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Zheng Y, Shao M, Zheng Y, Sun W, Qin S, Sun Z, Zhu L, Guan Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Li L. PPARs in atherosclerosis: The spatial and temporal features from mechanism to druggable targets. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00120-6. [PMID: 38555000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic and complex disease caused by lipid disorder, inflammation, and other factors. It is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, the chief cause of death globally. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are valuable anti-atherosclerosis targets that showcase multiple roles at different pathological stages of atherosclerosis and for cell types at different tissue sites. AIM OF REVIEW Considering the spatial and temporal characteristics of the pathological evolution of atherosclerosis, the roles and pharmacological and clinical studies of PPARs were summarized systematically and updated under different pathological stages and in different vascular cells of atherosclerosis. Moreover, selective PPAR modulators and PPAR-pan agonists can exert their synergistic effects meanwhile reducing the side effects, thereby providing novel insight into future drug development for precise spatial-temporal therapeutic strategy of anti-atherosclerosis targeting PPARs. KEY SCIENTIFIC Concepts of Review: Based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of atherosclerosis, we have proposed the importance of stage- and cell type-dependent precision therapy. Initially, PPARs improve endothelial cells' dysfunction by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress and then regulate macrophages' lipid metabolism and polarization to improve fatty streak. Finally, PPARs reduce fibrous cap formation by suppressing the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, research on the cell type-specific mechanisms of PPARs can provide the foundation for space-time drug treatment. Moreover, pharmacological studies have demonstrated that several drugs or compounds can exert their effects by the activation of PPARs. Selective PPAR modulators (that specifically activate gene subsets of PPARs) can exert tissue and cell-specific effects. Furthermore, the dual- or pan-PPAR agonist could perform a better role in balancing efficacy and side effects. Therefore, research on cells/tissue-specific activation of PPARs and PPAR-pan agonists can provide the basis for precision therapy and drug development of PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingyan Shao
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Si Qin
- Lab of Food Function and Nutrigenomics, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ziwei Sun
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linghui Zhu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Fibbi B, Marroncini G, Naldi L, Peri A. The Yin and Yang Effect of the Apelinergic System in Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054745. [PMID: 36902176 PMCID: PMC10003082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ and has multiple biological activities in human tissues and organs, including the heart, blood vessels, adipose tissue, central nervous system, lungs, kidneys, and liver. This article reviews the crucial role of apelin in regulating oxidative stress-related processes by promoting prooxidant or antioxidant mechanisms. Following the binding of APJ to different active apelin isoforms and the interaction with several G proteins according to cell types, the apelin/APJ system is able to modulate different intracellular signaling pathways and biological functions, such as vascular tone, platelet aggregation and leukocytes adhesion, myocardial activity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cell proliferation and invasion. As a consequence of these multifaceted properties, the role of the apelinergic axis in the pathogenesis of degenerative and proliferative conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer) is currently investigated. In this view, the dual effect of the apelin/APJ system in the regulation of oxidative stress needs to be more extensively clarified, in order to identify new potential strategies and tools able to selectively modulate this axis according to the tissue-specific profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Fibbi
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Marroncini
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Naldi
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Peri
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-5794-9275
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Zhang P, Wang AP, Yang HP, Ai L, Zhang HJ, Wang YM, Bi YL, Fan HH, Gao J, Zhang HY, Liu JZ. Apelin-13 attenuates high glucose-induced calcification of MOVAS cells by regulating MAPKs and PI3K/AKT pathways and ROS-mediated signals. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110271. [PMID: 32450527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is an inducement of many cardiovascular diseases. Clinic evidences have confirmed that diabetes was the independent risk factor for VC, and the mechanism has not been well explored. Apelin as a ligand molecule is widely found in the cardiovascular system and showed potential in inhibiting VC, but the inhibitory effect and mechanism of apelin-13 against high glucose-induced VC have not been investigated yet. Herein, apelin-13 was employed to inhibit high glucose-induced VC in mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (MOVAS), and the underlying mechanism was explored. The results showed that apelin-13 significantly inhibited high glucose-induced cells proliferation, migration and invasion of MOVAS cells. Apelin-13 also effectively attenuated high glucose-induced calcification by inhibiting alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression. Further investigation revealed that apelin-13 dramatically suppressed high glucose-induced DNA damage through inhibiting reactive oxide species (ROS) generation. Moreover, apelin-13 also effectively improved high glucose-induced dysfunction of MAPKs and PI3K/AKT. Inhibition of ERK by inhibitor (U0126) significantly blocked high glucose-induced calcification, which further confirmed the significance of MAPKs. Taken together, these results suggested that apelin-13 had the potential to attenuate high glucose-induced calcification of MOVAS cells by inhibiting ROS-mediated DNA damage and regulating MAPKs and PI3K/AKT pathways. Our findings validated the strategy of using apelin-13 maybe a novel way in treating high glucose-mediated VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Hong-Peng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Lei Ai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taishan Coal Sanitarium of Shandong, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Hong-Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, China
| | - Yong-Mei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Yan-Ling Bi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Huai-Hai Fan
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Huan-Yi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Jian-Zhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
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7- O-methylpunctatin, a Novel Homoisoflavonoid, Inhibits Phenotypic Switch of Human Arteriolar Smooth Muscle Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110716. [PMID: 31717401 PMCID: PMC6920859 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of arterioles is a pivotal event in the manifestation of many inflammation-based cardio-vasculopathologies, such as hypertension. During these remodeling events, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. The latter is characterized by increased proliferation, migration, and invasion. Compounds with anti-inflammatory actions have been successful in attenuating this phenotypic switch. While the vast majority of studies investigating phenotypic modulation were undertaken in VSMCs isolated from large vessels, little is known about the effect of such compounds on phenotypic switch in VSMCs of microvessels (microVSMCs). We have recently characterized a novel homoisoflavonoid that we called 7-O-methylpunctatin (MP). In this study, we show that MP decreased FBS-induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and adhesion. MP also attenuated adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to microVSMCs, abolished FBS-induced expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-κB, as well as reduced activation of ERK1/2 and FAK. Furthermore, MP-treated VSMCs showed an increase in early (myocardin, SM-22α, SM-α) and mid-term (calponin and caldesmon) differentiation markers and a decrease in osteopontin, a protein highly expressed in synthetic VSMCs. MP also reduced transcription of cyclin D1, CDK4 but increased protein levels of p21 and p27. Taken together, these results corroborate an anti-inflammatory action of MP on human microVSMCs. Therefore, by inhibiting the synthetic phenotype of microVSMCs, MP may be a promising modulator for inflammation-induced arteriolar pathophysiology.
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Elevated circulating TGF-β is not the cause of increased atherosclerosis development in biglycan deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2017; 268:68-75. [PMID: 29182988 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vascular biglycan contributes to atherosclerosis development and increased biglycan expression correlates with increased atherosclerosis. However, mice deficient in biglycan have either no reduction in atherosclerosis or an unexpected increase in atherosclerosis. Biglycan deficient mice have systemically elevated TGF-β, likely due to lack of sequestration of TGF-β in the extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to determine if prevention of TGF-β elevations in biglycan deficient mice affected atherosclerosis development. METHODS Biglycan deficient mice were crossed to Ldlr deficient mice. Diabetes was induced via streptozotocin and all mice were fed a high cholesterol diet. Diabetic biglycan wild type and biglycan deficient Ldlr deficient mice were injected with the TGF-β neutralizing antibody 1D11 or the irrelevant control antibody 13C4. RESULTS Biglycan deficient mice had significantly elevated plasma TGF-β levels, which was further increased by diabetes, and significantly increased atherosclerosis. There was a significant correlation between TGF-β concentrations and atherosclerosis. However, despite nearly complete suppression of plasma TGF-β levels in mice treated with the TGF-β neutralizing antibody 1D11, there was no significant difference in atherosclerosis between mice with elevated TGF-β levels and mice with suppressed TGF-β levels. CONCLUSIONS The increased atherosclerosis in biglycan deficient mice does not appear to be due to elevations in TGF-β.
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Ajith TA, Jayakumar TG. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in cardiac energy metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:649-58. [PMID: 27115677 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes mainly depend on energy produced from the oxidation of fatty acids and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Shortage of energy or excessive fat accumulation can lead to cardiac disorders. High saturated fat intake and a sedentary life style have a major influence in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), one of the nuclear receptor super family members, play critical role in the metabolism of lipids by regulating their oxidation and storage. Furthermore, they are involved in glucose homeostasis as well. PPARs, mainly alpha (α) and beta/delta (β/δ), have a significant effect on the lipid metabolism and anti-inflammation in endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells, and also in cardiomyocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly tumour necrosis factor-α, released at the site of inflammation in the sub-ECs of coronary arteries can inactivate the PPARs which can eventually lead to decreased energy production in the myocardium. Various synthetic ligands of PPAR-α and β/δ have many favourable effects in modulating the vascular diseases and heart failure. Despite the adverse effects from therapy using PPAR- gamma ligands, several laboratories are now focused on synthesizing partial activators which may combine their beneficial effects with lowering of undesirable side effects. This review discusses the role of isoforms of PPAR in the cardiomyocytes energy balance and CVD. The knowledge will help in the synthesis of ligands for their partial activation in order to render energy balance and protection from CVD.
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Shi L, Ji Y, Liu D, Liu Y, Xu Y, Cao Y, Jiang X, Xu C. Sitagliptin attenuates high glucose-induced alterations in migration, proliferation, calcification and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells through ERK1/2 signal pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77168-77180. [PMID: 29100378 PMCID: PMC5652771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims This study investigated the effects of sitagliptin on migration, proliferation, calcification and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under high glucose (HG) conditions. Methods VSMCs were isolated from the thoracic aorta of Sprague Dawley rats. The cultured VSMCs were subjected to control medium, mannitol medium, HG medium (25 mM), pretreatment with 200 nM sitagliptin in control or HG medium, or the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 in HG medium. Cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and calcification were determined. Results HG conditions promoted the proliferation, migration, calcification and impairment of apoptosis in VSMCs compared with controls (P<0.05). Pretreatment with sitagliptin effectively attenuated proliferation, migration, calcification of cells and increased apoptosis of HG-cultured VSMCs as compared with the HG group (P<0.05). Culture with HG resulted in the up-regulation of p-ERK1/2 in VSMCs, whereas sitagliptin pretreatment could inhibit HG-induced p-ERK1/2 expression. In addition, the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, inhibited proliferation, migration, calcification and promoted the apoptosis of HG-cultured VSMCs compared with the HG group (P<0.05). Conclusion The effects of sitagliptin on VSMC under high glucose condition were achieved through ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Khodeer DM, Zaitone SA, Farag NE, Moustafa YM. Cardioprotective effect of pioglitazone in diabetic and non-diabetic rats subjected to acute myocardial infarction involves suppression of AGE-RAGE axis and inhibition of apoptosis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 94:463-76. [PMID: 27119311 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance increases risk of cardiovascular diseases. This work investigated the protective effect of pioglitazone on myocardial infarction (MI) in non-diabetic and diabetic rats, focusing on its role on advanced glycated endproducts (AGEs) and cardiac apoptotic machinery. Male rats were divided into 2 experiments: experiment I and II (non-diabetic and diabetic rats) were assigned as saline, MI (isoproterenol, 85 mg/kg, daily), and MI+pioglitazone (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg). Injection of isoproterenol in diabetic rats produced greater ECG disturbances compared to non-diabetic rats. Treatment with pioglitazone (5 mg/kg) reduced the infarct size and improved some ECG findings. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) enhanced ECG findings, improved the histopathological picture and downregulated apoptosis in cardiac tissues. Whereas the higher dose of pioglitazone (20 mg/kg) did not improve most of the measured parameters but rather worsened some of them, such as proapoptotic markers. Importantly, a positive correlation was found between serum AGEs and cardiac AGE receptors (RAGEs) versus caspase 3 expression in the two experiments. Therefore, the current effect of pioglitazone was, at least in part, mediated through downregulation of AGE-RAGE axis and inhibition of apoptosis. Consequently, these data suggest that pioglitazone, at optimized doses, may have utility in protection from acute MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Khodeer
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Noha E Farag
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
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Shi L, Ji Y, Jiang X, Zhou L, Xu Y, Li Y, Jiang W, Meng P, Liu X. Liraglutide attenuates high glucose-induced abnormal cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by activating the GLP-1 receptor, and inhibiting ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:18. [PMID: 25855361 PMCID: PMC4327797 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a new anti-diabetic medicine, Liraglutide (LIRA), one of GLP-1 analogues, has been found to have an anti-atherosclerotic effect. Since vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play pivotal roles in the occurrence of diabetic atherosclerosis, it is important to investigate the role of LIRA in reducing the harmful effects of high-glucose (HG) treatment in cultured VSMCs, and identifying associated molecular mechanisms. Methods Primary rat VSMCs were exposed to low or high glucose-containing medium with or without LIRA. They were challenged with HG in the presence of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, or glucagon-like peptide receptor (GLP-1R) inhibitors. Cell proliferation and viability was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8. Cell migration was determined by Transwell migration and scratch wound assays. Flow cytometry and Western blotting were used to determine apoptosis and protein expression, respectively. Results Under the HG treatment, VSMCs exhibited increased migration, proliferation, and phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and ERK1/2, along with reduced apoptosis (all p < 0.01 vs. control). These effects were significantly attenuated with LIRA co-treatment (all p < 0.05 vs. HG alone). Inhibition of PI3K kinase and ERK1/2 similarly attenuated the HG-induced effects (all p < 0.01 vs. HG alone). GLP-1R inhibitors effectively reversed the beneficial effects of LIRA on HG treatment (all p < 0.05). Conclusions HG treatment may induce abnormal phenotypes in VSMCs via PI3K and ERK1/2 signaling pathways activated by GLP-1R, and LIRA may protect cells from HG damage by acting on these same pathways.
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Lu W, Jiang JP, Hu J, Wang J, Zheng MZ. Curcumin protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced vasoconstriction dysfunction via inhibition of thrombospondin-1 and transforming growth factor-β1. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:377-383. [PMID: 25574201 PMCID: PMC4280923 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex syndrome characterized by the development of progressive dysfunction in multiple organs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of curcumin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced vasoconstrictive dysfunction, and to investigate the possible underlying mechanism. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following groups: Control, sepsis and curcumin. A sepsis model was established by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 5 mg/kg LPS. Thoracic aortic rings obtained from the rats were mounted in an organ bath and the vasoconstriction of the rings was recorded. In addition, the serum E-selectin levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of thrombospondin (TSP)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the aortic tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. Vasoconstriction of the aortic rings was found to significantly decrease in the sepsis rats when compared with the control group. However, curcumin (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented the vasoconstrictive dysfunction induced by LPS. The serum level of E-selectin and the expression levels of TSP-1 and TGF-β1 significantly increased in the sepsis rats when compared with the control group rats; however, the levels decreased significantly following treatment with curcumin (10 or 20 mg/kg). Furthermore, hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that curcumin alleviated the LPS-induced damage in the aortic tunica intima and tunica media. Therefore, the results indicated that curcumin alleviates LPS-induced vasoconstrictive dysfunction in the thoracic aorta of rats. In addition, the inhibition of TSP-1 and TGF-β1 expression may be involved in the mechanism underlying this protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Jiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jue Hu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zheng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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Wan J, Xiao Z, Chao S, Xiong S, Gan X, Qiu X, Xu C, Ma Y, Tu X. Pioglitazone modulates the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells via peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:101. [PMID: 25302079 PMCID: PMC4190377 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PPARγ is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. It has been considered as a mediator regulating metabolism, anti-inflammation, and pro-proliferation in the Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs). Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), synthetic ligands of PPARγ, have anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on VSMCs, which prevent the formation and progression of atherosclerosis and restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This present study therefore aimed to investigate the signaling pathway by which pioglitazone, one of TZDs, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of VSMCs. METHODS The effects of pioglitazone on VSMC proliferation and apoptosis were studied. Cell proliferation was determined using BrdU incorporation assay. Cell apoptosis was monitored with Hoechst and Annexin V staining. The expression of caspases and cyclins was determined using real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Pioglitazone treatment and PPARγ overexpression inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of VSMCs, whereas blocking by antagonist or silencing by siRNA of PPARγ significantly attenuated pioglitazone's effect. Furthermore, pioglitazone treatment or PPARγ overexpression increased caspase 3 and caspase 9 expression, and decreased the expression of cyclin B1 and cyclin D1 in VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone inhibits VSMCs proliferation and promotes apoptosis of VSMCs through a PPARγ signaling pathway. Up-regulation of caspase 3 and down-regulation of cyclins mediates pioglitazone's anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. Our results imply that pioglitazone prevents the VSMCs proliferation via modulation of caspase and cyclin signaling pathways in a PPARγ-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wan
- />Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Zhichao Xiao
- />Department of Cardiology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology affiliated Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Shengping Chao
- />Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Shixi Xiong
- />Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xuedong Gan
- />Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xuguang Qiu
- />Department of Cardiology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology affiliated Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Chang Xu
- />Department of Cardiology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology affiliated Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yexin Ma
- />Department of Cardiology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology affiliated Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xin Tu
- />Cardiovascular Research, Life Science and Technology College, Human Genome Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
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Redondo S, Navarro-Dorado J, Ramajo M, Medina Ú, Tejerina T. The complex regulation of TGF-β in cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2012; 8:533-9. [PMID: 23028232 PMCID: PMC3446857 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s28041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine with many and complex effects in cell and tissue physiology. This is made possible by a very complex and interwoven signaling system, whose regulation continues to be the focus of a growing line of research. This complex regulation translates to a key role in cardiovascular physiology, hemostasis, and the blood–vessel interface. In accordance with this, the TGF-β1 pathway appears to be deregulated in related disorders, such as atherosclerotic vascular disease and myeloproliferative syndromes. It is expected that the growing amount of experimental and clinical research will yield medical advances in the applications of knowledge of the TGF-β1 pathway to diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Redondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Alzoubi K, Khabour O, Hussain N, Al-Azzam S, Mhaidat N. Evaluation of vitamin B12 effects on DNA damage induced by pioglitazone. Mutat Res 2012; 748:48-51. [PMID: 22790087 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone is a prototype of thiazolidinediones, used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous studies suggest that pioglitazone might cause DNA damage by generation of oxidative species. In this study, we investigated the mutagenic effects of pioglitazone using sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) assays in cultured human lymphocytes. In addition, oxidative DNA damage was evaluated in cells culture by measuring 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) marker. We also investigated the possible protective effects of vitamin B12, which is associated with DNA repair, on DNA damage induced by pioglitazone. Treatment of the human lymphocytes with pioglitazone (100μM) significantly increases the frequency of SCEs and CAs (p<0.01). In addition, significant elevation in 8-OH-dG release from lymphocytes was observed after treatment with pioglitazone (p<0.01). On the other hand, pretreatment of cultures with vitamin B12 (13.5μg/ml) protected lymphocytes from the genotoxic effect of pioglitazone. Therefore, we conclude that pioglitazone is genotoxic, and it induces chromosomal and oxidative DNA damage in cultured lymphocytes and this toxicity is prevented by pretreatment with vitamin B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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14
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Cyclic strain induces dual-mode endothelial-mesenchymal transformation of the cardiac valve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19943-8. [PMID: 22123981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106954108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is a critical event for the embryonic morphogenesis of cardiac valves. Inducers of EMT during valvulogenesis include VEGF, TGF-β1, and wnt/β-catenin (where wnt refers to the wingless-type mammary tumor virus integration site family of proteins), that are regulated in a spatiotemporal manner. EMT has also been observed in diseased, strain-overloaded valve leaflets, suggesting a regulatory role for mechanical strain. Although the preponderance of studies have focused on the role of soluble mitogens, we asked if the valve tissue microenvironment contributed to EMT. To recapitulate these microenvironments in a controlled, in vitro environment, we engineered 2D valve endothelium from sheep valve endothelial cells, using microcontact printing to mimic the regions of isotropy and anisotropy of the leaflet, and applied cyclic mechanical strain in an attempt to induce EMT. We measured EMT in response to both low (10%) and high strain (20%), where low-strain EMT occurred via increased TGF-β1 signaling and high strain via increased wnt/β-catenin signaling, suggesting dual strain-dependent routes to distinguish EMT in healthy versus diseased valve tissue. The effect was also directionally dependent, where cyclic strain applied orthogonal to axis of the engineered valve endothelium alignment resulted in severe disruption of cell microarchitecture and greater EMT. Once transformed, these tissues exhibited increased contractility in the presence of endothelin-1 and larger basal mechanical tone in a unique assay developed to measure the contractile tone of the engineered valve tissues. This finding is important, because it implies that the functional properties of the valve are sensitive to EMT. Our results suggest that cyclic mechanical strain regulates EMT in a strain magnitude and directionally dependent manner.
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15
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Opposing actions of rosiglitazone and resveratrol on mineralization in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:862-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Osherov AB, Gotha L, Cheema AN, Qiang B, Strauss BH. Proteins mediating collagen biosynthesis and accumulation in arterial repair: novel targets for anti-restenosis therapy. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:16-26. [PMID: 21245059 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Events contributing to restenosis after coronary interventions include platelet aggregation, inflammatory cell infiltration, growth factor release, and accumulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is composed of various collagen subtypes and proteoglycans and over time constitutes the major component of the mature restenotic plaque. The pathophysiology of collagen accumulation in the ECM during arterial restenosis is reviewed. Factors regulating collagen synthesis and degradation, including various cytokines and growth factors involved in the process, may be targets for therapies aimed at prevention of in-stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azriel B Osherov
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room A-253, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5
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17
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Rotman N, Wahli W. PPAR modulation of kinase-linked receptor signaling in physiology and disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 25:176-85. [PMID: 20551231 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00018.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase-linked receptors and nuclear receptors connect external cues to gene transcription. Among nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are of special interest in relation to widespread human diseases. Mapping out connections between PPARs and kinase-linked receptor signaling is central to better understand physiological and pathophysiological processes and to better define therapeutic strategies. This is the aim of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rotman
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Pioglitazone has diverse multiple effects on metabolic and inflammatory processes that have the potential to influence cardiovascular disease pathophysiology at various points in the disease process, including atherogenesis, plaque inflammation, plaque rupture, haemostatic disturbances and microangiopathy. RESULTS Linking the many direct and indirect effects on the vasculature to the reduction in key macrovascular outcomes reported with pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes presents a considerable challenge. However, recent large-scale clinical cardiovascular imaging studies are beginning to provide some mechanistic insights, including a potentially important role for improvements in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with pioglitazone. In addition to a role in prevention, animal studies also suggest that pioglitazone may minimize damage and improve recovery during and after ischaemic cardio- and cerebrovascular events. DESIGN AND METHODS In this review, we consider potential cardiovascular protective mechanisms of pioglitazone by linking preclinical data and clinical cardiovascular outcomes guided by insights from recent imaging studies. CONCLUSION Pioglitazone may influence CVD pathophysiology at multiple points in the disease process, including atherogenesis, plaque inflammation, plaque rupture and haemostatic disturbances (i.e. thrombus/embolism formation), as well as microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Erdmann
- Department of Medicine, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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19
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Redondo S, Ruiz E, Gordillo-Moscoso A, Navarro-Dorado J, Ramajo M, Carnero M, Reguillo F, Rodriguez E, Tejerina T. Role of TGF-beta1 and MAP kinases in the antiproliferative effect of aspirin in human vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9800. [PMID: 20339548 PMCID: PMC2842433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to test the antiproliferative effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from bypass surgery patients and the role of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS VSMC were isolated from remaining internal mammary artery from patients who underwent bypass surgery. Cell proliferation and DNA fragmentation were assessed by ELISA. Protein expression was assessed by Western blot. ASA inhibited BrdU incorporation at 2 mM. Anti-TGF-beta1 was able to reverse this effect. ASA (2 mM) induced TGF-beta1 secretion; however it was unable to induce Smad activation. ASA increased p38(MAPK) phosphorylation in a TGF-beta1-independent manner. Anti-CD105 (endoglin) was unable to reverse the antiproliferative effect of ASA. Pre-surgical serum levels of TGF-beta1 in patients who took at antiplatelet doses ASA were assessed by ELISA and remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In vitro antiproliferative effects of aspirin (at antiinflammatory concentration) on human VSMC obtained from bypass patients are mediated by TGF-beta1 and p38(MAPK). Pre-surgical serum levels of TGF- beta1 from bypass patients who took aspirin at antiplatelet doses did not change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Redondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Navarro-Dorado
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ramajo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Carnero
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardiaca, Hospital Clinico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Reguillo
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardiaca, Hospital Clinico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Rodriguez
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardiaca, Hospital Clinico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Tejerina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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20
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Hou Y, Mao Z, Wei X, Lin L, Chen L, Wang H, Fu X, Zhang J, Yu C. Effects of transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 gene transfer on Achilles tendon healing. Matrix Biol 2009; 28:324-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear hormone-receptor superfamily. Originally cloned in 1990, PPARs were found to be mediators of pharmacologic agents that induce hepatocyte peroxisome proliferation. PPARs also are expressed in cells of the cardiovascular system. PPAR gamma appears to be highly expressed during atherosclerotic lesion formation, suggesting that increased PPAR gamma expression may be a vascular compensatory response. Also, ligand-activated PPAR gamma decreases the inflammatory response in cardiovascular cells, particularly in endothelial cells. PPAR alpha, similar to PPAR gamma, also has pleiotropic effects in the cardiovascular system, including antiinflammatory and antiatherosclerotic properties. PPAR alpha activation inhibits vascular smooth muscle proinflammatory responses, attenuating the development of atherosclerosis. However, PPAR delta overexpression may lead to elevated macrophage inflammation and atherosclerosis. Conversely, PPAR delta ligands are shown to attenuate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by improving endothelial cell proliferation and survival while decreasing endothelial cell inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Furthermore, the administration of PPAR ligands in the form of TZDs and fibrates has been disappointing in terms of markedly reducing cardiovascular events in the clinical setting. Therefore, a better understanding of PPAR-dependent and -independent signaling will provide the foundation for future research on the role of PPARs in human cardiovascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Hamblin
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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22
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Ghosh AK, Bhattacharyya S, Wei J, Kim S, Barak Y, Mori Y, Varga J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma abrogates Smad-dependent collagen stimulation by targeting the p300 transcriptional coactivator. FASEB J 2009; 23:2968-77. [PMID: 19395477 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-128736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) abrogate the stimulation of collagen gene transcription induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Here, we delineate the mechanisms underlying this important novel physiological function for PPAR-gamma in connective tissue homeostasis. First, we demonstrated that antagonistic regulation of TGF-beta activity by PPAR-gamma ligands involves cellular PPAR-gamma, since 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) failed to block TGF-beta-induced responses in either primary cultures of PPAR-gamma-null murine embryonic fibroblasts, or in normal human skin fibroblasts with RNAi-mediated knockdown of PPAR-gamma. Next, we examined the molecular basis underlying the abrogation of TGF-beta signaling by PPAR-gamma in normal human fibroblasts in culture. The results demonstrated that Smad-dependent transcriptional responses were blocked by PPAR-gamma without preventing Smad2/3 activation. In contrast, the interaction between activated Smad2/3 and the transcriptional coactivator and histone acetyltransferase p300 induced by TGF-beta, and the accumulation of p300 on consensus Smad-binding DNA sequences and histone H4 hyperacetylation at the COL1A2 locus, were all prevented by PPAR-gamma. Wild-type p300, but not a mutant form of p300 lacking functional histone acetyltransferase, was able to restore TGF-beta-induced stimulation of COL1A2 in the presence of PPAR-gamma ligands. Collectively, these results indicate that PPAR-gamma blocked Smad-mediated transcriptional responses by preventing p300 recruitment and histone H4 hyperacetylation, resulting in the inhibition of TGF-beta-induced collagen gene expression. Pharmacological activation of PPAR-gamma thus may represent a novel therapeutic approach to target p300-dependent TGF-beta profibrotic responses such as stimulation of collagen gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Ghosh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Atkins KB, Irey B, Xiang N, Brosius FC. A rapid, PPAR-gamma-dependent effect of pioglitazone on the phosphorylation of MYPT. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1151-61. [PMID: 19261909 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00343.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligands, thiazolidinediones, have been demonstrated to regulate vascular reactivity. We examined the effect of pioglitazone (PIO; 20 muM) in rat primary cultured aortic smooth muscle cells on constitutive phosphorylation of the regulatory subunit of myosin phosphatase (MYPT). PIO decreased the phosphorylation of Thr(697) on MYPT within 15 min, and the inhibition was maintained up to 6 h. The PPAR-gamma antagonist GW-9662 (5 microM) abrogated the inhibition of Thr(697) phosphorylation mediated by PIO. Because longer-term PIO treatment inhibits RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling and Thr(697) phosphorylation, we tested the effect of the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 (10 muM) on the inhibition of Thr(697) phosphorylation by PIO. Y-27632 alone inhibited Thr(697) phosphorylation, and there was an additive effect with PIO. In addition, up to 1 h of PIO treatment did not affect RhoA localization or decrease ROCK-dependent phosphorylation of Thr(855). These results suggest that the effect of PIO is independent of inhibition of RhoA/ROCK. PIO increased the phosphorylation of Ser(696) in the same time course as its effect on Thr(697). Ser(696) has been shown to be phosphorylated by PKA and PKG. PKA inhibitor H-89 (10 microM) and PKG inhibitor KT-5823 (0.5 microM) abrogated the effect of PIO on both Thr(697) and Ser(696) phosphorylation. The constitutive turnover of phosphorylation of Thr(697) is rapid, suggesting that the decreased phosphorylation of Thr(697) by PIO is due to enhanced phosphorylation of Ser(696). This is supported by the finding that PIO blocks ANG II-stimulated phosphorylation of Thr(697) but not ANG II-stimulated RhoA translocation. Therefore, the effect of shorter-term PIO apparently is to increase myosin light chain phosphatase activity, thereby desensitizing the vascular smooth muscle to agonist signaling.
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PPARgamma and Agonists against Cancer: Rational Design of Complementation Treatments. PPAR Res 2008; 2008:945275. [PMID: 19043603 PMCID: PMC2586323 DOI: 10.1155/2008/945275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARγ is a member of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily: its ligands act as insulin sensitizers and some are approved for the treatment of metabolic disorders in humans. PPARγ has pleiotropic effects on survival and proliferation of multiple cell types, including cancer cells, and is now subject of intensive preclinical cancer research. Studies of the recent decade highlighted PPARγ role as a potential modulator of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. These observations provide an additional facet to the PPARγ image as potential anticancer drug. Currently PPARγ is regarded as an important target for the therapies against angiogenesis-dependent pathological states including cancer and vascular complications of diabetes. Some of the studies, however, identify pro-angiogenic and tumor-promoting effects of PPARγ and its ligands pointing out the need for further studies. Below, we summarize current knowledge of PPARγ regulatory mechanisms and molecular targets, and discuss ways to maximize the beneficial activity of the PPARγ agonists.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review is to summarize recent advances in molecular mechanisms that regulate vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis during vascular remodeling. In normal blood vessels apoptosis counteracts cell division, whereas apoptosis is especially crucial for regulating vascular remodeling during cardiovascular diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Recent results have expanded our knowledge regarding the signaling pathways and molecules that regulate vascular smooth muscle cell death in postnatal vascular remodeling. Compelling data from genetic disorders associated with vascular smooth muscle cell loss (e.g., Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome) and experimental studies suggest that changes in hemodynamic and mechanical forces are major modulators for vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Furthermore, understanding the therapeutic effects of antihypertensive drugs related to apoptosis may identify pathways that can improve outcomes independent of the blood pressure fall. SUMMARY Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis is a potential target to modify pathological vascular remodeling and new drugs development.
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Duan SZ, Usher MG, Mortensen RM. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ–Mediated Effects in the Vasculature. Circ Res 2008; 102:283-94. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.164384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is a nuclear receptor and transcription factor in the steroid superfamily. PPAR-γ agonists, the thiazolidinediones, are clinically used to treat type 2 diabetes. In addition to its function in adipogenesis and increasing insulin sensitivity, PPAR-γ also plays critical roles in the vasculature. In vascular endothelial cells, PPAR-γ activation inhibits endothelial inflammation by suppressing inflammatory gene expression and therefore improves endothelial dysfunction. In vascular smooth muscle cells, PPAR-γ activation inhibits proliferation and migration and promotes apoptosis. In macrophages, PPAR-γ activation suppresses inflammation by regulating gene expression and increases cholesterol uptake and efflux. A recurring theme in many cell types is the modulation of the innate immunity system particularly through altering the activity of the nuclear factor κB. This system is likely to be even more prominent in modulating disease in vascular cells. The effects of PPAR-γ in the vascular cells translate into the beneficial function of this transcription factor in vascular disorders, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Both human genetic studies and animal studies using transgenic mice have demonstrated the importance of PPAR-γ in these disorders. However, recent clinical studies have raised significant concerns about the cardiovascular side effects of thiazolidinediones, particularly rosiglitazone. Weighing the potential benefit and harm of PPAR-γ activation and exploring the functional mechanisms may provide a balanced view on the clinical use of these compounds and new approaches to the future therapeutics of vascular disorders associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong Duan
- From the Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (S.Z.D., M.G.U., R.M.M.), Pharmacology (R.M.M.), and Internal Medicine (R.M.M.), Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Michael G. Usher
- From the Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (S.Z.D., M.G.U., R.M.M.), Pharmacology (R.M.M.), and Internal Medicine (R.M.M.), Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Richard M. Mortensen
- From the Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (S.Z.D., M.G.U., R.M.M.), Pharmacology (R.M.M.), and Internal Medicine (R.M.M.), Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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