1
|
Malviya BK, Hansen EC, Kong CJ, Imbrogno J, Verghese J, Guinness SM, Salazar CA, Desrosiers JN, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Metal-Free Electrochemical Reduction of Disulfides in an Undivided Cell under Mass Transfer Control. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302664. [PMID: 37608784 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroorganic synthesis is generally considered to be a green alternative to conventional redox reactions. Electrochemical reductions, however, are less advantageous in terms of sustainability, as sacrificial metal anodes are often employed. Divided cell operation avoids contact of the reduction products with the anode and allows for convenient solvent oxidation, enabling metal free greener electrochemical reductions. However, the ion exchange membranes required for divided cell operation on a commercial scale are not amenable to organic solvents, which hinders their applicability. Herein, we demonstrate that electrochemical reduction of oxidatively sensitive compounds can be carried out in an undivided cell without sacrificial metal anodes by controlling the mass transport to a small surface area electrode. The concept is showcased by an electrochemical method for the reductive cleavage of aryl disulfides. Fine tuning of the electrode surface area and current density has enabled the preparation of a wide variety of thiols without formation of any oxidation side products. This strategy is anticipated to encourage further research on greener, metal free electrochemical reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhanwar K Malviya
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Eric C Hansen
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Caleb J Kong
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Jenson Verghese
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Steven M Guinness
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Chase A Salazar
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Jean-Nicolas Desrosiers
- Chemical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kong CJ, Gilliland SE, Clark BR, Gupton BF. Highly-active, graphene-supported platinum catalyst for the solventless hydrosilylation of olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13343-13346. [PMID: 30411738 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of the first graphene-supported platinum catalyst that has demonstrated exceptional catalytic activity and stability for hydrosilylation reactions of olefins (TOF 4.8 × 106 h-1, TON = 9.4 × 106). The catalyst also exhibited functional group tolerance over a broad range of industrially relevant substrates with minimal metal leaching. In addition, the catalyst system was successfully translated into a packed bed platform for continuous hydrosilylation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St. Richmond, VA 23220, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu E, Mangunuru HPR, Telang NS, Kong CJ, Verghese J, Gilliland Iii SE, Ahmad S, Dominey RN, Gupton BF. High-yielding continuous-flow synthesis of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:583-592. [PMID: 29623120 PMCID: PMC5852550 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous synthetic methods for the continuous preparation of fine chemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API’s) have been reported in recent years resulting in a dramatic improvement in process efficiencies. Herein we report a highly efficient continuous synthesis of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Key improvements in the new process include the elimination of protecting groups with an overall yield improvement of 52% over the current commercial process. The continuous process employs a combination of packed bed reactors with continuous stirred tank reactors for the direct conversion of the starting materials to the product. This high-yielding, multigram-scale continuous synthesis provides an opportunity to achieve increase global access to hydroxychloroquine for treatment of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Hari P R Mangunuru
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Nakul S Telang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Caleb J Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Jenson Verghese
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Stanley E Gilliland Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Raymond N Dominey
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - B Frank Gupton
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong CJ, Fisher D, Desai BK, Yang Y, Ahmad S, Belecki K, Gupton BF. High throughput photo-oxidations in a packed bed reactor system. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6203-6208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
5
|
Korwar S, Amir S, Tosso PN, Desai BK, Kong CJ, Fadnis S, Telang NS, Ahmad S, Roper TD, Gupton BF. The Application of a Continuous Grignard Reaction in the Preparation of Fluconazole. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Korwar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Somi Amir
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Perrer N. Tosso
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Bimbisar K. Desai
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Caleb J. Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Swara Fadnis
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Nakul S. Telang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - Thomas D. Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Life Science, Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University 601 W. Main St. 23220 Richmond VA USA
| |
Collapse
|