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Ryu S, Yamaguchi E, Sadegh Modaresi SM, Agudelo J, Costales C, West MA, Fischer F, Slitt AL. Evaluation of 14 PFAS for permeability and organic anion transporter interactions: Implications for renal clearance in humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142390. [PMID: 38801906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a diverse group of synthetic fluorinated chemicals known to elicit adverse health effects in animals and humans. However, only a few studies investigated the mechanisms underlying clearance of PFAS. Herein, the relevance of human renal transporters and permeability to clearance and bioaccumulation for 14 PFAS containing three to eleven perfluorinated carbon atoms (ηpfc = 3-11) and several functional head-groups was investigated. Apparent permeabilities and interactions with human transporters were measured using in vitro cell-based assays, including the MDCK-LE cell line, and HEK293 stable transfected cell lines expressing organic anion transporter (OAT) 1-4 and organic cation transporter (OCT) 2. The results generated align with the Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS), affirming that permeability, molecular weight, and ionization serve as robust predictors of clearance and renal transporter engagement. Notably, PFAS with low permeability (ECCS 3A and 3B) exhibited substantial substrate activity for OAT1 and OAT3, indicative of active renal secretion. Furthermore, we highlight the potential contribution of OAT4-mediated reabsorption to the renal clearance of PFAS with short ηpfc, such as perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). Our data advance our mechanistic understanding of renal clearance of PFAS in humans, provide useful input parameters for toxicokinetic models, and have broad implications for toxicological evaluation and regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ryu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States; Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Modaresi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Juliana Agudelo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Mark A West
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Fabian Fischer
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States.
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.
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Jurin M, Stepanić V, Bojanić K, Vadlja D, Kontrec D, Dražić T, Roje M. Novel (±)- trans- β-lactam ureas: Synthesis, in silico and in vitro biological profiling. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2024; 74:37-59. [PMID: 38554382 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2024-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
A diastereomeric mixture of racemic 3-phthalimido-b-lactam 2a/2b was synthesized by the Staudinger reaction of carboxylic acid activated with 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide and imine 1. The amino group at the C3 position of the b-lactam ring was used for further structural upgrade. trans-b-lactam ureas 4a-t were prepared by the condensation reaction of the amino group of b-lactam ring with various aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates. Antimicrobial activity of compounds 4a-t was evaluated in vitro and neither antibacterial nor antifungal activity were observed. Several of the newly synthesized trans-b-lactam ureas 4a-c, 4f, 4h, 4n, 4o, 4p, and 4s were evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative activity against liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), ovarian carcinoma (A2780), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and untransformed human fibroblasts (HFF1). The b-lactam urea 4o showed the most potent antiproliferative activity against the ovarian carcinoma (A2780) cell line. Compounds 4o and 4p exhibited strong cytotoxic effects against human non-tumor cell line HFF1. The b-lactam ureas 4a-t were estimated to be soluble and membrane permeable, moderately lipophilic molecules (logP 4.6) with a predisposition to be CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein substrates. The tools PASS and SwissTargetPrediction could not predict biological targets for compounds 4a-t with high probability, pointing to the novelty of their structure. Considering low toxicity risk, molecules 4a and 4f can be selected as the most promising candidates for further structure modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladenka Jurin
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Chiral Technologies, Ruđer Bošković Institute 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Višnja Stepanić
- Division of Electronics, Laboratory for Machine Learning and Knowledge Representation, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Bojanić
- Division of Materials Chemistry Laboratory for Aquaculture in Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Denis Vadlja
- Division of Materials Chemistry Laboratory for Aquaculture in Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Kontrec
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Chiral Technologies, Ruđer Bošković Institute 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tonko Dražić
- Division of Physical Chemistry Laboratory for Biocolloids and Surface Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute 10000 Zagreb
| | - Marin Roje
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Chiral Technologies, Ruđer Bošković Institute 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Oka Y, Abe-Sato K, Tabuse H, Yasukawa Y, Yahara T, Nishimoto T, Kamitani M, Fukunaga T, Ochiai N, Kumasaka-Abe T, Hitaka K, Gunji E, Ohara H, Takeda T, Kojima N, Asami T. Discovery of TP0628103: A Highly Potent and Selective MMP-7 Inhibitor with Reduced OATP-Mediated Clearance Designed by Shifting Isoelectric Points. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1406-1420. [PMID: 38214909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been shown to play an important role in pathophysiological processes such as cancer and fibrosis. We previously discovered selective MMP-7 inhibitors by molecular hybridization and structure-based drug design. However, the systemic clearance (CLtot) of the biologically active lead compound was very high. Because our studies revealed that hepatic uptake by organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) was responsible for the high CLtot, we found a novel approach to reducing their uptake based on isoelectric point (IP) values as an indicator for substrate recognition by OATP1B1/1B3. Our "IP shift strategy" to adjust the IP values culminated in the discovery of TP0628103 (18), which is characterized by reduced in vitro OATP-mediated hepatic uptake and in vivo CLtot. Our in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of OATP-mediated clearance and the "IP shift strategy" provide crucial insights for a new medicinal chemistry approach to reducing the systemic clearance of OATP1B1/1B3 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oka
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kumi Abe-Sato
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tabuse
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Yasukawa
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tohru Yahara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kamitani
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukunaga
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Ochiai
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kumasaka-Abe
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hitaka
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Emi Gunji
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohara
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Takuya Takeda
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kojima
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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Miyake T, Tsutsui H, Hirabayashi M, Tachibana T. Quantitative Prediction of OATP-Mediated Disposition and Biliary Clearance Using Human Liver Chimeric Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 387:135-149. [PMID: 37142442 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug biliary clearance (CLbile) in vivo is among the most difficult pharmacokinetic parameters to predict accurately and quantitatively because biliary excretion is influenced by metabolic enzymes, transporters, and passive diffusion across hepatocyte membranes. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the use of Hu-FRG mice [Fah-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (FRG) mice transplanted with human-derived hepatocytes] to quantitatively predict human organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated drug disposition and CLbile To predict OATP-mediated disposition, six OATP substrates (atorvastatin, fexofenadine, glibenclamide, pitavastatin, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin) were administered intravenously to Hu-FRG and Mu-FRG mice (FRG mice transplanted with mouse hepatocytes) with or without rifampicin as an OATP inhibitor. We calculated the hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLh,int) and the change of hepatic clearance (CLh) caused by rifampicin (CLh ratio). We compared the CLh,int of humans with that of Hu-FRG mice and the CLh ratio of humans with that of Hu-FRG and Mu-FRG mice. For predicting CLbile, 20 compounds (two cassette doses of 10 compounds) were administered intravenously to gallbladder-cannulated Hu-FRG and Mu-FRG mice. We evaluated the CLbile and investigated the correlation of human CLbile with that of Hu-FRG and Mu-FRG mice. We found good correlations between humans and Hu-FRG mice in CLh,int (100% within threefold) and CLh ratio (R2 = 0.94). Moreover, we observed a much better relationship between humans and Hu-FRG mice in CLbile (75% within threefold). Our results suggest that OATP-mediated disposition and CLbile can be predicted using Hu-FRG mice, making them a useful in vivo drug discovery tool for quantitatively predicting human liver disposition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: OATP-mediated disposition and biliary clearance of drugs are likely quantitatively predictable using Hu-FRG mice. The findings can enable the selection of better drug candidates and the development of more effective strategies for managing OATP-mediated DDIs in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Miyake
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Division (T.M., T.T.) and Discovery Biologics Department, Research Division (H.T.), Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan and Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan (M.H.)
| | - Haruka Tsutsui
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Division (T.M., T.T.) and Discovery Biologics Department, Research Division (H.T.), Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan and Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan (M.H.)
| | - Manabu Hirabayashi
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Division (T.M., T.T.) and Discovery Biologics Department, Research Division (H.T.), Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan and Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan (M.H.)
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Division (T.M., T.T.) and Discovery Biologics Department, Research Division (H.T.), Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan and Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan (M.H.)
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5
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Kim MC, Lee YJ. Analysis of Time-Dependent Pharmacokinetics Using In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122562. [PMID: 36559055 PMCID: PMC9780873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SCR430, a sorafenib derivative, is an investigational drug exhibiting anti-tumor action. This study aimed to have a mechanistic understanding of SCR430's time-dependent pharmacokinetics (TDPK) through an ex vivo study combined with an in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed after intravenous SCR430 administration in female Sprague-Dawley rats for a control group (no treatment), a vehicle group (vehicle only, 14 days, PO), and a repeated-dosing group (SCR430, 30 mg/kg/day, 14 days, PO). In addition, hepatic uptake and metabolism modulation were investigated using isolated hepatocytes from each group of rats. The minimal PBPK model based on IVIVE was constructed to explain SCR430's TDPK. Repeated SCR430 administration decreased the systemic exposure by 4.4-fold, which was explained by increased hepatic clearance (4.7-fold). The ex vivo study using isolated hepatocytes from each group suggested that the increased hepatic uptake (9.4-fold), not the metabolic activity, contributes to the increased hepatic clearance. The minimal PBPK modeling based on an ex vivo study could explain the decreased plasma levels after the repeated doses. The current study demonstrates the TDPK after repeated dosing by hepatic uptake induction, not hepatic metabolism, as well as the effectiveness of an ex vivo approach combined with IVIVE and PBPK modeling to investigate the TDPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chang Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Lee
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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6
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Li J, Wang S, Tian F, Zhang SQ, Jin H. Advances in Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms of Transporter-Mediated Herb-Drug Interactions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091126. [PMID: 36145347 PMCID: PMC9502688 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the use of herbs has become more popular worldwide, there are increasing reports of herb-drug interactions (HDIs) following the combination of herbs and drugs. The active components of herbs are complex and have a variety of pharmacological activities, which inevitably affect changes in the pharmacokinetics of chemical drugs in vivo. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in vivo are closely related to the expression of drug transporters. When the active components of herbs inhibit or induce the expression of transporters, this can cause changes in substrate pharmacokinetics, resulting in changes in the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. In this article, the tissue distribution and physiological functions of drug transporters are summarized through literature retrieval, and the effects of herbs on drug transporters and the possible mechanism of HDIs are analyzed and discussed in order to provide ideas and a reference for further guiding of safe clinical drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fengjie Tian
- Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuang-Qing Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (S.-Q.Z.); (H.J.); Tel.: +86-10-66237226 (S.-Q.Z.); +86-10-67817730 (H.J.)
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (S.-Q.Z.); (H.J.); Tel.: +86-10-66237226 (S.-Q.Z.); +86-10-67817730 (H.J.)
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Lai Y, Chu X, Di L, Gao W, Guo Y, Liu X, Lu C, Mao J, Shen H, Tang H, Xia CQ, Zhang L, Ding X. Recent advances in the translation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics science for drug discovery and development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2751-2777. [PMID: 35755285 PMCID: PMC9214059 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK (pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems. Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade, not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME, target organ exposure, and toxicity, but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction (DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions. The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, and safety, as well as the interplay with metabolic processes, has been increasingly recognized. Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs, such as peptides, oligonucleotides, and antibody-drug conjugates, necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties. In this review, we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade, and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yingying Guo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chuang Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Accent Therapeutics, Inc. Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Huaping Tang
- Bioanalysis and Biomarkers, Glaxo Smith Kline, King of the Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Cindy Q. Xia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Ryder TF, Bergman A, King-Ahmad A, Amin NB, Lall MS, Ballard TE, Kalgutkar AS. Pharmacokinetics, Mass Balance, Metabolism, and Excretion of the Liver-Targeted Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitor PF-05221304 (Clesacostat) in Humans. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:240-253. [PMID: 35382680 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2062487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The disposition of the hepatoselective ACC inhibitor PF-05221304 (Clesacostat) was studied after a single 50-mg oral dose of [14C]-PF-05221304 to healthy human subjects.Mass balance was achieved with 89.9% of the administered dose recovered in urine and faeces, over the 11-day study period. The total administered radioactivity excreted in faeces and urine was 81.7% and 8.2%, respectively. Unchanged PF-05221304 accounted for 35.6% of the radioactive dose in faeces, suggesting ∼64% of the administered dose was absorbed.PF-05221304 was principally metabolized via oxidative and reductive pathways involving: (a) N-dealkylation, (b) isopropyl group monohydroxylation to yield enantiomeric metabolites (M2a and M2b), (c) hydroxylation on the 3-azaspiro[5.5]undecan-8-one moiety to metabolites M5 and 519c, and (d) carbonyl group reduction to enantiomeric alcohol metabolites M3, and M4. Secondary metabolites (521a, 521b, and 533), derived from a combination of oxidation and reduction of the primary metabolites accounted for ∼14.8% of the dose. In plasma, unchanged PF-05221304 represented 96.1% circulating radioactivity. Metabolites M1, M2b, and M2a represented 1.94, 1.76, and 0.18% of circulating radioactivity, respectively.Overall, these data suggest that PF-05221304 is well absorbed in humans and eliminated largely via phase I metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim F Ryder
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda King-Ahmad
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Neeta B Amin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manjinder S Lall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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The role of DMPK science in improving pharmaceutical research and development efficiency. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:705-729. [PMID: 34774767 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The successful regulatory authority approval rate of drug candidates in the drug development pipeline is crucial for determining pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) efficiency. Regulatory authorities include the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau Japan (PFSB), among others. Optimal drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) properties influence the progression of a drug candidate from the preclinical to the clinical phase. In this review, we provide a comprehensive assessment of essential concepts, methods, improvements, and challenges in DMPK science and its significance in drug development. This information provides insights into the association of DMPK science with pharmaceutical R&D efficiency.
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10
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Eng H, Bi YA, West MA, Ryu S, Yamaguchi E, Kosa RE, Tess DA, Griffith DA, Litchfield J, Kalgutkar AS, Varma MVS. Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1B1/1B3-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Determines the Pharmacokinetics of Large Lipophilic Acids: In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation in Cynomolgus Monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:169-180. [PMID: 33509903 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally presumed that uptake transport mechanisms are of limited significance in hepatic clearance for lipophilic or high passive-permeability drugs. In this study, we evaluated the mechanistic role of the hepato-selective organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1/1B3 in the pharmacokinetics of compounds representing large lipophilic acid space. Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 16 compounds with molecular mass ∼400-730 Da, logP ∼3.5-8, and acid pKa <6 were obtained in cynomolgus monkey after dosing without and with a single-dose rifampicin-OATP1B1/1B3 probe inhibitor. Rifampicin (30 mg/kg oral) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced monkey clearance and/or steady-state volume of distribution (VDss) for 15 of 16 acids evaluated. Additionally, clearance of danoprevir was reduced by about 35%, although statistical significance was not reached. A significant linear relationship was noted between the clearance ratio (i.e., ratio of control to treatment groups) and VDss ratio, suggesting hepatic uptake contributes to the systemic clearance and distribution simultaneously. In vitro transport studies using primary monkey and human hepatocytes showed uptake inhibition by rifampicin (100 µM) for compounds with logP ≤6.5 but not for the very lipophilic acids (logP > 6.5), which generally showed high nonspecific binding in hepatocyte incubations. In vitro uptake clearance and fraction transported by OATP1B1/1B3 (ft,OATP1B) were found to be similar in monkey and human hepatocytes. Finally, for compounds with logP ≤6.5, good agreement was noted between in vitro ft,OATP1B and clearance ratio (as well as VDss ratio) in cynomolgus monkey. In conclusion, this study provides mechanistic evidence for the pivotal role of OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake in the pharmacokinetics across a wide, large lipophilic acid space. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study provides mechanistic insight into the pharmacokinetics of a broad range of large lipophilic acids. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1B1/1B3-mediated hepatic uptake is of key importance in the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of almost all drugs and new molecular entities in this space. Diligent in vitro and in vivo transport characterization is needed to avoid the false negatives often noted because of general limitations in the in vitro assays while handling compounds with such physicochemical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eng
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yi-An Bi
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A West
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sangwoo Ryu
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel E Kosa
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Tess
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Griffith
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - John Litchfield
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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11
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Abstract
Accurate estimation of in vivo clearance in human is pivotal to determine the dose and dosing regimen for drug development. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) has been performed to predict drug clearance using empirical and physiological scalars. Multiple in vitro systems and mathematical modeling techniques have been employed to estimate in vivo clearance. The models for predicting clearance have significantly improved and have evolved to become more complex by integrating multiple processes such as drug metabolism and transport as well as passive diffusion. This chapter covers the use of conventional as well as recently developed methods to predict metabolic and transporter-mediated clearance along with the advantages and disadvantages of using these methods and the associated experimental considerations. The general approaches to improve IVIVE by use of appropriate scalars, incorporation of extrahepatic metabolism and transport and application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with proteomics data are also discussed. The chapter also provides an overview of the advantages of using such dynamic mechanistic models over static models for clearance predictions to improve IVIVE.
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12
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Tess DA, Eng H, Kalgutkar AS, Litchfield J, Edmonds DJ, Griffith DA, Varma MVS. Predicting the Human Hepatic Clearance of Acidic and Zwitterionic Drugs. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11831-11844. [PMID: 32985885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prospective predictions of human hepatic clearance for anionic/zwitterionic compounds, which are oftentimes subjected to transporter-mediated uptake, are challenging in drug discovery. We evaluated the utility of preclinical species, rats and cynomolgus monkeys [nonhuman primates (NHPs)], to predict the human hepatic clearance using a diverse set of acidic/zwitterionic drugs. Preclinical clearance data were generated following intravenous dosing in rats/NHPs and compared to the human clearance data (n = 18/27). Single-species scaling of NHP clearance with an allometric exponent of 0.50 allowed for good prediction of human clearance (fold error ∼2.1, bias ∼1.0), with ∼86% predictions within 3-fold. In comparison, rats underpredicted the clearance of lipophilic acids, while overprediction was noted for hydrophilic acids. Finally, an in vitro clearance assay based on human hepatocytes, which is routinely used in discovery setting, markedly underpredicted human clearance (bias ∼0.12). Collectively, this study provides insights into the usefulness of the preclinical models in enabling pharmacokinetic optimization for acid/zwitterionic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Tess
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Edmonds
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David A Griffith
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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13
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Steyn SJ, Varma MVS. Cytochrome-P450-Mediated Drug–Drug Interactions of Substrate Drugs: Assessing Clinical Risk Based on Molecular Properties and an Extended Clearance Classification System. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3024-3032. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanus J. Steyn
- PDM, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manthena V. S. Varma
- PDM, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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14
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Sodhi JK, Liu S, Benet LZ. Challenging the Relevance of Unbound Tissue-to-Blood Partition Coefficient (Kp uu) on Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharm Res 2020; 37:73. [PMID: 32215750 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the theoretical/practical utility of the liver-to-blood partition coefficient (Kpuu) for predicting drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and compare the Kpuu-approach to the extended clearance concept AUCR-approach. METHODS The Kpuu relationship was derived from first principles. Theoretical simulations investigated the impact of changes in a single hepatic-disposition process on unbound systemic (AUCB,u) and hepatic exposure (AUCH,u) versus Kpuu. Practical aspects regarding Kpuu utilization were examined by predicting the magnitude of DDI between ketoconazole and midazolam employing published ketoconazole Kpuu values. RESULTS The Kpuu hepatic-disposition relationship is based on the well-stirred model. Simulations emphasize that changes in influx/efflux intrinsic clearances result in Kpuu changes, however AUCH,u remains unchanged. Although incorporation of Kpuu is believed to improve DDI-predictions, utilizing published ketoconazole Kpuu values resulted in prediction errors for a midazolam DDI. CONCLUSIONS There is limited benefit in using Kpuu for DDI-predictions as the AUCR-based approach can reasonably predict DDIs without measurement of intracellular drug concentrations, a difficult task hindered by experimental variability. Further, Kpuu changes can mislead as they may not correlate with changes in AUCB,u or AUCH,u. The well-stirred model basis of Kpuu when applied to hepatic-disposition implies that nuances of intracellular drug distribution are not considered by the Kpuu model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave Rm U68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Shuaibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave Rm U68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States.
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15
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Zhou D, Xu Y, Wang Y, Li J, Gui C, Zhang H. Interaction of Organic Anion Transporter 3-Mediated Uptake of Steviol Acyl Glucuronide, a Major Metabolite of Rebaudioside A, with Selected Drugs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1579-1587. [PMID: 31760750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) plays a critical role in the renal excretion of many xenobiotics. Because steviol acyl glucuronide (SVAG), an OAT3 substrate, is the major circulating metabolite after oral ingestion of steviol glycosides and is excreted into the urine, inhibition of OAT3 activity may alter pharmacokinetic profiles of SVAG. The present study showed that drugs such as probenecid and glimepiride displayed potent inhibition toward the OAT3-mediated SVAG transport, with IC50 values of 4.9 and 0.8 μM, respectively. No species differences were observed. Probenecid and glimepiride could significantly elevate plasma concentrations of SVAG after oral administration of rebaudioside A, with significant increases in plasma maximum (Cmax) and area under the plasma time-concentration curve values. The inhibitory effect on the OAT3-mediated SVAG transport exemplified a unique case between drugs and the metabolite of a food additive. Our data suggest that caution should be exercised when giving steviol glycoside products to human subjects with compromised renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yunting Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yedong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Jiajun Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
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16
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Hernández Lozano I, Langer O. Use of imaging to assess the activity of hepatic transporters. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:149-164. [PMID: 31951754 PMCID: PMC7055509 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1718107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Membrane transporters of the SLC and ABC families are abundantly expressed in the liver, where they control the transfer of drugs/drug metabolites across the sinusoidal and canalicular hepatocyte membranes and play a pivotal role in hepatic drug clearance. Noninvasive imaging methods, such as PET, SPECT or MRI, allow for measuring the activity of hepatic transporters in vivo, provided that suitable transporter imaging probes are available.Areas covered: We give an overview of the working principles of imaging-based assessment of hepatic transporter activity. We discuss different currently available PET/SPECT radiotracers and MRI contrast agents and their applications to measure hepatic transporter activity in health and disease. We cover mathematical modeling approaches to obtain quantitative parameters of transporter activity and provide a critical assessment of methodological limitations and challenges associated with this approach.Expert opinion: PET in combination with pharmacokinetic modeling can be potentially applied in drug development to study the distribution of new drug candidates to the liver and their clearance mechanisms. This approach bears potential to mechanistically assess transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions, to assess the influence of disease on hepatic drug disposition and to validate and refine currently available in vitro-in vivo extrapolation methods to predict hepatic clearance of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
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17
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Mudunuru J, Ren C, Taft DR, Maniar M. Effect of Gender on the Pharmacokinetics of ON 123300, A Dual Inhibitor of ARK5 and CDK4/6 for the Treatment of Cancer, in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:531-538. [PMID: 30701428 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ON 123300, a small molecule dual inhibitor of the c-MYC activated kinases ARK5 and CDK4/6, is being developed as a novel drug candidate for the treatment of cancer. The objective of this research was to evaluate gender differences in the in vitro metabolism and in vivo systemic exposure of ON 123300 in rats. METHODS In vitro metabolism experiments (n = 2/group) were performed in rat liver microsomes from male and female donors. ON 123300 bislactate (final concentration 10 µM) was incubated with 0.5 mg/mL microsomes, and samples (100 µL) were withdrawn at specified incubation times over a period of 60 min, and immediately quenched and centrifuged. The supernatant was analyzed for ON 123300 and its metabolites by HPLC. ON 123300 (bislactate salt) pharmacokinetics were evaluated following intravenous (i.v.) (30 s infusion, 5 and 10 mg/kg) or oral administration (25 and 100 mg/kg) to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g). Following dosing, blood samples were collected over a time period up to 24 h. ON 123300 plasma concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis. Plasma and microsomal binding of ON 123300 and blood:plasma ratio were also determined. RESULTS ON 123300 displayed more rapid microsomal degradation in vitro in males compared to females, as reflected in intrinsic clearance (181 vs 53.1 µL/min/mg). This translated into a significantly higher exposure of ON 123300 following oral administration to female rats, with the area under the curve (AUC) increasing nearly 3-fold (5617 ± 1914 ng·h/mL) compared to males (AUC = 1965 ± 749 ng·h/mL). This gender effect was less pronounced following i.v. dosing, where the AUC was ~ 2-fold higher in females. Based on these results, the higher plasma exposure observed in females can be primarily attributed to reductions in both hepatic clearance and presystemic metabolism compared to males. CONCLUSIONS This investigation demonstrated a significantly lower metabolism of ON 123300 in female rats, which resulted in high systemic exposure. Additional testing is warranted to assess the potential clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennypher Mudunuru
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Chen Ren
- Onconova Therapeutics, Inc., Newtown, PA, USA
| | - David R Taft
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
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18
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Aleo MD, Shah F, Allen S, Barton HA, Costales C, Lazzaro S, Leung L, Nilson A, Obach RS, Rodrigues AD, Will Y. Moving beyond Binary Predictions of Human Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) toward Contrasting Relative Risk Potential. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:223-238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott Allen
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Investigative Toxicology, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, One Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
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19
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Benet LZ, Bowman CM, Sodhi JK. How Transporters Have Changed Basic Pharmacokinetic Understanding. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:103. [PMID: 31482335 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and continued evolution of the transporter field has caused re-evaluation and refinement of the original principles surrounding drug disposition. In this paper, we emphasize the impact that transporters can have on volume of distribution and how this can affect the other major pharmacokinetic parameters. When metabolic drug-drug interactions or pharmacogenomic variance changes the metabolism of a drug, the volume of distribution appears to be unchanged while clearance, bioavailability, and half-life are changed. When transporters are involved in the drug-drug interactions or pharmacogenomic variance, the volume of distribution can be markedly affected causing counterintuitive changes in half-life. Cases are examined where a volume of distribution change is significant enough that although clearance decreases, half-life decreases. Thus, drug dosing decisions must be made based on CL/F changes, not half-life changes, as such volume of distribution alterations will also influence the half-life results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA.
| | - Christine M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, UCSF Box 0912, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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20
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Bi YA, Costales C, Mathialagan S, West M, Eatemadpour S, Lazzaro S, Tylaska L, Scialis R, Zhang H, Umland J, Kimoto E, Tess DA, Feng B, Tremaine LM, Varma MVS, Rodrigues AD. Quantitative Contribution of Six Major Transporters to the Hepatic Uptake of Drugs: "SLC-Phenotyping" Using Primary Human Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:72-83. [PMID: 30975793 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic uptake transporters [solute carriers (SLCs)], including organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), and organic anion (OAT2) and organic cation (OCT1) transporters, play a key role in determining the systemic and liver exposure of chemically diverse drugs. Here, we established a phenotyping approach to quantify the contribution of the six SLCs, and passive diffusion, to the overall uptake using plated human hepatocytes (PHHs). First, selective inhibitor conditions were identified by screening about 20 inhibitors across the six SLCs using single-transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Data implied rifamycin SV (20 µM) inhibits three OATPs, while rifampicin (5 µM) inhibits OATP1B1/1B3 only. Further, hepatitis B virus myristoylated-preS1 peptide (0.1 µM), quinidine (100 µM), and ketoprofen (100-300 µM) are relatively selective against NTCP, OCT1, and OAT2, respectively. Second, using these inhibitory conditions, the fraction transported (ft ) by the individual SLCs was characterized for 20 substrates with PHH. Generally, extended clearance classification system class 1A/3A (e.g., warfarin) and 1B/3B compounds (e.g., statins) showed predominant OAT2 and OATP1B1/1B3 contribution, respectively. OCT1-mediated uptake was prominent for class 2/4 compounds (e.g., metformin). Third, in vitro ft values were corrected using quantitative proteomics data to obtain "scaled ft " Fourth, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of the scaled OATP1B1/1B3 ft was assessed, leveraging statin clinical drug-drug interaction data with rifampicin as the perpetrator. Finally, we outlined a novel stepwise strategy to implement phenotypic characterization of SLC-mediated hepatic uptake for new molecular entities and drugs in a drug discovery and development setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Bi
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Chester Costales
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Mark West
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Soraya Eatemadpour
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sarah Lazzaro
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Laurie Tylaska
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Renato Scialis
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Hui Zhang
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - John Umland
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - David A Tess
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Bo Feng
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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21
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Bergman A, Bi Y, Mathialagan S, Litchfield J, Kazierad DJ, Pfefferkorn JA, Varma MV. Effect of Hepatic Organic Anion‐Transporting Polypeptide 1B Inhibition and Chronic Kidney Disease on the Pharmacokinetics of a Liver‐Targeted Glucokinase Activator: A Model‐Based Evaluation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:792-802. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bergman
- Clinical PharmacologyWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Yi‐an Bi
- Medicine DesignWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Medicine DesignWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
| | - John Litchfield
- Worldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - David J. Kazierad
- Worldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Manthena V.S. Varma
- Medicine DesignWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
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McFeely SJ, Ritchie TK, Yu J, Nordmark A, Levy RH, Ragueneau-Majlessi I. Identification and Evaluation of Clinical Substrates of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1B1 and 1B3. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:379-387. [PMID: 30706983 PMCID: PMC6662428 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1 and 1B3 facilitate the uptake of drugs and endogenous compounds into the liver. In recent years, the impact of these transporters on drug–drug interactions (DDIs) has become a focus of research, and the evaluation of their role in drug disposition is recommended by regulatory agencies worldwide.1–3 Although sensitive substrates of OATP1B1/1B3 have been identified in the literature and probe drugs have been proposed by regulatory agencies, there is no general consensus on the ideal in vivo substrate for clinical DDI studies as analysis may be confounded by contribution from other metabolic and/or transport pathways.1–3 A thorough analysis of the available in vitro and in vivo data regarding OATP1B1/1B3 substrates was performed using the in vitro, clinical, and pharmacogenetic modules in the University of Washington Drug Interaction Database. A total of 34 compounds were identified and further investigated as possible clinical substrates using a novel indexing system. By analyzing the compounds for in vivo characteristics, including sensitivity to inhibition by known OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitors, selectivity for OATP1B1/1B3 compared with other transport and metabolic pathways, and safety profiles, a total of six compounds were identified as potential clinical markers of OATP1B1/1B3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tasha K Ritchie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - René H Levy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Rodrigues D, Rowland A. From Endogenous Compounds as Biomarkers to Plasma-Derived Nanovesicles as Liquid Biopsy; Has the Golden Age of Translational Pharmacokinetics-Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion-Drug-Drug Interaction Science Finally Arrived? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105:1407-1420. [PMID: 30554411 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is now established that a drug's pharmacokinetics (PK) absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and drug-drug interaction (DDI) profile can be modulated by age, disease, and genotype. In order to facilitate subject phenotyping and clinical DDI assessment, therefore, various endogenous compounds (in plasma and urine) have been pursued as drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter biomarkers. Compared with biomarkers, however, the topic of circulating extracellular vesicles as "liquid biopsy" has received little attention within the ADME community; most organs secrete nanovesicles (e.g., exosomes) into the blood that contain luminal "cargo" derived from the originating organ (proteins, messenger RNA, and microRNA). As such, ADME profiling of plasma exosomes could be leveraged to better define genotype-phenotype relationships and the study of ontogeny, disease, and complex DDIs. If methods to support the isolation of tissue-derived plasma exosomes are successfully developed and validated, it is envisioned that they will be used jointly with genotyping, biomarkers, and modeling tools to greatly progress translational PK-ADME-DDI science.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodrigues
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Rowland
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Fujino R, Hashizume K, Aoyama S, Maeda K, Ito K, Toshimoto K, Lee W, Ninomiya SI, Sugiyama Y. Strategies to improve the prediction accuracy of hepatic intrinsic clearance of three antidiabetic drugs: Application of the extended clearance concept and consideration of the effect of albumin on CYP2C metabolism and OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 125:181-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mao Q, Lai Y, Wang J. Drug Transporters in Xenobiotic Disposition and Pharmacokinetic Prediction. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:561-566. [PMID: 29636376 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug transporters are widely expressed in organs and tissue barriers throughout human and animal bodies. Studies over the last two decades have identified various ATP-binding cassette and solute carrier transporters that play critical roles in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs and xenobiotics. This special section contains more than 20 original manuscripts and reviews that cover the most recent advances in the areas of drug transporter research, including the basic biology and function of transporters, expression of drug transporters in organ and tissue barriers, the mechanisms underlying regulation of transporter expression, transporter-mediated drug disposition in animal models, and the development and utilization of new technologies in drug transporter study, as well as pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to assess transporter involvement in drug disposition and drug-drug interactions. We believe that the topics covered in this special section will advance our understanding of the roles of transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Q.M., J.W.), and Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Q.M., J.W.), and Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Q.M., J.W.), and Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (Y.L.)
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26
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The Extended Clearance Concept Following Oral and Intravenous Dosing: Theory and Critical Analyses. Pharm Res 2018; 35:242. [PMID: 30349948 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To derive the theoretical basis for the extended clearance model of organ elimination following both oral and IV dosing, and critically analyze the approaches previously taken. METHODS We derived from first principles the theoretical basis for the extended clearance concept of organ elimination following both oral and IV dosing and critically analyzed previous approaches. RESULTS We point out a number of critical characteristics that have either been misinterpreted or not clearly presented in previously published treatments. First, the extended clearance concept is derived based on the well-stirred model. It is not appropriate to use alternative models of hepatic clearance. In analyzing equations, clearance terms are all intrinsic clearances, not total drug clearances. Flow and protein binding parameters should reflect blood measurements, not plasma values. In calculating the AUCR-factor following oral dosing, the AUC terms do not include flow parameters. We propose that calculations of AUCR may be a more useful approach to evaluate drug-drug and pharmacogenomic interactions than evaluating rate-determining steps. Through analyses of cerivastatin and fluvastatin interactions with cyclosporine we emphasize the need to characterize volume of distribution changes resulting from transporter inhibition/induction that can affect rate constants in PBPK models. Finally, we note that for oral doses, prediction of systemic and intrahepatic drug-drug interactions do not require knowledge of fu,H or Kp,uu for substrates/victims. CONCLUSIONS The extended clearance concept is a powerful tool to evaluate drug-drug interactions, pharmacogenomic and disease state variance but evaluating the AUCR-factor may provide a more valuable approach than characterizing rate-determining steps.
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Chen EC, Broccatelli F, Plise E, Chen B, Liu L, Cheong J, Zhang S, Jorski J, Gaffney K, Umemoto KK, Salphati L. Evaluating the Utility of Canine Mdr1 Knockout Madin-Darby Canine Kidney I Cells in Permeability Screening and Efflux Substrate Determination. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5103-5113. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene C. Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fabio Broccatelli
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emile Plise
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Buyun Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liling Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jamie Jorski
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine Gaffney
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kayla K. Umemoto
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Kimoto E, Mathialagan S, Tylaska L, Niosi M, Lin J, Carlo AA, Tess DA, Varma MVS. Organic Anion Transporter 2–Mediated Hepatic Uptake Contributes to the Clearance of High-Permeability–Low-Molecular-Weight Acid and Zwitterion Drugs: Evaluation Using 25 Drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:322-334. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Kosa RE, Lazzaro S, Bi YA, Tierney B, Gates D, Modi S, Costales C, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM, Varma MV. Simultaneous Assessment of Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Probe Drug Cocktail in Cynomolgus Monkey. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1179-1189. [PMID: 29880631 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to establish an in vivo preclinical model to enable simultaneous assessment of inhibition potential of an investigational drug on clinically relevant drug transporters, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and organic anion transporter (OAT)3. Pharmacokinetics of substrate cocktail consisting of pitavastatin (OATP1B substrate), rosuvastatin (OATP1B/BCRP/OAT3), sulfasalazine (BCRP), and talinolol (P-gp) were obtained in cynomolgus monkey-alone or in combination with transporter inhibitors. Single-dose rifampicin (30 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.01) increased the plasma exposure of all four drugs, with a marked effect on pitavastatin and rosuvastatin [area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio ∼21-39]. Elacridar, BCRP/P-gp inhibitor, increased the AUC of sulfasalazine, talinolol, as well as rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. An OAT1/3 inhibitor (probenecid) significantly (P < 0.05) impacted the renal clearance of rosuvastatin (∼8-fold). In vitro, rifampicin (10 µM) inhibited uptake of pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, and sulfasalazine by monkey and human primary hepatocytes. Transport studies using membrane vesicles suggested that all probe substrates, except talinolol, are transported by cynoBCRP, whereas talinolol is a cynoP-gp substrate. Elacridar and rifampicin inhibited both cynoBCRP and cynoP-gp in vitro, indicating potential for in vivo intestinal efflux inhibition. In conclusion, a probe substrate cocktail was validated to simultaneously evaluate perpetrator impact on multiple clinically relevant transporters using the cynomolgus monkey. The results support the use of the cynomolgus monkey as a model that could enable drug-drug interaction risk assessment, before advancing a new molecular entity into clinical development, as well as providing mechanistic insights on transporter-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kosa
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sarah Lazzaro
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Brendan Tierney
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Dana Gates
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sweta Modi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Manthena V Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
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