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Li J, Orsi DL, Engers JL, Long MF, Capstick RA, Maurer MA, Presley CC, Vinson PN, Rodriguez AL, Han A, Cho HP, Chang S, Jackson M, Bubser M, Blobaum AL, Boutaud O, Nader MA, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Han C. Development of VU6036864: A Triazolopyridine-Based High-Quality Antagonist Tool Compound of the M 5 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14394-14413. [PMID: 39105778 PMCID: PMC11345818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
While the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mAChR subtype 5 (M5) has been studied over decades, recent findings suggest that more in-depth research is required to elucidate a thorough understanding of its physiological function related to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Our efforts to identify potent, selective, and pharmaceutically favorable next-generation M5 antagonist tool compounds have led to the discovery of a novel triazolopyridine-based series. In particular, VU6036864 (45) showed exquisite potency (human M5 IC50 = 20 nM), good subtype selectivity (>500 fold selectivity against human M1-4), desirable brain exposure (Kp = 0.68, Kp,uu = 0.65), and high oral bioavailability (%F > 100%). VU6036864 (45) and its close analogues will support further studies of M5 as advanced antagonist tool compounds and play an important role in the emerging biology of M5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Li
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Douglas L. Orsi
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Julie L. Engers
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Madeline F. Long
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rory A. Capstick
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mallory A. Maurer
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Christopher C. Presley
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Paige N. Vinson
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Allie Han
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Megan Jackson
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michael Bubser
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Center
for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of
Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard Winston-Salem, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Changho Han
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Alizadeh Pahlavani H. Possible role of exercise therapy on depression: Effector neurotransmitters as key players. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114791. [PMID: 38048912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
About 280 million people suffer from depression as the most common neurological disorder and the most common cause of death worldwide. Exercise with serotonin released in the brain by the 5-HT3-IGF-1 mechanism can lead to antidepressant effects. Swimming exercise has antidepressant effects by increasing the sensitivity of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, increasing 5-HT and 5HIAA levels, increasing TPH and serotonin, and decreasing inflammatory levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Anaerobic and aerobic exercises increase beta-endorphin, enkephalin, and dynorphin and have antidepressant effects. Exercise by increasing dopamine, D1R, and D2R leads to the expression of BDNF and activation of TrkB and has antidepressant behavior. Exercise leads to a significant increase in GABAAR (γ2 and α2 subunits) and reduces neurodegenerative disorders caused by GABA imbalance through anti-inflammatory pathways. By increasing glutamate and PGC1α and reducing glutamatergic neurotoxicity, exercise enhances neurogenesis and synaptogenesis and prevents neurodegeneration and the onset of depression. Irisin release during exercise shows an important role in depression by increasing dopamine, BDNF, NGF, and IGF-1 and decreasing inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and IL-1β. In addition, exercise-induced orexin and NPY can increase hippocampal neurogenesis and relieve depression. After exercise, the tryptophan to large neutral amino acids (TRP/LNAA) ratio and the tryptophan to branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) ratio increase, which may have antidepressant effects. The expression of M5 receptor and nAChR α7 increases after exercise and significantly increases dopamine and acetylcholine and ameliorates depression. It appears that during exercise, muscarinic receptors can reduce depression through dopamine in the absence of acetylcholine. Therefore, exercise can be used to reduce depression by affecting neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, cytokines, and/or neurotrophins.
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