should be considered in further risk assessments because of the high concentration detected in some samples (up to 0.68 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Alabau
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servicio de Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvaje (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Serra Hunter Fellow, Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H) and Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo-Contreras
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servicio de Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvaje (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés S Sánchez-Barbudo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carles Conejero
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servicio de Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvaje (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María S Fernández-Bocharán
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jorge R López-Olvera
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servicio de Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvaje (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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17
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Nosal DG, Feinstein DL, Chen L, van Breemen RB. Separation and Quantification of Superwarfarin Rodenticide Diastereomers-Bromadiolone, Difenacoum, Flocoumafen, Brodifacoum, and Difethialone-in Human Plasma. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:770-778. [PMID: 33241367 PMCID: PMC7372953 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superwarfarins, second-generation long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides, are 4-hydroxycoumarin analogues of warfarin that contain a large hydrophobic side chain. These compounds contain two chiral centers and are synthesized for commercial use as two pairs of diastereomer. OBJECTIVE To support studies of superwarfarin pharmacokinetics and other efforts to improve clinical care for poisoning victims, a quantitative assay was developed for the measurement of diastereomer of bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen, brodifacoum, and difethialone in human plasma. METHOD Based on ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), this method was validated according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. Sample preparation involved simple protein precipitation followed by reversed phase UHPLC, which resolved all five pairs of cis/trans diastereomer in less than 10 min. Superwarfarins were measured using negative ion electrospray followed by selected-reaction monitoring on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS Calibration curves covered 3-4 orders of magnitude with linear regression coefficients of >0.999. The lower limits of quantitation were from 0.013 to 2.41 ng/mL, and intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision coefficients of variation were <12%. CONCLUSIONS A 10-min UHPLC-MS/MS assay was developed and validated for the separation and quantitative analysis of the pairs of diastereomer of five superwarfarins in human plasma. HIGHLIGHTS This method was used to identify and measure superwarfarins and their cis/trans diastereomers in plasma obtained from patients treated for coagulopathy following consumption of contaminated synthetic cannabinoid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Nosal
- Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Anesthesiology, 835 South Wolcott Ave, MC513, E720, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Luying Chen
- Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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18
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Lefebvre S, Fourel I, Chatron N, Caruel H, Benoit E, Lattard V. Comparative biological properties of the four stereoisomers of difethialone, a second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide, in rats: development of a model allowing to choose the appropriate stereoisomeric ratio. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:795-801. [PMID: 32047980 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current management of rodent pest populations is based on second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGAR). These molecules, of which difethialone is part, are much more efficient than the first generation. Nevertheless, this efficiency comes with a major drawback, SGARs are tissue persistent that increases the exposure of rodent predators to them. According to its chemical structure, difethialone has four stereoisomers, whose specific inhibition potency and pharmacokinetic have never been described and might be useful to design new eco-friendly rodenticides. The study aimed to investigate the ability to inhibit anticoagulant target enzyme (VKORC1) and the pharmacokinetics in rats of the four difethialone stereoisomers in rats. We show that stereoisomers are all highly efficient to inhibit VKORC1 activity, but they have distinct initial half-life with 6.0 h, 25.4 h, 69.3 h, and 82.3 h for, respectively, E4-trans, E2-cis, E1-trans, and E3-cis stereoisomer. These results open the way of the development of eco-friendly and efficient rodenticide by mixing some of these stereoisomers. Preferential incorporation of the E4-trans stereoisomer (high inhibitory VKORC1 potency, relatively shorter liver half-life) into difethialone rodenticides baits might result in a more eco-friendly product than current commercially available difethialone formulations. In addition, we put forward modelling to help design bait according to the circumstance of use (presence of non-target species, food competition, etc.) by modulating the theorical AUC and and the theorical concentration of the product at the death of the rodent pest. Thus, this modeling might allow to diminish the use of laboratory animal in assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lefebvre
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRA, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRA, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Nolan Chatron
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRA, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRA, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRA, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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19
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Potential Health Risk to Humans Related to Accumulation of Brodifacoum and Bromadiolone in the Wheat Grown on Rodenticide Contaminated Soil. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2019-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine in a model experiment the potential residues of bromadiolone and brodifacoum in the wheat grown on soil treated with these rodenticides and to compare them with the respective acceptable daily intake (ADI) in order to obtain information lacking in the scientific literature. The study focused on the level of residues of chronic rodenticides Broder G, with the active ingredient brodifacoum, and DERATION G, with the active ingredient bromadiolone, in wheat (Triticum spp.). The preparations were used in the form of granular bait. In the wheat grown on the soil treated with 100 g.m−2 of the preparation BRODER G, the brodifacoum residues ranged from 0.012 to 0.0218 mg.kg−1, while the treatment of soil with 500 g.m−2 resulted in residues ranging between 0.0344 and 0.0436 mg.kg−1. When using the preparation DE-RATION G, bromadiolone residues ranged between 0.012 and 0.018 mg.kg−1 after the treatment of soil with 100 g.m−2 and between 0.030 and 0.0428 mg.kg−1 after the treatment with 500 g.m−2. We observed that the acceptable daily intake was exceeded significantly in all of the cases and the residual levels depended on the rodenticide dose. In the case of brodifacoum, the ADI was exceeded more than 700-fold at a dose of 100 g.m−2 and more than 1400-fold at a dose of 500 g.m−2 of soil. With bromadio-lone, the ADI was exceeded 150-fold at a dose of 100 g.m−2 and more than 350-fold at a dose of 500 g.m−2. This indicates the risk to consumers from such crops.
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Lattard V, Benoit E. The stereoisomerism of second generation anticoagulant rodenticides: a way to improve this class of molecules to meet the requirements of society? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:887-892. [PMID: 30051584 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGAR) are generally highly efficient for rodent management even towards warfarin-resistant rodents. Nevertheless, because of their long tissue-persistence, they are very associated with non-target exposure of wildlife and have been identified as 'Candidates for Substitution' by the European Union's competent authority. A promising way to reduce ecotoxicity issues associated to SGAR could be the improvement of SGAR based on their stereoisomery, and due to this improvement, positioning about SGAR might be reconsidered. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Boitet M, Hammed A, Chatron N, Debaux JV, Benoit E, Lattard V. Elevated difenacoum metabolism is involved in the difenacoum-resistant phenotype observed in Berkshire rats homozygous for the L120Q mutation in the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (Vkorc1) gene. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1328-1334. [PMID: 29155484 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soon after difenacoum began to be used, resistance to this rodenticide was detected in rats in northeast Hampshire and northwest Berkshire in England. Resistance to difenacoum has been reported to be stronger in rats from Berkshire than in rats from Hampshire. Surprisingly, after the discovery of the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (Vkorc1) gene, rats from Berkshire and Hampshire were all shown to be homozygous for the L120Q mutation in Vkorc1. RESULTS This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of Berkshire rats to confirm their extreme resistance and determine mechanisms supporting this resistance. For this purpose, we created a quasicongenic rat F7 strain by using a Berkshire rat as a donor to introduce the L120Q mutation in Vkorc1 into the genetic background of an anticoagulant-susceptible recipient strain. The use of F7 rats enabled demonstration of (i) the level of resistance to difenacoum conferred by the L120Q mutation, (ii) co-dominance of the L120 and Q120 alleles, (iii) the extreme resistance of Berkshire rats compared with Q120/Q120 rats as a consequence of additional resistance mechanisms, and (iv) the involvement of cytochrome P 450 (CYP450) enzymes in this extreme resistance. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that elevated CYP450 oxidative metabolism leading to accelerated difenacoum detoxification is involved in the Berkshire phenotype. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylis Boitet
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Abdessalem Hammed
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Nolan Chatron
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Jean Valéry Debaux
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Fourel I, Sage M, Benoit E, Lattard V. Liver and fecal samples suggest differential exposure of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to trans- and cis-bromadiolone in areas from France treated with plant protection products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:924-929. [PMID: 29227943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280, MARCY L'ETOILE, France.
| | - Mickaël Sage
- Wildlife Environment Expertise, 25 rue de la Grette, F-25000 Besancon, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280, MARCY L'ETOILE, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280, MARCY L'ETOILE, France
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Horak KE, Fisher PM, Hopkins B. Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms. EMERGING TOPICS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64377-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Fourel I, Damin-Pernik M, Benoit E, Lattard V. Cis-bromadiolone diastereoisomer is not involved in bromadiolone Red Kite (Milvus milvus) poisoning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1412-1417. [PMID: 28605859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are widely used pesticides to control rodent populations. Bromadiolone, a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGARs), is authorized in France to control the population of water voles (Arvicola scherman). The persistence of SGARs in rodents is responsible for secondary exposure or poisoning of predators and scavengers, and is of ecological concern for the conservation of endangered species. Commercial formulations are a mixture of two diastereoisomers of bromadiolone: 70-90% is trans-bromadiolone and 10-30% is cis-bromadiolone. Both diastereoisomers have been shown to inhibit coagulation function with the same potency. On the other hand, cis-bromadiolone has been shown to be less tissue-persistent than trans-bromadiolone in rats. This difference led to residue levels in rats with substantially weakened proportion in cis-bromadiolone compared to the composition of baits. In this study, a multi-residue LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of the diastereoisomers of SGARs was used to investigate their proportions in field samples of predators. In 2011, 28 red kites (Milvus milvus) were found dead within a few months of bromadiolone application in grassland to control water vole outbreaks. In this study, we report the concentrations of the two diastereoisomers of bromadiolone measured in the livers of thirteen red kites. Exposure to bromadiolone was apparent in all the kites with hepatic concentrations of trans-bromadiolone ranging from 390 to 870ng/g (89 to 99% of summed SGARs). However, cis-bromadiolone was not detected in 5 of 13 red kites and was present at very low concentrations (below 2.2ng/g) in 8 of 13 kites, demonstrating that cis-bromadiolone is not involved in this red kite poisoning event. The results suggest that a change of the proportions of bromadiolone diastereoisomers in baits could reduce the risk of secondary poisoning of predators, but retain primary toxicity for control rodent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | | | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Murray M. Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in four species of birds of prey in Massachusetts, USA, 2012-2016, in relation to use of rodenticides by pest management professionals. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1041-1050. [PMID: 28669046 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) in the United States, which were partially implemented in 2011, prohibit the sale of SGAR products through general consumer outlets to minimize use by non-professional or non-agricultural applicators. This study analyzed liver tissue from four species of birds of prey admitted to a wildlife clinic in Massachusetts, USA, from 2012-2016 for residues of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). Ninety-four birds were analyzed; 16 were symptomatic for AR toxicosis, and 78 asymptomatic. Ninety-six percent of all birds tested were positive for SGARs: 100% of those diagnosed with AR toxicosis ante-mortem and/or post-mortem and 95% of subclinically exposed birds. Brodifacoum was found in 95% of all birds. Sixty-six percent of all birds contained residues of two or more SGARs. A significant increase in exposures to multiple SGARs occurred in later years in the study. Pesticide use reports (PURs) filed with the Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources were reviewed to determine the frequency of use of different ARs by pest management professionals (PMPs) across five years. This study finds that the three SGARs favored by PMPs-bromadiolone, difethialone, brodifacoum-were present in combination in the majority of birds, with increases in multiple exposures driven by increased detections of bromadiolone and difethialone. Continued monitoring of AR residues in nontarget species following full implementation of sales and packaging restrictions in the US is needed in order to elucidate the role of PMP use of SGARs in wildlife exposures and to evaluate the effectiveness of current mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Murray
- Wildlife Clinic, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
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Jacolot M, Moebs-Sanchez S, Popowycz F. Enantioselective rhodium-catalyzed hydroacylation to access the four stereoisomers of anti-rodent difenacoum. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Montagut-Romans A, Boulven M, Jacolot M, Moebs-Sanchez S, Hascoët C, Hammed A, Besse S, Lemaire M, Benoit E, Lattard V, Popowycz F. Synthesis and biological evaluation of C-3 aliphatic coumarins as vitamin K antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1598-1601. [PMID: 28254487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of Warfarin in the 1940s, the design of new warfarin-derived anticoagulants for rodent management has been challenging, with mainly structural modifications performed on the C3 position of the coumarin skeleton. In order to better understand the pharmacomodulation of such derivatives, we have synthesized a family of C3 (linear and branched) alkyl-4-hydroxycoumarins, which led to the identification of compounds 5e and 5f as potential short-term active anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Montagut-Romans
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Catalyse, Synthèse et Environnement, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS-CNRS-UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Manon Boulven
- Univ Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA-Lyon), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, ICBMS-CNRS-UMR 5246, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Maïwenn Jacolot
- Univ Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA-Lyon), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, ICBMS-CNRS-UMR 5246, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Moebs-Sanchez
- Univ Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA-Lyon), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, ICBMS-CNRS-UMR 5246, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Claire Hascoët
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Abdessalem Hammed
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Stéphane Besse
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Marc Lemaire
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Catalyse, Synthèse et Environnement, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS-CNRS-UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Univ Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA-Lyon), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, ICBMS-CNRS-UMR 5246, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Fourel I, Damin-Pernik M, Benoit E, Lattard V. Core-shell LC–MS/MS method for quantification of second generation anticoagulant rodenticides diastereoisomers in rat liver in relationship with exposure of wild rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1041-1042:120-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Damin-Pernik M, Espana B, Lefebvre S, Fourel I, Caruel H, Benoit E, Lattard V. Management of Rodent Populations by Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Toward Third-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:160-165. [PMID: 27934637 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) have been used since the 1980s for pest management. They are highly efficient even in warfarin-resistant rodents. Nevertheless, because of their tissue persistence, nontarget poisoning by SGARs is commonly described in wildlife. Due to this major problem, a new generation of anticoagulants must be developed to limit this risk. This study proposes a method of developing a new generation of anticoagulant rodenticides by revisiting the old SGARs based on the concept of stereochemistry. Each current SGAR is a mixture of diastereomers. Diastereomers of each compound were purified, and their biologic properties were compared by determining their ability to inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) activity involved in the activation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and their toxicokinetic properties. Systematically, for each SGAR, both diastereomers are as effective in inhibiting VKOR activity. However, their toxicokinetic properties are very different, with one of the two diastereomers always more rapidly cleared than the other one. For all SGARs except flocoumafen, the less persistent diastereomer is always the less predominant isomer present in the current mixture. Therefore, the development of baits containing only the less persistent diastereomer would avoid the ecotoxicological risk associated with their use without decreasing their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Damin-Pernik
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France (M.D.P., B.E., S.L., I.F., E.B., V.L.); and Liphatech, Bonnel, Pont du Casse, France (M.D.P., H.C.)
| | - Bernadette Espana
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France (M.D.P., B.E., S.L., I.F., E.B., V.L.); and Liphatech, Bonnel, Pont du Casse, France (M.D.P., H.C.)
| | - Sebastien Lefebvre
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France (M.D.P., B.E., S.L., I.F., E.B., V.L.); and Liphatech, Bonnel, Pont du Casse, France (M.D.P., H.C.)
| | - Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France (M.D.P., B.E., S.L., I.F., E.B., V.L.); and Liphatech, Bonnel, Pont du Casse, France (M.D.P., H.C.)
| | - Hervé Caruel
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France (M.D.P., B.E., S.L., I.F., E.B., V.L.); and Liphatech, Bonnel, Pont du Casse, France (M.D.P., H.C.)
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France (M.D.P., B.E., S.L., I.F., E.B., V.L.); and Liphatech, Bonnel, Pont du Casse, France (M.D.P., H.C.)
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France (M.D.P., B.E., S.L., I.F., E.B., V.L.); and Liphatech, Bonnel, Pont du Casse, France (M.D.P., H.C.)
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