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Shimmin BA, Haines LG, Shaw IC. In silico studies on the molecular interactions of steroid hormones and steroid hormone mimicking drugs in the androgen receptor binding cleft - Implications for prostate cancer treatment. Steroids 2024:109456. [PMID: 38889811 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Occupancy of prostate cancer (PCa) cell androgen receptors (AR) signals proliferation, therefore testosterone biosynthesis inhibitors and AR antagonists are important PCa treatments. Conversely, androgen mimics (e.g., prednisone) used in management of PCa might cause proliferation. The balance between PCa proliferation and inhibition predicts treatment success. We used in silico molecular modelling to explore interactions between ARs, androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) and drugs used to treat (bicalutamide) and manage (dexamethasone, prednisone, hydrocortisone) PCa. We found that hydrogen (H-) bonds between testosterone, DHT and Arg752, Asn705 and Thr877 followed by ligand binding cleft hydrophobic interactions signal proliferation, whereas bicalutamide antagonism is via Phe764 interactions. Hydrocortisone, dexamethasone and prednisone H-bond Asn705 and Thr877, but not Arg752 in the absence of a water molecule. Studies with a bicalutamide agonist AR mutation showed different amino acid interactions, indicating testosterone and DHT would not promote proliferation as effectively as via the native receptor. However, hydrocortisone and bicalutamide form Arg752 and Asn705 H-bonds indicating agonism. Our results suggest that as PCa progresses the resulting mutations will change the proliferative response to androgens and their drug mimics, which have implications for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Shimmin
- Human Toxicology Research Group, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Lydell G Haines
- Human Toxicology Research Group, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Shaw
- Human Toxicology Research Group, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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2
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Chen X, Tian J, Wang S, Wang C, Zong L. Toward Bicalutamide Analogues with High Structural Diversity Using Catalytic Asymmetric Oxohydroxylation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3907-3911. [PMID: 38427963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
A catalytic enantioselective synthesis of bicalutamide derivatives with promising potentials in prostate cancer treatment has been disclosed. The key intermediates, α-hydroxy-β-keto esters, were efficiently constructed through cinchoninium-mediated asymmetric oxohydroxylation of easily accessible alkenes with potassium permanganate. Good yields and high levels of asymmetric induction are achieved. This method provides a new synthetic route to bicalutamide analogues with high structural diversity, which will beneficially support subsequent structure-activity relationship studies and boost prostate cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinxin Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lili Zong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Bhasin S, Krishnan V, Storer TW, Steiner M, Dobs AS. Androgens and Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators to Treat Functional Limitations Associated With Aging and Chronic Disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:25-31. [PMID: 37325955 PMCID: PMC10272983 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone, many steroidal androgens, and nonsteroidal ligands that bind to androgen receptor and exert tissue-specific transcriptional activity (selective androgen receptor modulators [SARMs]) are being developed as function-promoting therapies to treat functional limitations associated with aging and chronic diseases. This narrative review describes preclinical studies, mechanisms, and randomized trials of testosterone, other androgens, and nonsteroidal SARMs. Sex differences in muscle mass and strength and empiric use of anabolic steroids by athletes to increase muscularity and athletic performance provide supportive evidence of testosterone's anabolic effects. In randomized trials, testosterone treatment increases lean body mass, muscle strength, leg power, aerobic capacity, and self-reported mobility. These anabolic effects have been reported in healthy men, hypogonadal men, older men with mobility limitation and chronic diseases, menopausal women, and HIV-infected women with weight loss. Testosterone has not consistently improved walking speed. Testosterone treatment increases volumetric and areal bone mineral density, and estimated bone strength; improves sexual desire, erectile function, and sexual activity; modestly improves depressive symptoms; and corrects unexplained anemia in older men with low testosterone levels. Prior studies have not been of sufficient size or duration to determine testosterone's cardiovascular and prostate safety. The efficacy of testosterone in reducing physical limitations, fractures, falls, progression to diabetes, and correcting late-onset persistent depressive disorder remains to be established. Strategies to translate androgen-induced muscle mass and strength gains into functional improvements are needed. Future studies should evaluate the efficacy of combined administration of testosterone (or a SARM) plus multidimensional functional exercise to induce neuromuscular adaptations required for meaningful functional improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalender Bhasin
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,USA
| | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana,USA
| | - Thomas W Storer
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,USA
| | | | - Adrian S Dobs
- Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Network, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,USA
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4
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Overview of the development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis (1998–2021). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Kandil SB, Kariuki BM, McGuigan C, Westwell AD. Synthesis, biological evaluation and X-ray analysis of bicalutamide sulfoxide analogues for the potential treatment of prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127817. [PMID: 33513386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a pivotal target for the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) even when the disease progresses toward androgen-independent or castration-resistant forms. In this study, a series of sulfoxide derivatives were prepared and their antiproliferative activity evaluated in vitro against four different human prostate cancer cell lines (22Rv1, DU-145, LNCaP and VCap). Bicalutamide and enzalutamide were used as positive controls. Compound 28 displayed significant enhancement in anticancer activity across the four PC cell lines with IC50 = 9.09 - 31.11 µM compared to the positive controls: bicalutamide (IC50 = 45.20 -51.61 µM) and enzalutamide (IC50 = 11.47 - 53.04 µM). Sulfoxide derivatives of bicalutamide were prepared efficiently from the corresponding sulfides using only one equivalent of mCPBA, limiting the reaction time to 15-30 min and maintaining the temperature at 0 °C. Interestingly, three pairs of sulfoxide diastereomers were separated and NMR comparison of their diastereotopic methylene (CH2) group is presented. X-ray diffraction crystal structure analysis provided relative configuration assignment at the chiral sulfur and carbon centres. Molecular modelling study of the four diastereoisomers of compound 28 is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar B Kandil
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom
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6
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bicalutamide Analogues for the Potential Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010056. [PMID: 33374450 PMCID: PMC7795644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a pivotal target for the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) even when the disease progresses toward androgen-independent or castration-resistant forms. In this study, a series of 15 bicalutamide analogues (sulfide, deshydroxy, sulfone, and O-acetylated) were prepared and their antiproliferative activity evaluated against four different human prostate cancer cell lines (22Rv1, DU-145, LNCaP, and VCap). Bicalutamide and enzalutamide were used as positive controls. Seven of these compounds displayed remarkable enhancement in anticancer activity across the four PC cell lines. The deshydroxy analogue (16) was the most active compound with IC50 = 6.59-10.86 µM. Molecular modeling offers a plausible explanation of the higher activity of the sulfide analogues compared to their sulfone counterparts.
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7
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Yuan Y, Lee JS, Yost SE, Frankel PH, Ruel C, Egelston CA, Guo W, Gillece JD, Folkerts M, Reining L, Highlander SK, Robinson K, Padam S, Martinez N, Tang A, Schmolze D, Waisman J, Sedrak M, Lee PP, Mortimer J. A Phase II Clinical Trial of Pembrolizumab and Enobosarm in Patients with Androgen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Oncologist 2020; 26:99-e217. [PMID: 33141975 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
LESSONS LEARNED The combination of enobosarm and pembrolizumab was well tolerated and showed a modest clinical benefit rate of 25% at 16 weeks. Future trials investigating androgen receptor-targeted therapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors are warranted. BACKGROUND Luminal androgen receptor is a distinct molecular subtype of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) defined by overexpression of androgen receptor (AR). AR-targeted therapy has shown modest activity in AR-positive (AR+) TNBC. Enobosarm (GTx-024) is a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that demonstrates preclinical and clinical activity in AR+ breast cancer. The current study was designed to explore the safety and efficacy of the combination of enobosarm and pembrolizumab in patients with AR+ metastatic TNBC (mTNBC). METHODS This study was an open-label phase II study for AR+ (≥10%, 1+ by immunohistochemistry [IHC]) mTNBC. Eligible patients received pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenous (IV) every 3 weeks and enobosarm 18 mg oral daily. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety of enobosarm plus pembrolizumab and determine the response rate. Peripheral blood, tumor biopsies, and stool samples were collected for correlative analysis. RESULTS The trial was stopped early because of the withdrawal of GTx-024 drug supply. Eighteen patients were enrolled, and 16 were evaluable for responses. Median age was 64 (range 36-81) years. The combination was well tolerated, with only a few grade 3 adverse events: one dry skin, one diarrhea, and one musculoskeletal ache. The responses were 1 of 16 (6%) complete response (CR), 1 of 16 (6%) partial response (PR), 2 of 16 (13%) stable disease (SD), and 12 of 16 (75%) progressive disease (PD). Response rate (RR) was 2 of 16 (13%). Clinical benefit rate (CBR) at 16 weeks was 4 of 16 (25%). Median follow-up was 24.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.5-30.9). Progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.6 months (95% CI, 1.9-3.1) and overall survival (OS) was 25.5 months (95% CI, 10.4-not reached [NR]). CONCLUSION The combination of enobosarm and pembrolizumab was well tolerated, with a modest clinical benefit rate of 25% at 16 weeks in heavily pretreated AR+ TNBC without preselected programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Future clinical trials combining AR-targeted therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) for AR+ TNBC warrant investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jin Sun Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Susan E Yost
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Paul H Frankel
- Department of Biostatistics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Christopher Ruel
- Department of Biostatistics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Colt A Egelston
- Department of Immune-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Weihua Guo
- Department of Immune-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - John D Gillece
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute North, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Megan Folkerts
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute North, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Lauren Reining
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute North, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah K Highlander
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute North, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kim Robinson
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Simran Padam
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Norma Martinez
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Aileen Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Daniel Schmolze
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - James Waisman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mina Sedrak
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immune-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Joanne Mortimer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
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8
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Wu H, You L, Li Y, Zhao Z, Shi G, Chen Z, Wang Z, Li X, Du S, Ye W, Gao X, Duan J, Cheng Y, Tao W, Bian J, Zhou JR, Zhu Q, Yang Y. Loss of a Negative Feedback Loop between IRF8 and AR Promotes Prostate Cancer Growth and Enzalutamide Resistance. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2927-2939. [PMID: 32341037 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), resistance to the novel androgen receptor (AR) antagonist enzalutamide is driven mainly by AR overexpression. Here we report that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is increased in primary prostate cancer but decreased in CRPC compared with normal prostate tissue. Decreased expression of IRF8 positively associated with CRPC progression and enzalutamide resistance. IRF8 interacted with AR and promoted its degradation via activation of the ubiquitin/proteasome systems. Epigenetic knockdown of IRF8 promoted AR-mediated prostate cancer progression and enzalutamide resistance in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, IFNα increased expression of IRF8 and improved the efficacy of enzalutamide in CRPC by targeting the IRF8-AR axis. We also provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of IFNα with hormonotherapy in a clinical study. Collectively, this study identifies IRF8 both as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer pathogenesis and a potential alternative therapeutic option to overcome enzalutamide resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify IRF8-mediated AR degradation as a mechanism of resistance to AR-targeted therapy, highlighting the therapeutic potential of IFNα in targeting IRF8-AR axis in CRPC. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/13/2927/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linjun You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinsong Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Surgery/General Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qingyi Zhu
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Ponnusamy S, Asemota S, Schwartzberg LS, Guestini F, McNamara KM, Pierobon M, Font-Tello A, Qiu X, Xie Y, Rao PK, Thiyagarajan T, Grimes B, Johnson DL, Fleming MD, Pritchard FE, Berry MP, Oswaks R, Fine RE, Brown M, Sasano H, Petricoin EF, Long HW, Narayanan R. Androgen Receptor Is a Non-canonical Inhibitor of Wild-Type and Mutant Estrogen Receptors in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancers. iScience 2019; 21:341-358. [PMID: 31698248 PMCID: PMC6889594 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer with ER-targeting drugs results in ER mutations and refractory unresponsive cancers. Androgen receptor (AR), which is expressed in 80%–95% of ER-positive breast cancers, could serve as an alternate therapeutic target. Although AR agonists were used in the past to treat breast cancer, their use is currently infrequent due to virilizing side effects. Discovery of tissue-selective AR modulators (SARMs) has renewed interest in using AR agonists to treat breast cancer. Using translational models, we show that AR agonist and SARM, but not antagonist, inhibit the proliferation and growth of ER-positive breast cancer cells, patient-derived tissues, and patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Ligand-activated AR inhibits wild-type and mutant ER activity by reprogramming the ER and FOXA1 cistrome and rendering tumor growth inhibition. These findings suggest that ligand-activated AR may function as a non-canonical inhibitor of ER and that AR agonists may offer a safe and effective treatment for ER-positive breast cancer. Androgen receptor (AR) agonists inhibit estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer Activating AR reprograms ER and FOXA1 cistrome, resulting in ER inhibition AR agonist alters the phosphoproteome signature consistent with growth inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Sarah Asemota
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | - Fouzia Guestini
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keely M McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Alba Font-Tello
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xintao Qiu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingtian Xie
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prakash K Rao
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | - Daniel L Johnson
- Molecular Informatics Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Martin D Fleming
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Frances E Pritchard
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | | | | | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Henry W Long
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; West Cancer Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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10
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Pertusati F, Ferla S, Bassetto M, Brancale A, Khandil S, Westwell AD, McGuigan C. A new series of bicalutamide, enzalutamide and enobosarm derivatives carrying pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) and pentafluoroethyl (C2F5) substituents: Improved antiproliferative agents against prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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11
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Ventura E, Gadaj A, Monteith G, Ripoche A, Healy J, Botrè F, Sterk SS, Buckley T, Mooney MH. Development and validation of a semi-quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for screening of selective androgen receptor modulators in urine. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:183-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Hejmej A, Bilinska B. The effects of flutamide on cell-cell junctions in the testis, epididymis, and prostate. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:1-16. [PMID: 29958919 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent findings on the effect of the anti-androgen flutamide on cell-cell junctions in the male reproductive system. We outline developmental aspects of flutamide action on the testis, epididymis, and prostate, and describe changes in junction protein expression and organization of junctional complexes in the adult boar following prenatal and postnatal exposure. We also discuss findings on the mechanisms by which flutamide induces alterations in cell-cell junctions in reproductive tissues of adult males, with special emphasis on cytoplasmic effects. Based on the results from in vivo and in vitro studies in the rat, we propose that flutamide affects the expression of junction proteins and junction complex structure not only by inhibiting androgen receptor activity, but equally important by modulating protein kinase-dependent signaling in testicular cells. Additionally, results from studies on prostate cancer cell lines point to a role for the cellular molecular outfit in response to flutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hejmej
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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13
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Tarkhanova IG, Gantman MG, Sigeev AS, Maslakov KI, Zelikman VM, Beletskaya IP. Highly efficient Sandmeyer reaction on immobilized Cu I /Cu II -based catalysts. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR), a member of the steroid hormone receptor family, plays important roles in the physiology and pathology of diverse tissues. AR ligands, which include circulating testosterone and locally synthesized dihydrotestosterone, bind to and activate the AR to elicit their effects. Ubiquitous expression of the AR, metabolism and cross reactivity with other receptors limit broad therapeutic utilization of steroidal androgens. However, the discovery of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and other tissue-selective nuclear hormone receptor modulators that activate their cognate receptors in a tissue-selective manner provides an opportunity to promote the beneficial effects of androgens and other hormones in target tissues with greatly reduced unwanted side-effects. In the last two decades, significant resources have been dedicated to the discovery and biological characterization of SARMs in an effort to harness the untapped potential of the AR. SARMs have been proposed as treatments of choice for various diseases, including muscle-wasting, breast cancer, and osteoporosis. This review provides insight into the evolution of SARMs from proof-of-concept agents to the cusp of therapeutic use in less than two decades, while covering contemporary views of their mechanisms of action and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | - James T Dalton
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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15
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Ito Y, Sadar MD. Enzalutamide and blocking androgen receptor in advanced prostate cancer: lessons learnt from the history of drug development of antiandrogens. Res Rep Urol 2018; 10:23-32. [PMID: 29497605 PMCID: PMC5818862 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s157116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzalutamide is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) both before and after chemotherapy. Enzalutamide is more effective than its predecessor bicalutamide, which was analyzed in head-to-head studies of patients with CRPC. This family of nonsteroidal antiandrogens is now comprised of four drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration with two investigational drugs in clinical trials. Antiandrogens have been employed clinically for more than five decades to provide a rich resource of information. Steady-state concentration minimums (Cmin or trough) in the range of ~1–13 μg/mL are measured in patients at therapeutic doses. Interestingly, enzalutamide which is considered to have strong affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) requires Cmin levels >10 μg/mL. The sequence of antiandrogens and the clinical order of application in regard to other drugs that target the androgen axis remain of high interest. One novel first-in-class drug, called ralaniten, which binds to a unique region in the N-terminus domain of both the full-length and the truncated constitutively active splice variants of the AR, is currently in clinical trials for patients who previously received abiraterone, enzalutamide, or both. This highlights the trend to develop drugs with novel mechanisms of action and potentially differing mechanisms of resistance compared with antiandrogens. Better and more complete inhibition of the transcriptional activity of the AR appears to continue to provide improvements in the clinical management of mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Belorusova AY, Rochel N. Structural Studies of Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor Ligand-Binding Properties. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 100:83-116. [PMID: 26827949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR) and its natural ligand, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 hormone (1,25(OH)2D3, or calcitriol), classically regulate mineral homeostasis and metabolism but also much broader range of biological functions, such as cell growth, differentiation, antiproliferation, apoptosis, adaptive/innate immune responses. Being widely expressed in various tissues, VDR represents an important therapeutic target in the treatment of diverse disorders. Since ligand binding is a key step in VDR-mediated signaling, numerous 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs have been synthesized in order to selectively modulate the receptor activity. Most of the synthetic analogs have been developed by modification of a parental compound and some of them mimic 1,25(OH)2D3 scaffold without being structurally related to it. The ability of ligands that have different size and conformation to bind to VDR and to demonstrate biological effects is intriguing, and therefore, ligand-binding properties of the receptor have been extensively investigated using a variety of biochemical, biophysical, and computational methods. In this chapter, we describe different aspects of the structure-function relationship of VDR in complex with natural and synthetic ligands coming from structural analysis. With the emphasis on the binding modes of the most promising compounds, such as secosteroidal agonists and 1,25(OH)2D3 mimics, we also highlight the action of VDR antagonists and the evidence for the existence of an alternative ligand-binding site within the receptor. Additionally, we describe the crystal structures of VDR mutants associated with hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets that display impaired ligand-binding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Belorusova
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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17
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Discovery of novel androgen receptor antagonists: a hybrid approach of pharmacophore-based and docking-based virtual screening. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:747-53. [PMID: 25933245 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is an attractive target for the treatment of prostate cancer. An integrated pharmacophore-based and docking-based virtual screening approach was applied to identify novel AR antagonists with a distinct scaffold. The candidate compounds were evaluated for their abilities to inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation and AR target gene prostate-specific antigen gene expression as well as the binding affinity to AR. A potent lead compound, T3, was discovered with the ability to inhibit prostate-specific antigen expression, with a similar binding affinity to AR, and with antiproliferative effects on AR-positive prostate cancer cells similar to that of MDV3100.
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18
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Ivachtchenko AV, Ivanenkov YA, Mitkin OD, Vorobiev AA, Kuznetsova IV, Shevkun NA, Koryakova AG, Karapetian RN, Trifelenkov AS, Kravchenko DV, Veselov MS, Chufarova NV. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidine derivatives as potent androgen receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 99:51-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Karimi Zarchi MA, Tabatabaei Bafghi A. Synthesis of alkyl thiocyanates from alcohols using a polymer-supported thiocyanate ion promoted by cyanuric chloride/dimethylformamide. J Sulphur Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2015.1035273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Elancheran R, Maruthanila VL, Ramanathan M, Kabilan S, Devi R, Kunnumakara A, Kotoky J. Recent discoveries and developments of androgen receptor based therapy for prostate cancer. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main focus of this review is to discuss the discoveries and developments of various therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Elancheran
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Life Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
| | - V. L. Maruthanila
- Department of Bioscience
- E. G. S. Pillai Arts and Science College
- India
| | - M. Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmacology
- PSG College of Pharmacy
- Coimbatore-641 004
- India
| | - S. Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry
- Annamalai University
- India
| | - R. Devi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Life Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
| | - A. Kunnumakara
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Guwahti
- India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Life Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
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21
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Guerrini A, Tesei A, Ferroni C, Paganelli G, Zamagni A, Carloni S, Di Donato M, Castoria G, Leonetti C, Porru M, De Cesare M, Zaffaroni N, Beretta GL, Del Rio A, Varchi G. A New Avenue toward Androgen Receptor Pan-antagonists: C2 Sterically Hindered Substitution of Hydroxy-propanamides. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7263-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5005122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guerrini
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- I.R.S.T., Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la cura dei Tumori, Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferroni
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Paganelli
- I.R.S.T., Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la cura dei Tumori, Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Alice Zamagni
- I.R.S.T., Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la cura dei Tumori, Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Silvia Carloni
- I.R.S.T., Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la cura dei Tumori, Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department
of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department
of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- Experimental
Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via
delle Messi d’Oro, 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Porru
- Experimental
Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via
delle Messi d’Oro, 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Michelandrea De Cesare
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Via Amadeo, 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Via Amadeo, 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Beretta
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Via Amadeo, 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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22
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Zarchi MAK, Banihashemi R. An efficient and regioselective thiocyanation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds using cross-linked poly (4-vinylpyridine)-supported thiocyanate as a versatile reagent and potassium peroxydisulfate as a strong oxidizing agent. J Sulphur Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2014.917375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Jacobson O, Chen X. Interrogating tumor metabolism and tumor microenvironments using molecular positron emission tomography imaging. Theranostic approaches to improve therapeutics. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1214-56. [PMID: 24064460 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive molecular imaging technology that is becoming increasingly important for the measurement of physiologic, biochemical, and pharmacological functions at cellular and molecular levels in patients with cancer. Formation, development, and aggressiveness of tumor involve a number of molecular pathways, including intrinsic tumor cell mutations and extrinsic interaction between tumor cells and the microenvironment. Currently, evaluation of these processes is mainly through biopsy, which is invasive and limited to the site of biopsy. Ongoing research on specific target molecules of the tumor and its microenvironment for PET imaging is showing great potential. To date, the use of PET for diagnosing local recurrence and metastatic sites of various cancers and evaluation of treatment response is mainly based on [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG), which measures glucose metabolism. However, [(18)F]FDG is not a target-specific PET tracer and does not give enough insight into tumor biology and/or its vulnerability to potential treatments. Hence, there is an increasing need for the development of selective biologic radiotracers that will yield specific biochemical information and allow for noninvasive molecular imaging. The possibility of cancer-associated targets for imaging will provide the opportunity to use PET for diagnosis and therapy response monitoring (theranostics) and thus personalized medicine. This article will focus on the review of non-[(18)F]FDG PET tracers for specific tumor biology processes and their preclinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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24
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Nyrönen TH, Söderholm AA. Structural basis for computational screening of non-steroidal androgen receptor ligands. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 5:5-20. [PMID: 22823968 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903468680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Deep structural and chemical understanding of the protein target and computational methods for detection of receptor-selective ligands are important for the early drug discovery in the steroid receptor field. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the use of currently available structural information of the androgen receptor (AR) and known AR ligands to make computational strategies for the discovery of AR ligands in order to offer new chemical platforms for drug development. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN AR is a challenging target for drug discovery and modeling even if there is a wealth of experimental data available. First, only the active structure of AR is currently known, which hampers the design of AR antagonists. Second, the structural similarity between the ligand-binding sites of AR and its mutated forms and closely related steroid receptors (SRs) such as progesterone receptors presents challenges for the development of drugs with receptor-selective function. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Research indicates that a very small chemical change in the structure of a non-steroidal ligand can cause a complete change in its activity. One source of this effect arises from binding to similar binding sites in related SRs and other proteins in the signaling pathway. Currently, computational methods are not able to predict the subtle differences between AR ligand activities but modeling does offer the possibility of generating new lead structures that might have the desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi H Nyrönen
- CSC - IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box 405, Espoo, FI-02101, Finland +358 9 4572235 ; +358 9 4572302 ;
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25
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Ciesielski F, Sato Y, Chebaro Y, Moras D, Dejaegere A, Rochel N. Structural Basis for the Accommodation of Bis- and Tris-Aromatic Derivatives in Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8440-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300858s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Ciesielski
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Yoshiteru Sato
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Yassmine Chebaro
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Dino Moras
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Annick Dejaegere
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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26
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Carlberg C, Molnár F, Mouriño A. Vitamin D receptor ligands: the impact of crystal structures. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:417-35. [PMID: 22449247 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.673590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the past years, the biologically active form of vitamin D(3), 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)), has received large appreciation due to the broad physiological impact of the hormone and its nuclear receptor, the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). Recently, the understanding of VDR actions has progressed greatly, due to VDR crystal structures with various ligands. AREAS COVERED This review will present and discuss new synthetic agonistic and antagonistic 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs in the context of the recent insights provided by VDR crystal structures. EXPERT OPINION During the last 5 years, a large number of new 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, many of which have an interesting functional profile, have been patented. Moreover, for a surprisingly high number of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, the crystal structure data of their complex with the VDR is available. This structural information provides important insight into the functional potential of the VDR ligands and explains their agonistic and antagonistic action. However, so far, only for a few VDR ligands, a rational design, based on crystal structure information, has been applied. The design of future analogs may also take the specificity of co-factor interaction into account, in order to create selective VDR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland.
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27
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Jensen GE, Nikolov NG, Wedebye EB, Ringsted T, Niemela JR. QSAR models for anti-androgenic effect--a preliminary study. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 22:35-49. [PMID: 21391140 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2010.528981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three modelling systems (MultiCase®, LeadScope® and MDL® QSAR) were used for construction of androgenic receptor antagonist models. There were 923-942 chemicals in the training sets. The models were cross-validated (leave-groups-out) with concordances of 77-81%, specificity of 78-91% and sensitivity of 51-76%. The specificity was highest in the MultiCase® model and the sensitivity was highest in the MDL® QSAR model. A complementary use of the models may be a valuable tool when optimizing the prediction of chemicals for androgenic receptor antagonism. When evaluating the fitness of the model for a particular application, balance of training sets, domain definition, and cut-offs for prediction interpretation should also be taken into account. Different descriptors in the modelling systems are illustrated with hydroxyflutamide and dexamethasone as examples (a non-steroid and a steroid anti-androgen, respectively). More research concerning the mechanism of anti-androgens would increase the possibility for further optimization of the QSAR models. Further expansion of the basis for the models is in progress, including the addition of more drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Jensen
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark.
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28
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Liu B, Su L, Geng J, Liu J, Zhao G. Developments in Nonsteroidal Antiandrogens Targeting the Androgen Receptor. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1651-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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29
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Jones A, Hwang DJ, Narayanan R, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Effects of a novel selective androgen receptor modulator on dexamethasone-induced and hypogonadism-induced muscle atrophy. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3706-19. [PMID: 20534726 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the most widely used antiinflammatory drugs in the world. However, prolonged use of glucocorticoids results in undesirable side effects such as muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and diabetes. Skeletal muscle wasting, which currently has no approved therapy, is a debilitating condition resulting from either reduced muscle protein synthesis or increased degradation. The imbalance in protein synthesis could occur from increased expression and function of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases, muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx)/atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger 1 (MuRF1), or decreased function of the IGF-I and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt kinase pathways. We examined the effects of a nonsteroidal tissue selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) and testosterone on glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy and castration-induced muscle atrophy. The SARM and testosterone propionate blocked the dexamethasone-induced dephosphorylation of Akt and other proteins involved in protein synthesis, including Forkhead box O (FoxO). Dexamethasone caused a significant up-regulation in the expression of ubiquitin ligases, but testosterone propionate and SARM administration blocked this effect by phosphorylating FoxO. Castration induced rapid myopathy of the levator ani muscle, accompanied by up-regulation of MAFbx and MuRF1 and down-regulation of IGF-I, all of which was attenuated by a SARM. The results suggest that levator ani atrophy caused by hypogonadism may be the result of loss of IGF-I stimulation, whereas that caused by glucocorticoid treatment relies almost solely on up-regulation of MAFbx and MuRF1. Our studies provide the first evidence that glucocorticoid- and hypogonadism-induced muscle atrophy are mediated by distinct but overlapping mechanisms and that SARMs may provide a more effective and selective pharmacological approach to prevent glucocorticoid-induced muscle loss than steroidal androgen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jones
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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30
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Jones A, Hwang DJ, Duke CB, He Y, Siddam A, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators enhance female sexual motivation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:439-48. [PMID: 20444881 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.168880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Women experience a decline in estrogen and androgen levels after natural or surgically induced menopause, effects that are associated with a loss of sexual desire and bone mineral density. Studies in our laboratories have shown the beneficial effects of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in the treatment of osteoporosis and muscle wasting in animal models. A series of S-3-(phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamide analogs was synthesized to evaluate the effects of B-ring substitutions on in vitro and in vivo pharmacologic activity, especially female sexual motivation. The androgen receptor (AR) relative binding affinities ranged from 0.1 to 26.5% (relative to dihydrotestosterone) and demonstrated a range of agonist activity at 100 nM. In vivo pharmacologic activity was first assessed by using male rats. Structural modifications to the B-ring significantly affected the selectivity of the SARMs, demonstrating that single-atom substitutions can dramatically and unexpectedly influence activity in androgenic (i.e., prostate) and anabolic (i.e., muscle) tissues. (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro,4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide (S-23) displayed full agonist activity in androgenic and anabolic tissues; however, the remaining SARMs were more prostate-sparing, selectively maintaining the size of the levator ani muscle in castrated rats. The partner-preference paradigm was used to evaluate the effects of SARMs on female sexual motivation. With the exception of two four-halo substituted analogs, the SARMs increased sexual motivation in ovariectomized rats, with potency and efficacy comparable with testosterone propionate. These results indicate that the AR is important in regulating female libido given the nonaromatizable nature of SARMs and it could be a superior alternative to steroidal testosterone preparations in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jones
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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31
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Tóth M. [Myoanabolic steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators: mechanism of action and perspectives]. Orv Hetil 2009; 150:2051-9. [PMID: 19861292 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2009.28739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interest in anabolic steroids has been renewed in the last decade with the discovery of tissue-selective androgen receptor modulators exhibiting high myotropic and small androgenic activity. An explanation put forward by us in 1982 for the mechanism of the preferential myotropic effect of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) exploits the fundamental difference between the 5alpha-reductase concentrations in skeletal muscle and androgenic target tissue. In androgenic tissue, testosterone is converted to the more potent 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone whereas nandrolone is converted to a less potent derivative. As 5alpha-reduction is negligible in skeletal muscle, this explains why nandrolone shows a greater myotropic to androgenic ratio when compared with testosterone. Anabolic steroids that do not undergo 5alpha-reduction exert myotropic-androgenic dissociation because their effect in androgenic tissues is not amplified by 5alpha-reduction. Tissue selectivity by receptor modulators may be achieved by inducing specific conformational changes of the androgen receptor that affect its interaction with transcriptional coregulators. Anabolic activity is mediated by the stimulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis therefore regulation of this synthesis by anabolic steroids would deserve detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Tóth
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Altalános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Vegytani, Molekuláris Biológiai és Patobiokémiai Intézet Budapest Tuzoltó u. 37-47. 1094.
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Kearbey JD, Gao W, Fisher SJ, Wu D, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Effects of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) Treatment in Osteopenic Female Rats. Pharm Res 2009; 26:2471-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Jones A, Coss CC, Narayanan R, He Y, Hwang DJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Nonsteroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs): Dissociating the Anabolic and Androgenic Activities of the Androgen Receptor for Therapeutic Benefit. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3597-617. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900280m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Mohler
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Casey E. Bohl
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Amanda Jones
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Yali He
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Dong Jin Hwang
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - James T. Dalton
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The past decade has witnessed an unprecedented discovery effort to develop selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) that improve physical function and bone health without adversely affecting the prostate and cardiovascular outcomes. This review describes the historical evolution, the rationale for SARM development, and the mechanisms of testosterone action and SARM selectivity. RECENT FINDINGS Although steroidal SARMs have been around since the 1940s, a number of nonsteroidal SARMs that do not serve as substrates for CYP19 aromatase or 5alpha-reductase, act as full agonists in muscle and bone and as partial agonists in prostate are in development. The differing interactions of steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds with androgen receptor (AR) contribute to their unique pharmacologic actions. Ligand binding induces specific conformational changes in the ligand-binding domain, which could modulate surface topology and protein-protein interactions between AR and coregulators, resulting in tissue-specific gene regulation. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability of SARMs to increase muscle and bone mass in preclinical rodent models with varying degree of prostate sparing. Phase I trials of SARMs in humans have reported modest increments in fat-free mass. SUMMARY SARMs hold promise as a new class of function promoting anabolic therapies for a number of clinical indications, including functional limitations associated with aging and chronic disease, frailty, cancer cachexia, and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalender Bhasin
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center for Function Promoting Therapies, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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He H, Morely JE, Silva-Lopez E, Bottenus B, Montajano M, Fugate GA, Twamley B, Benny PD. Synthesis and characterization of nonsteroidal-linked M(CO)(3)+ (M = 99mTc, Re) compounds based on the androgen receptor targeting molecule flutamide. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:78-86. [PMID: 19117492 DOI: 10.1021/bc8003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptors are overexpressed in most primary and metastatic prostate cancers. A series of single photon emission computed tomography imaging agents (SPECT) utilizing the organometallic radioactive imaging species, fac-99mTc(OH(2))(3)(CO)(3)+, were prepared on the basis of the structure of Flutamide, a potent nonsteroidal antiandrogen prostate cancer drug. Novel bifunctional chelate-linked Flutamide analogues were prepared using a newly developed universal alkylating reagent, 2-bromo-N-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-acetamide, 1. From compound 1, several ligands (i.e., cysteine 2, histidine 5, imidazole 3) were conjugated to the flutamide derivative to yield targeting ligands capable of either tridentate or monodentate coordination in a "2 + 1" complex. fac-Re(CO)(3)+ complexes were prepared and characterized with the functionalized conjugates to yield fac-Re(CO)(3)(2-amino-3-(1-(2-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl) propanoate), 4, fac-Re (CO)(3)(2-(S-cysteinyl)-N-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-acetamide), 6, and fac-Re(CO)(3)(picolinate)(2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-acetamide), 7. The corresponding radioactive 99mTc analogues were prepared and stability studies of the radioactive compounds were also conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang He
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164, and University Research Office, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Synthetic anabolic agents: steroids and nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:99-126. [PMID: 20020362 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The central role of testosterone in the development of male characteristics, as well as its beneficial effects on physical performance and muscle growth, has led to the search for synthetic alternatives with improved pharmacological profiles. Hundreds of steroidal analogs have been prepared with a superior oral bioavailability, which should also possess reduced undesirable effects. However, only a few entered the pharmaceutical market due to severe toxicological incidences that were mainly attributed to the lack of tissue selectivity. Prominent representatives of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are for instance methyltestosterone, metandienone and stanozolol, which are discussed as model compounds with regard to general pharmacological aspects of synthetic AAS. Recently, nonsteroidal alternatives to AAS have been developed that selectively activate the androgen receptor in either muscle tissue or bones. These so-called selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are currently undergoing late clinical trials (IIb) and will be prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency from January 2008. Their entirely synthetic structures are barely related to steroids, but particular functional groups allow for the tissue-selective activation or inhibition of androgen receptors and, thus, the stimulation of muscle growth without the risk of severe undesirable effects commonly observed in steroid replacement therapies. Hence, these compounds possess a high potential for misuse in sports and will be the subject of future doping control assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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Jones A, Chen J, Hwang DJ, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Preclinical characterization of a (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro, 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide: a selective androgen receptor modulator for hormonal male contraception. Endocrinology 2009; 150:385-95. [PMID: 18772237 PMCID: PMC2630904 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacologic effects of (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro, 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide (S-23) were characterized in male rats as an animal model of hormonal male contraception. S-23 showed high binding affinity (inhibitory constant = 1.7 +/- 0.2 nm) and was identified as a full agonist in vitro. In castrated male rats, the ED50 of S-23 in the prostate and levator ani muscle was 0.43 and 0.079 mg/d, respectively. In intact male rats treated for 14 d, S-23 alone suppressed LH levels by greater than 50% at doses greater than 0.1 mg/d, with corresponding decreases in the size of the prostate but increases in the size of levator ani muscle. In intact male rats treated for up to 10 wk with S-23 and estradiol benzoate (EB; necessary to maintain sexual behavior in rats), S-23 showed biphasic effects on androgenic tissues and spermatogenesis by suppressing serum concentrations of LH and FSH. EB alone showed no effect on spermatogenesis. In the EB + S-23 (0.1 mg/d) group, four of six animals showed no sperm in the testis and zero pregnancies (none of six) in mating trials. After termination of treatment, infertility was fully reversible, with a 100% pregnancy rate observed after 100 d of recovery. S-23 increased bone mineral density and lean mass but reduced fat mass in a dose-dependent manner. This is the first study to show that a selective androgen receptor modulator combined with EB is an effective and reversible regimen for hormonal male contraception in rats. The beneficial effects of S-23 on the muscle, tissue selectivity, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties make it a strong candidate for use in oral male contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jones
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, L. M. Parks Hall, Room 242, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Narayanan R, He Y, Hwang DJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Nonsteroidal Tissue‐Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623297.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Narayanan R, Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Selective androgen receptor modulators in preclinical and clinical development. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2008; 6:e010. [PMID: 19079612 PMCID: PMC2602589 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.06010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the function of several organs including primary and accessory sexual organs, skeletal muscle, and bone, making it a desirable therapeutic target. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) bind to the AR and demonstrate osteo- and myo-anabolic activity; however, unlike testosterone and other anabolic steroids, these nonsteroidal agents produce less of a growth effect on prostate and other secondary sexual organs. SARMs provide therapeutic opportunities in a variety of diseases, including muscle wasting associated with burns, cancer, or end-stage renal disease, osteoporosis, frailty, and hypogonadism. This review summarizes the current standing of research and development of SARMs, crystallography of AR with SARMs, plausible mechanisms for their action and the potential therapeutic indications for this emerging class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Narayanan
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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40
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Bohl CE, Wu Z, Chen J, Mohler ML, Yang J, Hwang DJ, Mustafa S, Miller DD, Bell CE, Dalton JT. Effect of B-ring substitution pattern on binding mode of propionamide selective androgen receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5567-70. [PMID: 18805694 PMCID: PMC2577784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are essentially prostate sparing androgens, which provide therapeutic potential in osteoporosis, male hormone replacement, and muscle wasting. Herein we report crystal structures of the androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain (LBD) complexed to a series of potent synthetic nonsteroidal SARMs with a substituted pendant arene referred to as the B-ring. We found that hydrophilic B-ring para-substituted analogs exhibit an additional region of hydrogen bonding not seen with steroidal compounds and that multiple halogen substitutions affect the B-ring conformation and aromatic interactions with Trp741. This information elucidates interactions important for high AR binding affinity and provides new insight for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey E. Bohl
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Zengru Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jiyun Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Michael L. Mohler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Jun Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Dong Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Suni Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Charles E. Bell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - James T. Dalton
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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41
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Narayanan R, Coss CC, Yepuru M, Kearbey JD, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Steroidal androgens and nonsteroidal, tissue-selective androgen receptor modulator, S-22, regulate androgen receptor function through distinct genomic and nongenomic signaling pathways. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:2448-65. [PMID: 18801930 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) ligands are important for the development and function of several tissues and organs. However, the poor oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetic properties, and receptor cross-reactivity of testosterone, coupled with side effects, place limits on its clinical use. Selective AR modulators (SARMs) elicit anabolic effects in muscle and bone, sparing reproductive organs like the prostate. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the tissue selectivity remain ambiguous. We performed a variety of in vitro studies to compare and define the molecular mechanisms of an aryl propionamide SARM, S-22, as compared with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Studies indicated that S-22 increased levator ani muscle weight but decreased the size of prostate in rats. Analysis of the upstream intracellular signaling events indicated that S-22 and DHT mediated their actions through distinct pathways. Modulation of these pathways altered the recruitment of AR and its cofactors to the PSA enhancer in a ligand-dependent fashion. In addition, S-22 induced Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation and rapid phosphorylation of several kinases, through pathways distinct from steroids. These studies reveal novel differences in the molecular mechanisms by which S-22, a nonsteroidal SARM, and DHT mediate their pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Narayanan
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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42
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Hana HY, Khalil WKB, Elmakawy AI, Elmegeed GA. Androgenic profile and genotoxicity evaluation of testosterone propionate and novel synthesized heterocyclic steroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 110:284-94. [PMID: 18513952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the androgenic activity of three structurally promising novel synthesized heterocyclic steroids compared with testosterone propionate in male mice. Additionally, the possible genotoxic effects of the novel synthesized heterocyclic steroids in comparison with testosterone propionate on male mice using chromosomal analysis of somatic and germ cells as well as RAPD-PCR were investigated. Male mice were administered with two doses of testosterone propionate, pyridoandrostene derivative 4b, pyrimidinoandrostene derivative 9a and thienoandrostene derivative 12 (200 and 400mg/kg b.w.) daily for 2 weeks. Results indicated that compounds 4b and 12 have androgenic activity as well as testosterone propionate. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of total chromosomal aberrations in both somatic and germ cells as well as no alteration in the DNA bands patterns between control, testosterone propionate and pyridoandrostene 4b treated animals. However, the pyrimidinoandrostene derivative 9a caused significant increase in the mean value of total chromosomal aberrations of both somatic and germ cells (P< or =0.01) as well as enhanced the polymorphic bands patterns as compared to the control and the other tested compounds. On the other hand, thienoandrostene derivative 12 induced significant decrease in the mean values of chromosomal aberrations in both somatic and germ cells, decreased sperm morphological abnormalities, increased the sperm count and motility than control. Our data indicate that testosterone propionate; pyridoandrostene 4b and thienoandrostene derivative 12 have no genotoxic activity. However, pyrimidinoandrostene derivative 9a has genotoxic activity possibly due to a modulation of the different expression of the catalyzing enzyme systems which will be investigated in the nearly future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Y Hana
- Hormones Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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43
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Vinggaard AM, Niemelä J, Wedebye EB, Jensen GE. Screening of 397 chemicals and development of a quantitative structure--activity relationship model for androgen receptor antagonism. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:813-23. [PMID: 18324785 DOI: 10.1021/tx7002382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have screened 397 chemicals for human androgen receptor (AR) antagonism by a sensitive reporter gene assay to generate data for the development of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model. A total of 523 chemicals comprising data on 292 chemicals from our laboratory and data on 231 chemicals from the literature constituted the training set for the model. The chemicals were selected with the purpose of representing a wide range of chemical structures (e.g., organochlorines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and various functions (e.g., natural hormones, pesticides, plastizicers, plastic additives, brominated flame retardants, and roast mutagens). In addition, the intention was to obtain an equal number of positive and negative chemicals. Among our own data for the training set, 45.7% exhibited inhibitory activity against the transcriptional activity induced by the synthetic androgen R1881. The MultiCASE expert system was used to construct a QSAR model for AR antagonizing potential. A "5 Times, 2-Fold 50% Cross Validation" of the model showed a sensitivity of 64%, a specificity of 84%, and a concordance of 76%. Data for 102 chemicals were generated for an external validation of the model resulting in a sensitivity of 57%, a specificity of 98%, and a concordance of 92% of the model. The model was run on a set of 176103 chemicals, and 47% were within the domain of the model. Approximately 8% of chemicals was predicted active for AR antagonism. We conclude that the predictability of the global QSAR model for this end point is good. This most comprehensive QSAR model may become a valuable tool for screening large numbers of chemicals for AR antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Vinggaard
- National Food Institute, Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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Chen J, Ahn KC, Gee NA, Ahmed MI, Duleba AJ, Zhao L, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Lasley BL. Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: a new type of endocrine disruptor? Endocrinology 2008; 149:1173-9. [PMID: 18048496 PMCID: PMC2275366 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small nonsteroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is used as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance. A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T)-induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for 10 d. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size after the T+TCC treatment, compared with T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Chen
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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45
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Edelstein D, Sivanandy M, Shahani S, Basaria S. The latest options and future agents for treating male hypogonadism. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:2991-3008. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.17.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Bisson WH, Cheltsov AV, Bruey-Sedano N, Lin B, Chen J, Goldberger N, May LT, Christopoulos A, Dalton JT, Sexton PM, Zhang XK, Abagyan R. Discovery of antiandrogen activity of nonsteroidal scaffolds of marketed drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11927-32. [PMID: 17606915 PMCID: PMC1924583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609752104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding good drug leads de novo from large chemical libraries, real or virtual, is not an easy task. High-throughput screening is often plagued by low hit rates and many leads that are toxic or exhibit poor bioavailability. Exploiting the secondary activity of marketed drugs, on the other hand, may help in generating drug leads that can be optimized for the observed side-effect target, while maintaining acceptable bioavailability and toxicity profiles. Here, we describe an efficient computational methodology to discover leads to a protein target from safe marketed drugs. We applied an in silico "drug repurposing" procedure for identification of nonsteroidal antagonists against the human androgen receptor (AR), using multiple predicted models of an antagonist-bound receptor. The library of marketed oral drugs was then docked into the best-performing models, and the 11 selected compounds with the highest docking score were tested in vitro for AR binding and antagonism of dihydrotestosterone-induced AR transactivation. The phenothiazine derivatives acetophenazine, fluphenazine, and periciazine, used clinically as antipsychotic drugs, were identified as weak AR antagonists. This in vitro biological activity correlated well with endocrine side effects observed in individuals taking these medications. Further computational optimization of phenothiazines, combined with in vitro screening, led to the identification of a nonsteroidal antiandrogen with improved AR antagonism and marked reduction in affinity for dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors that are the primary target of phenothiazine antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. H. Bisson
- *Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - A. V. Cheltsov
- *Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - N. Bruey-Sedano
- Department of Oncodevelopmental Biology, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - B. Lin
- Department of Oncodevelopmental Biology, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - J. Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - N. Goldberger
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - L. T. May
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - A. Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - J. T. Dalton
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - P. M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - X.-K. Zhang
- Department of Oncodevelopmental Biology, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - R. Abagyan
- *Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Barmoshe S, Zlotta AR. Pharmacotherapy for prostate cancer, with emphasis on hormonal treatments. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 7:1685-99. [PMID: 16925497 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.7.13.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For more than half a century, hormonal therapy has been one of the cornerstones of prostate cancer therapy. However, the position and timing of androgen deprivation therapy is continuously challenged. Nowadays, it is often combined with other types of treatment in a multi-modal approach, especially with radiation therapy. Besides the well-known luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonists, several developments have been introduced (e.g., luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists or improved depot formulations achieving a better pharmacokinetic slope and lower testosterone levels). Research developments include a better understanding of the different gonadotropin-releasing hormone isoforms, the ligand-independent transformation of the androgen receptor and androgen receptor overexpression in hormone-insensitive disease. Prostate cancer, previously thought to be chemotherapy insensitive, is now treated at the metastatic stage by taxane-based chemotherapies. The combination of hormonal therapy and chemotherapy is currently studied at various stages of the disease, as early as localised or locally advanced prostate cancer. It is very likely that, in the future, pharmacological treatment for prostate cancer will include combination therapies rather than monotherapies. The authors suggest an in-depth re-evaluation of the place of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sas Barmoshe
- Department of Urology, Erasme Hospital, University Clinics of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Chen J, Ahn KC, Gee NA, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Lasley BL. Antiandrogenic properties of parabens and other phenolic containing small molecules in personal care products. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 221:278-84. [PMID: 17481686 PMCID: PMC1978490 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify the androgenic potency of commonly used antimicrobials, an in vitro androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity assay was employed to evaluate the androgenic/antiandrogenic activity of parabens and selected other antimicrobials containing a phenolic moiety. This cell-based assay utilizes a stably transfected cell line that lacks critical steroid metabolizing enzymes and is formatted in a 96-well format. At a concentration of 10 microM, methyl-, propyl- and butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (parabens) inhibited testosterone (T)-induced transcriptional activity by 40%, 33% and 19%, respectively (P<0.05), while 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, the major metabolite of parabens, had no effect on T-induced transcriptional activity. Triclosan inhibited transcriptional activity induced by T by more than 92% at a concentration of 10 microM, and 38.8% at a concentration of 1.0 microM (P<0.05). Thirty-four percent of T-induced transcriptional activity was inhibited by thymol at 10 microM (P<0.05). Cell proliferation and/or cytotoxicity were not observed in any of the treatments. None of the compounds appeared to be androgenic when tested individually without T. The data presented in this report demonstrate that some widely used antimicrobial compounds have antiandrogenic properties and warrant further investigation to fully understand their potential impact on human reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Chen
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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van Oeveren A, Pio BA, Tegley CM, Higuchi RI, Wu M, Jones TK, Marschke KB, Negro-Vilar A, Zhi L. Discovery of an androgen receptor modulator pharmacophore based on 2-quinolinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1523-6. [PMID: 17257838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of alkylamino-2-quinolinone compounds (3) was discovered as androgen receptor modulators based on an early linear tricyclic quinoline pharmacophore (1). The series demonstrated selective high binding affinity to androgen receptor and potent receptor modulating activities in the cotransfection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan van Oeveren
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Bohl CE, Wu Z, Miller DD, Bell CE, Dalton JT. Crystal structure of the T877A human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain complexed to cyproterone acetate provides insight for ligand-induced conformational changes and structure-based drug design. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:13648-55. [PMID: 17311914 PMCID: PMC2080778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611711200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyproterone acetate (CPA) is a steroidal antiandrogen used clinically in the treatment of prostate cancer. Compared with steroidal agonists for the androgen receptor (AR) (e.g. dihydrotestosterone, R1881), CPA is bulkier in structure and therefore seemingly incompatible with the binding pockets observed in currently available x-ray crystal structures of the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD). We solved the x-ray crystal structure of the human AR LBD bound to CPA at 1.8A in the T877A variant, a mutation known to increase the agonist activity of CPA and therefore facilitate purification and crystal formation of the receptor.drug complex. The structure demonstrates that bulk from the 17alpha-acetate group of CPA induces movement of the Leu-701 side chain, which results in partial unfolding of the C-terminal end of helix 11 and displacement of the loop between helices 11 and 12 in comparison to all other AR LBD crystal structures published to date. This structural alteration leads to an expansion of the AR binding cavity to include an additional pocket bordered by Leu-701, Leu-704, Ser-778, Met-780, Phe-876, and Leu-880. Further, we found that CPA invokes transcriptional activation in the L701A AR at low nanomolar concentrations similar to the T877A mutant. Analogous mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and progesterone receptor were constructed, and we found that CPA was also converted into a potent agonist in the M560A GR. Altogether, these data offer information for structure-based drug design, elucidate flexible regions of the AR LBD, and provide insight as to how CPA antagonizes the AR and GR.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Amino Acids
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Cyproterone Acetate/chemistry
- Cyproterone Acetate/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mutation, Missense
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid
- Receptors, Progesterone
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey E Bohl
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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