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Mammoliti O, Martina S, Claes P, Coti G, Blanque R, Jagerschmidt C, Shoji K, Borgonovi M, De Vos S, Marsais F, Oste L, Quinton E, López-Ramos M, Amantini D, Brys R, Jimenez JM, Galien R, van der Plas S. Discovery of GLPG3667, a Selective ATP Competitive Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38805213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) mediates cytokine signaling through type 1 interferon, interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23, and the IL-10 family. There appears to be an association between TYK2 genetic variants and inflammatory conditions, and clinical evidence suggests that selective inhibition of TYK2 could produce a unique therapeutic profile. Here, we describe the discovery of compound 9 (GLPG3667), a reversible and selective TYK2 adenosine triphosphate competitive inhibitor in development for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The preclinical pharmacokinetic profile was favorable, and TYK2 selectivity was confirmed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood assays. Dermal ear inflammation was reduced in an IL-23-induced in vivo mouse model of psoriasis. GLPG3667 also completed a phase 1b study (NCT04594928) in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis where clinical effect was shown within the 4 weeks of treatment and it is now in phase 2 trials for the treatment of dermatomyositis (NCT05695950) and systemic lupus erythematosus (NCT05856448).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Mammoliti
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter Claes
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Ghjuvanni Coti
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Roland Blanque
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Kenji Shoji
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Monica Borgonovi
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Steve De Vos
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Florence Marsais
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Line Oste
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Quinton
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - David Amantini
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Reginald Brys
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - René Galien
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
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Husein-ElAhmed H, Husein-ElAhmed S. Comparative efficacy of oral Janus kinase inhibitors and biologics in adult alopecia areata: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:835-843. [PMID: 38279559 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the hair follicles, resulting in patchy recurrent hair loss. A large body of evidence has demonstrated the favourable clinical response of the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors and biologics, but a lack of comprehensive comparison among these therapies exists in the current literature. This study aimed to compare their efficacy. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed including randomized trials that report the outcomes of the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT)50 and/or the mean change in SALT. These articles were pooled and a network meta-analysis (NAM) was conducted. Based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve estimates obtained for the mean change in SALT score, baricitinib_4 mg (0.7949656) had the best probability of being the most effective therapy, followed by ritlecitinib_200_50 mg (0.7391906) and ivarmacitinib_4 mg (0.7292594). In contrast, dupilumab, secukinumab, tralokinumab and apremilast were less likely to be effective. Targeting the JAK signalling pathway holds great potential for restoring hair regrowth, albeit the contribution of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 inhibition to the therapeutic effect on AA is apparently different. Baricitinib_4 mg and ritlecitinib 200_50 mg demonstrated notable efficacy, and both molecules displayed a dose-dependent effect, which is not observed with ivarmacitinib. Further investigations into the specific mechanisms of action of these JAK inhibitors are warranted to elucidate the reasons behind these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husein Husein-ElAhmed
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hospital de Baza, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, IBS Granada, Granada, España
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Yuan Y, Zhang XF, Li YC, Chen HQ, Wen T, Zheng JL, Zhao ZY, Hu QY. VX-509 attenuates the stemness characteristics of colorectal cancer stem-like cells by regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Nodal/Smad2/3 signaling. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:207-227. [PMID: 38455101 PMCID: PMC10915959 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are heterogeneous cells that can self-renew and undergo multidirectional differentiation in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. CCSCs are generally accepted to be important sources of CRC and are responsible for the progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance of CRC. Therefore, targeting this specific subpopulation has been recognized as a promising strategy for overcoming CRC. AIM To investigate the effect of VX-509 on CCSCs and elucidate the underlying mechanism. METHODS CCSCs were enriched from CRC cell lines by in conditioned serum-free medium. Western blot, Aldefluor, transwell and tumorigenesis assays were performed to verify the phenotypic characteristics of the CCSCs. The anticancer efficacy of VX-509 was assessed in HCT116 CCSCs and HT29 CCSCs by performing cell viability analysis, colony formation, sphere formation, flow cytometry, and western blotting assessments in vitro and tumor growth, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assessments in vivo. RESULTS Compared with parental cells, sphere cells derived from HCT116 and HT29 cells presented increased expression of stem cell transcription factors and stem cell markers and were more potent at promoting migration and tumorigenesis, demonstrating that the CRC sphere cells displayed CSC features. VX-509 inhibited the tumor malignant biological behavior of CRC-stem-like cells, as indicated by their proliferation, migration and clonality in vitro, and suppressed the tumor of CCSC-derived xenograft tumors in vivo. Besides, VX-509 suppressed the CSC characteristics of CRC-stem-like cells and inhibited the progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling in vitro. Nodal was identified as the regulatory factor of VX-509 on CRC stem-like cells through analyses of differentially expressed genes and CSC-related database information. VX-509 markedly downregulated the expression of Nodal and its downstream phosphorylated Smad2/3 to inhibit EMT progression. Moreover, VX-509 reversed the dedifferentiation of CCSCs and inhibited the progression of EMT induced by Nodal overexpression. CONCLUSION VX-509 prevents the EMT process in CCSCs by inhibiting the transcription and protein expression of Nodal, and inhibits the dedifferentiated self-renewal of CCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xu-Fan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Chen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong-Qing Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tian Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Lian Zheng
- Department of Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zi-Yi Zhao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiong-Ying Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
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Mustafa AHM, Krämer OH. Pharmacological Modulation of the Crosstalk between Aberrant Janus Kinase Signaling and Epigenetic Modifiers of the Histone Deacetylase Family to Treat Cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:35-61. [PMID: 36752816 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivated Janus kinase (JAK) signaling is an appreciated drug target in human cancers. Numerous mutant JAK molecules as well as inherent and acquired drug resistance mechanisms limit the efficacy of JAK inhibitors (JAKi). There is accumulating evidence that epigenetic mechanisms control JAK-dependent signaling cascades. Like JAKs, epigenetic modifiers of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family regulate the growth and development of cells and are often dysregulated in cancer cells. The notion that inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACi) abrogate oncogenic JAK-dependent signaling cascades illustrates an intricate crosstalk between JAKs and HDACs. Here, we summarize how structurally divergent, broad-acting as well as isoenzyme-specific HDACi, hybrid fusion pharmacophores containing JAKi and HDACi, and proteolysis targeting chimeras for JAKs inactivate the four JAK proteins JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase-2. These agents suppress aberrant JAK activity through specific transcription-dependent processes and mechanisms that alter the phosphorylation and stability of JAKs. Pharmacological inhibition of HDACs abrogates allosteric activation of JAKs, overcomes limitations of ATP-competitive type 1 and type 2 JAKi, and interacts favorably with JAKi. Since such findings were collected in cultured cells, experimental animals, and cancer patients, we condense preclinical and translational relevance. We also discuss how future research on acetylation-dependent mechanisms that regulate JAKs might allow the rational design of improved treatments for cancer patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Reversible lysine-ɛ-N acetylation and deacetylation cycles control phosphorylation-dependent Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling. The intricate crosstalk between these fundamental molecular mechanisms provides opportunities for pharmacological intervention strategies with modern small molecule inhibitors. This could help patients suffering from cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Hassan M Mustafa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (A.-H.M.M., O.H.K.) and Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt (A.-H.M.M.)
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (A.-H.M.M., O.H.K.) and Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt (A.-H.M.M.)
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Paggioli I, Moss J. Alopecia Areata: Case report and review of pathophysiology and treatment with Jak inhibitors. J Autoimmun 2022; 133:102926. [PMID: 36335798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia Areata (AA) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack on hair follicles resulting in rapidly developing areas of hair loss involving the scalp and beard that can progress to total scalp hair loss (alopecia totalis) and loss of eyebrows, eyelashes, and total body hair (alopecia universalis). Affected patients have high rates of psychological disorders and decreased quality of life. There are no FDA approved treatments, and the available treatments have a high failure rate. JAK inhibitors are remarkably effective in many autoimmune diseases including Alopecia Areata. Presented is a case report of successful treatment with tofacitinib, and a literature review of the pathophysiology of alopecia areata, the mechanism of action of JAK inhibitors, and the JAK inhibitors in phase 2 and 3 trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Moss
- Brookside Dermatology, 4639 Main Street, Bridgeport, CT, 06606, USA.
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Yan D, Fan H, Chen M, Xia L, Wang S, Dong W, Wang Q, Niu S, Rao H, Chen L, Nie X, Fang Y. The efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors for alopecia areata: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950450. [PMID: 36091777 PMCID: PMC9449963 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to the lack of comprehensive evidence based on prospective studies, the efficacy and safety of Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors (including tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib, ritlecitinib and brepocitinib) for alopecia areata (AA) are yet to be proved. Methods: The systematic review and meta-analysis was performed pursuant to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022303007). Results: Fourteen prospective studies (5 RCTs and 9 non-RCTs), enrolling a total of 1845 patients with AA, were included for quantitative analysis. In RCTs, oral JAK inhibitors resulted in higher good response rate compared with control (RR: 6.86, 95% CI: 2.91–16.16); topical JAK inhibitors did not show any difference compared with control (RR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.31–3.18). In non-RCTs, the pooled rate of good response to oral, topical and sublingual JAK inhibitors were 63% (95% CI: 44%–80%), 28% (95% CI: 1%–72%) and 11% (95% CI: 1%–29%), respectively. The pooled recurrence rate in patients treated with JAK inhibitors was 54% (95% CI: 39%–69%), mainly due to the withdrawal of JAK inhibitors. In RCTs, no difference was found in the risk of experiencing most kind of adverse events; in non-RCTs, the reported adverse events with high incidence rate were mostly mild and manageable. Conclusion: JAK inhibitors are efficacious and generally well-tolerated in treating AA with oral administration, whereas topical or sublingual administration lacks efficacy. Subgroup analyses indicate that baricitinib, ritlecitinib and brepocitinib seem to have equal efficacy for AA in RCTs; ruxolitinib (vs. tofacitinib) and AA (vs. AT/AU) are associated with better efficacy outcomes in non-RCT. Due to the high recurrence rate after withdrawal of JAK inhibitors, continuous treatment should be considered to maintain efficacy. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO: CRD 42022303007
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Affiliation(s)
- Diqin Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaying Fan
- Department of Science and Research, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Simin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenliang Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Suping Niu
- Department of Science and Research, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Rao
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liming Chen, ; Xiaoyan Nie, ; Yi Fang,
| | - Xiaoyan Nie
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liming Chen, ; Xiaoyan Nie, ; Yi Fang,
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liming Chen, ; Xiaoyan Nie, ; Yi Fang,
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Chen C, Lu D, Sun T, Zhang T. JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: a patent review (2016-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 32:225-242. [PMID: 34949146 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2023129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to now, a total of eight Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of autoimmune and myeloproliferative disease. The JAK family belongs to the non-receptor tyrosine kinase family, consisting of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase 2. Among these four subtypes, only JAK3 is mainly expressed in hematopoietic tissue cells and is exclusively associated with the cytokines shared in the common gamma chain receptor subunit. Due to its specific tissue distribution and functional characteristics that distinguish it from the other JAKs family subtypes, JAK3 is a promising target for the treatment of autoimmune disease. AREAS COVERED This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the available patent literature on JAK-family inhibitors published from 2016 to the present. In addition, an overview of the clinical activities of selective JAK3 inhibitors in recent years was provided. EXPERT OPINION To date, no selective JAK3 inhibitors have been approved for use in clinics. Over the last five years, an increasing number of studies on JAK3 inhibitors, particularly ritlecitinib by Pfizer, have demonstrated their promising therapeutic potential. In this review, recent studies reported that selective JAK3 inhibitors may offer valid, interesting, and promising therapeutic potential in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for High altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Dai Z, Chen J, Chang Y, Christiano AM. Selective inhibition of JAK3 signaling is sufficient to reverse alopecia areata. JCI Insight 2021; 6:142205. [PMID: 33830087 PMCID: PMC8119218 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) are key intracellular mediators in the signal transduction of many cytokines and growth factors. Common γ chain cytokines and interferon-γ that use the JAK/STAT pathway to induce biological responses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA), a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the hair follicle. We previously showed that therapeutic targeting of JAK/STAT pathways using the first-generation JAK1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, and the pan-JAK inhibitor, tofacitinib, was highly effective in the treatment of human AA, as well as prevention and reversal of AA in the C3H/HeJ mouse model. To better define the role of individual JAKs in the pathogenesis of AA, in this study, we tested and compared the efficacy of several next-generation JAK-selective inhibitors in the C3H/HeJ mouse model of AA, using both systemic and topical delivery. We found that JAK1-selective inhibitors as well as JAK3-selective inhibitors robustly induced hair regrowth and decreased AA-associated inflammation, whereas several JAK2-selective inhibitors failed to restore hair growth in treated C3H/HeJ mice with AA. Unlike JAK1, which is broadly expressed in many tissues, JAK3 expression is largely restricted to hematopoietic cells. Our study demonstrates inhibiting JAK3 signaling is sufficient to prevent and reverse disease in the preclinical model of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology and
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Moura RA, Fonseca JE. JAK Inhibitors and Modulation of B Cell Immune Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:607725. [PMID: 33614673 PMCID: PMC7892604 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.607725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic immune-mediated inflammatory disease that can lead to joint destruction, functional disability and substantial comorbidity due to the involvement of multiple organs and systems. B cells have several important roles in RA pathogenesis, namely through autoantibody production, antigen presentation, T cell activation, cytokine release and ectopic lymphoid neogenesis. The success of B cell depletion therapy with rituximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against CD20 expressed by B cells, has further supported B cell intervention in RA development. Despite the efficacy of synthetic and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in the treatment of RA, few patients reach sustained remission and refractory disease is a concern that needs critical evaluation and close monitoring. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors or JAKi are a new class of oral medications recently approved for the treatment of RA. JAK inhibitors suppress the activity of one or more of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, thus interfering with the JAK-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. To date, there are five JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, peficitinib and filgotinib) approved in the USA, Europe and/ or Japan for RA treatment. Evidence from the literature indicates that JAK inhibitors interfere with B cell functions. In this review, the main results obtained in clinical trials, pharmacokinetic, in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the effects of JAK inhibitors on B cell immune responses in RA are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Moura
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Rheumatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
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Angelini J, Talotta R, Roncato R, Fornasier G, Barbiero G, Dal Cin L, Brancati S, Scaglione F. JAK-Inhibitors for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Focus on the Present and an Outlook on the Future. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1002. [PMID: 32635659 PMCID: PMC7408575 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) belong to a new class of oral targeted disease-modifying drugs which have recently revolutionized the therapeutic panorama of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other immune-mediated diseases, placing alongside or even replacing conventional and biological drugs. JAKi are characterized by a novel mechanism of action, consisting of the intracellular interruption of the JAK-STAT pathway crucially involved in the immune response. The aim of this narrative review is to globally report the most relevant pharmacological features and clinical outcomes of the developed and incoming JAKi for RA, based on the available preclinical and clinical evidence. A total of 219 papers, including narrative and systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, case reports, guidelines, and drug factsheets, were selected. The efficacy and safety profile of both the first generation JAKi (baricitinib and tofacitinib) and the second generation JAKi (upadacitinib, filgotinib, peficitinib, decernotinib and itacitinib) were compared and discussed. Results from RCTs and real-life data are encouraging and outline a rapid onset of the pharmacologic effects, which are maintained during the time. Their efficacy and safety profile are comparable or superior to those of biologic agents and JAKi proved to be efficacious when given as monotherapy. Finally, the manufacturing of JAKi is relatively easier and cheaper than that of biologics, thus increasing the number of compounds being formulated and tested for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Angelini
- Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (J.A.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (L.D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Rossella Talotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, AOU “Gaetano Martino”, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Roncato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Pordenone, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Giulia Fornasier
- Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (J.A.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (L.D.C.); (S.B.)
- Pharmacy Unit, IRCCS-Burlo Garofolo di Trieste, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Barbiero
- Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (J.A.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (L.D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Lisa Dal Cin
- Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (J.A.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (L.D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Serena Brancati
- Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (J.A.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (L.D.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Head of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, Director of Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, 20162 Milan, Italy;
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McAulay K, Hoyt EA, Thomas M, Schimpl M, Bodnarchuk MS, Lewis HJ, Barratt D, Bhavsar D, Robinson DM, Deery MJ, Ogg DJ, Bernardes GJL, Ward RA, Waring MJ, Kettle JG. Alkynyl Benzoxazines and Dihydroquinazolines as Cysteine Targeting Covalent Warheads and Their Application in Identification of Selective Irreversible Kinase Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10358-10372. [PMID: 32412754 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With a resurgence in interest in covalent drugs, there is a need to identify new moieties capable of cysteine bond formation that are differentiated from commonly employed systems such as acrylamide. Herein, we report on the discovery of new alkynyl benzoxazine and dihydroquinazoline moieties capable of covalent reaction with cysteine. Their utility as alternative electrophilic warheads for chemical biological probes and drug molecules is demonstrated through site-selective protein modification and incorporation into kinase drug scaffolds. A potent covalent inhibitor of JAK3 kinase was identified with superior selectivity across the kinome and improvements in in vitro pharmacokinetic profile relative to the related acrylamide-based inhibitor. In addition, the use of a novel heterocycle as a cysteine reactive warhead is employed to target Cys788 in c-KIT, where acrylamide has previously failed to form covalent interactions. These new reactive and selective heterocyclic warheads supplement the current repertoire for cysteine covalent modification while avoiding some of the limitations generally associated with established moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily A Hoyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | - Marianne Schimpl
- Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | | | - Derek Barratt
- Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Deepa Bhavsar
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Michael J Deery
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Derek J Ogg
- Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Universidad de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Michael J Waring
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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12
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Yin Y, Chen CJ, Yu RN, Shu L, Wang ZJ, Zhang TT, Zhang DY. Novel 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-amino derivatives as potent selective Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) inhibitors. Evaluation of their improved effect for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Dai J, Yang L, Addison G. Current Status in the Discovery of Covalent Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) Inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1531-1543. [PMID: 31288716 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190617152011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The search for inhibitors of the Janus kinase family (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2) has been ongoing for several decades and has resulted in a number of JAK inhibitors being approved for use in patients, such as tofacitinib for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Although initially thought to be a JAK3 selective inhibitor, tofacitinib was subsequently found to possess significant activity to inhibit JAK1 and JAK2 which has contributed to some adverse side effects. A selective JAK3 inhibitor should only have an effect within the immune system since JAK3 is solely expressed in lymphoid tissue; this makes JAK3 a target of interest in the search for treatments of autoimmune diseases. A method to obtain selectivity for JAK3 over the other JAK family members, which has attracted more scientific attention recently, is the targeting of the active site cysteine residue, unique in JAK3 within the JAK family, with compounds containing electrophilic warheads which can form a covalent bond with the nucleophilic thiol of the cysteine residue. This review encompasses the historical search for a covalent JAK3 inhibitor and the most recently published research which hasn't been reviewed to date. The most important compounds from the publications reviewed the activity and selectivity of these compounds together with some of the more important biological results are condensed in to an easily digested form that should prove useful for those interested in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
| | - LiXi Yang
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
| | - Glynn Addison
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
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14
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Dowty ME, Lin TH, Jesson MI, Hegen M, Martin DA, Katkade V, Menon S, Telliez J. Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis demonstrate similar profiles of in vitro cytokine receptor inhibition. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00537. [PMID: 31832202 PMCID: PMC6857076 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have emerged as an effective class of therapies for various inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). JAK inhibitors function intracellularly by modulating the catalytic activity of JAKs and disrupting the receptor-mediated signaling of multiple cytokines and growth factors, including those with pro-inflammatory activity. Understanding the inhibition profiles of different JAK inhibitors, based on the associated cytokine receptors and downstream inflammatory pathways affected, is important to identify the potential mechanisms for observed differences in efficacy and safety. This study applied an integrated modeling approach, using in vitro whole blood cytokine inhibition potencies and plasma pharmacokinetics, to determine JAK-dependent cytokine receptor inhibition profiles, in the context of doses estimated to provide a similar clinical response in RA clinical trials. The calculated profiles of cytokine receptor inhibition for the JAK inhibitors tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib and its metabolite, were generally similar when clinically efficacious doses for RA were considered. Only minor numerical differences in percentage cytokine receptor inhibition were observed, suggesting limited differentiation of these inhibitors based on JAK pharmacology, with each showing a differential selectivity for JAK1 heterodimer inhibition. Nevertheless, only robust clinical testing involving head-to-head studies will ultimately determine whether there are clinically meaningful differences between these JAK inhibitors. Furthermore, ongoing and future research into inhibitors with alternative JAK selectivity remains of clinical importance. Thus, all JAK inhibitors should be characterized via thorough preclinical, metabolic and pharmacological evaluation, adequate long-term clinical data, and when available, real-world experience.
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15
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Musumeci F, Greco C, Giacchello I, Fallacara AL, Ibrahim MM, Grossi G, Brullo C, Schenone S. An Update on JAK Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1806-1832. [PMID: 29589523 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180327093502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, composed by four members, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. JAKs are involved in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as in malignancies, through the activation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Furthermore, the V617F mutation in JAK2 was identified in patients affected by myeloproliferative neoplasms. This knowledge prompted researchers from academia and pharmaceutical companies to investigate this field in order to discover small molecule JAK inhibitors. These efforts recently afforded to the market approval of four JAK inhibitors. Despite the fact that all these drugs are pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, many compounds endowed with different heterocyclic scaffolds have been reported in the literature as selective or multi-JAK inhibitors, and a number of them is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review we will report many representative compounds that have been published in articles or patents in the last five years (period 2013-2017). The inhibitors will be classified on the basis of their chemical structure, focusing, when possible, on their structure activity relationships, selectivity and biological activity. For every class of derivatives, compounds disclosed before 2013 that have entered clinical trials will also be briefly reported, to underline the importance of a particular chemical scaffold in the search for new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giacchello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Munjed M Ibrahim
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955-Makkah Al- Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giancarlo Grossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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16
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Gadina M, Le MT, Schwartz DM, Silvennoinen O, Nakayamada S, Yamaoka K, O’Shea JJ. Janus kinases to jakinibs: from basic insights to clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 58:i4-i16. [PMID: 30806710 PMCID: PMC6657570 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are critical mediators of diverse immune and inflammatory diseases. Targeting cytokines and cytokine receptors with biologics has revolutionized the treatment of many of these diseases, but targeting intracellular signalling with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (jakinibs) now represents a major new therapeutic advance. We are still in the first decade since these drugs were approved and there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms of action of these drugs and the practical use of these agents. Herein we will review cytokines that do, and just as importantly, do not signal by JAKs, as well as explain how this relates to both efficacy and side effects in various diseases. We will review new, next-generation selective jakinibs, as well as the prospects and challenges ahead in targeting JAKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mimi T Le
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fimlab Laboratories University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamaoka
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - John J O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Shi L, Zhong Z, Li X, Zhou Y, Pan Z. Discovery of an Orally Available Janus Kinase 3 Selective Covalent Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1054-1066. [PMID: 30615446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
JAK family kinases are important mediators of immune cell signaling and Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) has long been indicated as a potential target for autoimmune disorders. Intensive efforts to develop highly selective JAK3 inhibitors have been underway for many years. However, because of JAK3's strong binding preference to adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), a number of inhibitors exhibit large gaps between enzymatic and cellular potency, which hampers efforts to dissect the roles of JAK3 in cellular settings. Using a targeted covalent inhibitor approach, we discovered compound 32, which overcame ATP competition (1 mM) in the enzymatic assay, and demonstrated significantly improved inhibitory activity for JAK3-dependent signaling in mouse CTLL-2 and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Compound 32 also exhibited high selectivity within the JAK family and good pharmacokinetic properties. Thus, it may serve as a highly valuable tool molecule to study the overlapping roles of JAK family kinases in complex biological settings. Our study also suggested that for covalent kinase inhibitors, especially those targeting kinases with low Km ATP values, the reversible interactions between molecules and proteins should be carefully optimized to improve the overall potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Xitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Yiqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhengying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
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18
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Gadina M, Johnson C, Schwartz D, Bonelli M, Hasni S, Kanno Y, Changelian P, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ. Translational and clinical advances in JAK-STAT biology: The present and future of jakinibs. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:499-514. [PMID: 29999544 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ri0218-084r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this era, it is axiomatic that cytokines have critical roles in cellular development and differentiation, immune homeostasis, and host defense. Equally, dysregulation of cytokines is known to contribute to diverse inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders. In fact, the past 20 years have witnessed the rapid translation of basic discoveries in cytokine biology to multiple successful biological agents (mAbs and recombinant fusion proteins) that target cytokines. These targeted therapies have not only fundamentally changed the face of multiple immune-mediated diseases but have also unequivocally established the role of specific cytokines in human disease; cytokine biologists have many times over provided remarkable basic advances with direct clinical benefit. Numerous cytokines rely on the JAK-STAT pathway for signaling, and new, safe, and effective small molecule inhibitors have been developed for a range of disorders. In this review, we will briefly summarize basic discoveries in cytokine signaling and briefly comment on some major unresolved issues. We will review clinical data pertaining to the first generation of JAK inhibitors and their clinical indications, discuss additional opportunities for targeting this pathway, and lay out some of the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catrina Johnson
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniella Schwartz
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Bonelli
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuka Kanno
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Changelian
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Forster M, Chaikuad A, Dimitrov T, Döring E, Holstein J, Berger BT, Gehringer M, Ghoreschi K, Müller S, Knapp S, Laufer SA. Development, Optimization, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Covalent-Reversible JAK3 Inhibitors Based on a Tricyclic Imidazo[5,4- d]pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine Scaffold. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5350-5366. [PMID: 29852068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinases are major drivers of immune signaling and have been the focus of anti-inflammatory drug discovery for more than a decade. Because of the invariable colocalization of JAK1 and JAK3 at cytokine receptors, the question if selective JAK3 inhibition is sufficient to effectively block downstream signaling has been highly controversial. Recently, we discovered the covalent-reversible JAK3 inhibitor FM-381 (23) featuring high isoform and kinome selectivity. Crystallography revealed that this inhibitor induces an unprecedented binding pocket by interactions of a nitrile substituent with arginine residues in JAK3. Herein, we describe detailed structure-activity relationships necessary for induction of the arginine pocket and the impact of this structural change on potency, isoform selectivity, and efficacy in cellular models. Furthermore, we evaluated the stability of this novel inhibitor class in in vitro metabolic assays and were able to demonstrate an adequate stability of key compound 23 for in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forster
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , DE , Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , DE , Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium , Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , DE , Germany
| | - Teodor Dimitrov
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , DE , Germany
| | - Eva Döring
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , DE , Germany
| | - Julia Holstein
- Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Liebermeisterstr. 25 , 72076 Tübingen , DE , Germany
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , DE , Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium , Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , DE , Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , DE , Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Liebermeisterstr. 25 , 72076 Tübingen , DE , Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , DE , Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , DE , Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium , Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , DE , Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, DKTK , 60590 Site Frankfurt/Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , DE , Germany
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20
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Bryan MC, Rajapaksa NS. Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Immunological Disorders: Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9030-9058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian C. Bryan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Naomi S. Rajapaksa
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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21
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Malemud CJ. The role of the JAK/STAT signal pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2018; 10:117-127. [PMID: 29942363 PMCID: PMC6009092 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x18776224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signal transduction pathway is a critical event in the pathogenesis and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Under normal conditions, JAK/STAT signaling reflects the influence of negative regulators of JAK/STAT, exemplified by the suppressor of cytokine signaling and protein inhibitor of activated STAT. However, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) both of these regulators are dysfunctional. Thus, continuous activation of JAK/STAT signaling in RA synovial joints results in the elevated level of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression, increased frequency of apoptotic chondrocytes and most prominently 'apoptosis resistance' in the inflamed synovial tissue. Tofacitinib, a JAK small molecule inhibitor, with selectivity for JAK2/JAK3 was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for the therapy of RA. Importantly, tofacitinib has demonstrated significant clinical efficacy for RA in the post-US FDA-approval surveillance period. Of note, the success of tofacitinib has spurred the development of JAK1, JAK2 and other JAK3-selective small molecule inhibitors, some of which have also entered the clinical setting, whereas other JAK inhibitors are currently being evaluated in RA clinical trials.
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22
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Pollmann R, Schmidt T, Eming R, Hertl M. Pemphigus: a Comprehensive Review on Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 54:1-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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Forster M, Gehringer M, Laufer SA. Recent advances in JAK3 inhibition: Isoform selectivity by covalent cysteine targeting. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4229-4237. [PMID: 28844493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of four cytosolic protein kinases with a high degree of structural similarity. Due to its very restricted role in immune regulation, JAK3 was promoted as an excellent target for immunosuppression for more than a decade, but clinical validation of this concept is still elusive. During the last years, speculation arose that kinase activity of JAK1, which cooperates with JAK3 in cytokine receptor signaling, may have a dominant role over the one of JAK3. Until recently, however, this issue could not be appropriately addressed due to a lack of highly isoform-selective tool compounds. With the recent resurgence of covalent drugs, targeting of a specific cysteine that distinguishes JAK3 from other JAK family members became an attractive design option. By applying this strategy, a set of JAK3 inhibitors with excellent selectivity against other JAK isoforms and the kinome was developed during the last three years and used to decipher JAK3-dependent signaling. The data obtained with these tool compounds demonstrates that selective JAK3 inhibition is sufficient to block downstream signaling. Since one of these inhibitors is currently under evaluation in phase II clinical studies against several inflammatory disorders, it will soon become apparent whether selective JAK3 inhibition translates into clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forster
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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