1
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Chen H, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Targeting GRK2 and GRK5 for treating chronic degenerative diseases: Advances and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Baier A, Szyszka R. Compounds from Natural Sources as Protein Kinase Inhibitors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111546. [PMID: 33198400 PMCID: PMC7698043 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantage of natural compounds is their lower number of side-effects when compared to most synthetic substances. Therefore, over the past several decades, the interest in naturally occurring compounds is increasing in the search for new potent drugs. Natural compounds are playing an important role as a starting point when developing new selective compounds against different diseases. Protein kinases play a huge role in several diseases, like cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, microbial infections, or inflammations. In this review, we give a comprehensive view of natural compounds, which are/were the parent compounds in the development of more potent substances using computational analysis and SAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baier
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryszard Szyszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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3
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Mangmool S, Parichatikanond W, Kurose H. Therapeutic Targets for Treatment of Heart Failure: Focus on GRKs and β-Arrestins Affecting βAR Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1336. [PMID: 30538631 PMCID: PMC6277550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a heart disease that is classified into two main types: HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Both types of HF lead to significant risk of mortality and morbidity. Pharmacological treatment with β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonists (also called β-blockers) has been shown to reduce the overall hospitalization and mortality rates and improve the clinical outcomes in HF patients with HFrEF but not HFpEF. Although, the survival rate of patients suffering from HF continues to drop, the management of HF still faces several limitations and discrepancies highlighting the need to develop new treatment strategies. Overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is an adaptive neurohormonal response to acute myocardial injury and heart damage, whereas prolonged exposure to catecholamines causes defects in βAR regulation, including a reduction in the amount of βARs and an increase in βAR desensitization due to the upregulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in the heart, contributing in turn to the progression of HF. Several studies show that myocardial GRK2 activity and expression are raised in the failing heart. Furthermore, β-arrestins play a pivotal role in βAR desensitization and, interestingly, can mediate their own signal transduction without any G protein-dependent pathway involved. In this review, we provide new insight into the role of GRKs and β-arrestins on how they affect βAR signaling regarding the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of HF. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting GRKs and β-arrestins for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Qin L, Sankaran B, Aminzai S, Casteel DE, Kim C. Structural basis for selective inhibition of human PKG Iα by the balanol-like compound N46. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10985-10992. [PMID: 29769318 PMCID: PMC6052212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase G (PKG) Iα in nociceptive neurons induces long-term hyperexcitability that causes chronic pain. Recently, a derivative of the fungal metabolite balanol, N46, has been reported to inhibit PKG Iα with high potency and selectivity and attenuate thermal hyperalgesia and osteoarthritic pain. Here we determined co-crystal structures of the PKG Iα C-domain and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) Cα, each bound with N46, at 1.98 Å and 2.65 Å, respectively. N46 binds the active site with its external phenyl ring, specifically interacting with the glycine-rich loop and the αC helix. Phe-371 at the PKG Iα glycine-rich loop is oriented parallel to the phenyl ring of N46, forming a strong π-stacking interaction, whereas the analogous Phe-54 in PKA Cα rotates 30° and forms a weaker interaction. Structural comparison revealed that steric hindrance between the preceding Ser-53 and the propoxy group of the phenyl ring may explain the weaker interaction with PKA Cα. The analogous Gly-370 in PKG Iα, however, causes little steric hindrance with Phe-371. Moreover, Ile-406 on the αC helix forms a hydrophobic interaction with N46 whereas its counterpart in PKA, Thr-88, does not. Substituting these residues in PKG Iα with those in PKA Cα increases the IC50 values for N46, whereas replacing these residues in PKA Cα with those in PKG Iα reduces the IC50, consistent with our structural findings. In conclusion, our results explain the structural basis for N46-mediated selective inhibition of human PKG Iα and provide a starting point for structure-guided design of selective PKG Iα inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Qin
- From the Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- the Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Sahar Aminzai
- the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Darren E Casteel
- the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Choel Kim
- From the Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030,
- the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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5
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Bakthadoss M, Kumar PV, Reddy TT, Sharada DS. Solvent and catalyst free ring expansion of indoles: a simple synthesis of highly functionalized benzazepines. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8160-8168. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly functionalized benzazepines have been synthesized from indoles via ring expansion. Ring contraction of benzazepines to indole derivatives has also been acheived in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Polu Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Pondicherry University
- Pondicherry – 605 014
- India
| | | | - Duddu S. Sharada
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Hyderabad, Kandi
- India
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6
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Cannavo A, Komici K, Bencivenga L, D'amico ML, Gambino G, Liccardo D, Ferrara N, Rengo G. GRK2 as a therapeutic target for heart failure. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 22:75-83. [PMID: 29166798 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1406925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase-2 (GRK2) is a regulator of GPCRs, in particular β-adrenergic receptors (ARs), and as demonstrated by decades of investigation, it has a pivotal role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, like heart failure (HF). Indeed elevated levels and activity of this kinase are able to promote the dysfunction of both cardiac and adrenal α- and β-ARs and to dysregulate other protective signaling pathway, such as sphingosine 1-phospate and insulin. Moreover, recent discoveries suggest that GRK2 can signal independently from GPCRs, in a 'non-canonical' manner, via interaction with non-GPCR molecule or via its mitochondrial localization. Areas covered: Based on this premise, GRK2 inhibition or its genetic deletion has been tested in several disparate animal models of cardiovascular disease, showing to protect the heart from adverse remodeling and dysfunction. Expert opinion: HF is one of the leading cause of death worldwide with enormous health care costs. For this reason, the identification of new therapeutic targets like GRK2 and strategies such as its inhibition represents a new hope in the fight against HF development and progression. Herein, we will update the readers about the 'state-of-art' of GRK2 inhibition as a potent therapeutic strategy in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- a Center for Translational Medicine , Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Klara Komici
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Loreta D'amico
- c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
| | - Giuseppina Gambino
- c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy.,c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy.,c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
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7
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Patel AR, Hardianto A, Ranganathan S, Liu F. Divergent response of homologous ATP sites to stereospecific ligand fluorination for selectivity enhancement. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1570-1574. [PMID: 28119986 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00129k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acquiring a divergent response from homologous protein domains is essential for selective ligand-protein interactions. Stereospecific fluorination of (-)-balanol, an ATP mimic, uncovers a new source of selectivity from integrated chemical and conformational perturbation that differentiates homologous sites by the level of congruency in their response to local and remote fluorine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpesh Ramanlal Patel
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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8
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Guccione M, Ettari R, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Zappalà M, Grasso S. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Inhibitors: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9277-9294. [PMID: 27362616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor kinase that is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and regulates various intracellular mechanisms. The up- or down-regulation of GRK2 correlates with several pathological disorders. GRK2 plays an important role in the maintenance of heart structure and function; thus, this kinase is involved in many cardiovascular diseases. GRK2 up-regulation can worsen cardiac ischemia; furthermore, increased kinase levels occur during the early stages of heart failure and in hypertensive subjects. GRK2 up-regulation can lead to changes in the insulin signaling cascade, which can translate to insulin resistance. Increased GRK2 levels also correlate with the degree of cognitive impairment that is typically observed in Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews the most potent and selective GRK2 inhibitors that have been developed. We focus on their mechanism of action, inhibition profile, and structure-activity relationships to provide insight into the further development of GRK2 inhibitors as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Guccione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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9
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Waldschmidt HV, Homan KT, Cruz-Rodríguez O, Cato MC, Waninger-Saroni J, Larimore KL, Cannavo A, Song J, Cheung JY, Koch WJ, Tesmer JJG, Larsen SD, Larsen SD. Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Highly Selective and Potent G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3793-807. [PMID: 27050625 PMCID: PMC4890168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are central to many physiological processes. Regulation of this superfamily of receptors is controlled by GPCR kinases (GRKs), some of which have been implicated in heart failure. GSK180736A, developed as a Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 1 (ROCK1) inhibitor, was identified as an inhibitor of GRK2 and co-crystallized in the active site. Guided by its binding pose overlaid with the binding pose of a known potent GRK2 inhibitor, Takeda103A, a library of hybrid inhibitors was developed. This campaign produced several compounds possessing high potency and selectivity for GRK2 over other GRK subfamilies, PKA, and ROCK1. The most selective compound, 12n (CCG-224406), had an IC50 for GRK2 of 130 nM, >700-fold selectivity over other GRK subfamilies, and no detectable inhibition of ROCK1. Four of the new inhibitors were crystallized with GRK2 to give molecular insights into the binding and kinase selectivity of this class of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V. Waldschmidt
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Kristoff T. Homan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Osvaldo Cruz-Rodríguez
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,PhD Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Marilyn C. Cato
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Jessica Waninger-Saroni
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Kelly L. Larimore
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Alessandro Cannavo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140
| | - Joseph Y. Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Scott D. Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,Corresponding Author: Scott D. Larsen, , (734) 615 - 0454
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10
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Gomez-Monterrey I, Carotenuto A, Cipolletta E, Sala M, Vernieri E, Limatola A, Bertamino A, Musella S, Grieco P, Trimarco B, Novellino E, Iaccarino G, Campiglia P. SAR study and conformational analysis of a series of novel peptide G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 inhibitors. Biopolymers 2016; 101:121-8. [PMID: 23733420 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) plays a central role in the cellular transduction network. In particular, during chronic heart failure GRK2 is upregulated and believed to contribute to disease progression. Thereby, its inhibition offers a potential therapeutic solution to several pathological conditions. In the present study, we performed a SAR study and a NMR conformational analysis of peptides derived from HJ loop of GRK2 and able to selectively inhibit GRK2. From Ala-scan and D-Ala point replacement, we found that Arg residues don't affect the inhibitory properties, while a D-amino acid at position 5 is key to the activity. Conformational analysis identified two β-turns that involve N-terminal residues, followed by a short extended region. These information can help the design of peptides and peptido-mimetics with enhanced GRK2 inhibition properties.
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11
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Zhu W, Zhao L, Wang MX. Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydro-1H-azepine and 1H-Azepin-2(3H)-one Derivatives From Intramolecular Condensation between Stable Tertiary Enamides and Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2015; 80:12047-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenju Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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Abstract
It is increasingly clear that academic high-throughput screening (HTS) and virtual HTS triage suffers from a lack of scientists trained in the art and science of early drug discovery chemistry. Many recent publications report the discovery of compounds by screening that are most likely artifacts or promiscuous bioactive compounds, and these results are not placed into the context of previous studies. For HTS to be most successful, it is our contention that there must exist an early partnership between biologists and medicinal chemists. Their combined skill sets are necessary to design robust assays and efficient workflows that will weed out assay artifacts, false positives, promiscuous bioactive compounds and intractable screening hits, efforts that ultimately give projects a better chance at identifying truly useful chemical matter. Expertise in medicinal chemistry, cheminformatics and purification sciences (analytical chemistry) can enhance the post-HTS triage process by quickly removing these problematic chemotypes from consideration, while simultaneously prioritizing the more promising chemical matter for follow-up testing. It is only when biologists and chemists collaborate effectively that HTS can manifest its full promise.
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13
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Homan KT, Tesmer JJG. Molecular basis for small molecule inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:246-56. [PMID: 24984143 PMCID: PMC4301174 DOI: 10.1021/cb5003976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that inhibit the protein kinase A, G, and C (AGC) family of serine/threonine kinases can exert profound effects on cell homeostasis and thereby regulate fundamental processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism, but there is not yet a clinically approved drug in the United States selective for a member of this family. One subfamily of AGC kinases, the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs), initiates the desensitization of active GPCRs. Of these, GRK2 has been directly implicated in the progression of heart failure. Thus, there is great interest in the identification of GRK2-specific chemical probes that can be further developed into therapeutics. Herein, we compare crystal structures of small molecule inhibitors in complex with GRK2 to those of highly selective compounds in complex with Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase 1 (ROCK1), a closely related AGC kinase. This analysis suggests that reduced hydrogen-bond formation with the hinge of the kinase domain, occupation of the hydrophobic subsite, and, consequently, higher buried surface area are key drivers of potency and selectivity among GRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoff T. Homan
- Life Sciences Institute,
Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute,
Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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14
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Carotenuto A, Cipolletta E, Gomez-Monterrey I, Sala M, Vernieri E, Limatola A, Bertamino A, Musella S, Sorriento D, Grieco P, Trimarco B, Novellino E, Iaccarino G, Campiglia P. Design, synthesis and efficacy of novel G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:384-92. [PMID: 24077529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a relevant signaling node of the cellular transduction network, playing major roles in the physiology of various organs/tissues including the heart and blood vessels. Emerging evidence suggests that GRK2 is up regulated in pathological situations such as heart failure, hypertrophy and hypertension, and its inhibition offers a potential therapeutic solution to these diseases. We explored the GRK2 inhibitory activity of a library of cyclic peptides derived from the HJ loop of G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 (GRK2). The design of these cyclic compounds was based on the conformation of the HJ loop within the X-ray structure of GRK2. One of these compounds, the cyclic peptide 7, inhibited potently and selectively the GRK2 activity, being more active than its linear precursor. In a cellular system, this peptide confirms the beneficial signaling properties of a potent GRK2 inhibitor. Preferred conformations of the most potent analog were investigated by NMR spectroscopy.
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15
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Thal DM, Homan KT, Chen J, Wu EK, Hinkle PM, Huang ZM, Chuprun JK, Song J, Gao E, Cheung JY, Sklar LA, Koch WJ, Tesmer JJ. Paroxetine is a direct inhibitor of g protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and increases myocardial contractility. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1830-9. [PMID: 22882301 DOI: 10.1021/cb3003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a well-established therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure. Herein we identify the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine as a selective inhibitor of GRK2 activity both in vitro and in living cells. In the crystal structure of the GRK2·paroxetine-Gβγ complex, paroxetine binds in the active site of GRK2 and stabilizes the kinase domain in a novel conformation in which a unique regulatory loop forms part of the ligand binding site. Isolated cardiomyocytes show increased isoproterenol-induced shortening and contraction amplitude in the presence of paroxetine, and pretreatment of mice with paroxetine before isoproterenol significantly increases left ventricular inotropic reserve in vivo with no significant effect on heart rate. Neither is observed in the presence of the SSRI fluoxetine. Our structural and functional results validate a widely available drug as a selective chemical probe for GRK2 and represent a starting point for the rational design of more potent and specific GRK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Thal
- Life Sciences
Institute and
the Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kristoff T. Homan
- Life Sciences
Institute and
the Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque,
New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Emily K. Wu
- Life Sciences
Institute and
the Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Patricia M. Hinkle
- Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Z. Maggie Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - J. Kurt Chuprun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Joseph Y. Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Larry A. Sklar
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque,
New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - John J.G. Tesmer
- Life Sciences
Institute and
the Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Toroney R, Hull CM, Sokoloski JE, Bevilacqua PC. Mechanistic characterization of the 5'-triphosphate-dependent activation of PKR: lack of 5'-end nucleobase specificity, evidence for a distinct triphosphate binding site, and a critical role for the dsRBD. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 18:1862-74. [PMID: 22912486 PMCID: PMC3446709 DOI: 10.1261/rna.034520.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase PKR is activated by RNA to phosphorylate eIF-2α, inhibiting translation initiation. Long dsRNA activates PKR via interactions with the dsRNA-binding domain (dsRBD). Weakly structured RNA also activates PKR and does so in a 5'-triphosphate (ppp)-dependent fashion, however relatively little is known about this pathway. We used a mutant T7 RNA polymerase to incorporate all four triphosphate-containing nucleotides into the first position of a largely single-stranded RNA and found absence of selectivity, in that all four transcripts activate PKR. Recognition of 5'-triphosphate, but not the nucleobase at the 5'-most position, makes this RNA-mediated innate immune response sensitive to a broad array of viruses. PKR was neither activated in the presence of γ-GTP nor recognized NTPs other than ATP in activation competition and ITC binding assays. This indicates that the binding site for ATP is selective, which contrasts with the site for the 5' end of ppp-ssRNA. Activation experiments reveal that short dsRNAs compete with 5'-triphosphate RNAs and heparin for activation, and likewise gel-shift assays reveal that activating 5'-triphosphate RNAs and heparin compete with short dsRNAs for binding to PKR's dsRBD. The dsRBD thus plays a critical role in the activation of PKR by ppp-ssRNA and even heparin. At the same time, cross-linking experiments indicate that ppp-ssRNA interacts with PKR outside of the dsRBD as well. Overall, 5'-triphosphate-containing, weakly structured RNAs activate PKR via interactions with both the dsRBD and a distinct triphosphate binding site that lacks 5'-nucleobase specificity, allowing the innate immune response to provide broad-spectrum protection from pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Toroney
- Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Corresponding authorsE-mail E-mail
| | - Chelsea M. Hull
- Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Joshua E. Sokoloski
- Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Philip C. Bevilacqua
- Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Corresponding authorsE-mail E-mail
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Liu J, Hu Y, Waller DL, Wang J, Liu Q. Natural products as kinase inhibitors. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:392-403. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np00097k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Gurevich EV, Tesmer JJG, Mushegian A, Gurevich VV. G protein-coupled receptor kinases: more than just kinases and not only for GPCRs. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:40-69. [PMID: 21903131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are best known for their role in homologous desensitization of GPCRs. GRKs phosphorylate activated receptors and promote high affinity binding of arrestins, which precludes G protein coupling. GRKs have a multidomain structure, with the kinase domain inserted into a loop of a regulator of G protein signaling homology domain. Unlike many other kinases, GRKs do not need to be phosphorylated in their activation loop to achieve an activated state. Instead, they are directly activated by docking with active GPCRs. In this manner they are able to selectively phosphorylate Ser/Thr residues on only the activated form of the receptor, unlike related kinases such as protein kinase A. GRKs also phosphorylate a variety of non-GPCR substrates and regulate several signaling pathways via direct interactions with other proteins in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Multiple GRK subtypes are present in virtually every animal cell, with the highest expression levels found in neurons, with their extensive and complex signal regulation. Insufficient or excessive GRK activity was implicated in a variety of human disorders, ranging from heart failure to depression to Parkinson's disease. As key regulators of GPCR-dependent and -independent signaling pathways, GRKs are emerging drug targets and promising molecular tools for therapy. Targeted modulation of expression and/or of activity of several GRK isoforms for therapeutic purposes was recently validated in cardiac disorders and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Preston Research Building, Rm. 454, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Louvel J, Chemla F, Demont E, Ferreira F, Pérez-Luna A, Voituriez A. Stereoselective Synthesis of syn-β-Amino Propargylic Ethers: Application to the Asymmetric Syntheses of (+)-β-Conhydrine and (−)-Balanol. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Thal DM, Yeow RY, Schoenau C, Huber J, Tesmer JJG. Molecular mechanism of selectivity among G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:294-303. [PMID: 21596927 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.071522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key regulators of cell physiology and control processes ranging from glucose homeostasis to contractility of the heart. A major mechanism for the desensitization of activated GPCRs is their phosphorylation by GPCR kinases (GRKs). Overexpression of GRK2 is strongly linked to heart failure, and GRK2 has long been considered a pharmaceutical target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Several lead compounds developed by Takeda Pharmaceuticals show high selectivity for GRK2 and therapeutic potential for the treatment of heart failure. To understand how these drugs achieve their selectivity, we determined crystal structures of the bovine GRK2-Gβγ complex in the presence of two of these inhibitors. Comparison with the apoGRK2-Gβγ structure demonstrates that the compounds bind in the kinase active site in a manner similar to that of the AGC kinase inhibitor balanol. Both balanol and the Takeda compounds induce a slight closure of the kinase domain, the degree of which correlates with the potencies of the inhibitors. Based on our crystal structures and homology modeling, we identified five amino acids surrounding the inhibitor binding site that we hypothesized could contribute to inhibitor selectivity. However, our results indicate that these residues are not major determinants of selectivity among GRK subfamilies. Rather, selectivity is achieved by the stabilization of a unique inactive conformation of the GRK2 kinase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Thal
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Room 3425, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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22
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Yar M, Unthank MG, McGarrigle EM, Aggarwal VK. Remote chiral induction in vinyl sulfonium salt-mediated ring expansion of hemiaminals into epoxide-fused azepines. Chem Asian J 2010; 6:372-5. [PMID: 21254413 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yar
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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Tesmer JJG, Tesmer VM, Lodowski DT, Steinhagen H, Huber J. Structure of human G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in complex with the kinase inhibitor balanol. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1867-70. [PMID: 20128603 DOI: 10.1021/jm9017515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a pharmaceutical target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and hypertension. To better understand how nanomolar inhibition and selectivity for GRK2 might be achieved, we have determined crystal structures of human GRK2 in complex with Gbetagamma in the presence and absence of the AGC kinase inhibitor balanol. The selectivity of balanol among human GRKs is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J G Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA.
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Formal total synthesis of (–)- and (+)-balanol: two complementary enantiodivergent routes from vinyloxiranes and vinylaziridines. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Concise syntheses of stereoisomeric hexahydroazepine derivatives related to the protein kinase inhibitor balanol. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Srivastava AK, Panda G. Total synthesis of (-)-balanol, all stereoisomers, their N-tosyl analogues, and fully protected ophiocordin: an easy route to hexahydroazepine cores from garner aldehydes. Chemistry 2008; 14:4675-88. [PMID: 18399526 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of (-)-balanol and all of its stereoisomers starting from easily available Garner aldehydes are described. Diastereoselective Grignard reactions on Garner aldehydes and ring-closing metatheses are the key steps for the construction of hexahydroazepine subunits. The benzophenone subunits were constructed through coupling of suitably functionalized aromatic aldehyde and bromo components. The synthetic route constitutes a convenient and scalable reaction sequence to generate all of the stereoisomers of balanol. The methodology is explored further for the synthesis of N-tosyl analogues of balanol and of fully protected ophiocordin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Srivastava
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
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28
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Sullivan B, Hudlicky T. Chemoenzymatic formal synthesis of (−)-balanol. Provision of optical data for an often-reported intermediate. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Sullivan B, Gilmet J, Leisch H, Hudlicky T. Chiral version of the Burgess reagent and its reactions with oxiranes: application to the formal enantiodivergent synthesis of balanol. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:346-350. [PMID: 18205317 DOI: 10.1021/np0705357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An efficient formal synthesis of a (-)-balanol intermediate ( 25a) from cyclohexadiene oxide was accomplished in eight steps. An asymmetric version of the Burgess reagent allows for an enantiodivergent approach to both enantiomers of balanol from a racemic starting material.
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Abstract
In an effort to improve therapeutic options in cancer, many investigational drugs are being developed to inhibit signaling pathways that promote the survival of cancer cells. The prototypic pathway that promotes cellular survival is the phosphoinositide 3'-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, which is constitutively activated in many types of cancers. Mechanisms for activation of the serine/threonine kinase, Akt, include loss of tumor suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) function, amplification or mutation of phosphoinositide 3'-kinase, amplification of Akt, activation of growth factor receptors and exposure to carcinogens. Activation of Akt promotes cellular survival as well as resistance to treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Immunohistochemical analyses have shown that Akt is activated in many types of cancers and preneoplastic lesions, and Akt activation is a poor prognostic factor in various cancers. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Akt is a valid target for inhibition. This review will focus on published data using different approaches to inhibit Akt. We will also consider how the complex regulation of the phosphoinositide 3'-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway poses practical issues concerning the design of clinical trials, potential toxicities and the likelihood of finding a therapeutic index when targeting such a critical cellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn LoPiccolo
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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32
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Sheinerman FB, Giraud E, Laoui A. High Affinity Targets of Protein Kinase Inhibitors Have Similar Residues at the Positions Energetically Important for Binding. J Mol Biol 2005; 352:1134-56. [PMID: 16139843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of protein kinase activity is a focus of intense drug discovery efforts in several therapeutic areas. Major challenges facing the field include understanding of the factors determining the selectivity of kinase inhibitors and the development of compounds with the desired selectivity profile. Here, we report the analysis of sequence variability among high and low affinity targets of eight different small molecule kinase inhibitors (BIRB796, Tarceva, NU6102, Gleevec, SB203580, balanol, H89, PP1). It is observed that all high affinity targets of each inhibitor are found among a relatively small number of kinases, which have similar residues at the specific positions important for binding. The findings are highly statistically significant, and allow one to exclude the majority of kinases in a genome from a list of likely targets for an inhibitor. The findings have implications for the design of novel inhibitors with a desired selectivity profile (e.g. targeted at multiple kinases), the discovery of new targets for kinase inhibitor drugs, comparative analysis of different in vivo models, and the design of "a-la-carte" chemical libraries tailored for individual kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix B Sheinerman
- Informatics, Aventis, Sanofi Aventis Group 1041 Route 202-206, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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33
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AKT Kinase and Hsp90 Inhibitors as Novel Anti-cancer Therapeutics. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(05)40017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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Breitenlechner CB, Wegge T, Berillon L, Graul K, Marzenell K, Friebe WG, Thomas U, Schumacher R, Huber R, Engh RA, Masjost B. Structure-Based Optimization of Novel Azepane Derivatives as PKB Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1375-90. [PMID: 14998327 DOI: 10.1021/jm0310479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel azepane derivatives were prepared and evaluated for protein kinase B (PKB-alpha) and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition. The original (-)-balanol-derived lead structure (4R)-4-(2-fluoro-6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-benzoic acid (3R)-3-[(pyridine-4-carbonyl)amino]-azepan-4-yl ester (1) (IC(50) (PKB-alpha) = 5 nM) which contains an ester moiety was found to be plasma unstable and therefore unsuitable as a drug. Based upon molecular modeling studies using the crystal structure of the complex between PKA and 1, the five compounds N-[(3R,4R)-4-[4-(2-fluoro-6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-benzoylamino]-azepan-3-yl]-isonicotinamide (4), (3R,4R)-N-[4-[4-(2-fluoro-6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-benzyloxy]-azepan-3-yl]-isonicotinamide (5), N-[(3R,4S)-4-[4-(2-fluoro-6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-phenylamino]-methyl]-azepan-3-yl)-isonicotinamide (6), N-[(3R,4R)-4-[4-(2-fluoro-6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-benzylamino]-azepan-3-yl]-isonicotinamide (7), and N-[(3R,4S)-4-(4-[trans-2-[4-(2-fluoro-6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoyl)-phenyl]-vinyl]-azepan-3-yl)-isonicotinamide (8) with linkers isosteric to the ester were designed, synthesized, and tested for in vitro inhibitory activity against PKA and PKB-alpha and for plasma stability in mouse plasma.(1) Compound 4 was found to be plasma stable and highly active (IC(50) (PKB-alpha) = 4 nM). Cocrystals with PKA were obtained for 4, 5, and 8 and analyzed for binding interactions and conformational changes in the ligands and protein in order to rationalize the different activities of the molecules.
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Lampe JW, Biggers CK, Defauw JM, Foglesong RJ, Hall SE, Heerding JM, Hollinshead SP, Hu H, Hughes PF, Jagdmann GE, Johnson MG, Lai YS, Lowden CT, Lynch MP, Mendoza JS, Murphy MM, Wilson JW, Ballas LM, Carter K, Darges JW, Davis JE, Hubbard FR, Stamper ML. Synthesis and protein kinase inhibitory activity of balanol analogues with modified benzophenone subunits. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2624-43. [PMID: 12036372 DOI: 10.1021/jm020018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogues of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitory natural product balanol which bear modified benzophenone subunits are described. The analogues were designed with the goal of uncovering structure-activity features that could be used in the development of PKC inhibitors with a reduced polar character compared to balanol itself. The results of these studies suggest that most of the benzophenone features found in the natural product are important for obtaining potent PKC inhibitory compounds. However, several modifications were found to lead to selective inhibitors of the related enzyme protein kinase A (PKA), and several specific modifications to the polar structural elements of the benzophenone were found to provide potent PKC inhibitors. In particular, it was found that replacement of the benzophenone carboxylate with bioisosteric equivalents could lead to potent analogues. Further, a tolerance for lipophilic substituents on the terminal benzophenone ring was uncovered. These results are discussed in light of recently available structural information for PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Lampe
- Sphinx Laboratories, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 20 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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37
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Gould C, Wong CF. Designing specific protein kinase inhibitors: insights from computer simulations and comparative sequence/structure analysis. Pharmacol Ther 2002; 93:169-78. [PMID: 12191609 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are important targets for designing therapeutic drugs. We describe here a computational approach to extend the usefulness of a single protein-inhibitor structure in aiding the design of protein kinase inhibitors. This approach is based on using sensitivity analysis to identify the most significant functional groups of a lead compound in accounting for binding affinity and on using comparative sequence/structure analysis to examine whether these functional groups would present specificity. A sensitivity analysis study is similar to genetic or chemical modification experiments in which specific features of a lead compound are modified to examine whether they affect properties such as binding affinity. In this study, the binding affinity was estimated by using an implicit-solvent model in which the electrostatic contributions were obtained by solving the Poisson equation, and the hydrophobic effects were accounted for by using surface-area-dependent terms. The comparative sequence/structure analysis involves the study of the amino acid distributions of a large number of protein kinases (384 in this study) near the ligand-binding sites. This analysis provides useful guiding principles for designing specific inhibitors targeted towards a particular kinase. Here, we illustrate the utility of these computational approaches by applying them to identify the determinants of the recognition between the protein kinase A and two of its inhibitors. One inhibitor, balanol, binds to the ATP-binding pocket. The other, protein kinase inhibitor, binds to the substrate-binding site. These analyses have helped to construct pharmacophore models for mining new drug leads from small-molecule libraries and for suggesting how a lead compound or a peptide inhibitor may be modified to generate selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gould
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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38
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Modulation of protein phosphorylation by natural products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(02)80049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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39
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Aznar S, Lacal JC. Searching new targets for anticancer drug design: the families of Ras and Rho GTPases and their effectors. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 67:193-234. [PMID: 11525383 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(01)67029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ras superfamily of low-molecular-weight GTPases are proteins that, in response to diverse stimuli, control key cellular processes such as cell growth and development, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, cytoarchitecture, membrane trafficking, and transcriptional regulation. More than 100 genes of this superfamily grouped in six subfamilies have been described so far, pointing to the complexities and specificities of their cellular functions. Dysregulation of members of at least two of these families (the Ras and the Rho families) is involved in the events that lead to the uncontrolled proliferation and invasiveness of human tumors. In recent years, the cloning and characterization of downstream effectors for Ras and Rho proteins have given crucial clues to the specific pathways that lead to aberrant cellular growth and ultimately to tumorigenesis. A direct link between the functions of some of these effectors with the appearance of transformed cells and their ability to proliferate and invade surrounding tissues has been made. Accordingly, drugs that specifically alter their functions display antineoplasic properties, and some of these drugs are already under clinical trials. In this review, we survey the progress made in understanding the underlying molecular connections between carcinogenesis and the specific cellular functions elicited by some of these effectors. We also discuss new drugs with antineoplastic or antimetastatic activity that are targeted to specific effectors for Ras or Rho proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aznar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Liu F, Austin DJ. Synthesis of a new class of 5'-functionalized adenosines using a rh(ii)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Org Lett 2001; 3:2273-6. [PMID: 11463294 DOI: 10.1021/ol015995k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Chemically protected adenosine was functionalized at the 5' position to generate novel dipolarophiles and mesoionic dipoles. These species were found to undergo facile 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to afford a new series of adenosine derivatives that contain a point of diversification at the 5' position of adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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41
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Wong CF, Hünenberger PH, Akamine P, Narayana N, Diller T, McCammon JA, Taylor S, Xuong NH. Computational analysis of PKA-balanol interactions. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1530-9. [PMID: 11334563 DOI: 10.1021/jm000443d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are important targets for designing therapeutic drugs. This paper illustrates a computational approach to extend the usefulness of a single protein-inhibitor structure in aiding the design of protein kinase inhibitors. Using the complex structure of the catalytic subunit of PKA (cPKA) and balanol as a guide, we have analyzed and compared the distribution of amino acid types near the protein-ligand interface for nearly 400 kinases. This analysis has identified a number of sites that are more variable in amino acid types among the kinases analyzed, and these are useful sites to consider in designing specific protein kinase inhibitors. On the other hand, we have found kinases whose protein-ligand interfaces are similar to that of the cPKA-balanol complex and balanol can be a useful lead compound for developing effective inhibitors for these kinases. Generally, this approach can help us discover new drug targets for an existing class of compounds that have already been well characterized pharmacologically. The relative significance of the charge/polarity of residues at the protein-ligand interface has been quantified by carrying out computational sensitivity analysis in which the charge/polarity of an atom or functional group was turned off/on, and the resulting effects on binding affinity have been examined. The binding affinity was estimated by using an implicit-solvent model in which the electrostatic contributions were obtained by solving the Poisson equation and the hydrophobic effects were accounted for by using surface-area dependent terms. The same sensitivity analysis approach was applied to the ligand balanol to develop a pharmacophoric model for searching new drug leads from small-molecule libraries. To help evaluate the binding affinity of designed inhibitors before they are made, we have developed a semiempirical approach to improve the predictive reliability of the implicit-solvent binding model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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Gustafsson AB, Brunton LL. Differential and selective inhibition of protein kinase A and protein kinase C in intact cells by balanol congeners. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 56:377-82. [PMID: 10419557 DOI: 10.1124/mol.56.2.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal metabolite balanol is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro that acts by competing with ATP for binding (K(i) approximately 4 nM); congeners of balanol show specificity for PKA over PKC. We have characterized the effects of balanol and 10"-deoxybalanol in intact cells to determine whether these compounds cross the cell membrane and whether the potency and specificity noted in vitro are preserved in vivo. In neonatal rat myocytes and cultured A431 cells transiently transfected with a cyclic AMP response element-luciferase reporter construct, balanol inhibits the induction of luciferase activity by isoproterenol, indicating inhibition of PKA. Western analysis shows that both balanol and 10"-deoxybalanol reduce phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein in isoproterenol-stimulated A431 cells; inhibition is concentration dependent with an IC(50) value of approximately 3 microM. Balanol, but not 10"-deoxybalanol, inhibits phosphorylation of the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate protein, a PKC substrate, in phorbol ester-stimulated A431 cells (IC(50) approximately 7 microM). Our data demonstrate that balanol is a potent inhibitor of PKA and PKC in several whole-cell systems and causes no obvious toxicity. In addition, balanol congeners inhibit PKA and PKC with the specificity and potency predicted by in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Gustafsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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