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Voinsky I, Zoabi Y, Shomron N, Harel M, Cassuto H, Tam J, Rose S, Scheck AC, Karim MA, Frye RE, Aran A, Gurwitz D. Blood RNA Sequencing Indicates Upregulated BATF2 and LY6E and Downregulated ISG15 and MT2A Expression in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179843. [PMID: 36077244 PMCID: PMC9456089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in over 100 genes are implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). DNA SNPs, CNVs, and epigenomic modifications also contribute to ASD. Transcriptomics analysis of blood samples may offer clues for pathways dysregulated in ASD. To expand and validate published findings of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) studies, we performed RNA-seq of whole blood samples from an Israeli discovery cohort of eight children with ASD compared with nine age- and sex-matched neurotypical children. This revealed 10 genes with differential expression. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we compared RNAs from whole blood samples of 73 Israeli and American children with ASD and 26 matched neurotypical children for the 10 dysregulated genes detected by RNA-seq. This revealed higher expression levels of the pro-inflammatory transcripts BATF2 and LY6E and lower expression levels of the anti-inflammatory transcripts ISG15 and MT2A in the ASD compared to neurotypical children. BATF2 was recently reported as upregulated in blood samples of Japanese adults with ASD. Our findings support an involvement of these genes in ASD phenotypes, independent of age and ethnicity. Upregulation of BATF2 and downregulation of ISG15 and MT2A were reported to reduce cancer risk. Implications of the dysregulated genes for pro-inflammatory phenotypes, immunity, and cancer risk in ASD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Voinsky
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yazeed Zoabi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Moria Harel
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 91031, Israel
| | | | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Adrienne C. Scheck
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Karim
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Richard E. Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Rossignol Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85050, USA
| | - Adi Aran
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 91031, Israel
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.G.)
| | - David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.G.)
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Vollmar BS, Frantz C, Schutten MM, Zhong F, Del Rosario G, Go MAT, Yu SF, Leipold DD, Kamath AV, Ng C, Xu K, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Kozak KR, Chen J, Xu Z, Wai J, Adhikari P, Erickson HK, Dragovich PS, Polson AG, Pillow TH. Calicheamicin Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Improved Properties. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1112-1120. [PMID: 33722856 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calicheamicin antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are effective therapeutics for leukemias with two recently approved in the United States: Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) targeting CD33 for acute myeloid leukemia and Besponsa (inotuzumab ozogamicin) targeting CD22 for acute lymphocytic leukemia. Both of these calicheamicin ADCs are heterogeneous, aggregation-prone, and have a shortened half-life due to the instability of the acid-sensitive hydrazone linker in circulation. We hypothesized that we could improve upon the heterogeneity, aggregation, and circulation stability of calicheamicin ADCs by directly attaching the thiol of a reduced calicheamicin to an engineered cysteine on the antibody via a disulfide bond to generate a linkerless and traceless conjugate. We report herein that the resulting homogeneous conjugates possess minimal aggregation and display high in vivo stability with 50% of the drug remaining conjugated to the antibody after 21 days. Furthermore, these calicheamicin ADCs are highly efficacious in mouse models of both solid tumor (HER2+ breast cancer) and hematologic malignancies (CD22+ non-Hodgkin lymphoma). Safety studies in rats with this novel calicheamicin ADC revealed an increased tolerability compared with that reported for Mylotarg. Overall, we demonstrate that applying novel linker chemistry with site-specific conjugation affords an improved, next-generation calicheamicin ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Frantz
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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Dela Cruz Chuh J, Go M, Chen Y, Guo J, Rafidi H, Mandikian D, Sun Y, Lin Z, Schneider K, Zhang P, Vij R, Sharpnack D, Chan P, de la Cruz C, Sadowsky J, Seshasayee D, Koerber JT, Pillow TH, Phillips GD, Rowntree RK, Boswell CA, Kozak KR, Polson AG, Polakis P, Yu SF, Dragovich PS, Agard NJ. Preclinical optimization of Ly6E-targeted ADCs for increased durability and efficacy of anti-tumor response. MAbs 2021; 13:1862452. [PMID: 33382956 PMCID: PMC7784788 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1862452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early success with brentuximab vedotin in treating classical Hodgkin lymphoma spurred an influx of at least 20 monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) into clinical trials. While three MMAE-ADCs have been approved, most of these conjugates are no longer being investigated in clinical trials. Some auristatin conjugates show limited or no efficacy at tolerated doses, but even for drugs driving initial remissions, tumor regrowth and metastasis often rapidly occur. Here we describe the development of second-generation therapeutic ADCs targeting Lymphocyte antigen 6E (Ly6E) where the tubulin polymerization inhibitor MMAE (Compound 1) is replaced with DNA-damaging agents intended to drive increased durability of response. Comparison of a seco-cyclopropyl benzoindol-4-one (CBI)-dimer (compound 2) to MMAE showed increased potency, activity across more cell lines, and resistance to efflux by P-glycoprotein, a drug transporter commonly upregulated in tumors. Both anti-Ly6E-CBI and -MMAE conjugates drove single-dose efficacy in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft models, but seco-CBI-dimer conjugates showed reduced tumor outgrowth following multiple weeks of treatment, suggesting that they are less susceptible to developing resistance. In parallel, we explored approaches to optimize the targeting antibody. In contrast to immunization with recombinant Ly6E or Ly6E DNA, immunization with virus-like particles generated a high-affinity anti-Ly6E antibody. Conjugates to this antibody improve efficacy versus a previous clinical candidate both in vitro and in vivo with multiple cytotoxics. Conjugation of compound 2 to the second-generation antibody results in a substantially improved ADC with promising preclinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Dela Cruz Chuh
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - MaryAnn Go
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Chen
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanine Rafidi
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kellen Schneider
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Zhang
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajesh Vij
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Sharpnack
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Chan
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jack Sadowsky
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dhaya Seshasayee
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James T. Koerber
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - C. Andrew Boswell
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul Polakis
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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