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Man P, Huang L, Zhao J, Ly TH. Ferroic Phases in Two-Dimensional Materials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10990-11046. [PMID: 37672768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) ferroics, namely ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and ferroelastic materials, are attracting rising interest due to their fascinating physical properties and promising functional applications. A variety of 2D ferroic phases, as well as 2D multiferroics and the novel 2D ferrovalleytronics/ferrotoroidics, have been recently predicted by theory, even down to the single atomic layers. Meanwhile, some of them have already been experimentally verified. In addition to the intrinsic 2D ferroics, appropriate stacking, doping, and defects can also artificially regulate the ferroic phases of 2D materials. Correspondingly, ferroic ordering in 2D materials exhibits enormous potential for future high density memory devices, energy conversion devices, and sensing devices, among other applications. In this paper, the recent research progresses on 2D ferroic phases are comprehensively reviewed, with emphasis on chemistry and structural origin of the ferroic properties. In addition, the promising applications of the 2D ferroics for information storage, optoelectronics, and sensing are also briefly discussed. Finally, we envisioned a few possible pathways for the future 2D ferroics research and development. This comprehensive overview on the 2D ferroic phases can provide an atlas for this field and facilitate further exploration of the intriguing new materials and physical phenomena, which will generate tremendous impact on future functional materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Man
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
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2
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Almeida TP, Lequeux S, Palomino A, Sousa RC, Fruchart O, Prejbeanu IL, Dieny B, Masseboeuf A, Cooper D. Quantitative Visualization of Thermally Enhanced Perpendicular Shape Anisotropy STT-MRAM Nanopillars. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4000-4005. [PMID: 35576455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perpendicular shape anisotropy (PSA) offers a practical solution to downscale spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random-access memory (STT-MRAM) beyond the sub-20 nm technology node while retaining thermal stability. However, our understanding of the thermomagnetic behavior of PSA-STT-MRAM is often indirect, relying on magnetoresistance measurements and micromagnetic modeling. Here, the magnetism of a NiFe PSA-STT-MRAM nanopillar is investigated using off-axis electron holography, providing spatially resolved magnetic information as a function of temperature. Magnetic induction maps reveal the micromagnetic configuration of the NiFe storage layer (∼60 nm high, ≤20 nm diameter), confirming the PSA induced by its 3:1 aspect ratio. In situ heating demonstrates that the PSA of the storage layer is maintained up to at least 250 °C, and direct quantitative measurements reveal a moderate decrease of magnetic induction. Hence, this study shows explicitly that PSA provides significant stability in STT-MRAM applications that require reliable performance over a range of operating temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor P Almeida
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glascow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Lequeux
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alvaro Palomino
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ricardo C Sousa
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Fruchart
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ioan-Lucian Prejbeanu
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bernard Dieny
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Masseboeuf
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - David Cooper
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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3
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Niitsu K, Liu Y, Booth AC, Yu X, Mathur N, Stolt MJ, Shindo D, Jin S, Zang J, Nagaosa N, Tokura Y. Geometrically stabilized skyrmionic vortex in FeGe tetrahedral nanoparticles. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:305-310. [PMID: 35087239 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The concept of topology has dramatically expanded the research landscape of magnetism, leading to the discovery of numerous magnetic textures with intriguing topological properties. A magnetic skyrmion is an emergent topological magnetic texture with a string-like structure in three dimensions and a disk-like structure in one and two dimensions. Skyrmions in zero dimensions have remained elusive due to challenges from many competing orders. Here, by combining electron holography and micromagnetic simulations, we uncover the real-space magnetic configurations of a skyrmionic vortex structure confined in a B20-type FeGe tetrahedral nanoparticle. An isolated skyrmionic vortex forms at the ground state and this texture shows excellent robustness against temperature without applying a magnetic field. Our findings shed light on zero-dimensional geometrical confinement as a route to engineer and manipulate individual skyrmionic metastructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Niitsu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yizhou Liu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | - Alexander C Booth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Xiuzhen Yu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | - Nitish Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Stolt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daisuke Shindo
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jiadong Zang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.
- Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.
| | - Naoto Nagaosa
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tokura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo College, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Jordanova N, Jordanova D, Tcherkezova E, Georgieva B, Ishlyamski D. Advanced mineral magnetic and geochemical investigations of road dusts for assessment of pollution in urban areas near the largest copper smelter in SE Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148402. [PMID: 34465059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the urban pollution by combined magnetometric and geochemical analyses on road dusts from three towns in the vicinity of Cu-smelter and ore mining. A collection of 117 road dust samples was investigated for their magnetic characteristics (magnetic susceptibility (χ), frequency dependent susceptibility, anhysteretic and isothermal (IRM) remanences), IRM step-wise acquisition and thermal demagnetization. Coarse grained magnetite and hematite were identified as major iron oxides in the emissions from ore spills and smelter, while traffic-related magnetic minerals were finer magnetite grains. Degree of pollution is assessed by geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor and Pollution Load Index (PLI) for a set of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Using the geochemical data, we evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks for the population. Our results show that dust emissions from the industrial facilities likely pose significant health hazard for adults and children caused largely by Arsenic pollution in "hot spots". Based on the strong correlation between χ and most of the PTEs, detailed variations in pollution degree inside the urban areas are inferred. Strong linear regression between χ and PLI allows designating limit susceptibility values, corresponding to the PLI categories. This approach can be successfully applied for monitoring and mapping purposes at high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Jordanova
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Diana Jordanova
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Emilia Tcherkezova
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bozhurka Georgieva
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Ishlyamski
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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de Groot LV, Fabian K, Béguin A, Kosters ME, Cortés‐Ortuño D, Fu RR, Jansen CML, Harrison RJ, van Leeuwen T, Barnhoorn A. Micromagnetic Tomography for Paleomagnetism and Rock-Magnetism. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2021; 126:e2021JB022364. [PMID: 35866100 PMCID: PMC9286618 DOI: 10.1029/2021jb022364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the past behavior of the geomagnetic field arises from magnetic signals stored in geological materials, e.g., (volcanic) rocks. Bulk rock samples, however, often contain magnetic grains that differ in chemistry, size, and shape; some of them record the Earth's magnetic field well, others are unreliable. The presence of a small amount of adverse behaved magnetic grains in a sample may already obscure important information on the past state of the geomagnetic field. Recently it was shown that it is possible to determine magnetizations of individual grains in a sample by combining X-ray computed tomography and magnetic surface scanning measurements. Here we establish this new Micromagnetic Tomography (MMT) technique and make it suitable for use with different magnetic scanning techniques, and for both synthetic and natural samples. We acquired reliable magnetic directions by selecting subsets of grains in a synthetic sample, and we obtained rock-magnetic information of individual grains in a volcanic sample. This illustrates that MMT opens up entirely new venues of paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic research. MMT's unique ability to determine the magnetization of individual grains in a nondestructive way allows for a systematic analysis of how geological materials record and retain information on the past state of the Earth's magnetic field. Moreover, by interpreting only the contributions of known magnetically well-behaved grains in a sample, MMT has the potential to unlock paleomagnetic information from even the most complex, crucial, or valuable recorders that current methods are unable to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart V. de Groot
- Paleomagnetic laboratory Fort HoofddijkFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Karl Fabian
- Department of Geoscience and PetroleumNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Annemarieke Béguin
- Paleomagnetic laboratory Fort HoofddijkFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Geoscience and PetroleumNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Martha E. Kosters
- Paleomagnetic laboratory Fort HoofddijkFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - David Cortés‐Ortuño
- Paleomagnetic laboratory Fort HoofddijkFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Roger R. Fu
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Chloë M. L. Jansen
- Paleomagnetic laboratory Fort HoofddijkFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Tristan van Leeuwen
- Mathematical InstituteFaculty of SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Computational ImagingCentrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Auke Barnhoorn
- Department of Geoscience and EngineeringFaculty of Civil Engineering and GeosciencesDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
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6
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Tarduno JA, Cottrell RD, Lawrence K, Bono RK, Huang W, Johnson CL, Blackman EG, Smirnov AV, Nakajima M, Neal CR, Zhou T, Ibanez-Mejia M, Oda H, Crummins B. Absence of a long-lived lunar paleomagnetosphere. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/32/eabi7647. [PMID: 34348904 PMCID: PMC8336955 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Determining the presence or absence of a past long-lived lunar magnetic field is crucial for understanding how the Moon's interior and surface evolved. Here, we show that Apollo impact glass associated with a young 2 million-year-old crater records a strong Earth-like magnetization, providing evidence that impacts can impart intense signals to samples recovered from the Moon and other planetary bodies. Moreover, we show that silicate crystals bearing magnetic inclusions from Apollo samples formed at ∼3.9, 3.6, 3.3, and 3.2 billion years ago are capable of recording strong core dynamo-like fields but do not. Together, these data indicate that the Moon did not have a long-lived core dynamo. As a result, the Moon was not sheltered by a sustained paleomagnetosphere, and the lunar regolith should hold buried 3He, water, and other volatile resources acquired from solar winds and Earth's magnetosphere over some 4 billion years.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Tarduno
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Rory D Cottrell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | | | - Richard K Bono
- Geomagnetism Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Wentao Huang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Catherine L Johnson
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, USA
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Eric G Blackman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Aleksey V Smirnov
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Physics Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Clive R Neal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Tinghong Zhou
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | | | - Hirokuni Oda
- Research Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8567, Japan
| | - Ben Crummins
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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7
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O’Brien T, Tarduno JA, Anand A, Smirnov AV, Blackman EG, Carroll-Nellenback J, Krot AN. Arrival and magnetization of carbonaceous chondrites in the asteroid belt before 4562 million years ago. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 1:54. [PMID: 33283201 PMCID: PMC7716897 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-020-00055-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Meteorite magnetizations can provide rare insight into early Solar System evolution. Such data take on new importance with recognition of the isotopic dichotomy between non-carbonaceous and carbonaceous meteorites, representing distinct inner and outer disk reservoirs, and the likelihood that parent body asteroids were once separated by Jupiter and subsequently mixed. The arrival time of these parent bodies into the main asteroid belt, however, has heretofore been unknown. Herein, we show that weak CV (Vigarano type) and CM (Mighei type) carbonaceous chondrite remanent magnetizations indicate acquisition by the solar wind 4.2 to 4.8 million years after Ca-Al-rich inclusion (CAI) formation at heliocentric distances of ~2-4 AU. These data thus indicate that the CV and CM parent asteroids had arrived near, or within, the orbital range of the present-day asteroid belt from the outer disk isotopic reservoir within the first 5 million years of Solar System history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O’Brien
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - John A. Tarduno
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Atma Anand
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Aleksey V. Smirnov
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Physics Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Eric G. Blackman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | | | - Alexander N. Krot
- Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
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8
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Diehle P, Kovács A, Duden T, Speen R, Žagar Soderžnik K, Dunin-Borkowski RE. A cartridge-based turning specimen holder with wireless tilt angle measurement for magnetic induction mapping in the transmission electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 220:113098. [PMID: 33161222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic induction mapping in the transmission electron microscope using phase contrast techniques such as off-axis electron holography and differential phase contrast imaging often requires the separation of the magnetic contribution to the recorded signal from the electrostatic contribution. When using off-axis electron holography, one of the experimental approaches that can be used to achieve this separation is to evaluate half of the difference between phase shift images that have been recorded before and after turning the sample over. Here, we introduce a cartridge-based sample mounting system, which is based on an existing on-axis tomography specimen holder and can be used to turn a sample over inside the electron microscope, thereby avoiding the need to remove the holder from the microscope to turn the sample over manually. We present three cartridge designs, which are compatible with all pole piece designs and can be used to support conventional 3-mm-diameter sample grids, Si3N4-based membrane chips and needle-shaped specimens. We make use of a wireless inclinometer that has a precision of 0.1° to monitor the sample holder tilt angle independently of the microscope goniometer readout. We also highlight the need to remove geometrical image distortions when aligning pairs of phase shift images that have been recorded before and after turning the sample over. The capabilities of the cartridge-based specimen holder and the turning approach are demonstrated by using off-axis electron holography to record magnetic induction maps of lithographically-patterned soft magnetic Co elements, a focused ion beam milled hard magnetic Nd-Fe-B lamella and an array of four Fe3O4 nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Diehle
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Strasse 1, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - András Kovács
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Duden
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rolf Speen
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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9
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ALMEIDA T, MCGROUTHER D, KOVÁCS A, DUNIN‐BORKOWSKI R, MCVITIE S. Effect of annealing on the magnetic states of FEBID‐grown cobalt nanopatterns examined by off‐axis electron holography. J Microsc 2020; 279:217-221. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. ALMEIDA
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Glasgow Glasgow U.K
| | - D. MCGROUTHER
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Glasgow Glasgow U.K
| | - A. KOVÁCS
- Ernst Ruska‐Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER‐C), Peter Grünberg InstituteForschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
| | - R. DUNIN‐BORKOWSKI
- Ernst Ruska‐Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER‐C), Peter Grünberg InstituteForschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
| | - S. MCVITIE
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Glasgow Glasgow U.K
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10
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Paleomagnetism indicates that primary magnetite in zircon records a strong Hadean geodynamo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2309-2318. [PMID: 31964848 PMCID: PMC7007582 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916553117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The age and early history of Earth’s geomagnetic field can provide insight into the evolution of the core and atmosphere. But measurement of Hadean zircons—the oldest known terrestrial materials—and the determination of the antiquity of their magnetizations are amongst the most challenging endeavors in paleomagnetism. New paleomagnetic, electron microscope, geochemical, and paleointensity data indicate the presence of primary magnetite inclusions in select zircons. These data support the presence of the geomagnetic field, and associated shielding of the atmosphere from the solar wind, ∼4.2 billion years ago. A relatively strong field recorded by these zircons at ∼4 billion years ago may be a signal that chemical precipitation in the core was powering the geodynamo. Determining the age of the geomagnetic field is of paramount importance for understanding the evolution of the planet because the field shields the atmosphere from erosion by the solar wind. The absence or presence of the geomagnetic field also provides a unique gauge of early core conditions. Evidence for a geomagnetic field 4.2 billion-year (Gy) old, just a few hundred million years after the lunar-forming giant impact, has come from paleomagnetic analyses of zircons of the Jack Hills (Western Australia). Herein, we provide new paleomagnetic and electron microscope analyses that attest to the presence of a primary magnetic remanence carried by magnetite in these zircons and new geochemical data indicating that select Hadean zircons have escaped magnetic resetting since their formation. New paleointensity and Pb-Pb radiometric age data from additional zircons meeting robust selection criteria provide further evidence for the fidelity of the magnetic record and suggest a period of high geomagnetic field strength at 4.1 to 4.0 billion years ago (Ga) that may represent efficient convection related to chemical precipitation in Earth’s Hadean liquid iron core.
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11
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Muro-Cruces J, Roca AG, López-Ortega A, Fantechi E, Del-Pozo-Bueno D, Estradé S, Peiró F, Sepúlveda B, Pineider F, Sangregorio C, Nogues J. Precise Size Control of the Growth of Fe 3O 4 Nanocubes over a Wide Size Range Using a Rationally Designed One-Pot Synthesis. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7716-7728. [PMID: 31173684 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of spinel oxide magnetic nanoparticles depend critically on both their size and shape. In particular, spinel oxide nanocrystals with cubic morphology have shown superior properties in comparison to their spherical counterparts in a variety of fields, like, for example, biomedicine. Therefore, having an accurate control over the nanoparticle shape and size, while preserving the crystallinity, becomes crucial for many applications. However, despite the increasing interest in spinel oxide nanocubes there are relatively few studies on this morphology due to the difficulty to synthesize perfectly defined cubic nanostructures, especially below 20 nm. Here we present a rationally designed synthesis pathway based on the thermal decomposition of iron(III) acetylacetonate to obtain high quality nanocubes over a wide range of sizes. This pathway enables the synthesis of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanocubes with edge length in the 9-80 nm range, with excellent cubic morphology and high crystallinity by only minor adjustments in the synthesis parameters. The accurate size control provides evidence that even 1-2 nm size variations can be critical in determining the functional properties, for example, for improved nuclear magnetic resonance T2 contrast or enhanced magnetic hyperthermia. The rationale behind the changes introduced in the synthesis procedure (e.g., the use of three solvents or adding Na-oleate) is carefully discussed. The versatility of this synthesis route is demonstrated by expanding its capability to grow other spinel oxides such as Co-ferrites, Mn-ferrites, and Mn3O4 of different sizes. The simplicity and adaptability of this synthesis scheme may ease the development of complex oxide nanocubes for a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Muro-Cruces
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST , Campus UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 Barcelona , Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Alejandro G Roca
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST , Campus UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Alberto López-Ortega
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares and Depto. de Física Aplicada , Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Campus de la Fábrica de Armas , 45071 Toledo , Spain
| | - Elvira Fantechi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM , University of Pisa , Via G. Moruzzi 13 , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Daniel Del-Pozo-Bueno
- LENS-MIND-IN2UB, Dept. Enginyeries Electrònica i Biomèdica , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1 , E-08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sònia Estradé
- LENS-MIND-IN2UB, Dept. Enginyeries Electrònica i Biomèdica , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1 , E-08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Francesca Peiró
- LENS-MIND-IN2UB, Dept. Enginyeries Electrònica i Biomèdica , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1 , E-08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Borja Sepúlveda
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST , Campus UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Francesco Pineider
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and INSTM , University of Pisa , Via G. Moruzzi 13 , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Claudio Sangregorio
- Dipartimento di Chimica and INSTM , Università degli studi di Firenze , Via della Lastruccia 3 , Sesto Fiorentino (FI) I-50019 , Italy
- ICCOM-CNR , Via Madonna del Piano, 10 , Sesto Fiorentino (FI) I-50019 , Italy
| | - Josep Nogues
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST , Campus UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 Barcelona , Spain
- ICREA , Pg. Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
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12
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Secondary magnetite in ancient zircon precludes analysis of a Hadean geodynamo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:407-412. [PMID: 30598434 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811074116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zircon crystals from the Jack Hills, Western Australia, are one of the few surviving mineralogical records of Earth's first 500 million years and have been proposed to contain a paleomagnetic record of the Hadean geodynamo. A prerequisite for the preservation of Hadean magnetization is the presence of primary magnetic inclusions within pristine igneous zircon. To date no images of the magnetic recorders within ancient zircon have been presented. Here we use high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate that all observed inclusions are secondary features formed via two distinct mechanisms. Magnetite is produced via a pipe-diffusion mechanism whereby iron diffuses into radiation-damaged zircon along the cores of dislocations and is precipitated inside nanopores and also during low-temperature recrystallization of radiation-damaged zircon in the presence of an aqueous fluid. Although these magnetites can be recognized as secondary using transmission electron microscopy, they otherwise occur in regions that are indistinguishable from pristine igneous zircon and carry remanent magnetization that postdates the crystallization age by at least several hundred million years. Without microscopic evidence ruling out secondary magnetite, the paleomagnetic case for a Hadean-Eoarchean geodynamo cannot yet been made.
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13
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Ter Maat GW, Pennock GM, de Groot LV. A chemical, crystallographic and magnetic characterisation of individual iron-oxide grains in Hawaiian lavas. Sci Data 2018; 5:180162. [PMID: 30106393 PMCID: PMC6091240 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge on the behaviour of the geomagnetic field through time critically depends on how information of the past state of the field is recorded by, and stored in iron-bearing minerals such as magnetite. For small, single domain grains these processes are described by classical Néel theory, but the magnetic behaviour of larger, pseudo-single domain or multidomain grains, still is enigmatic. Here we present a chemical, crystallographic and magnetic characterisation of three to six individual, large (~3–10 μm) iron-oxide grains from eleven different flows sampled on the Big Island of Hawai’i. These grains were all subjected to a Magnetic Force Microscopy study to characterise their magnetic domain structure; a Microprobe analyses to assess their chemical composition; and a Scanning Electron Microscopy study to identify phases and crystallographic orientations. This comprehensive dataset enables systematic analyses of their magnetic behaviour as function of chemistry and forms the basis for future micromagnetic modelling studies eventually contributing to the development of a fundamental theory of magnetic behaviour in large iron-oxide grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertje W Ter Maat
- Paleomagnetic laboratory Fort Hoofddijk, department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gillian M Pennock
- Structural geology, department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lennart V de Groot
- Paleomagnetic laboratory Fort Hoofddijk, department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
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14
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The oldest magnetic record in our solar system identified using nanometric imaging and numerical modeling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1173. [PMID: 29563498 PMCID: PMC5862876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recordings of magnetic fields, thought to be crucial to our solar system's rapid accretion, are potentially retained in unaltered nanometric low-Ni kamacite (~ metallic Fe) grains encased within dusty olivine crystals, found in the chondrules of unequilibrated chondrites. However, most of these kamacite grains are magnetically non-uniform, so their ability to retain four-billion-year-old magnetic recordings cannot be estimated by previous theories, which assume only uniform magnetization. Here, we demonstrate that non-uniformly magnetized nanometric kamacite grains are stable over solar system timescales and likely the primary carrier of remanence in dusty olivine. By performing in-situ temperature-dependent nanometric magnetic measurements using off-axis electron holography, we demonstrate the thermal stability of multi-vortex kamacite grains from the chondritic Bishunpur meteorite. Combined with numerical micromagnetic modeling, we determine the stability of the magnetization of these grains. Our study shows that dusty olivine kamacite grains are capable of retaining magnetic recordings from the accreting solar system.
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15
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Almeida TP, Temple R, Massey J, Fallon K, McGrouther D, Moore T, Marrows CH, McVitie S. Quantitative TEM imaging of the magnetostructural and phase transitions in FeRh thin film systems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17835. [PMID: 29259255 PMCID: PMC5736605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equi-atomic FeRh is a very interesting material as it undergoes a magnetostructural transition from an antiferromagnetic (AF) to a ferromagnetic (FM) phase between 75-105 °C. Its ability to present phase co-existence separated by domain walls (DWs) above room temperature provides immense potential for exploitation of their DW motion in spintronic devices. To be able to effectively control the DWs associated with AF/FM coexistence in FeRh thin films we must fully understand the magnetostructural transition and thermomagnetic behaviour of DWs at a localised scale. Here we present a transmission electron microscopy investigation of the transition in planar FeRh thin-film samples by combining differential phase contrast (DPC) magnetic imaging with in situ heating. We perform quantitative measurements from individual DWs as a function of temperature, showing that FeRh on NiAl exhibits thermomagnetic behaviour consistent with the transition from AF to FM. DPC imaging of an FeRh sample with HF-etched substrate reveals a state of AF/FM co-existence and shows the transition from AF to FM regions proceeds via nucleation of small vortex structures, which then grow by combining with newly nucleated vortex states into larger complex magnetic domains, until it is in a fully-FM state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor P Almeida
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Rowan Temple
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jamie Massey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kayla Fallon
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Damien McGrouther
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Thomas Moore
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Stephen McVitie
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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16
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Bai Y, Yang B, Guo F, Lu Q, Zhao S. Enhanced magnetostriction derived from magnetic single domain structures in cluster-assembled SmCo films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:455705. [PMID: 28901953 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa8c4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cluster-assembled SmCo alloy films were prepared by low energy cluster beam deposition. The structure, magnetic domain, magnetization, and magnetostriction of the films were characterized. It is shown that the as-prepared films are assembled in compact and uniformly distributed spherical cluster nanoparticles, most of which, after vacuum in situ annealing at 700 K, aggregated to form cluster islands. These cluster islands result in transformations from superparamagnetic states to magnetic single domain (MSD) states in the films. Such MSD structures contribute to the enhanced magnetostrictive behaviors with a saturation magnetostrictive coefficient of 160 × 10-6 in comparison to 105 × 10-6 for the as-prepared films. This work demonstrates candidate materials that could be applied in nano-electro-mechanical systems, low power information storage, and weak magnetic detecting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Bai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, & Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China
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17
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Stability of equidimensional pseudo-single-domain magnetite over billion-year timescales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10356-10360. [PMID: 28874562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708344114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretations of paleomagnetic observations assume that naturally occurring magnetic particles can retain their primary magnetic recording over billions of years. The ability to retain a magnetic recording is inferred from laboratory measurements, where heating causes demagnetization on the order of seconds. The theoretical basis for this inference comes from previous models that assume only the existence of small, uniformly magnetized particles, whereas the carriers of paleomagnetic signals in rocks are usually larger, nonuniformly magnetized particles, for which there is no empirically complete, thermally activated model. This study has developed a thermally activated numerical micromagnetic model that can quantitatively determine the energy barriers between stable states in nonuniform magnetic particles on geological timescales. We examine in detail the thermal stability characteristics of equidimensional cuboctahedral magnetite and find that, contrary to previously published theories, such nonuniformly magnetized particles provide greater magnetic stability than their uniformly magnetized counterparts. Hence, nonuniformly magnetized grains, which are commonly the main remanence carrier in meteorites and rocks, can record and retain high-fidelity magnetic recordings over billions of years.
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18
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Wang H, Weiss BP, Bai XN, Downey BG, Wang J, Wang J, Suavet C, Fu RR, Zucolotto ME. Lifetime of the solar nebula constrained by meteorite paleomagnetism. Science 2017; 355:623-627. [PMID: 28183977 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A key stage in planet formation is the evolution of a gaseous and magnetized solar nebula. However, the lifetime of the nebular magnetic field and nebula are poorly constrained. We present paleomagnetic analyses of volcanic angrites demonstrating that they formed in a near-zero magnetic field (<0.6 microtesla) at 4563.5 ± 0.1 million years ago, ~3.8 million years after solar system formation. This indicates that the solar nebula field, and likely the nebular gas, had dispersed by this time. This sets the time scale for formation of the gas giants and planet migration. Furthermore, it supports formation of chondrules after 4563.5 million years ago by non-nebular processes like planetesimal collisions. The core dynamo on the angrite parent body did not initiate until about 4 to 11 million years after solar system formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapei Wang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Benjamin P Weiss
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xue-Ning Bai
- Institute for Theory and Computation, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brynna G Downey
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Jiajun Wang
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Clément Suavet
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roger R Fu
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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19
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Almeida TP, Muxworthy AR, Kovács A, Williams W, Nagy L, Conbhuí PÓ, Frandsen C, Supakulopas R, Dunin‐Borkowski RE. Direct observation of the thermal demagnetization of magnetic vortex structures in nonideal magnetite recorders. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 43:8426-8434. [PMID: 27867236 PMCID: PMC5108466 DOI: 10.1002/2016gl070074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The thermal demagnetization of pseudo-single-domain (PSD) magnetite (Fe3O4) particles, which govern the magnetic signal in many igneous rocks, is examined using off-axis electron holography. Visualization of a vortex structure held by an individual Fe3O4 particle (~250 nm in diameter) during in situ heating is achieved through the construction and examination of magnetic-induction maps. Stepwise demagnetization of the remanence-induced Fe3O4 particle upon heating to above the Curie temperature, performed in a similar fashion to bulk thermal demagnetization measurements, revealed that its vortex state remains stable under heating close to its unblocking temperature and is recovered upon cooling with the same or reversed vorticity. Hence, the PSD Fe3O4 particle exhibits thermomagnetic behavior comparable to a single-domain carrier, and thus, vortex states are considered reliable magnetic recorders for paleomagnetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor P. Almeida
- Department of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial College London, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
- Now at School of Physics and Astronomy, Kelvin BuildingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Adrian R. Muxworthy
- Department of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial College London, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
| | - András Kovács
- Ernst Ruska‐Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg InstituteForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Wyn Williams
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Leslei Nagy
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Cathrine Frandsen
- Department of PhysicsTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Radchagrit Supakulopas
- Department of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial College London, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
| | - Rafal E. Dunin‐Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska‐Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg InstituteForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
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