1
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Malviya BK, Hansen EC, Kong CJ, Imbrogno J, Verghese J, Guinness SM, Salazar CA, Desrosiers JN, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Metal-Free Electrochemical Reduction of Disulfides in an Undivided Cell under Mass Transfer Control. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302664. [PMID: 37608784 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroorganic synthesis is generally considered to be a green alternative to conventional redox reactions. Electrochemical reductions, however, are less advantageous in terms of sustainability, as sacrificial metal anodes are often employed. Divided cell operation avoids contact of the reduction products with the anode and allows for convenient solvent oxidation, enabling metal free greener electrochemical reductions. However, the ion exchange membranes required for divided cell operation on a commercial scale are not amenable to organic solvents, which hinders their applicability. Herein, we demonstrate that electrochemical reduction of oxidatively sensitive compounds can be carried out in an undivided cell without sacrificial metal anodes by controlling the mass transport to a small surface area electrode. The concept is showcased by an electrochemical method for the reductive cleavage of aryl disulfides. Fine tuning of the electrode surface area and current density has enabled the preparation of a wide variety of thiols without formation of any oxidation side products. This strategy is anticipated to encourage further research on greener, metal free electrochemical reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanwar K Malviya
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Eric C Hansen
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Caleb J Kong
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Jenson Verghese
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Steven M Guinness
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Chase A Salazar
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Jean-Nicolas Desrosiers
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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2
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Jud W, Salazar CA, Imbrogno J, Verghese J, Guinness SM, Desrosiers JN, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols Using Nickel Oxide Hydroxide as Heterogeneous Electrocatalyst in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jud
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Chase A. Salazar
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jenson Verghese
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven M. Guinness
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jean-Nicolas Desrosiers
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Li B, Li R, Dorff P, McWilliams JC, Guinn RM, Guinness SM, Han L, Wang K, Yu S. Deprotection of N-Boc Groups under Continuous-Flow High-Temperature Conditions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4846-4855. [PMID: 30620880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The scope of thermolytic, N-Boc deprotection was studied on 26 compounds from the Pfizer compound library, representing a diverse set of structural moieties. Among these compounds, 12 substrates resulted in clean (≥95% product) deprotection, and an additional three compounds gave ≥90% product. The thermal de-Boc conditions were found to be compatible with a large number of functional groups. A combination of computational modeling, statistical analysis, and kinetic model fitting was used to support an initial, slow, and concerted proton transfer with release of isobutylene, followed by a rapid decarboxylation. A strong correlation was found to exist between the electrophilicity of the N-Boc carbonyl group and the reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Li
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ruizhi Li
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Peter Dorff
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - J Christopher McWilliams
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Robert M Guinn
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Steven M Guinness
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Lu Han
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Shu Yu
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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4
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Li B, Guinness SM, Hoagland S, Fichtner M, Kim H, Li S, Maguire RJ, McWilliams JC, Mustakis J, Raggon J, Campos D, Voss CR, Sohodski E, Feyock B, Murnen H, Gonzalez M, Johnson M, Lu J, Feng X, Sun X, Zheng S, Wu B. Continuous Production of Anhydrous tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide in Nonane Using Membrane Pervaporation and Its Application in Flow Oxidation of a γ-Butyrolactam. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Li
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven M. Guinness
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steve Hoagland
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael Fichtner
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hui Kim
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shelly Li
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert J. Maguire
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - J. Christopher McWilliams
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jason Mustakis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey Raggon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dan Campos
- Compact Membrane Systems, 335 Water Street, Newport, Delaware 19804, United States
| | - Chris. R. Voss
- Compact Membrane Systems, 335 Water Street, Newport, Delaware 19804, United States
| | - Evan Sohodski
- Compact Membrane Systems, 335 Water Street, Newport, Delaware 19804, United States
| | - Bryan Feyock
- Compact Membrane Systems, 335 Water Street, Newport, Delaware 19804, United States
| | - Hannah Murnen
- Compact Membrane Systems, 335 Water Street, Newport, Delaware 19804, United States
| | - Miguel Gonzalez
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiangping Lu
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xichun Feng
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xingfang Sun
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Songyuan Zheng
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Baolin Wu
- Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., No. 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
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5
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Chekal BP, Ewers J, Guinness SM, Ide ND, Leeman KR, Post RJ, Rane AM, Sutherland K, Wang K, Webster M, Withbroe GJ, Draper J, Lynch D, McAuliffe M, Keane J. Palbociclib Commercial Manufacturing Process Development. Part III. Deprotection Followed by Crystallization for API Particle Property Control. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Chekal
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jason Ewers
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven M. Guinness
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nathan D. Ide
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kyle R. Leeman
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ronald J. Post
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anil M. Rane
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Karen Sutherland
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Webster
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory J. Withbroe
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Draper
- Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Lynch
- Pfizer Global Supply, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Joseph Keane
- Pfizer Global Supply, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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6
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Chekal BP, Guinness SM, Lillie BM, McLaughlin RW, Palmer CW, Post RJ, Sieser JE, Singer RA, Sluggett GW, Vaidyanathan R, Withbroe GJ. Development of an Efficient Pd-Catalyzed Coupling Process for Axitinib. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400088k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Chekal
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven M. Guinness
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brett M. Lillie
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert W. McLaughlin
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Charles W. Palmer
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ronald J. Post
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Janice E. Sieser
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert A. Singer
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory W. Sluggett
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rajappa Vaidyanathan
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory J. Withbroe
- Chemical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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7
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Withbroe GJ, Seadeek C, Girard KP, Guinness SM, Vanderplas BC, Vaidyanathan R. A Robust, Streamlined Approach to Bosutinib Monohydrate. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op300087r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Withbroe
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340,
United States
| | - Chris Seadeek
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340,
United States
| | - Kevin P. Girard
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340,
United States
| | - Steven M. Guinness
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340,
United States
| | - Brian C. Vanderplas
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340,
United States
| | - Rajappa Vaidyanathan
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340,
United States
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8
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Flahive EJ, Ewanicki BL, Sach NW, O’Neill-Slawecki SA, Stankovic NS, Yu S, Guinness SM, Dunn J. Development of an Effective Palladium Removal Process for VEGF Oncology Candidate AG13736 and a Simple, Efficient Screening Technique for Scavenger Reagent Identification. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op600280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Flahive
- Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A., Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Building 100, Groton, Connecticut 06340 U.S.A., Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, England CT13 9NJ, Analytical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego California, 92121, U.S.A
| | - Brigitte L. Ewanicki
- Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A., Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Building 100, Groton, Connecticut 06340 U.S.A., Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, England CT13 9NJ, Analytical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego California, 92121, U.S.A
| | - Neal W. Sach
- Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A., Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Building 100, Groton, Connecticut 06340 U.S.A., Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, England CT13 9NJ, Analytical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego California, 92121, U.S.A
| | - Stacy A. O’Neill-Slawecki
- Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A., Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Building 100, Groton, Connecticut 06340 U.S.A., Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, England CT13 9NJ, Analytical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego California, 92121, U.S.A
| | - Nebojsa S. Stankovic
- Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A., Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Building 100, Groton, Connecticut 06340 U.S.A., Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, England CT13 9NJ, Analytical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego California, 92121, U.S.A
| | - Shu Yu
- Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A., Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Building 100, Groton, Connecticut 06340 U.S.A., Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, England CT13 9NJ, Analytical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego California, 92121, U.S.A
| | - Steven M. Guinness
- Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A., Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Building 100, Groton, Connecticut 06340 U.S.A., Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, England CT13 9NJ, Analytical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego California, 92121, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan Dunn
- Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, U.S.A., Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Building 100, Groton, Connecticut 06340 U.S.A., Chemical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, England CT13 9NJ, Analytical Reseach and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego California, 92121, U.S.A
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