1
|
Hassumi JS, Mulinari-Santos G, Fabris ALDS, Jacob RGM, Gonçalves A, Rossi AC, Freire AR, Faverani LP, Okamoto R. Alveolar bone healing in rats: micro-CT, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170326. [PMID: 29898174 PMCID: PMC6010327 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alveolar bone healing after upper incisor extraction in rats is a classical model of preclinical studies. The underlying morphometric, cellular and molecular mechanism, however, remains imprecise in a unique study. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was therefore to characterize the alveolar bone healing after upper incisor extraction in rats by micro computed tomographic (Micro-CT), immunohistochemical and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty animals (Rattus norvegicus, Albinus Wistar) were divided into three groups after upper incisors extraction at 7, 14, and 28 days. Micro-CT was evaluated based on the morphometric parameters. Subsequently, the histological analyses and immunostaining of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear kappa B ligand (RANKL) and tartrate resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) was performed. In addition, RT-PCR analyses of OPG, RANKL, the runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OPN), osterix (OST) and receptor activator of nuclear kappa B (RANK) were performed to determine the expression of these proteins in the alveolar bone healing. RESULTS Micro-CT: The morphometric parameters of bone volume and trabecular thickness progressively increased over time. Consequently, a gradual decrease in trabecular separation, trabecular space and total bone porosity was observed. Immunohistochemical: There were no differences statistically significant between the positive labeling for OPG, RANKL and TRAP in the different periods. RT-PCR: At 28 days, there was a significant increase in OPG expression, while RANKL expression and the RANKL/OPG ratio both decreased over time. CONCLUSION Micro-CT showed the newly formed bone had favorable morphometric characteristics of quality and quantity. Beyond the RUNX2, OC, OPN, OST, and RANK proteins expressed in the alveolar bone healing, OPG and RANKL activity showed to be essential for activation of basic multicellular units during the alveolar bone healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Suemi Hassumi
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Cirurgia e Clínica Integrada, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Gabriel Mulinari-Santos
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - André Luis da Silva Fabris
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Garcia Mureb Jacob
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alaíde Gonçalves
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Cirurgia e Clínica Integrada, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Cláudia Rossi
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Morfologia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues Freire
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Morfologia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Pérez Faverani
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Roberta Okamoto
- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Cirurgia e Clínica Integrada, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gong S, Han X, Li X, Yang J, He X, Si S. Development of a High-Throughput Screening Strategy for Upregulators of the OPG/RANKL Ratio with the Potential for Antiosteoporosis Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:738-48. [PMID: 27301430 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116654657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ratio between osteoprotegerin (OPG) and the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in the bone microenvironment indicates the level of osteoclastogenesis, and upregulation of this ratio would improve osteoporosis. In this study, we established a novel high-throughput screening (HTS) system using two stably transfected monoclonal cell lines that either express firefly luciferase under the OPG promoter control or concurrently express firefly and renilla luciferases under control of the OPG and RANKL promoters, respectively. With this system, we can conveniently and rapidly detect the effects of compounds on the expression of OPG and RANKL through changes in firefly and renilla luciferase activities. A total of 8160 compounds were screened using this system, yielding five compounds without previously reported activity. The compound with greatest potential is E05657 with high activity and low effective concentration in the HTS system. It increases the OPG/RANKL ratio and OPG secretion, decreases the NFATc1 expression, and reduces osteoclastogenesis in vitro. These results indicate that this novel HTS system can be used to identify small molecules with potential antiosteoporosis effects, and E05657 is a promising lead compound as a novel antiosteoporosis drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Gong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowan Han
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo He
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Si
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Ulrich-Vinther M. Gene therapy methods in bone and joint disorders. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17453690610046512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
5
|
Pérez-Sayáns M, Somoza-Martín JM, Barros-Angueira F, Rey JMG, García-García A. RANK/RANKL/OPG role in distraction osteogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:679-86. [PMID: 20163972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Distraction osteogenesis is a fundamental pillar for craniomaxillofacial reconstruction processes. Nonetheless, although the clinical, biomechanical, and histologic changes associated with distraction osteogenesis have been widely described, this is not the case with the molecular mechanisms that regulate bone synthesis in the interfragmentary gap resulting from the gradual separation of bone segments. Recent studies have attributed a decisive role to the RANK/RANKL/OPG system in regulating bone metabolism and osteoclastogenesis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta (RANK), belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, is present in the osteoclasts. It promotes osteoclastogenesis when it binds to RANK ligand (RANKL), which is produced by the osteoblasts and other stromal cells. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) acts as a decoy receptor by binding to RANKL and preventing RANK signaling. Osteoclast activation is thus blocked and apoptosis induced. The aim of this review is to analyze the influence of the RANK/RANKL/OPG system on the bone healing and remodeling processes that occur in distraction osteogenesis, with a view to possibly developing molecular mechanisms that stimulate bone regeneration and inhibit resorption, thereby improving the clinical outcome for distraction osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pérez-Sayáns
- Facultad de Odontología, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
LUVIZUTO ER, QUEIROZ TP, DIAS SMD, OKAMOTO T, DORNELLES RCM, GARCIA IR, OKAMOTO R. Histomorphometric analysis and immunolocalization of RANKL and OPG during the alveolar healing process in female ovariectomized rats treated with oestrogen or raloxifene. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
7
|
Chanda D, Isayeva T, Kumar S, Hensel JA, Sawant A, Ramaswamy G, Siegal GP, Beatty MS, Ponnazhagan S. Therapeutic potential of adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in prostate cancer bone metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7175-85. [PMID: 19920103 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current evidence indicates that an osteoblast lesion in prostate cancer is preceded by osteolysis. Thus, prevention of osteolysis would reduce complications of bone metastasis. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into osteoblast and produce osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor for the receptor activator for nuclear factor kappaB ligand, naturally. The present study examined the potential of unmodified mesenchymal stem cells to prevent osteolytic bone lesions in a preclinical mouse model of prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The human prostate cancer cell line PC3 was implanted in tibiae of severe combined immunodeficient mice. After establishment of the tumor, either unmodified or genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing osteoprotegerin was injected at the site of tumor growth. The effects of therapy were monitored by bioluminescence imaging, micro-computed tomography, immunohistochemistry, and histomorphometry. RESULTS Data indicated significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of tumor growth and restoration of bone in mice treated with unmodified and modified mesenchymal stem cells. Detailed analysis suggested that the donor mesenchymal stem cell inhibited tumor progression by producing woven bone around the growing tumor cells in the tibiae and by preventing osteoclastogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Overcoming the limitation of the number of mesenchymal stem cells available in the bone can provide significant amelioration for osteolytic damage without further modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diptiman Chanda
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chanda D, Isayeva T, Kumar S, Siegal GP, Szafran AA, Zinn KR, Reddy VVB, Ponnazhagan S. Systemic osteoprotegerin gene therapy restores tumor-induced bone loss in a therapeutic model of breast cancer bone metastasis. Mol Ther 2008; 16:871-8. [PMID: 18388919 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced production of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and its binding to RANK on the osteoclasts have been associated with osteolysis in breast cancer bone metastasis. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy receptor that prevents RANKL-RANK interaction. This study determined the effects of sustained expression of OPG using a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector in mouse model of osteolytic breast cancer. Bone metastasis was established by intracardiac injection of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435. Following this, mice were administered a one-time intramuscular injection of rAAV encoding either OPG.Fc (OPG) or green fluorescent protein (GFP). Mice were killed 1 month later and the effects of therapy on tumor growth and bone remodeling were evaluated. Bioluminescence imaging showed significant reduction of tumor growth in bone of OPG.Fc-treated mice. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis and histomorphometry of the tibia indicated significant protection of trabecular and cortical bones after OPG.Fc therapy. Despite the prevention of bone loss and tumor growth in bone, OPG.Fc therapy failed to provide long-term survival. OPG.Fc-treated mice developed more bone than age-matched normal mice, indicating a requirement for regulated transgene expression. Results of this study indicate the potential of rAAV-OPG therapy for reducing morbidity and mortality in breast cancer patients with osteolytic bone damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diptiman Chanda
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Bone homeostasis depends on balanced bone deposition and bone resorption, which are mediated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. The process of bone turnover requires the coordination of these cells. Changes in the ability of either cell type to perform its function results in pathological conditions such as osteoporosis and tumor-induced bone loss (osteolysis). The number of osteoclasts present at the site of bone remodeling as well as the activity of those osteoclasts the control amount of bone resorbed (1). Therefore, factors affecting overall numbers of osteoclasts and osteoclast activation are key to regulating bone loss. Osteoclast numbers are in part controlled by osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow precursors of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (2). Differentiation of these hematopoietic precursors into osteoclasts is supported by bone marrow stromal cell production of two cytokines, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), which are both necessary and sufficient to mediate osteoclast differentiation (3, 4). Although RANKL production by the stroma supports osteoclast differentiation, this process is antagonized by osteoprotogerin (OPG) production, which acts as a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL (5, 6). Mechanistic studies to elucidate the factors influencing bone metabolism necessitate in vitro studies of osteoclast differentiation, activation and survival. There are a number of in vitro methods used to culture and study osteoclasts, some of which are described in this chapter.
Collapse
|
10
|
Qian DZ, Wei YF, Wang X, Kato Y, Cheng L, Pili R. Antitumor activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 in prostate cancer models. Prostate 2007; 67:1182-93. [PMID: 17520666 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represent a novel class of therapeutic agents with antitumor activity currently in clinical development. In this study, we tested the biological effects of the HDAC inhibitor MS-275 in various pre-clinical prostate cancer models both in'vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro cell proliferation XTT assay and protein expression analysis by Western blot were performed. In vivo tumor growth assessment in subcutaneous, orthotopic, and transgenic mouse models were conducted. RESULTS MS-275 significantly upregulated histone H3 acetylation and p21 gene expression in human prostate cancer cell lines. MS-275 exerted growth arrest in PC-3 and LNCaP cells, and induced cell death in DU-145 cells. Prostate specific antigen protein levels were increased by MS-275 in LAPC4 cell line. In vivo, MS-275 inhibited the growth of DU-145, LNCaP, and PC-3 in subcutaneous xenografts. MS-275 had also a significant inhibition of PC-3 cells growth in a mouse intratibial model. Molecular analysis showed increased histone acetylation and p21 expression in tumor samples from MS-275-treated mice. In transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice, long-term treatment of MS-275 slowed the progression of prostate carcinomas with significant reduction in cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data support the clinical testing of MS-275 for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Z Qian
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Siclari VA, Guise TA, Chirgwin JM. Breast cancer secreted factors alter the bone microenvironment. METASTASIS OF BREAST CANCER 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5867-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Purdue PE, Koulouvaris P, Potter HG, Nestor BJ, Sculco TP. The cellular and molecular biology of periprosthetic osteolysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007; 454:251-61. [PMID: 16980902 DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000238813.95035.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The generation of prosthetic implant wear after total joint arthroplasty is recognized as the major initiating event in development of periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening, the leading complication of this otherwise successful surgical procedure. We review current concepts of how wear debris causes osteolysis, and report ideas for prevention and treatment. Wear debris primarily targets macrophages and osteoclast precursor cells, although osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes also may be involved. Molecular responses include activation of MAP kinase pathways, transcription factors (including NFkappaB), and suppressors of cytokine signaling. This results in up-regulation of proinflammatory signaling and inhibition of the protective actions of antiosteoclastogenic cytokines such as interferon gamma. Strategies to reduce osteolysis by choosing bearing surface materials with reduced wear properties should be balanced by awareness that reducing particle size may increase biologic activity. There are no approved treatments for osteolysis despite the promise of therapeutic agents against proinflammatory mediators (such as tumor necrosis factor) and osteoclasts (bisphosphonates and molecules blocking receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand [RANKL] signaling) shown in animal models. Considerable efforts are underway to develop such therapies, to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention, and to develop effective outcome measures.
Collapse
|
13
|
Flatmark K, Nome RV, Folkvord S, Bratland Å, Rasmussen H, Ellefsen MS, Fodstad Ø, Ree AH. Radiosensitization of colorectal carcinoma cell lines by histone deacetylase inhibition. Radiat Oncol 2006; 1:25. [PMID: 16887021 PMCID: PMC1553456 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-1-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor response to preoperative radiotherapy of locally advanced rectal cancer varies greatly, warranting the use of experimental models to assay the efficacy of molecular targeting agents in rectal cancer radiosensitization. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, agents that cause hyperacetylation of histone proteins and thereby remodeling of chromatin structure, may override cell cycle checkpoint responses to DNA damage and amplify radiation-induced tumor cell death. Methods Human colorectal carcinoma cell lines were exposed to ionizing radiation and HDAC inhibitors, and cell cycle profiles and regulatory factors, as well as clonogenicity, were analyzed. Results In addition to G2/M phase arrest following irradiation, the cell lines displayed cell cycle responses typical for either intact or defective p53 function (the presence or absence, respectively, of radiation-induced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and subsequent accumulation of G1 phase cells). In contrast, histone acetylation was associated with complete depletion of the G1 population of cells with functional p53 but accumulation of both G1 and G2/M populations of cells with defective p53. The cellular phenotypes upon HDAC inhibition were consistent with the observed repression of Polo-like kinase-1, a regulatory G2/M phase kinase. Following pre-treatment with HDAC inhibitors currently undergoing clinical investigation, the inhibitory effect of ionizing radiation on clonogenicity was significantly amplified. Conclusion In these experimental models, HDAC inhibition sensitized the tumor cells to ionizing radiation, which is in accordance with the concept of increased probability of tumor cell death when chromatin structure is modified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti Flatmark
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild V Nome
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigurd Folkvord
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Bratland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Rasmussen
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mali Strand Ellefsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Fodstad
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Hansen Ree
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Anandarajah AP, Schwarz EM. Anti-RANKL therapy for inflammatory bone disorders: Mechanisms and potential clinical applications. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:226-32. [PMID: 16240334 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Focal bone loss around inflamed joints in patients with autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, remains a serious clinical problem. The recent elucidation of the RANK/RANK-ligand/OPG pathway and its role as the final effector of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption has brought a tremendous understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory bone loss, and has heightened expectation of a novel intervention. Here, we review the etiology of inflammatory bone loss, the RANK/RANK-ligand/OPG pathway, and the clinical development of anti-RANK-ligand therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen P Anandarajah
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Blouin S, Baslé MF, Chappard D. Rat models of bone metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 22:605-14. [PMID: 16670964 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases occur frequently in patients with advanced breast or prostate cancer. Bone metastases can be predominantly osteolytic, osteoblastic or mixed. Studies with animal models allow advances in understanding the molecular basis for bone metastases and provide new targets for therapy. Several animal models have been developed in rat with different pathophysiologies; they required injection or implantation of neoplastic cells into orthotopic locations, bones or the left ventricle of the heart. Several specific strains of rat have an increased incidence of spontaneous tumors. Carcinomas can be induced by either chemicals or physical agents. However, the most used and convenient way to induce bone metastases is a syngeneic transmission. MAT-Ly-Lu cells have been used in several models using Copenhagen rats to induce osteoblastic bone lesions. PA-III cells derived from Pollard tumors can also produce a combination of osteolytic and osteoblastic reactions at the site of transplantation. Osteolytic bone lesions can be obtained with an injection of Walker cells. The use of 13762 or c-SST2 cells allows also leads to osteolysis. Human xenografts can only be used in nude animals. It is essential to validate and correctly interpret the lesions in several models of bone metastasis. No animal model is sufficient by itself to represent the clinical findings observed in humans. The use of models developed in different species should be more predictive and bring a beam of arguments for a better knowledge of pathophysiological and therapeutic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Blouin
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM, EMI 0335-LHEA, 49045 ANGERS Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blair JM, Zhou H, Seibel MJ, Dunstan CR. Mechanisms of disease: roles of OPG, RANKL and RANK in the pathophysiology of skeletal metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:41-9. [PMID: 16407878 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) and RANK ligand as critical molecular determinants of osteoclastogenesis and regulators of bone resorption, has revolutionized our understanding of the processes of normal and pathological bone biology. Altering the relative biological availabilities of these molecules has direct consequences for the regulation of both bone resorption and bone remodeling. Importantly, recent research suggests a pivotal role for these molecules in mediating cancer-induced bone destruction. This review summarizes the current evidence of osteoprotegerin, RANK ligand and RANK involvement in the pathophysiology of skeletal metastasis, and of therapeutic targeting of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Blair
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martin TJ. Current, new and emerging anti-resorptive drugs; antibody blockade of RANKL action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1138/20060214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
18
|
Fisher JL, Thomas-Mudge RJ, Elliott J, Hards DK, Sims NA, Slavin J, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT. Osteoprotegerin Overexpression by Breast Cancer Cells Enhances Orthotopic and Osseous Tumor Growth and Contrasts with That Delivered Therapeutically. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3620-8. [PMID: 16585187 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) acts as a decoy receptor for receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), which is a pivotal molecule required for osteoclast formation. In vitro OPG inhibits osteoclast formation and in vivo (administered as Fc-OPG) it reduces hypercalcemia and the establishment of osteolytic lesions in mouse models of tumor cell growth in bone. Osteolysis can be induced by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) produced by breast cancer cells that results in an increased osteoblastic RANKL/OPG ratio. We examined the effect of local tumor production of OPG on the ability of breast cancer cells to establish and grow in bone and mammary fat pad. MCF-7 cells or MCF-7 cells overexpressing PTHrP were transfected with full-length OPG and inoculated into the proximal tibiae of athymic nude mice. Mice injected with cells overexpressing PTHrP and OPG showed enhanced tumor growth, increased osteolysis (2-fold compared with MCF-7 cells overexpressing PTHrP), and altered histology that was reflective of a less differentiated (more aggressive) phenotype compared with MCF-7 cells. In contrast, administration of recombinant Fc-OPG reduced tumor growth and limited osteolysis even in mice inoculated with OPG overexpressing cells. Similarly, OPG overexpression by breast cancer cells enhanced tumor growth following orthotopic inoculation. These results indicate that OPG overexpression by breast cancer cells increases tumor growth in vivo and that there are strikingly different responses between therapeutically administered Fc-OPG and full-length OPG produced by tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Fisher
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway and the identification of its role in the pathogenesis of bone loss have provided the rationale for the development of drugs with the ability to modulate RANK-induced osteoclastogenesis. In vivo studies have identified interfering with the RANKL/RANK interaction as a potential therapeutic target in the management of osteoporosis. Two agents capable of blocking the binding of RANKL to RANK have been so far tested in clinical studies--osteoprotegerin (Fc-OPG fusion molecule) and the RANKL-antibody (AMG 162). Both have been found to have profound inhibitory effects on bone resorption, with AMG 162 appearing to be overall superior to OPG. Data are still very scarce, however, and much remains to be uncovered before novel strategies capable of modulating the RANKL/OPG signaling pathway could be safely and effectively used in the management of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neveen A T Hamdy
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies including psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus are all examples of rheumatic diseases in which inflammation is associated with skeletal pathology. Although some of the mechanisms of skeletal remodeling are shared among these diseases, each disease has a unique impact on articular bone or on the axial or appendicular skeleton. Studies in human disease and in animal models of arthritis have identified the osteoclast as the predominant cell type mediating bone loss in arthritis. Many of the cytokines and growth factors implicated in the inflammatory processes in rheumatic diseases have also been demonstrated to impact osteoclast differentiation and function either directly, by acting on cells of the osteoclast-lineage, or indirectly, by acting on other cell types to modulate expression of the key osteoclastogenic factor receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF) kappaB ligand (RANKL) and/or its inhibitor osteoprotegerin (OPG). Further elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for inflammation-induced bone loss will potentially lead to the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention of bone loss in these diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the cell types, inflammatory mediators, and mechanisms that are implicated in bone loss and new bone formation in inflammatory joint diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Walsh
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway and the identification of its role in the pathogenesis of bone loss have provided the rationale for the development of drugs with the ability to modulate RANK-induced osteoclastogenesis. In vivo studies have identified interfering with the RANKL/RANK interaction as a potential therapeutic target in the management of osteoporosis. Two agents capable of blocking the binding of RANKL to RANK have been so far tested in clinical studies--osteoprotegerin (Fc-OPG fusion molecule) and the RANKL-antibody (AMG 162). Both have been found to have profound inhibitory effects on bone resorption, with AMG 162 appearing to be overall superior to OPG. Data are still very scarce, however, and much remains to be uncovered before novel strategies capable of modulating the RANKL/OPG signaling pathway could be safely and effectively used in the management of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neveen A T Hamdy
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Focal bone loss in inflammatory arthritis begins early in the disease process and can contribute to patient morbidity. Current treatment strategies primarily target suppression of the inflammatory cascade with varying success in limiting the progression of focal bone destruction. This review outlines the current understanding of the mechanisms mediating inflammation-induced focal bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides and highlights recent studies in animal models of arthritis that have contributed to our knowledge of this process. RECENT FINDINGS Bone-resorbing osteoclasts have been identified as important effector cells in inflammation-induced bone loss in both experimental animal models and human rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. The RANK/RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB and RANK ligand) pathway has been shown to be essential for osteoclast differentiation in inflammatory arthritis. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that many cytokines and growth factors elaborated by inflamed synovial tissues may contribute to osteoclast differentiation and activation. SUMMARY Elucidation of the mechanisms mediating osteoclast differentiation and function has identified new pathways for potential targeted therapeutic intervention for focal bone loss in inflammatory arthritis. Challenges in the application of this approach are that therapies targeting the osteoclast would need to be used in combination with effective anti-inflammatory agents, and that pathways mediating osteoclast differentiation and function would need to remain at least partially functional to allow for continued skeletal remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Walsh
- Division of Rheumatology and Metabolic Bone Disease, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|