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Gan HW, Cerbone M, Dattani MT. Appetite- and Weight-Regulating Neuroendocrine Circuitry in Hypothalamic Obesity. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:309-342. [PMID: 38019584 PMCID: PMC11074800 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Since hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) was first described over 120 years ago by Joseph Babinski and Alfred Fröhlich, advances in molecular genetic laboratory techniques have allowed us to elucidate various components of the intricate neurocircuitry governing appetite and weight regulation connecting the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, brainstem, adipose tissue, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. On a background of an increasing prevalence of population-level common obesity, the number of survivors of congenital (eg, septo-optic dysplasia, Prader-Willi syndrome) and acquired (eg, central nervous system tumors) hypothalamic disorders is increasing, thanks to earlier diagnosis and management as well as better oncological therapies. Although to date the discovery of several appetite-regulating peptides has led to the development of a range of targeted molecular therapies for monogenic obesity syndromes, outside of these disorders these discoveries have not translated into the development of efficacious treatments for other forms of HyOb. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the neuroendocrine physiology of appetite and weight regulation, and explore our current understanding of the pathophysiology of HyOb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoong-Wei Gan
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Manuela Cerbone
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mehul Tulsidas Dattani
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Shekh A, Mombeni Goodajdar B, Asghariganjeh MR. Three-Component Solvent-Free Synthesis of 3, 4-Dihydropyrimidones and Thiones by Iron-Phosphonate Nanoparticle. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1948875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Shekh
- Department of Chemistry, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran
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Rezayati S, Kalantari F, Ramazani A, Sajjadifar S, Aghahosseini H, Rezaei A. Magnetic Silica-Coated Picolylamine Copper Complex [Fe 3O 4@SiO 2@GP/Picolylamine-Cu(II)]-Catalyzed Biginelli Annulation Reaction. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:992-1010. [PMID: 34962386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and heterogeneous novel magnetic silica-coated picolylaminecopper complex [Fe3O4@SiO2@GP/Picolylamine-Cu(II)] was synthesized, characterized, and employed as a magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst in Biginelli condensation for the preparation of biologically active 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones. Fe3O4@SiO2@GP/Picolylamine-Cu(II) was synthesized easily using chemical attachment of the picolylaminecompound on Fe3O4@SiO2@GP, followed by treatment with copper salt in ethanol under reflux conditions. Fe3O4@SiO2@GP/Picolylamine-Cu(II) was affirmed by various analyses such as Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, vibrating-sample magnetometry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, DLS, inductively coupled plasma, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. The resulting catalyst system was successfully used in the Biginelli reaction through a variety of compounds such as aromatic aldehyde, urea, and ethyl acetoacetate under solvent-free conditions or ethylene glycol at 80 °C and yielded the desired products with high conversions with powerful reusability. The current approach was convenient and clean, and only 0.01 g of the catalyst could be used to perform the reaction. The easy work-up procedure, gram-scale synthesis, usage of nontoxic solvent, improved yield, short reaction times, and high durability of the catalyst are several remarkable advantages of the current approach. Also, the Fe3O4@SiO2@GP/Picolylamine-Cu(II) nanocatalyst could be recycled by an external magnet for eight runs with only a significant loss in the product yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhan Rezayati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kalantari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Sami Sajjadifar
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box, Tehran 19395-4697, Iran
| | - Hamideh Aghahosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Aram Rezaei
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
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Al-Massadi O, Dieguez C, Schneeberger M, López M, Schwaninger M, Prevot V, Nogueiras R. Multifaceted actions of melanin-concentrating hormone on mammalian energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:745-755. [PMID: 34608277 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a small cyclic peptide expressed in all mammals, mainly in the hypothalamus. MCH acts as a robust integrator of several physiological functions and has crucial roles in the regulation of sleep-wake rhythms, feeding behaviour and metabolism. MCH signalling has a very broad endocrine context and is involved in physiological functions and emotional states associated with metabolism, such as reproduction, anxiety, depression, sleep and circadian rhythms. MCH mediates its functions through two receptors (MCHR1 and MCHR2), of which only MCHR1 is common to all mammals. Owing to the wide variety of MCH downstream signalling pathways, MCHR1 agonists and antagonists have great potential as tools for the directed management of energy balance disorders and associated metabolic complications, and translational strategies using these compounds hold promise for the development of novel treatments for obesity. This Review provides an overview of the numerous roles of MCH in energy and glucose homeostasis, as well as in regulation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuits that encode the hedonic component of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Massadi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel López
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, UMR-S1172, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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The Transition Zone Protein AHI1 Regulates Neuronal Ciliary Trafficking of MCHR1 and Its Downstream Signaling Pathway. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3932-3943. [PMID: 33741721 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2993-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Abelson-helper integration site 1 (AHI1) gene encodes for a ciliary transition zone localizing protein that when mutated causes the human ciliopathy, Joubert syndrome. We prepared and examined neuronal cultures derived from male and female embryonic Ahi1 +/+ and Ahi1 -/- mice (littermates) and found that the distribution of ciliary melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MchR1) was significantly reduced in Ahi1 -/- neurons; however, the total and surface expression of MchR1 on Ahi1 -/- neurons was similar to controls (Ahi1 +/+). This indicates that a pathway for MchR1 trafficking to the surface plasma membrane is intact, but the process of targeting MchR1 into cilia is impaired in Ahi1-deficient mouse neurons, indicating a role for Ahi1 in localizing MchR1 to the cilium. Mouse Ahi1 -/- neurons that fail to accumulate MchR1 in the ciliary membrane have significant decreases in two downstream MchR1 signaling pathways [cAMP and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)] on MCH stimulation. These results suggest that the ciliary localization of MchR1 is necessary and critical for MchR1 signaling, with Ahi1 participating in regulating MchR1 localization to cilia, and further supporting cilia as critical signaling centers in neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our work here demonstrates that neuronal primary cilia are powerful and focused signaling centers for the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCHR1), with a role for the ciliary transition zone protein, Abelson-helper integration site 1 (AHI1), in mediating ciliary trafficking of MCHR1. Moreover, our manuscript further expands the repertoire of cilia functions on neurons, a cell type that has not received significant attention in the cilia field. Lastly, our work demonstrates the significant influence of ciliary GPCR signaling in the overall signaling of neurons.
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Izmest’ev ES, Pestova SV, Rubtsova SA, Kutchin AV. Synthesis of Chiral 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one Derivatives and Their Stereoselective Chlorination with Chlorine Dioxide. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042801809021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Moradi L, Tadayon M. Green synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones using nano Fe 3 O 4 @meglumine sulfonic acid as a new efficient solid acid catalyst under microwave irradiation. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kawata Y, Okuda S, Hotta N, Igawa H, Takahashi M, Ikoma M, Kasai S, Ando A, Satomi Y, Nishida M, Nakayama M, Yamamoto S, Nagisa Y, Takekawa S. A novel and selective melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist ameliorates obesity and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese rodent models. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:45-53. [PMID: 27986627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), a cyclic neuropeptide expressed predominantly in the lateral hypothalamus, plays an important role in the control of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Mice lacking MCH or MCH1 receptor are resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO) and MCH1 receptor antagonists show potent anti-obesity effects in preclinical studies, indicating that MCH1 receptor is a promising target for anti-obesity drugs. Moreover, recent studies have suggested the potential of MCH1 receptor antagonists for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the present study, we show the anti-obesity and anti-hepatosteatosis effect of our novel MCH1 receptor antagonist, Compound A. Repeated oral administration of Compound A resulted in dose-dependent body weight reduction and had an anorectic effect in DIO mice. The body weight lowering effect of Compound A was more potent than that of pair-feeding. Compound A also reduced lipid content and the expression level of lipogenesis-, inflammation-, and fibrosis-related genes in the liver of DIO mice. Conversely, intracerebroventricular infusion of MCH caused induction of hepatic steatosis as well as increase in body weight in high-fat diet-fed wild type mice, but not MCH1 receptor knockout mice. The pair-feeding study revealed the MCH-MCH1 receptor system affects hepatic steatosis through a mechanism that is independent of body weight change. Metabolome analysis demonstrated that Compound A upregulated lipid metabolism-related molecules, such as acylcarnitines and cardiolipins, in the liver. These findings suggest that our novel MCH1 receptor antagonist, Compound A, exerts its beneficial therapeutic effect on NAFLD and obesity through a central MCH-MCH1 receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kawata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shoki Okuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Natsu Hotta
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Igawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Ikoma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ando
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Satomi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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9
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Igawa H, Takahashi M, Ikoma M, Kaku H, Kakegawa K, Kina A, Aida J, Okuda S, Kawata Y, Noguchi T, Hotta N, Yamamoto S, Nakayama M, Nagisa Y, Kasai S, Maekawa T. Amine-free melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists: Novel non-basic 1-(2H-indazole-5-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives and mitigation of mutagenicity in Ames test. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2504-2518. [PMID: 27117261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To develop non-basic melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists with a high probability of target selectivity and therapeutic window, we explored neutral bicyclic motifs that could replace the previously reported imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine or 1H-benzimidazole motif. The results indicated that the binding affinity of a chemically neutral 2H-indazole derivative 8a with MCHR1 (hMCHR1: IC50=35nM) was comparable to that of the imidazopyridine and benzimidazole derivatives (1 and 2, respectively) reported so far. However, 8a was positive in the Ames test using TA1537 in S9- condition. Based on a putative intercalation of 8a with DNA, we introduced a sterically-hindering cyclopropyl group on the indazole ring to decrease planarity, which led to the discovery of 1-(2-cyclopropyl-3-methyl-2H-indazol-5-yl)-4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-3-yl]methoxy}pyridin-2(1H)-one 8l without mutagenicity in TA1537. Compound 8l exerted significant antiobesity effects in diet-induced obese F344 rats and exhibited promising safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Igawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Ikoma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kaku
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Asato Kina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shoki Okuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kawata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Natsu Hotta
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- CVM Marketing Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 12-10, Nihonbashi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8686, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Igawa H, Takahashi M, Shirasaki M, Kakegawa K, Kina A, Ikoma M, Aida J, Yasuma T, Okuda S, Kawata Y, Noguchi T, Yamamoto S, Fujioka Y, Kundu M, Khamrai U, Nakayama M, Nagisa Y, Kasai S, Maekawa T. Amine-free melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists: Novel 1-(1H-benzimidazol-6-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives and design to avoid CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2486-2503. [PMID: 27112449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an attractive target for antiobesity agents, and numerous drug discovery programs are dedicated to finding small-molecule MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists. We recently reported novel pyridine-2(1H)-ones as aliphatic amine-free MCHR1 antagonists that structurally featured an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based bicyclic motif. To investigate imidazopyridine variants with lower basicity and less potential to inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), we designed pyridine-2(1H)-ones bearing various less basic bicyclic motifs. Among these, a lead compound 6a bearing a 1H-benzimidazole motif showed comparable binding affinity to MCHR1 to the corresponding imidazopyridine derivative 1. Optimization of 6a afforded a series of potent thiophene derivatives (6q-u); however, most of these were found to cause time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A4. As bioactivation of thiophenes to form sulfoxide or epoxide species was considered to be a major cause of CYP3A4 TDI, we introduced electron withdrawing groups on the thiophene and found that a CF3 group on the ring or a Cl adjacent to the sulfur atom helped prevent CYP3A4 TDI. Consequently, 4-[(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)methoxy]-1-(2-cyclopropyl-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-6-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (6s) was identified as a potent MCHR1 antagonist without the risk of CYP3A4 TDI, which exhibited a promising safety profile including low CYP3A4 inhibition and exerted significant antiobesity effects in diet-induced obese F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Igawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mikio Shirasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Asato Kina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Ikoma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Yasuma
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-Chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Shoki Okuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kawata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujioka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mrinalkanti Kundu
- TCG Lifesciences Ltd., Block BN, Plot 7, Saltlake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Uttam Khamrai
- TCG Lifesciences Ltd., Block BN, Plot 7, Saltlake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- CVM Marketing Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 12-10, Nihonbashi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8686, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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11
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Johansson A, Löfberg C, Antonsson M, von Unge S, Hayes MA, Judkins R, Ploj K, Benthem L, Lindén D, Brodin P, Wennerberg M, Fredenwall M, Li L, Persson J, Bergman R, Pettersen A, Gennemark P, Hogner A. Discovery of (3-(4-(2-Oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-6-ylmethyl)phenoxy)azetidin-1-yl)(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methanone (AZD1979), a Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 (MCHr1) Antagonist with Favorable Physicochemical Properties. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2497-511. [PMID: 26741166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1) antagonists were the starting point for a drug discovery program that culminated in the discovery of 103 (AZD1979). The lead optimization program was conducted with a focus on reducing lipophilicity and understanding the physicochemical properties governing CNS exposure and undesired off-target pharmacology such as hERG interactions. An integrated approach was taken where the key assay was ex vivo receptor occupancy in mice. The candidate compound 103 displayed appropriate lipophilicity for a CNS indication and showed excellent permeability with no efflux. Preclinical GLP toxicology and safety pharmacology studies were without major findings and 103 was taken into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Johansson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Löfberg
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Antonsson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sverker von Unge
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Robert Judkins
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Karolina Ploj
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lambertus Benthem
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Brodin
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marie Wennerberg
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marléne Fredenwall
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lanna Li
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Joachim Persson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rolf Bergman
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Pettersen
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Hogner
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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12
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Igawa H, Takahashi M, Kakegawa K, Kina A, Ikoma M, Aida J, Yasuma T, Kawata Y, Ashina S, Yamamoto S, Kundu M, Khamrai U, Hirabayashi H, Nakayama M, Nagisa Y, Kasai S, Maekawa T. Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Antagonists Lacking an Aliphatic Amine: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel 1-(Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one Derivatives. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1116-39. [PMID: 26736071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to discover melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists with improved safety profiles, we hypothesized that the aliphatic amine employed in most antagonists reported to date could be removed if the bicyclic motif of the compound scaffold interacted with Asp123 and/or Tyr272 of MCHR1. We excluded aliphatic amines from our compound designs, with a cutoff value of pK(a) < 8, and explored aliphatic amine-free MCHR1 antagonists in a CNS-oriented chemical space limited by four descriptors (TPSA, ClogP, MW, and HBD count). Screening of novel bicyclic motifs with high intrinsic binding affinity for MCHR1 identified the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring (represented in compounds 6a and 6b), and subsequent cyclization of the central aliphatic amide linkage led to the discovery of a potent, orally bioavailable MCHR1 antagonist 4-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-1-(2-cyclopropyl-3-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one 10a. It exhibited low potential for hERG inhibition and phospholipidosis induction as well as sufficient brain concentration to exert antiobesity effects in diet-induced obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Igawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Asato Kina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Ikoma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Yasuma
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-Chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kawata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ashina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mrinalkanti Kundu
- TCG Lifesciences Ltd. , Block BN, Plot 7, Saltlake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Uttam Khamrai
- TCG Lifesciences Ltd. , Block BN, Plot 7, Saltlake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- CVM Marketing Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 12-10, Nihonbashi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8686, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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13
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Kiyani H, Ghiasi M. Phthalimide-N-sulfonic acid: a new and efficient organocatalyst for the Biginelli reaction under solvent-free conditions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Solvent-free efficient one-pot synthesis of Biginelli and Hantzsch compounds catalyzed by potassium phthalimide as a green and reusable organocatalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Potassium phthalimide: An efficient and green organocatalyst for the synthesis of 4-aryl-7-(arylmethylene)-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-2(5H)-ones/thiones under solvent-free conditions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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MacNeil DJ. The role of melanin-concentrating hormone and its receptors in energy homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:49. [PMID: 23626585 PMCID: PMC3631741 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies in rodents with melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) have demonstrated that the neuropeptide hormone is a potent orexigen. Acutely, MCH causes an increase in food intake, while chronically it leads to increased weight gain, primarily as an increase in fat mass. Multiple knockout mice models have confirmed the importance of MCH in modulating energy homeostasis. Animals lacking MCH, MCH-containing neurons, or the MCH receptor all are resistant to diet-induced obesity. These genetic and pharmacologic studies have prompted a large effort to identify potent and selective MCH receptor antagonists, initially as tool compounds to probe pharmacology in models of obesity, with an ultimate goal to identify novel anti-obesity drugs. In animal models, MCH antagonists have consistently shown efficacy in reducing food intake acutely and inhibiting body-weight gain when given chronically. Five compounds have proceeded into clinical testing. Although they were reported as well-tolerated, none has advanced to long-term efficacy and safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. MacNeil
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research LaboratoriesKenilworth, NJ, USA
- *Correspondence: Douglas J. MacNeil, Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, K15-3-309D, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA. e-mail:
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17
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Clapham JC. Central control of thermogenesis. Neuropharmacology 2011; 63:111-23. [PMID: 22063719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In mammals and birds, conservation of body heat at around 37 °C is vital to life. Thermogenesis is the production of this heat which can be obligatory, as in basal metabolic rate, or it can be facultative such as the response to cold. A complex regulatory system has evolved which senses environmental or core temperature and integrates this information in hypothalamic regions such as the preoptic area and dorsomedial hypothalamus. These areas then send the appropriate signals to generate and conserve heat (or dissipate it). In this review, the importance of the sympathetic nervous system is discussed in relation to its role in basal metabolic rate and adaptive thermogenesis with a particular emphasis to human obesity. The efferent sympathetic pathway does not uniformly act on all tissues; different tissues can receive different levels of sympathetic drive at the same time. This is an important concept in the discussion of the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Despite decades of work the medicine chest contains only one pill for the long term treatment of obesity, orlistat, a lipase inhibitor that prevents the absorption of lipid from the gut and is itself not systemically absorbed. The central controlling system for thermogenesis has many potential intervention points. Several drugs, previously marketed, awaiting approval or in the earlier stages of development may have a thermogenic effect via activation of the sympathetic nervous system at some point in the thermoregulatory circuit and are discussed in this review. If the balance is weighted to the "wrong" side there is the burden of increased cardiovascular risk while a shift to the "right" side, if possible, will afford a thermogenic benefit that is conducive to weight loss maintenance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Central Control Food Intake'
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Clapham
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK.
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