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Fu K, Gao C, Li X, Zhang H, Xue B. 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol induces oxidative stress and promotes testicular damage and infertility in rats through CYP2C9. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108633. [PMID: 38944211 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a newly discovered food process pollutant with nephrotoxicity. And the mechanism by which 3-MCPD affects male spermatogenesis has not been fully studied. Cell viability, blood-testis barrier (BTB) related protein, progesterone content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell apoptosis were determined by a CCK8 assay, western blot, ELISA, flow cytometry, and TUNEL staining, respectively. Wistar rats were divided into three groups: low-dose 3-MCPD, high-dose 3-MCPD, and control. Sperm parameters, hormonal levels, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis were detected by ELISA. Multiple molecular experiments including molecular docking and western blot were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. 3-MCPD affects testicular cell activity, and promotes ROS production and apoptosis. Disrupting the integrity of BTB in the body, downregulating sex hormones and sperm quality, and promoting apoptosis. 3-MCPD may function through CYP2C9. This study preliminarily explores the mechanism by which 3-MCPD affects spermatogenesis. It was found that 3-MCPD destroys the structure and function of BTB and damages the testicular function of male mice, thus affecting the process of spermatogenesis via CYP2C9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Chuchu Gao
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Boxin Xue
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China.
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2
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Ishibashi R. Multidimensional scaling methods can reconstruct genomic DNA loops using Hi-C data properties. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289651. [PMID: 37590265 PMCID: PMC10434948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes multidimensional scaling (MDS) applied to high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data on genomic interactions to visualize DNA loops. Currently, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of gene expression are poorly understood, and where and when DNA loops are formed remains undetermined. Previous studies have focused on reproducing the entire three-dimensional structure of chromatin; however, identifying DNA loops using these data is time-consuming and difficult. MDS is an unsupervised method for reconstructing the original coordinates from a distance matrix. Here, MDS was applied to high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data on genomic interactions to visualize DNA loops. Hi-C data were converted to distances by taking the inverse to reproduce loops via MDS, and the missing values were set to zero. Using the converted data, MDS was applied to the log-transformed genomic coordinate distances and this process successfully reproduced the DNA loops in the given structure. Consequently, the reconstructed DNA loops revealed significantly more DNA-transcription factor interactions involved in DNA loop formation than those obtained from previously applied methods. Furthermore, the reconstructed DNA loops were significantly consistent with chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) peak positions. In conclusion, the proposed method is an improvement over previous methods for identifying DNA loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ishibashi
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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CYP2C9 inhibits the invasion and migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via downregulation of HDAC. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2011-2020. [PMID: 33515198 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) is involved in the metabolism of cancer drugs and exogenous carcinogens. In our study, CYP2C9 was downregulated in multiple cohorts of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Until now, its role and epigenetic regulation of CYP2C9 repression in ESCC remain poorly understood. CYP2C9 repression in collected ESCC patient tumor tissues was demonstrated by RT-qPCR and Western blot. The histone acetylation level was carried out by the treatment of histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA and RNA interference. Epigenetic analysis revealed that the increased expression of CYP2C9 in KYSE-150 and TE1 cells was characterized by inhibition of HDAC8 and HDAC1, respectively. TSA decreased the levels of HDAC occupancy around CYP2C9 promoter region greatly. Overexpression of CYP2C9 reduced the invasion and migration of ESCC cells.
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Abstract
The regulation of brain cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) is different compared with respective hepatic enzymes. This may result from anatomical bases and physiological functions of the two organs. The brain is composed of a variety of functional structures built of different interconnected cell types endowed with specific receptors that receive various neuronal signals from other brain regions. Those signals activate transcription factors or alter functioning of enzyme proteins. Moreover, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) does not allow free penetration of all substances from the periphery into the brain. Differences in neurotransmitter signaling, availability to endogenous and exogenous active substances, and levels of transcription factors between neuronal and hepatic cells lead to differentiated expression and susceptibility to the regulation of CYP genes in the brain and liver. Herein, we briefly describe the CYP enzymes of CYP1-3 families, their distribution in the brain, and discuss brain-specific regulation of CYP genes. In parallel, a comparison to liver CYP regulation is presented. CYP enzymes play an essential role in maintaining the levels of bioactive molecules within normal ranges. These enzymes modulate the metabolism of endogenous neurochemicals, such as neurosteroids, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, anandamide, and exogenous substances, including psychotropics, drugs of abuse, neurotoxins, and carcinogens. The role of these enzymes is not restricted to xenobiotic-induced neurotoxicity, but they are also involved in brain physiology. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize the function and regulation of CYP enzymes in the brain to build a foundation for future medicine and neuroprotection and for personalized treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kuban
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysława Anna Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Bejjani F, Evanno E, Zibara K, Piechaczyk M, Jariel-Encontre I. The AP-1 transcriptional complex: Local switch or remote command? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:11-23. [PMID: 31034924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous family of AP-1 dimeric transcription complexes is involved in virtually all cellular and physiological functions. It is paramount for cells to reprogram gene expression in response to cues of many sorts and is involved in many tumorigenic processes. How AP-1 controls gene transcription has largely remained elusive till recently. The advent of the "omics" technologies permitting genome-wide studies of transcription factors has however changed and improved our view of AP-1 mechanistical actions. If these studies confirm that AP-1 can sometimes act as a local transcriptional switch operating in the vicinity of transcription start sites (TSS), they strikingly indicate that AP-1 principally operates as a remote command binding to distal enhancers, placing chromatin architecture dynamics at the heart of its transcriptional actions. They also unveil novel constraints operating on AP-1, as well as novel mechanisms used to regulate gene expression via transcription-pioneering-, chromatin-remodeling- and chromatin accessibility maintenance effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Bejjani
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences - I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Emilie Evanno
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences - I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Isabelle Jariel-Encontre
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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Interaction between 3,4‑dichlorophenyl‑propenoyl‑sec.‑butylamine (3,4‑DCPB), an antiepileptic drug, and cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes and recombinant human enzymes in vitro. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:241-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pastore N, Attanasio S, Granese B, Castello R, Teckman J, Wilson AA, Ballabio A, Brunetti‐Pierri N. Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway aggravates proteotoxicity of hepatic mutant Z alpha1-antitrypsin. Hepatology 2017; 65:1865-1874. [PMID: 28073160 PMCID: PMC5485069 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic disease that can affect both the lung and the liver. The vast majority of patients harbor a mutation in the serine protease inhibitor 1A (SERPINA1) gene leading to a single amino acid substitution that results in an unfolded protein that is prone to polymerization. Alpha1-antitrypsin defciency-related liver disease is therefore caused by a gain-of-function mechanism due to accumulation of the mutant Z alpha1-antitrypsin (ATZ) and is a key example of an disease mechanism induced by protein toxicity. Intracellular retention of ATZ triggers a complex injury cascade including apoptosis and other mechanisms, although several aspects of the disease pathogenesis are still unclear. We show that ATZ induces activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun and that genetic ablation of JNK1 or JNK2 decreased ATZ levels in vivo by reducing c-Jun-mediated SERPINA1 gene expression. JNK activation was confirmed in livers of patients homozygous for the Z allele, with severe liver disease requiring hepatic transplantation. Treatment of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-hepatic cells with a JNK inhibitor reduced accumulation of ATZ. CONCLUSION These data reveal that JNK is a key pathway in the disease pathogenesis and add new therapeutic entry points for liver disease caused by ATZ. (Hepatology 2017;65:1865-1874).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Pastore
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and MedicinePozzuoliNaplesItaly,Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTX,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTX
| | | | - Barbara Granese
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and MedicinePozzuoliNaplesItaly,Department of Translational MedicineFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | | | - Jeffrey Teckman
- Department of PediatricsSaint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical CenterSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Andrew A. Wilson
- Boston University Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical CenterBostonMA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and MedicinePozzuoliNaplesItaly,Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTX,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTX,Department of Translational MedicineFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Nicola Brunetti‐Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and MedicinePozzuoliNaplesItaly,Department of Translational MedicineFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
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Shintyapina AB, Vavilin VA, Safronova OG, Lyakhovich VV. The gene expression profile of a drug metabolism system and signal transduction pathways in the liver of mice treated with tert-butylhydroquinone or 3-(3'-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propylthiosulfonate of sodium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176939. [PMID: 28467491 PMCID: PMC5415222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) is a highly effective phenolic antioxidant used in edible oils and fats in foods as well as in medicines and cosmetics. TBHQ has been shown to have both chemoprotective and carcinogenic effects. Furthermore, it has potential anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, and neuroprotective activities. TBHQ induces phase II detoxification enzymes via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE mechanism, which contributes to its chemopreventive functions. Nonetheless, there is growing evidence that biological effects of tBHQ may be mediated by Nrf2-independent mechanisms related to various signaling cascades. Here, we studied changes in gene expression of phase I, II, and III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters as well as protein levels and activities of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) elicited by tBHQ and its structural homolog TS-13 in the mouse liver. Next, we carried out gene expression analysis to identify signal transduction pathways modulated by the antioxidants. Mice received 100 mg/kg tBHQ or TS-13 per day or only vehicle. The liver was collected at 12 hours and after 7 days of the treatment. Protein and total RNA were extracted. Gene expression was analyzed using Mouse Drug Metabolism and Signal Transduction PathwayFinder RT2Profiler™PCR Arrays. A western blot analysis was used to measure protein levels and a fluorometric assay was employed to study activities of CYPs. Genes that were affected more than 1.5-fold by tBHQ or TS-13 treatment compared with vehicle were identified. Analysis of the gene expression data revealed changes in various genes that are important for drug metabolism, cellular defense mechanisms, inflammation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. Novel target genes were identified, including xenobiotic metabolism genes encoding CYPs, phase II/III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters. For Cyp1a2 and Cyp2b, we observed an increase in protein levels and activities during tBHQ or TS-13 treatment. Changes were found in the gene expression regulated by NFκB, androgen, retinoic acid, PI3K/AKT, Wnt, Hedgehog and other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentin A. Vavilin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Vyacheslav V. Lyakhovich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Wang Y, Yi XD, Lu HL. Influence of CYP2C9 and COX-2 Genetic Polymorphisms on Clinical Efficacy of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1775-1782. [PMID: 28403136 PMCID: PMC5398431 DOI: 10.12659/msm.900271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships of CYP2C9 and COX-2 genetic polymorphisms with therapeutic efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Material/Methods We enrolled 130 AS inpatients and outpatients in the Arthritis and Rheumatism Department of Peking University First Hospital and 106 healthy people getting routine check-ups between September 2013 and July 2014. CYP2C9 and COX-2 genetic polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP. All AS patients underwent medical treatment and 12-week follow-up treatment. Score differences of BASDAI, ASAS20, ASAS50, and ASAS70 for AS patients with different genotypes before and after treatment were compared. Results In terms of COX-2-1290A/G and -1195G/A gene polymorphism genotype and allele frequency, the case group and control group were obviously different (all P<0.05), but CYP2C9*3 polymorphism genotype and allele frequency were not statistically different between the 2 groups (P>0.05). AS patients had improved BASDAI, ASAS20, ASAS50, and ASAS70 scores after they received NSAID treatment (all P<0.05). Furthermore, the efficacy of NSAID in treatment of AS and COX-2 gene −1290A/G and −1195G/A polymorphism were associated (all P<0.05), but it is not associated with CYP2C9 *3 polymorphism (all P>0.05). Conclusions COX-2-1290A/G and -1195G/A polymorphism may increase AS risk and they both can be considered as biological indicators for prediction of efficacy of NSAIDs in treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Dong Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Hai-Lin Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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10
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Makia NL, Goldstein JA. CYP2C8 Is a Novel Target of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α in Human Liver. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:154-64. [PMID: 26467040 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C enzymes metabolize ∼30% of clinically prescribed drugs and various environmental chemicals. CYP2C8, an important member of this subfamily, metabolizes the anticancer drug paclitaxel, certain antidiabetic drugs, and endogenous substrates, including arachidonic acid, to physiologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that microRNA 107 (miR107) and microRNA 103 downregulate CYP2C8 post-transcriptionally. miR107 is located in intron 5 of the pantothenate kinase 1 (PANK1) gene. p53 has been reported to coregulate the induction of PANK1 and miR107. Here, we examine the possible downregulation of CYP2C8 by drugs capable of inducing miR107. Hypolipidemic drugs, such as bezafibrate, known activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), induce both the PANK1 gene and miR107 (∼2.5-fold) in primary human hepatocytes. Surprisingly, CYP2C8 mRNA and protein levels were induced by bezafibrate. CYP2C8 promoter activity was increased by ectopic expression of PPARα in HepG2 cells, with a further increase after bezafibrate (∼18-fold), 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio acetic acid (∼10-fold) treatment, or the antidiabetic drug rosiglitazone, all known PPAR activators. Promoter sequence analyses, deletion studies, mutagenesis studies, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified a PPARα response element located at position -2109 base pair relative to the translation start site of CYP2C8. Chromatin immunopreciptation assay analysis confirmed recruitment of PPARα to this PPARα response element after bezafibrate treatment of human hepatocytes. Thus, we show for the first time that CYP2C8 is transcriptionally regulated by PPARα, suggesting the potential for drug-drug interactions due to upregulation of CYP2C8 by PPAR activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngome L Makia
- Human Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Joyce A Goldstein
- Human Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Raz S, Stark M, Assaraf YG. Binding of a Smad4/Ets-1 complex to a novel intragenic regulatory element in exon12 of FPGS underlies decreased gene expression and antifolate resistance in leukemia. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9183-98. [PMID: 25229333 PMCID: PMC4253427 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamylation of antifolates catalyzed by folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase (FPGS) is essential for their intracellular retention and cytotoxic activity. Hence, loss of FPGS expression and/or function results in lack of antifolate polyglutamylation and drug resistance. Members of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway are negative regulators of hematopoiesis and deregulation of this pathway is considered a major contributor to leukemogenesis. Here we show that FPGS gene expression is inversely correlated with the binding of a Smad4/Ets-1 complex to exon12 of FPGS in both acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and acute myeloid leukemia blast specimens. We demonstrate that antifolate resistant leukemia cells harbor a heterozygous point mutation in exon12 of FPGS which disrupts FPGS activity by abolishing ATP binding, and alters the binding pattern of transcription factors to the genomic region of exon12. This in turn results in the near complete silencing of the wild type allele leading to a 97% loss of FPGS activity. We show that exon12 is a novel intragenic transcriptional regulator, endowed with the ability to drive transcription in vitro, and is occupied by transcription factors and chromatin remodeling agents (e.g. Smad4/Ets-1, HP-1 and Brg1) in vivo. These findings bear important implications for the rational overcoming of antifolate resistance in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Raz
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Stark
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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