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Jia Y, Zhu Y, Xu D, Feng X, Yu X, Shan G, Zhu L. Insights into the Competitive Mechanisms of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Partition in Liver and Blood. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6192-6200. [PMID: 35436088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) tend to be accumulated in liver and cause hepatotoxicity. However, the difficulty to directly measure liver concentrations of PFASs in humans hampers our understanding of their hepatotoxicity and mechanisms of action. We investigated the partitioning of 11 PFASs between liver and blood in male CD-1 mice. Although accumulation of the perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs) in mice serum was higher than their carboxylic acids (PFCAs) counterparts as expected, the liver-blood partition coefficients (RL/S) of PFSAs were lower than the PFCAs RL/S, implying a competition between liver and blood. The in vitro experiments further indicated that the partitioning was dominantly determined by their competitive binding between human liver fatty acid binding protein (hL-FABP) and serum albumin (HSA). The binding affinities (Kd) of PFASs to both proteins were measured. The correlations between the RL/S and log Kd (hL-FABP)/log Kd (HSA) were stronger than those with log Kd (hL-FABP) alone, magnifying that the partitioning was dominantly controlled by competitive binding between hL-FABP and HSA. Therefore, the liver concentrations of the selected PFASs in humans could be predicted from the available serum concentrations, which is important for assessing their hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Dashan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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Jansson-Löfmark R, Hjorth S, Gabrielsson J. Does In Vitro Potency Predict Clinically Efficacious Concentrations? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:298-305. [PMID: 32275768 PMCID: PMC7484912 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro affinity of a compound for its target is an important feature in drug discovery, but what remains is how predictive in vitro properties are of in vivo therapeutic drug exposure. We assessed the relationship between in vitro potency and clinically efficacious concentrations for marketed small molecule drugs (n = 164) and how they may differ depending on therapeutic indication, mode of action, receptor type, target localization, and function. Approximately 70% of compounds had a therapeutic unbound plasma exposure lower than in vitro potency; the median ratio of exposure in relation to in vitro potency was 0.32, and 80% had ratios within the range of 0.007 to 8.7. We identified differences in the in vivo–to–in vitro potency ratio between indications, mode of action, target type, and matrix localization, and whether or not the drugs had active metabolites. The in vitro–assay variability contributions appeared to be the smallest; within the same drug target and mode of action the within‐variability was slightly broader; but both were substantially less compared with the overall distribution of ratios. These data suggest that in vitro potency conditions, estimated in vivo potency, required level of receptor occupancy, and target turnover are key components for further understanding the link between clinical drug exposure and in vitro potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Hjorth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Pharmacilitator AB (Inc.), Vallda, Sweden
| | - Johan Gabrielsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Li B, Li R, Dorff P, McWilliams JC, Guinn RM, Guinness SM, Han L, Wang K, Yu S. Deprotection of N-Boc Groups under Continuous-Flow High-Temperature Conditions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4846-4855. [PMID: 30620880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The scope of thermolytic, N-Boc deprotection was studied on 26 compounds from the Pfizer compound library, representing a diverse set of structural moieties. Among these compounds, 12 substrates resulted in clean (≥95% product) deprotection, and an additional three compounds gave ≥90% product. The thermal de-Boc conditions were found to be compatible with a large number of functional groups. A combination of computational modeling, statistical analysis, and kinetic model fitting was used to support an initial, slow, and concerted proton transfer with release of isobutylene, followed by a rapid decarboxylation. A strong correlation was found to exist between the electrophilicity of the N-Boc carbonyl group and the reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Li
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ruizhi Li
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Peter Dorff
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - J Christopher McWilliams
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Robert M Guinn
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Steven M Guinness
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Lu Han
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Shu Yu
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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Overexpressing cell systems are a competitive option to primary adipocytes when predicting in vivo potency of dual GPR81/GPR109A agonists. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 114:155-165. [PMID: 29180298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical models predicting in vivo pharmacodynamic effects from in vitro data can accelerate drug discovery, and reduce costs and animal use. However, data integration and modeling is non-trivial when more than one drug-target receptor is involved in the biological response. We modeled the inhibition of non-esterified fatty acid release by dual G-protein-coupled receptor 81/109A (GPR81/GPR109A) agonists in vivo in the rat, to estimate the in vivo EC50 values for 12 different compounds. We subsequently predicted those potency estimates using EC50 values obtained from concentration-response data in isolated primary adipocytes and cell systems overexpressing GPR81 or GPR109A in vitro. A simple linear regression model based on data from primary adipocytes predicted the in vivo EC50 better than simple linear regression models based on in vitro data from either of the cell systems. Three models combining the data from the overexpressing cell systems were also evaluated: two piecewise linear models defining logical OR- and AND-circuits, and a multivariate linear regression model. All three models performed better than the simple linear regression model based on data from primary adipocytes. The OR-model was favored since it is likely that activation of either GPR81 or GPR109A is sufficient to deactivate the cAMP pathway, and thereby inhibit non-esterified fatty acid release. The OR-model was also able to predict the in vivo selectivity between the two receptors. Finally, the OR-model was used to predict the in vivo potency of 1651 new compounds. This work suggests that data from the overexpressing cell systems are sufficient to predict in vivo potency of GPR81/GPR109A agonists, an approach contributing to faster and leaner drug discovery.
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Spasov AA, Popov YV, Lobasenko VS, Korchagina TK, Vassiliev PM, Kuznetsova VA, Brigadirova AA, Rashchenko AI, Babkov DA, Kochetkov AN, Kovaleva AI, Efremova OS. Synthesis and pharmacological activity of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162017020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Glucose-derived spiro-isoxazolines are anti-hyperglycemic agents against type 2 diabetes through glycogen phosphorylase inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:444-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Murphy BJ, Casteel MJ, Samas B, Krzyzaniak JF. Thermodynamic Stability Considerations for Isostructural Dehydrates. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1486-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Discovery of a series of indan carboxylic acid glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3511-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kelsall IR, Munro S, Hallyburton I, Treadway JL, Cohen PTW. The hepatic PP1 glycogen-targeting subunit interaction with phosphorylaseacan be blocked by C-terminal tyrosine deletion or an indole drug. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4749-53. [PMID: 17870073 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of hepatic glycogen-associated protein phosphatase-1 (PP1-G(L)) by glycogen phosphorylase a prevents the dephosphorylation and activation of glycogen synthase, suppressing glycogen synthesis when glycogenolysis is activated. Here, we show that a peptide ((280)LGPYY(284)) comprising the last five amino acids of G(L) retains high-affinity interaction with phosphorylase a and that the two tyrosines play crucial roles. Tyr284 deletion abolishes binding of phosphorylase a to G(L) and replacement by phenylalanine is insufficient to restore high-affinity binding. We show that a phosphorylase inhibitor blocks the interaction of phosphorylase a with the G(L) C-terminus, suggesting that the latter interaction could be targeted to develop an anti-diabetic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Kelsall
- Medical Research Council, Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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Suh SW, Bergher JP, Anderson CM, Treadway JL, Fosgerau K, Swanson RA. Astrocyte glycogen sustains neuronal activity during hypoglycemia: studies with the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor CP-316,819 ([R-R*,S*]-5-chloro-N-[2-hydroxy-3-(methoxymethylamino)-3-oxo-1-(phenylmethyl)propyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:45-50. [PMID: 17251391 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.115550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen in the brain is localized almost exclusively to astrocytes. The physiological function of this energy store has been difficult to establish because of the difficulty in manipulating brain glycogen concentrations in vivo. Here, we used a novel glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, CP-316,819 ([R-R*,S*]-5-chloro-N-[2-hydroxy-3-(methoxymethylamino)-3-oxo-1-(phenylmethyl)propyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide), that causes glycogen accumulation under normoglycemic conditions but permits glycogen utilization when glucose concentrations are low. Rats treated with CP-316,819 had an 88 +/- 3% increase in brain glycogen content. When subjected to hypoglycemia, these rats maintained brain electrical activity 91 +/- 14 min longer than rats with normal brain glycogen levels and showed markedly reduced neuronal death. These studies establish a novel approach for manipulating brain glycogen concentration in normal, awake animals and provide in vivo confirmation that astrocyte glycogen supports neuronal function and survival during glucose deprivation. These findings also suggest an approach for forestalling hypoglycemic coma and brain injury in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Suh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Ekins S, Mankowski DC, Hoover DJ, Lawton MP, Treadway JL, Harwood HJ. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of human CYP51 inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 35:493-500. [PMID: 17194716 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.013888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP51 fulfills an essential requirement for all cells, by catalyzing three sequential mono-oxidations within the cholesterol biosynthesis cascade. Inhibition of fungal CYP51 is used as a therapy for treating fungal infections, whereas inhibition of human CYP51 has been considered as a pharmacological approach to treat dyslipidemia and some forms of cancer. To predict the interaction of inhibitors with the active site of human CYP51, a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship model was constructed. This pharmacophore model of the common structural features of CYP51 inhibitors was built using the program Catalyst from multiple inhibitors (n = 26) of recombinant human CYP51-mediated lanosterol 14alpha-demethylation. The pharmacophore, which consisted of one hydrophobe, one hydrogen bond acceptor, and two ring aromatic features, demonstrated a high correlation between observed and predicted IC(50) values (r = 0.92). Validation of this pharmacophore was performed by predicting the IC(50) of a test set of commercially available (n = 19) and CP-320626-related (n = 48) CYP51 inhibitors. Using predictions below 10 microM as a cutoff indicative of active inhibitors, 16 of 19 commercially available inhibitors (84%) and 38 of 48 CP-320626-related inhibitors (79.2%) were predicted correctly. To better understand how inhibitors fit into the enzyme, potent CYP51 inhibitors were used to build a Cerius(2) receptor surface model representing the volume of the active site. This study has demonstrated the potential for ligand-based computational pharmacophore modeling of human CYP51 and enables a high-throughput screening system for drug discovery and data base mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ekins
- Computational Biology, ACT LLC, 601 Runnymede Ave., Jenkintown, PA 19046, USA.
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