1
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Cruz-Vicente P, Gonçalves AM, Barroca-Ferreira J, Silvestre SM, Romão MJ, Queiroz JA, Gallardo E, Passarinha LA. Unveiling the biopathway for the design of novel COMT inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103328. [PMID: 35907613 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is an enzyme responsible for the O-methylation of biologically active catechol-based molecules. It has been associated with several neurological disorders, especially Parkinson's disease (PD), because of its involvement in catecholamine metabolism, and has been considered an important therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders. In this review, we summarize the biophysical, structural, and therapeutical relevance of COMT; the medicinal chemistry behind the development of COMT inhibitors and the application of computer-aided design to support the design of novel molecules; current methodologies for the biosynthesis, isolation, and purification of COMT; and revise existing bioanalytical approaches for the assessment of enzymatic activity in several biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cruz-Vicente
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barroca-Ferreira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Samuel M Silvestre
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria J Romão
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João A Queiroz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luis A Passarinha
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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2
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Chavarria D, Benfeito S, Soares P, Lima C, Garrido J, Serrão P, Soares-da-Silva P, Remião F, Oliveira PJ, Borges F. Boosting caffeic acid performance as antioxidant and monoamine oxidase B/catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114740. [PMID: 36116233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress (OS) and depletion of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) are closely linked to the neurodegeneration observed in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Caffeic acid (CA)-based antioxidants were developed, and their inhibitory activities towards monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and catechol O-methyltransferases (COMT) were screened. The results showed that the incorporation of an extra double bond maintained or even boosted the antioxidant properties of CA. α-CN derivatives displayed redox potentials (Ep) similar to CA (1) and inhibited hMAO-B with low μM IC50 values. Moreover, catechol amides acted as MB-COMT inhibitors, showing IC50 values within the low μM range. In general, CA derivatives presented safe cytotoxicity profiles at concentrations up to 10 μM. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by CA derivatives may be underlying the cytotoxic effects observed at higher concentrations. Catechol amides 3-6, 8-11 at 10 μM protected cells against oxidative damage. Compounds 3 and 8 were predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by passive diffusion. In summary, we report for the first time BBB-permeant CA-based multitarget lead compounds that may restore DAergic neurotransmission (dual hMAO-B/MB-COMT inhibition) and prevent oxidative damage. The data represents a groundbreaking advancement towards the discovery of the next generation of new drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Soares
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Lima
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Garrido
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Serrão
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Discovery of Small Molecules as Membrane-Bound Catechol- O-methyltransferase Inhibitors with Interest in Parkinson's Disease: Pharmacophore Modeling, Molecular Docking and In Vitro Experimental Validation Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010051. [PMID: 35056108 PMCID: PMC8780549 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmacophore-based virtual screening methodology was used to discover new catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors with interest in Parkinson’s disease therapy. To do so, pharmacophore models were constructed using the structure of known inhibitors and then they were used in a screening in the ZINCPharmer database to discover hit molecules with the desired structural moieties and drug-likeness properties. Following this, the 50 best ranked molecules were submitted to molecular docking to better understand their atomic interactions and binding poses with the COMT (PDB#6I3C) active site. Additionally, the hits’ ADMET properties were also studied to improve the obtained results and to select the most promising compounds to advance for in-vitro studies. Then, the 10 compounds selected were purchased and studied regarding their in-vitro inhibitory potency on human recombinant membrane-bound COMT (MBCOMT), as well as their cytotoxicity in rat dopaminergic cells (N27) and human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). Of these, the compound ZIN27985035 displayed the best results: For MBCOMT inhibition an IC50 of 17.6 nM was determined, and low cytotoxicity was observed in both cell lines (61.26 and 40.32 μM, respectively). Therefore, the promising results obtained, combined with the structure similarity with commercial COMT inhibitors, can allow for the future development of a potential new Parkinson’s disease drug candidate with improved properties.
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4
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Zhao DF, Fan YF, Yu HN, Hou FB, Xiang YW, Wang P, Ge GB, Yang L, Xu JG. Discovery and characterization of flavonoids in vine tea as catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors. Fitoterapia 2021; 152:104913. [PMID: 33932529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vine tea has been used as a traditionally functional herbal tea in China for centuries, which exhibits paramount potential for chronic metabolic diseases. Herein, the inhibitory potential of vine tea toward human catechol-O-methyltransferase (hCOMT) was investigated. A practical bioactivity-guided fractionation combined with chemical profiling strategy was developed to identify the naturally occurring hCOMT inhibitors. Five flavonoids in vine tea displayed moderate to strong inhibition on hCOMT with IC50 values ranging from 0.96 μM to 42.47 μM, in which myricetin was the critically potent constituent against hCOMT. Inhibition kinetics assays and molecular docking simulations showed that myricetin could bind to the active site of COMT and inhibited COMT-catalyzed 3-BTD methylation in a mixed manner. Collectively, our findings not only suggested that the strong hCOMT inhibition of vine tea has guiding significance in the drug exposure of catechol drugs, but also identified a promising lead compound for developing more efficacious hCOMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Fang Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Fan Fan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao-Nan Yu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fan-Bin Hou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Wei Xiang
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian-Guang Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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5
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Zhao DF, Fan YF, Wang FY, Hou FB, Gonzalez FJ, Li SY, Wang P, Xia YL, Ge GB, Yang L. Discovery and characterization of naturally occurring potent inhibitors of catechol- O-methyltransferase from herbal medicines. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10385-10392. [PMID: 35423513 PMCID: PMC8695704 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10425f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human catechol-O-methyltransferase (hCOMT) is considered a therapeutic target due to its crucial roles in the metabolic inactivation of endogenous neurotransmitters and xenobiotic drugs. There are nevertheless few safe and effective COMT inhibitors and there lacks a diversity in structure. To discover novel safe and effective hCOMT inhibitors from herbal products, in this study, 53 herbal products were collected and their inhibitory effects against hCOMT were investigated. Among them, Scutellariae radix (SR) displayed the most potent inhibitory effect on hCOMT with an IC50 value of 0.75 μg mL-1. To further determine specific chemicals as COMT inhibitors, an affinity ultrafiltration coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and successfully applied to identify COMT inhibitors from SR extract. The results demonstrated that scutellarein 2, baicalein 9 and oroxylin A 12 were potent COMT inhibitors, showing a high binding index (>3) and very low IC50 values (32.9 ± 3.43 nM, 37.3 ± 4.32 nM and 18.3 ± 2.96 nM). The results of inhibition kinetics assays and docking simulations showed that compounds 2, 9 and 12 were potent competitive inhibitors against COMT-mediated 3-BTD methylation, and they could stably bind to the active site of COMT. These findings suggested that affinity ultrafiltration allows a rapid identification of natural COMT inhibitors from a complex plant extract matrix. Furthermore, scutellarein 2, baicalein 9 and oroxylin A 12 are potent inhibitors of hCOMT in SR, which could be used as promising lead compounds to develop more efficacious non-nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Fang Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yu-Fan Fan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Fang-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Fan-Bin Hou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Shi-Yang Li
- Analytical Central Laboratory, Shenyang Harmony Health Medical Laboratory Co. Ltd Shenyang 210112 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Yang-Liu Xia
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
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6
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Wang FY, Wang P, Zhao DF, Gonzalez FJ, Fan YF, Xia YL, Ge GB, Yang L. Analytical methodologies for sensing catechol- O-methyltransferase activity and their applications. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:15-27. [PMID: 33717608 PMCID: PMC7930641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian catechol-O-methyltransferases (COMT) are an important class of conjugative enzymes, which play a key role in the metabolism and inactivation of catechol neurotransmitters, catechol estrogens and a wide range of endobiotics and xenobiotics that bear the catechol group. Currently, COMT inhibitors are used in combination with levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. The crucial role of COMT in human health has raised great interest in the development of more practical assays for highly selective and sensitive detection of COMT activity in real samples, as well as for rapid screening and characterization of COMT inhibitors as drug candidates. This review summarizes recent advances in analytical methodologies for sensing COMT activity and their applications. Several lists of biochemical assays for measuring COMT activity, including the probe substrates, along with their analytical conditions and kinetic parameters, are presented. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in the field, such as visualization of COMT activity in vivo and in situ, are highlighted. Collectively, this review article overviews the practical assays for measuring COMT activities in complex biological samples, which will strongly facilitate the investigations on the relevance of COMT to human diseases and promote the discovery of COMT inhibitors via high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dong-Fang Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Fan Fan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yang-Liu Xia
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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7
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Jalkanen A, Lassheikki V, Torsti T, Gharib E, Lehtonen M, Juvonen RO. Tissue and interspecies comparison of catechol- O-methyltransferase mediated catalysis of 6- O-methylation of esculetin to scopoletin and its inhibition by entacapone and tolcapone. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:268-278. [PMID: 33289420 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1853850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) methylates both endogenous and exogenous catechol compounds to inactive and safe metabolites. We first optimised conditions for a convenient and sensitive continuous fluorescence-based 6-O-methylation assay of esculetin, which we used for investigating the COMT activity in human, mouse, rat, dog, rabbit, and sheep liver cytosols and microsomes and in ten different rat tissues. Furthermore, we compared the inhibition potencies and mechanisms of two clinically used COMT inhibitors, entacapone and tolcapone, in these species. In most tissues, the COMT activity was at least three times higher in cytosol than in microsomes. In the rat, the highest COMT activity was found in the liver, followed by kidney, ileum, thymus, spleen, lung, pancreas, heart, brain, and finally, skeletal muscle. Entacapone and tolcapone were characterised as highly potent mixed type tight-binding inhibitors. The competitive inhibition type dominated over the uncompetitive inhibition with entacapone, whereas uncompetitive inhibition dominated with tolcapone. Rats, dogs, pigs, and sheep are high COMT activity species, in contrast to humans, mice, and rabbits; COMT activity is highest in the liver. Both entacapone and tolcapone are potent COMT inhibitors, but their inhibition mechanisms differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaro Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veera Lassheikki
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tommi Torsti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elham Gharib
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Risto O Juvonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Moschovou K, Melagraki G, Mavromoustakos T, Zacharia LC, Afantitis A. Cheminformatics and virtual screening studies of COMT inhibitors as potential Parkinson’s disease therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:53-62. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1691165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Melagraki
- Division of Physical Sciences & Applications, Hellenic Military Academy, Vari, Greece
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Karanewsky DS, Arthur AJ, Liu H, Chi B, Ida L. Toxicological evaluation and metabolism of two N-alkyl benzamide umami flavour compounds: N-(heptan-4-yl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamide and ( R)- N-(1-methoxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3,4-dimethylbenzamide. Toxicol Rep 2017; 3:841-860. [PMID: 28959612 PMCID: PMC5616206 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicological evaluations of two N-alkyl benzamide umami flavour compounds, N-(heptan-4-yl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamide (S807, CAS 745047-51-2) and (R)-N-(1-methoxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3,4-dimethylbenzamide (S9229, CAS 851669-60-8), were completed for the purpose of assessing their safety for use in food and beverage applications. Both S807 and S9229 undergo rapid oxidative metabolism by both rat and human liver microsomes in vitro. In pharmacokinetic studies in rats, the systemic exposure to S9229 on oral administration is very low at all doses (% F < 1%), while that of S807 demonstrated a non-linear dose dependence. In metabolism studies in rats, hydroxylation of the C-4 aryl methyl group was found to be the dominant metabolic pathway for S9229. The dominant metabolic pathway for S807 in the rat involved oxidative scission of the methylenedioxy moiety to produce the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxybenamide which is further converted by Phase II metabolic enzymes to the 3- and 4-O-methyl ethers as well as their corresponding glucuronides. Both S807 and S9229 were not found to be mutagenic or clastogenic in vitro, and did not induce micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in vivo. In a subchronic oral toxicity study in rats, the no-observed-effect-level (NOEL) for S807 was 20 mg/kg bw/day when administered in the diet for 13 weeks. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for S9229 in rats was 100 mg/kg bw/day (highest dose tested) when administered in the diet for 28 consecutive days.
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Key Words
- AUC, area under the curve
- CL, plasma clearance
- COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase
- Cmax, peak plasma concentration
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FEMA GRAS
- FEMA, Flavour and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States
- FL-no, FLAVIS number
- GLP, good laboratory practices
- GMP, good manufacturing practices
- Genetic toxicological evaluation
- HPBL, human peripheral blood lymphocytes
- LC/MS, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry
- MC, methylcellulose
- MRM, multiple-reaction monitoring
- MSG, monosodium glutamate
- MTD, maximum tolerated dose
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect-level
- NOEL, no-observed-effect-level
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- RCG, relative cell growth
- RMI, relative mitotic index
- S807
- S9229
- Subchronic toxicological evaluation
- TK, toxicokinetics
- Tmax, time to reach Cmax
- Vss, volume of distribution at steady-state
- amu, atomic mass units
- t1/2, half-life
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy J Arthur
- Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Hanghui Liu
- Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Bert Chi
- Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Lily Ida
- Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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Dixit VA, Lal LA, Agrawal SR. Recent advances in the prediction of non‐
CYP450
‐mediated drug metabolism. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A. Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)ShirpurIndia
| | - L. Arun Lal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)ShirpurIndia
| | - Simran R. Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)ShirpurIndia
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11
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Paul R, Borah A. L-DOPA-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in Parkinson's disease: Elephant in the room. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1989-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Mih N, Brunk E, Bordbar A, Palsson BO. A Multi-scale Computational Platform to Mechanistically Assess the Effect of Genetic Variation on Drug Responses in Human Erythrocyte Metabolism. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005039. [PMID: 27467583 PMCID: PMC4965186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in systems medicine brings promise to addressing patient heterogeneity and individualized therapies. Recently, genome-scale models of metabolism have been shown to provide insight into the mechanistic link between drug therapies and systems-level off-target effects while being expanded to explicitly include the three-dimensional structure of proteins. The integration of these molecular-level details, such as the physical, structural, and dynamical properties of proteins, notably expands the computational description of biochemical network-level properties and the possibility of understanding and predicting whole cell phenotypes. In this study, we present a multi-scale modeling framework that describes biological processes which range in scale from atomistic details to an entire metabolic network. Using this approach, we can understand how genetic variation, which impacts the structure and reactivity of a protein, influences both native and drug-induced metabolic states. As a proof-of-concept, we study three enzymes (catechol-O-methyltransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and their respective genetic variants which have clinically relevant associations. Using all-atom molecular dynamic simulations enables the sampling of long timescale conformational dynamics of the proteins (and their mutant variants) in complex with their respective native metabolites or drug molecules. We find that changes in a protein's structure due to a mutation influences protein binding affinity to metabolites and/or drug molecules, and inflicts large-scale changes in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mih
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Brunk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EB); (BOP)
| | - Aarash Bordbar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bernhard O. Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EB); (BOP)
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13
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Garcinol prevents hyperhomocysteinemia and enhances bioavailability of L-DOPA by inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase: an in silico approach. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Delchev VB, Gavazov KB, Shterev IG. Ground- and excited-state stability of the conformers of 3,5-dinitrocatechol and its complexes with W(VI) and V(V): combined theoretical and experimental study. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2549. [PMID: 25491566 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We performed a theoretical and experimental study of the (photo)stability of 3,5-dinitrocatechol (DNC) and its complexes with W(VI) and V(V). The investigation showed that irradiation of DNC is accompanied by a parallel proton migration from the hydroxy group to the neighboring NO2 group, which results in a large Stokes shift of the absorption and emission bands. It was found that W(VI) forms a more stable 1:2 complex than V(V). The complex is stable even under UV irradiation. The most stable W(VI)(DNC)2 conformer is comprised of two mutually perpendicular DNC molecules as ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Delchev
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria,
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15
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Kiss LE, Soares-da-Silva P. Medicinal chemistry of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors and their therapeutic utility. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8692-717. [PMID: 25080080 DOI: 10.1021/jm500572b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) is the enzyme responsible for the O-methylation of endogenous neurotransmitters and of xenobiotic substances and hormones incorporating catecholic structures. COMT is a druggable biological target for the treatment of various central and peripheral nervous system disorders, including Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and other dopamine deficiency-related diseases. The purpose of this perspective is fourfold: (i) to summarize the physiological role of COMT inhibitors in central and peripheral nervous system disorders; (ii) to provide the history and perspective of the medicinal chemistry behind the discovery and development of COMT inhibitors; (iii) to discuss how the physicochemical properties of recognized COMT inhibitors are understood to exert influence over their pharmacological properties; and (iv) to evaluate the clinical benefits of the most relevant COMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- László E Kiss
- Department of Research & Development, BIAL - Portela & Ca, S.A. , À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457 S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
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16
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Ma Z, Liu H, Wu B. Structure-based drug design of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors for CNS disorders. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:410-20. [PMID: 23713800 PMCID: PMC3952716 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is of great importance in pharmacology because it catalyzes the metabolism (methylation) of endogenous and xenobiotic catechols. Moreover, inhibition of COMT is the drug target in the management of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as Parkinson's disease due to its role in regulation of the dopamine level in the brain. The X-ray crystal structures for COMT have been available since 1994. The active sites for cofactor and substrate/inhibitor binding are well resolved to an atomic level, providing valuable insights into the catalytic mechanisms as well as the role of magnesium ions in catalysis. Determination of how the substrates/inhibitors bind to the protein leads to a structure-based approach that has resulted in potent and selective inhibitors. This review focuses on the design of two types of inhibitors (nitrocatechol-type and bisubstrate inhibitors) for COMT using the protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Ma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongming Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
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17
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Sousa e Silva JP, Lobo JS, Bonifácio MJ, Machado R, Falcão A, Soares-da-Silva P. In-vivo evaluation of prolonged release bilayer tablets of anti-Parkinson drugs in Göttingen minipigs. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:780-5. [PMID: 21585375 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Patients with Parkinson's disease can benefit from controlled released levodopa dosage forms since there is a clear clinical advantage in obtaining sustained plasma concentrations. The purpose of this study was to obtain a tablet that prolonged the release of levodopa.
Methods
A novel bilayer tablet, consisting of an immediate release layer containing nebicapone (100 mg) and an erosion-matrix type prolonged release layer containing levodopa (100 mg) and carbidopa (25 mg) was developed (LCN PR). A pharmacokinetic study in Göttingen minipigs was performed to evaluate this formulation.
Key findings
LCN PR tablets prolonged the in-vitro release of levodopa in HCl 0.1 m for more than 3 h. In-vivo plasma levodopa levels peaked at a later time point with LCN PR tablets as compared with that obtained with Sinemet 100/25 (2.7 vs 0.5 h). Nebicapone increased the maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration–time curve values for levodopa.
Conclusions
The results obtained suggested that LCN PR tablets may have decreased the number of tablets and daily intake in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Paulo Sousa e Silva
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, S.A., São Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - José S Lobo
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, S.A., São Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Maria J Bonifácio
- Department of Research and Development, Bial – Portela & C, S.A., São Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Rita Machado
- Department of Research and Development, Bial – Portela & C, S.A., São Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, S.A., São Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
- Department of Research and Development, Bial – Portela & C, S.A., São Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
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18
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Chen Z, Chen M, Pan H, Sun S, Li L, Zeng S, Jiang H. Role of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase in the Disposition of Luteolin in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:667-74. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.037333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Nissinen E, Männistö PT. Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2010; 95:73-118. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381326-8.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Learmonth DA, Kiss LE, Soares-da-Silva P. The Chemistry of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2010; 95:119-62. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381326-8.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Courts FL, Williamson G. The C
-glycosyl flavonoid, aspalathin, is absorbed, methylated and glucuronidated intact in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:1104-11. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Rutherford K, Le Trong I, Stenkamp R, Parson W. Crystal Structures of Human 108V and 108M Catechol O-Methyltransferase. J Mol Biol 2008; 380:120-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Bonifácio MJ, Palma PN, Almeida L, Soares‐da‐Silva P. Catechol-O-methyltransferase and its inhibitors in Parkinson's disease. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2008; 13:352-79. [PMID: 17894650 PMCID: PMC6494163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, with consequent reduction in striatal dopamine levels leading to characteristic motor symptoms. The most effective treatment for this disease continues to be the dopamine replacement therapy with levodopa together with an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). The efficacy of this therapy, however, decreases with time and most patients develop fluctuating responses and dyskinesias. The last decade showed that the use of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors as adjuvants to the levodopa/AADC inhibitor therapy, significantly improves the clinical benefits of this therapy. The purpose of this article is to review the current knowledge on the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and the role of COMT inhibitors in PD as a new therapeutic approach to PD involving conversion of levodopa to dopamine at the target region in the brain and facilitation of the continuous action of this amine at the receptor sites. A historical overview of the discovery and development of COMT inhibitors is presented with a special emphasis on nebicapone, presently under clinical development, as well as entacapone and tolcapone, which are already approved as adjuncts in the therapy of PD. This article reviews human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs as well as their clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Bonifácio
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL (Portela & Co S.A.), S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - P. Nuno Palma
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL (Portela & Co S.A.), S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Luís Almeida
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL (Portela & Co S.A.), S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares‐da‐Silva
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL (Portela & Co S.A.), S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
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24
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Passarinha LA, Bonifácio MJ, Queiroz JA. Comparative study on the interaction of recombinant human soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase on some hydrophobic adsorbents. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:430-8. [PMID: 17294500 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The main scope of this work is the evaluation and potential application of hydrophobic interaction chromatography in the isolation of recombinant human soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase (hSCOMT) from an Escherichia coli cell extract. Therefore, a comparative study on the interaction of recombinant hSCOMT with different hydrophobic adsorbents (butyl-, octyl-, phenyl- and epoxy-Sepharose), was developed. The four adsorbents were evaluated in terms of selectivity, recovery and fractionation of recombinant hSCOMT from its Escherichia coli-free culture broth. Our data shows that the adjustment of the ionic strength on the mobile phase and the type of hydrophobic ligand are the most useful factors for a complete binding of hSCOMT and a selective fractionation of contaminating proteins. The results of these studies demonstrate that, although epoxy-Sepharose is used as a last resort due to the high salt concentrations needed, hSCOMT bind to the other three resins at low concentrations of ammonium sulfate (< or = 0.6 M) and eluted just by decreasing the ionic strength on the eluent to 0 M, without loss of specific of activity. The stepwise gradient with 0.6, 0.2, 0.075 and 0 M of ammonium sulfate onto a butyl-Sepharose media was found to be the most effective in the isolation of hSCOMT, leading to an enzyme solution with a 3.9-fold increased in specific activity. Since biochemical and structural studies require significant quantities of the enzyme in an active form, the above described approach may give some insight into the optimization and development of new purification strategies of mammalian COMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Passarinha
- CICS - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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25
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Paulini R, Lerner C, Diederich F, Jakob-Roetne R, Zürcher G, Borroni E. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potent Bisubstrate Inhibitors of the Enzyme CatecholO-Methyltransferase (COMT) Lacking a Nitro Group. Helv Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200690179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Palma PN, Rodrigues ML, Archer M, Bonifácio MJ, Loureiro AI, Learmonth DA, Carrondo MA, Soares-da-Silva P. Comparative Study ofortho-andmeta-Nitrated Inhibitors of Catechol-O-methyltransferase: Interactions with the Active Site and Regioselectivity ofO-Methylation. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:143-53. [PMID: 16618795 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.023119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a comparative case study of "ortho-" and "meta-nitrated" catecholic inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), with regard to their interaction with the catalytic site of the enzyme and the in vitro regioselective formation of their mono-O-methyl ether metabolites. In particular, the effects of altering the attachment position of the inhibitors' side-chain substituent, within the classic nitrocatechol pharmacophore, were investigated. For this purpose, we compared two simple regioisomeric nitrocatechol-type inhibitors of COMT, BIA 3-228 and BIA 8-176, which contain the benzoyl substituent attached at the meta and ortho positions, respectively, relative to the nitro group. The two compounds were slowly O-methylated by COMT in vitro, but the particular substitution pattern of each compound was shown to have a profound impact on the regioselectivity of their O-methylation. To provide a plausible interpretation of these results, a comprehensive analysis of the protein-inhibitor interactions and of the relative chemical susceptibility to O-methylation of the catechol hydroxyl groups was performed by means of docking simulations and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The major structural and chemical factors that determine the enzyme regioselectivity of O-methylation were identified, and the X-ray structure of the complex of COMT with S-adenosyl-l-methionine and BIA 8-176 is herein disclosed. This is the first reported structure of the soluble form of COMT complexed with a nitrocatecholic inhibitor having a bulky substituent group in adjacent position (ortho) to the nitro group. Structural and dynamic aspects of this complex are analyzed and discussed, in the context of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Palma
- Department of Research and Development, Bial., A. Av. da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457 S. Mamede do Coronado, Trofa, Portugal.
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27
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Chandra G, Gangopadhyay PK, Senthil Kumar KS, Mohanakumar KP. Acute intranigral homocysteine administration produces stereotypic behavioral changes and striatal dopamine depletion in Sprague–Dawley rats. Brain Res 2006; 1075:81-92. [PMID: 16487496 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine has been considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and patients with hyperhomocystinemia exhibit neurological and psychological abnormalities. Elevated level of this molecule in the blood of Parkinson's disease patients receiving long-term l-DOPA therapy prompted us to investigate whether homocysteine is neurotoxic to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals infused unilaterally with different doses of homocysteine (0.25-1 micromol in 1 microl) intranigrally exhibited significant and dose-dependent decrease in dopamine levels in the ipsilateral striatum as assayed employing an HPLC coupled with electrochemical detector, 19 days post-infusion. While 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid level in the striatum showed a dose-dependent decrease, homovanillic acid was found to be inhibited only for the highest dose. Amphetamine administration in these animals on the 14th day caused stereotypic turning behavior ipsilateral to the side of infusion. Apomorphine challenge on the 16th day elicited stereotypic contralateral circling behavior. Neurotransmitter levels in the serotonergic perikarya or terminals were unaltered 19 days following intraraphe infusion of homocysteine, which suggested the specificity of its action to dopaminergic neurons. These results indicate nigrostriatal lesions similar to that observed following intranigral infusion of the dopaminergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine and suggest its closeness to the parkinsonian animal model. Furthermore, these findings provide evidence for the neurotoxic nature of homocysteine to dopaminergic neurons and suggest that elevated level of this molecule in parkinsonian patients may be conducive to accelerate the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chandra
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, India
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28
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Learmonth DA, Bonifácio MJ, Soares-da-Silva P. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Series of “Ortho-Nitrated” Inhibitors of Catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Med Chem 2005; 48:8070-8. [PMID: 16335931 DOI: 10.1021/jm0580454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel regioisomeric "ortho-nitrated" catechols related to the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors BIA 3-202 3 and BIA 3-335 4 were synthesized and biologically evaluated. Changing the position of the nitro group from the "classical" meta- to the ortho-position relative to the side-chain substituent of the nitrocatechol pharmacophore exerted profound effects on selectivity and duration of COMT inhibition. Alkylaryl compounds 7a-d possessed shorter duration of action than their regioisomers, but 7b displayed reversed selectivity over 3 at 3 and 6 h, exhibiting preferential central inhibition. In the amino-substituted series, ortho-nitrated regioisomer 14k was less peripherally selective than 4 and short-acting, whereas decahydroquinoline 14g displayed an unprecedented combination of long-acting and selective peripheral inhibition. 7b could provide a useful tool to probe the pharmacological utility of short-acting, centrally selective COMT inhibitors in the treatment of depression in Parkinsonian patients, and 14g represents a promising candidate for clinical evaluation as an adjunct to L-Dopa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Learmonth
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Research & Development, BIAL, 4745-457 S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
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29
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Chen D, Wang CY, Lambert JD, Ai N, Welsh WJ, Yang CS. Inhibition of human liver catechol-O-methyltransferase by tea catechins and their metabolites: structure-activity relationship and molecular-modeling studies. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:1523-31. [PMID: 15857617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the major polyphenol present in green tea. We previously demonstrated that EGCG was both a substrate and potent inhibitor of human liver cytosolic catechol-O-methyltransferease (COMT). We now report the structure-activity relationship for the inhibition of COMT-catalyzed O-methylation of catecholestrogens in human liver cytosol by tea catechins and some of their metabolites. The most potent inhibitors were catechins with a galloyl-type D-ring, including EGCG (IC(50)=0.07 microM), 4''-O-methyl-EGCG (IC(50)=0.10 microM), 4',4''-di-O-methyl-EGCG (4',4''-DiMeEGCG) (IC(50)=0.15 microM), and (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) (IC(50)=0.20 microM). Catechins without the D-ring showed two to three orders of magnitude less inhibitory potency. Enzyme kinetic analyses revealed that EGCG behaved as a mixed inhibitor, whereas 4',4''-di-O-methyl-EGCG exhibited competitive kinetics for the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and noncompetitive kinetics for the catechol binding site. These compounds may represent a new type of COMT inhibitor. In silico molecular-modeling studies using a homology model of human COMT were conducted to aid in the understanding the catalytic and inhibitory mechanisms. Either D-ring or B-ring of EGCG could be accommodated to the substrate binding pocket of human COMT. However, the close proximity (2.6A) of 4''-OH to the critical residue Lys144, the higher acidity of the hydroxyl groups of the D-ring, and the hydrophobic interactions between the D-ring and residues in the binding pocket greatly facilitated the interaction of the D-ring with the enzyme, and resulted in increased inhibitory potency. These results provide mechanistic insight into the inhibition of COMT by commonly consumed tea catechins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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30
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Paulini R, Lerner C, Jakob-Roetne R, Zürcher G, Borroni E, Diederich F. Bisubstrate inhibitors of the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT): efficient inhibition despite the lack of a nitro group. Chembiochem 2005; 5:1270-4. [PMID: 15368579 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Paulini
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Stead LM, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. Methylation demand and homocysteine metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 44:321-33. [PMID: 15581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2003.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Stead
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X9
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32
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Almeida L, Soares-da-Silva P. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of BIA 3-202, a novel catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, during multiple-dose administration to healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 43:1350-60. [PMID: 14615471 DOI: 10.1177/0091270003258666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of BIA 3-202 (50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg twice daily and 200 mg thrice daily), a novel catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, were investigated in healthy volunteers. BIA 3-202 was administered to four sequential groups of 8 healthy male subjects under a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Within each group, 2 subjects were randomized to treatment with placebo. Treatment duration was 9 days: single dose on the first and last days and twice or thrice daily on days 3 to 8. BIA 3-202 was well tolerated at all dose regimens tested. Median maximum plasma BIA 3-202 concentrations were attained at 0.5 to 2.5 hours postdose. Thereafter, concentrations declined with a t1/2 of approximately 2 to 4 hours. The increase in the extent of systemic exposure, as measured by AUC0-tau, was approximately proportional to the administered dose. Steady state of plasma BIA 3-202 concentrations occurred by day 4 in all dose groups. Less than 1% of the total dose administered was excreted in urine up to 48 hours postdose. BIA 3-202 markedly reduced soluble COMT (S-COMT) activity in erythrocytes, with maximum inhibition occurring at 1 to 2 hours postdose; enzyme activity returned to baseline levels by approximately 8 hours. Inhibition of S-COMT activity appeared to increase with increasing doses of BIA 3-202 on both day 1 and day 9. In conclusion, BIA 3-202 was well tolerated in all the oral multiple-dose regimens tested. BIA 3-202 was shown to inhibit S-COMT activity in erythrocytes, and its pharmacokinetics appeared to be linear (i.e., dose independent and time invariant).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Almeida
- Department of Research & Development, BIAL, A Av. da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457 S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
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Miners JO, Smith PA, Sorich MJ, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. PREDICTINGHUMANDRUGGLUCURONIDATIONPARAMETERS: Application of In Vitro and In Silico Modeling Approaches. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2004; 44:1-25. [PMID: 14744236 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), which both exist as enzyme "superfamilies," are together responsible for the metabolism of most hepatically cleared drugs. There is currently intense interest in the development of techniques that permit identification of the CYP and UGT isoform(s) involved in the metabolism of a newly discovered drug, and hence prediction of factors likely to alter elimination in vivo. In addition, the quantitative scaling of kinetic parameters for a metabolic pathway assumes importance for identifying newly discovered drugs with undesirable in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Although qualitative and quantitative in vitro-in vivo correlation based on data generated using human liver tissue or recombinant enzymes have been applied successfully to many drugs eliminated by CYP, these strategies have proved less definitive for glucuronidated compounds. Computational (in silico) modeling techniques that potentially provide a facile and economic alternative to the in vitro methods are now emerging. This review assesses the utility of in vitro and in silico approaches for the qualitative and quantitative prediction of drug glucuronidation parameters and the challenges facing the development of generalizable models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Center, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
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Almeida L, Soares-da-Silva P. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BIA 3-202, a novel COMT inhibitor, during first administration to humans. Drugs R D 2004; 4:207-17. [PMID: 12848585 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200304040-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of BIA 3-202, a novel catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. METHODS Single increasing oral doses of BIA 3-202 (10, 30, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800mg) were administered under fasting conditions to seven sequential groups of nine subjects, under a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled design. In an additional group of eight subjects (group 8), a single dose of BIA 3-202 400mg was administered on two occasions, once under fasting conditions and once with a high-fat meal, under an open-label, two-way crossover design. RESULTS BIA 3-202 was well tolerated at all doses tested. Most adverse events were mild in severity and their incidence was similar between BIA 3-202 and placebo. Maximum plasma concentrations (C(max)) of BIA 3-202 were attained at 0.5-2.5h (t(max)) and thereafter declined with an apparent terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of 1.5-5h. Over the dose range of 10-800mg, there was an approximately dose-proportional increase in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values of BIA 3-202: for a dose level increase in the ratio 3.0:1.7:2.0:2.0:2.0:2.0, AUC increased in the ratio 3.1:1.7:1.9:2.2:2.1:1.7. Plasma concentrations of the O-methylated derivative, BIA 3-270, increased markedly less than predicted from a proportional relationship: for a dose level increase in the ratio 1:80, AUC(0-t )increased in the ratio 1:5. In most subjects, the t(max) of BIA 3-270 was attained at the last sampling time and, therefore, t(1/2 )could not be estimated. Urine assays showed that less than 1% of the total dose administered was excreted in urine as BIA 3-202. Urine concentrations of BIA 3-270 were below the limit of quantification. In group 8, the rate and extent of systemic availability (t(max), AUC and C(max)) of BIA 3-202 and BIA 3-270 after a high-fat meal were similar to those under fasting conditions. Inhibition of COMT activity in erythrocytes reached maximum levels at 2-2.5h post dose, with sustained inhibition up to approximately 4-6 hours, returning to baseline by about 16 hours. CONCLUSION BIA 3-202 was well tolerated at single 10-800mg oral doses and presented dose-proportional kinetics. It effectively inhibited COMT activity and the presence of food did not affect its pharmacokinetics or COMT inhibitory activity. The results provide a basis for further clinical studies with BIA 3-202.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Almeida
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL, S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
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