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Wong G, Wang H, Park M, Park J, Ahn JY, Sung M, Choi J, Park T, Ban J, Kang S, Lee T, Kim J, Seo BK, Yu JH, Kim J, Woo JH, Kim S. Optimizing an airborne mass-balance methodology for accurate emission rate quantification of industrial facilities: A case study of industrial facilities in South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169204. [PMID: 38104814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimation of emissions from industrial point sources is crucial in understanding the effectiveness of reduction efforts and establishing reliable emission inventories. In this study, we employ an airborne Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CIMS) instrument to quantify sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from prominent industrial facilities in South Korea, including power plants, a steel mill, and a petrochemical facility. Our analysis utilizes the box mass balance technique to derive SO2 emissions and associated uncertainty. We evaluate the interpolation methods between 2D kriging and 3D radial basis function. The results demonstrate that the total uncertainty of the box mass balance technique ranges from 5 % to 28 %, with an average of 20 %. Mixing ratio ground extrapolation from the lowest altitude of the airborne sampling to the ground emerges as the dominant source of uncertainty, followed by the determination of the boundary layer height. Adequate sampling at multiple altitudes is found to be essential in reducing the overall uncertainty by capturing the full extent of the plume. Furthermore, we assess the uncertainty of the single-height transect mass balance method commonly employed in previous studies. Our findings reveal an average precision of 47 % for this method, with the potential for overestimating emissions by up to 206 %. Samplings at fewer altitudes or with larger altitude gaps increase the risk of under-sampling and elevate method uncertainties. Therefore, this study provides a quantitative basis to evaluate previously airborne observational emission constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracie Wong
- Department of Earth Systems Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Earth Systems Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Minwoo Park
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Joon-Young Ahn
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Minyoung Sung
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Choi
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Taehyun Park
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jihee Ban
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Seokwon Kang
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Taehyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jongho Kim
- Environmental Research Center, Hanseo University, Seosan-si, South Korea
| | - Beom-Keun Seo
- Environmental Research Center, Hanseo University, Seosan-si, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Yu
- Environmental Research Center, Hanseo University, Seosan-si, South Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- APM Engineering Co. Ltd., Bucheon-si, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth Systems Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Zuo H, Jiang Y, Yuan J, Wang Z, Zhang P, Guo C, Wang Z, Chen Y, Wen Q, Wei Y, Li X. Pollution characteristics and source differences of VOCs before and after COVID-19 in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167694. [PMID: 37832670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
During the outbreak of the COVID-19, the change in the way of people's living and production provided the opportunity to study the influence of human activity on Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Therefore, this study analyzed VOCs concentration and composition characteristics in urban area of Beijing from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the concentration of VOCs in Chaoyang district in 2020 was 73.1ppbv, lower than that in 2019 (92.8ppbv), and alkanes (45 % and 47 %) were the most dominant components. The concentrations of isopentane, n-pentane, n-hexane, and OVOCs significantly increased in 2020. According to the results of the PMF model, the contribution of VOCs from vehicle and pharmaceutical-related emissions increased to 45.8 % and 27.1 % in 2020, while coal combustion decreased by 23.7 %. This is likely linked to the strict implementation of the coal conversion policy, as well as the increment in individual travel and pharmaceutical production during the pandemic. The calculation results of OFP and SOAFP indicated that toluene had an increased impact on the formation of O3 and SOA in the Chaoyang district in 2020. Notably, VOCs emitted by vehicles have the highest potential for secondary generation. In addition, VOCs from vehicles and industries pose the greatest health risks, together accounting for 77.4 % and 79.31 % of the total carcinogenic risk in 2019 and 2020. Although industrial emission with the high proportions of halocarbons was controlled to some extent during the pandemic, the carcinogenic risk in 2020 was 3.74 × 10-6, which still exceeded the acceptable level, and more attention and governance efforts should be given to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Yuchun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, State of Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Puzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ye Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Qing Wen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150006, China.
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3
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Raza T, Shehzad M, Abbas M, Eash NS, Jatav HS, Sillanpaa M, Flynn T. Impact assessment of COVID-19 global pandemic on water, environment, and humans. ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANCES 2023; 11:100328. [PMID: 36532331 PMCID: PMC9741497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant threats to global health since the Second World War is the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to COVID-19 widespread social, environmental, economic, and health concerns. Other unfavourable factors also emerged, including increased trash brought on by high consumption of packaged foods, takeout meals, packaging from online shopping, and the one-time use of plastic products. Due to labour shortages and residents staying at home during mandatory lockdowns, city municipal administrations' collection and recycling capacities have decreased, frequently damaging the environment (air, water, and soil) and ecological and human systems. The COVID-19 challenges are more pronounced in unofficial settlements of developing nations, particularly for developing nations of the world, as their fundamental necessities, such as air quality, water quality, trash collection, sanitation, and home security, are either non-existent or difficult to obtain. According to reports, during the pandemic's peak days (20 August 2021 (741 K cases), 8 million tonnes of plastic garbage were created globally, and 25 thousand tonnes of this waste found its way into the ocean. This thorough analysis attempts to assess the indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment, human systems, and water quality that pose dangers to people and potential remedies. Strong national initiatives could facilitate international efforts to attain environmental sustainability goals. Significant policies should be formulated like good quality air, pollution reduction, waste management, better sanitation system, and personal hygiene. This review paper also elaborated that further investigations are needed to investigate the magnitude of impact and other related factors for enhancement of human understanding of ecosystem to manage the water, environment and human encounter problems during epidemics/pandemics in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taqi Raza
- Department of Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Mazahir Abbas
- Department of Bioscience, University of Wah Cantt, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan
| | - Neal S Eash
- Department of Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, USA
| | - Hanuman Singh Jatav
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Rajasthan 303329, India
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Mika Sillanpaa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Trevan Flynn
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, University of Bonn, Germany
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4
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Peng WX, Yue X, Chen H, Ma NL, Quan Z, Yu Q, Wei Z, Guan R, Lam SS, Rinklebe J, Zhang D, Zhang B, Bolan N, Kirkham MB, Sonne C. A review of plants formaldehyde metabolism: Implications for hazardous emissions and phytoremediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129304. [PMID: 35739801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The wide use of hazardous formaldehyde (CH2O) in disinfections, adhesives and wood-based furniture leads to undesirable emissions to indoor environments. This is highly problematic as formaldehyde is a highly hazardous and toxic compound present in both liquid and gaseous form. The majority of gaseous and atmospheric formaldehyde derive from microbial and plant decomposition. However, plants also reversibly absorb formaldehyde released from for example indoor structural materials in such as furniture, thus offering beneficial phytoremediation properties. Here we provide the first comprehensive review of plant formaldehyde metabolism, physiology and remediation focusing on release and absorption including species-specific differences for maintaining indoor environmental air quality standards. Phytoremediation depends on rhizosphere, temperature, humidity and season and future indoor formaldehyde remediation therefore need to take these biological factors into account including the balance between emission and phytoremediation. This would pave the road for remediation of formaldehyde air pollution and improve planetary health through several of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Yue
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Chen
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Zhou Quan
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yu
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Wei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Guan
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, M079, Perth WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Christian Sonne
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
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5
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Impact of Drought on Isoprene Fluxes Assessed Using Field Data, Satellite-Based GLEAM Soil Moisture and HCHO Observations from OMI. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), primarily emitted by terrestrial vegetation, are highly reactive and have large effects on the oxidizing potential of the troposphere, air quality and climate. In terms of global emissions, isoprene is the most important BVOC. Droughts bring about changes in the surface emission of biogenic hydrocarbons mainly because plants suffer water stress. Past studies report that the current parameterization in the state-of-the-art Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) v2.1, which is a function of the soil water content and the permanent wilting point, fails at representing the strong reduction in isoprene emissions observed in field measurements conducted during a severe drought. Since the current algorithm was originally developed based on potted plants, in this study, we update the parameterization in the light of recent ecosystem-scale measurements of isoprene conducted during natural droughts in the central U.S. at the Missouri Ozarks AmeriFlux (MOFLUX) site. The updated parameterization results in stronger reductions in isoprene emissions. Evaluation using satellite formaldehyde (HCHO), a proxy for BVOC emissions, and a chemical-transport model, shows that the adjusted parameterization provides a better agreement between the modelled and observed HCHO temporal variability at local and regional scales in 2011–2012, even if it worsens the model agreement in a global, long-term evaluation. We discuss the limitations of the current parameterization, a function of highly uncertain soil properties such as porosity.
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6
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Xu L, Crounse JD, Vasquez KT, Allen H, Wennberg PO, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Campuzano-Jost P, Coggon MM, Crawford JH, DiGangi JP, Diskin GS, Fried A, Gargulinski EM, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Guo H, Hair JW, Hall SR, Halliday HA, Hanisco TF, Hannun RA, Holmes CD, Huey LG, Jimenez JL, Lamplugh A, Lee YR, Liao J, Lindaas J, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Peischl J, Peterson DA, Piel F, Richter D, Rickly PS, Robinson MA, Rollins AW, Ryerson TB, Sekimoto K, Selimovic V, Shingler T, Soja AJ, St. Clair JM, Tanner DJ, Ullmann K, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Wisthaler A, Wolfe GM, Womack CC, Yokelson RJ. Ozone chemistry in western U.S. wildfire plumes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl3648. [PMID: 34878847 PMCID: PMC8654285 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a substantial but poorly quantified source of tropospheric ozone (O3). Here, to investigate the highly variable O3 chemistry in wildfire plumes, we exploit the in situ chemical characterization of western wildfires during the FIREX-AQ flight campaign and show that O3 production can be predicted as a function of experimentally constrained OH exposure, volatile organic compound (VOC) reactivity, and the fate of peroxy radicals. The O3 chemistry exhibits rapid transition in chemical regimes. Within a few daylight hours, the O3 formation substantially slows and is largely limited by the abundance of nitrogen oxides (NOx). This finding supports previous observations that O3 formation is enhanced when VOC-rich wildfire smoke mixes into NOx-rich urban plumes, thereby deteriorating urban air quality. Last, we relate O3 chemistry to the underlying fire characteristics, enabling a more accurate representation of wildfire chemistry in atmospheric models that are used to study air quality and predict climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.X.); (P.O.W.)
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Krystal T. Vasquez
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.X.); (P.O.W.)
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matthew M. Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Georgios I. Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Reem A. Hannun
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Young Ro Lee
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jin Liao
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Jakob Lindaas
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Felix Piel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pamela S. Rickly
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael A. Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Amber J. Soja
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Jason M. St. Clair
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J. Tanner
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline C. Womack
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert J. Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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7
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Could Air Quality Get Better during Epidemic Prevention and Control in China? An Analysis Based on Regression Discontinuity Design. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Though many scholars and practitioners are paying more attention to the health and life of the public after the COVID-19 outbreak, extant literature has so far failed to explore the variation of ambient air quality during this pandemic. The current study attempts to fill the gap by disentangling the causal effects of epidemic prevention on air quality in China, measured by the individual pollutant dimensionless index, from other confounding factors. Using the fixed effects model, this article finds that five air indicators, PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, and SO2, significantly improved during the shutdown period, with NO2 showing the most improvement. On the contrary, O3 shows an inverse pattern, that is, O3 gets worse unexpectedly. The positive impact of epidemic prevention on air quality, especially in terms of PM2.5, PM10, and NO2, become manifest five days after the resumption of labor, indicated by the result of a regression discontinuity design. These findings are still robust and consistent after the dataset of 2019 as a counterfactual sample is utilized. The findings of this paper make contributions to both environmental governance and pandemic prevention, with relevant guidelines regarding the health and life of the public and governmental behavioral management strategies discussed.
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8
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Acton WJF, Wang Z, Nemitz E, Langford B, Mullinger N, Davison B, Shi Z, Liu D, Song W, Yang W, Zeng J, Wu Z, Fu P, Zhang Q, Wang X. Vertical profiles of biogenic volatile organic compounds as observed online at a tower in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:33-42. [PMID: 32653190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vertical profiles of isoprene and monoterpenes were measured by a proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) at heights of 3, 15, 32, 64, and 102 m above the ground on the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) tower in central Beijing during the winter of 2016 and the summer of 2017. Isoprene mixing ratios were larger in summer due to much stronger local emissions whereas monoterpenes were lower in summer due largely to their consumption by much higher levels of ozone. Isoprene mixing ratios were the highest at the 32 m in summer (1.64 ± 0.66 ppbV) and at 15 m in winter (1.41 ± 0.64 ppbV) with decreasing concentrations to the ground and to the 102 m, indicating emission from the tree canopy of the surrounding parks. Monoterpene mixing ratios were the highest at the 3 m height in both the winter (0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV) and summer (0.16 ± 0.10 ppbV) with a gradual decreasing trend to 102 m, indicting an emission from near the ground level. The lowest isoprene and monoterpene mixing ratios all occurred at 102 m, which were 0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV (winter) and 1.35 ± 0.51 ppbV (summer) for isoprene, and 0.42 ± 0.22 ppbV (winter) and 0.07 ± 0.06 ppbV (summer) for monoterpenes. Isoprene in the summer and monoterpenes in the winter, as observed at the five heights, showed significant mutual correlations. In the winter monoterpenes were positively correlated with combustion tracers CO and acetonitrile at 3 m, suggesting possible anthropogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhonghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - W Joe F Acton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YQ, UK
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Ben Langford
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Neil Mullinger
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Brian Davison
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YQ, UK
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianqiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Abstract
Based on previous Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) design results, an 11 channel microreactor of dimensions (0.5 mm × 0.5 mm × 100 mm) (width × depth × length) and optimal manifold geometry was fabricated, coated with a newly-developed Au/SBA-15 catalyst and then integrated in an experimental rig specifically built for this research. Propane (as model volatile organic compound) oxidation experiments were conducted at three different flow velocities, 12.5, 15.4 and 17.5 m/min, respectively, at six temperatures, 150, 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 °C, respectively. The catalyst was prepared by one-pot sol-gel synthesis of SBA-15 with MPTMS (3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxy-silane) before loading with HAuCl4 gold precursor and then characterized by SEM/EDX, TEM and wide angle XRD. A novel catalyst coating technique was developed, using airbrush (0.3 nozzle) to spray a catalyst slurry into the microchannels that produced a thin, firm and uniform layer of Au/SBA-15 catalyst coating inside the microreactor. The experimental measurements revealed that propane conversion increased as the flow feed rates decreased and increased with increasing temperatures in the reactor. For the built microreactor and for the flows and temperatures set, the combustion of propane was possible with measurable conversions and reasonable reactor stability, the performance of the catalyst appeared to be central to the satisfactory operation of the reactor.
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10
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Variability of BVOC Emissions from Commercially Used Willow (Salix spp.) Varieties. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Willow (Salix spp.) trees are commonly used in short rotation coppices (SRC) to produce renewable energy. However, these plants are also known to emit high concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which have a large influence on air quality. Many different clones of commercially used Salix varieties exist today, but only a few studies have focused on BVOC emissions from these newer varieties. In this study, four varieties commercially propagated for biofuel production have been studied on a leaf-scale in the southern part of Sweden. The trees had either their first or second growing season, and measurements on BVOC emissions were done during the growing season in 2017 from the end of May to the beginning of September. Isoprene was the dominant emitted compound for all varieties but the average emission amongst varieties varied from 4.00 to 12.66 µg gdw−1 h−1. Average monoterpene (MT) (0.78–1.87 µg gdw−1 h−1) and sesquiterpene (SQT) emission rates (0.22–0.57 µg gdw−1 h−1) differed as well among the varieties. Besides isoprene, other compounds like ocimene, linalool and caryophyllene also showed a response to light but not for all varieties. Younger plants had several times higher emissions of non-isoprenoids (other VOCs) than the corresponding 1-year-old trees. The conclusions from this study show that the choice of variety can have a large impact on the regional BVOC emission budget. Genetics, together with stand age, should be taken into account when modelling BVOC emissions on a regional scale, for example, for air quality assessments.
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11
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Regional Differences of Primary Meteorological Factors Impacting O3 Variability in South Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is a harmful pollutant and effective strategies must be developed for its reduction. In this study, the impact of meteorological factors on the annual O3 variability for South Korea were analyzed. In addition, the regional differences of meteorological factors in six air quality regions in South Korea (Seoul Metropolitan Area, SMA; Central region, CN; Honam, HN; Yeongnam, YN; Gangwon, GW; Jeju, JJ) were compared. The analysis of ground observation data from 2001 to 2017 revealed that the long-term variability of O3 concentration in South Korea continuously increased since 2001, and the upward trend in 2010 to 2017 (Period 2, PRD2) was 29.8% higher than that in 2001 to 2009 (Period 1, PRD1). This was because the meteorological conditions during PRD2 became relatively favorable for high O3 concentrations compared to conditions during PRD1. In particular, the increase in the solar radiation (SR) and maximum temperature (TMAX) and the decrease in the precipitation (PRCP) and wind speed (WS) of South Korea in PRD2 were identified as the main causes for the rise in O3 concentrations. When meteorological factors and O3 variability were compared among the six air quality regions in South Korea during PRD1 and PRD2, significant differences were observed. This indicated that different meteorological changes occurred in South Korea after 2010 due to the different topographical characteristics of each region; thus, O3 variability also changed differently in each region. Interestingly, for the regions with almost similar meteorological changes after 2010, the O3 concentration changed differently depending on the difference in the distribution of emissions. These results indicate that the O3–meteorology relationship shows spatiotemporal differences depending on the topographical and emission distribution characteristics of each area and implies that it is necessary to fully consider such differences for efficient O3 reduction.
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12
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Yadav R, Sahu LK, Tripathi N, Pal D, Beig G, Jaaffrey SNA. Investigation of emission characteristics of NMVOCs over urban site of western India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:245-255. [PMID: 31153029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to characterize the variation and emission of C2-C5 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) in a semi-urban site of western India based on measurements during February-December 2015. Anthropogenic NMVOCs show clear seasonal dependence with highest in winter and lowest in monsoon season. Biogenic NMVOCs likes isoprene show highest mixing ratios in the pre-monsoon season. The diurnal variation of NMVOC species can be described by elevated values from night till morning and lower values in the afternoon hours. The elevated levels of NMVOCs during night and early morning hours were caused mainly by weaker winds, temperature inversion and reduced chemical loss. The correlations between NMVOCs, CO and NOx indicate the dominant role of various local emission sources. Use and leakage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contributed to the elevated levels of propane and butanes. Mixing ratios of ethylene, propylene, CO, NOx, etc. show predominant emissions from combustion of fuels in automobiles and industries. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source apportionments were performed for the seven major emission sectors (i.e. Vehicular exhaust, Mixed industrial emissions, Biomass/Fired brick kilns/Bio-fuel, Petrochem, LPG, Gas evaporation, Biogenic). Emissions from vehicle exhaust and industry-related sources contributed to about 19% and 40% of the NMVOCs, respectively. And the rest (41%) was attributed to the emissions from biogenic sources, LPG, gasoline evaporation and biomass burning. Diurnal and seasonal variations of NMVOCs were controlled by local emissions, meteorology, OH concentrations, long-range transport and planetary boundary layer height. This study provides a good reference for framing environmental policies to improve the air quality in western region of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - L K Sahu
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nidhi Tripathi
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Palaj, Gandhinagar, India
| | - D Pal
- Space and Atmospheric Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - G Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
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13
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Ceria–Zirconia Mixed Metal Oxides Prepared via Mechanochemical Grinding of Carbonates for the Total Oxidation of Propane and Naphthalene. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of ceria–zirconia mixed metal oxides with varying metal ratios were prepared by the calcination of precursors synthesized by mechanochemical grinding of the metal carbonates, and tested for catalytic naphthalene and propane total combustion. The mechanically-mixed metal oxides were more active for both propane and naphthalene total oxidation compared to the parent metal oxides. Ce0.95Zr0.05Ox was the most active catalyst for the total combustion of propane and naphthalene. Catalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction, BET surface area, laser Raman spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Formation of ceria–zirconia solid solutions was observed for catalysts with a zirconia content of 10% or lower, whereas ceria and zirconia phase separation was observed when zirconia content was above 25%. Surface area increased when ceria and zirconia were mixed, and the reduction temperature of the bulk shifted to lower temperatures upon increasing zirconia content. Incorporation of zirconia was found to increase the relative concentration of surface oxygen defects compared to pure ceria, with low amounts of zirconia showing the greatest increase. The concentration of oxygen defects correlates with propane and naphthalene total oxidation activity. The enhanced total oxidation activity occurs as a result of the increased number of oxygen defects and the higher surface area. The results demonstrate that mechanochemical preparation from carbonate precursors was an effective route to make active catalysts.
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14
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Strasert B, Teh SC, Cohan DS. Air quality and health benefits from potential coal power plant closures in Texas. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:333-350. [PMID: 30339492 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1537984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As power production from renewable energy and natural gas grows, closures of some coal-fired power plants in Texas become increasingly likely. In this study, the potential effects of such closures on air quality and human health were analyzed by linking a regional photochemical model with a health impacts assessment tool. The impacts varied significantly across 13 of the state's largest coal-fired power plants, sometimes by more than an order of magnitude, even after normalizing by generation. While some power plants had negligible impacts on concentrations at important monitors, average impacts up to 0.5 parts per billion (ppb) and 0.2 µg/m3 and maximum impacts up to 3.3 ppb and 0.9 µg/m3 were seen for ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), respectively. Individual power plants impacted average visibility by up to 0.25 deciviews in Class I Areas. Health impacts arose mostly from PM2.5 and were an order of magnitude higher for plants that lack scrubbers for SO2. Rankings of health impacts were largely consistent across the base model results and two reduced form models. Carbon dioxide emissions were relatively uniform, ranging from 1.00 to 1.26 short tons/MWh, and can be monetized based on a social cost of carbon. Despite all of these unpaid externalities, estimated direct costs of each power plant exceeded wholesale power prices in 2016. Implications: While their CO2 emission rates are fairly similar, sharply different NOx and SO2 emission rates and spatial factors cause coal-fired power plants to vary by an order of magnitude in their impacts on ozone, particulate matter, and associated health and visibility outcomes. On a monetized basis, the air pollution health impacts often exceed the value of the electricity generated and are of similar magnitude to climate impacts. This suggests that both air pollution and climate should be considered if externalities are used to inform decision making about power-plant dispatch and retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Strasert
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Su Chen Teh
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Daniel S Cohan
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
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15
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Waxman EM, Cossel KC, Giorgetta F, Truong GW, Swann WC, Coddington I, Newbury NR. Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado, using horizontal path-integrated column measurements. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:10.5194/acp-19-4177-2019. [PMID: 31555337 PMCID: PMC6759866 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-4177-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We performed 7.5 weeks of path-integrated concentration measurements of CO2, CH4, H2O, and HDO over the city of Boulder, Colorado. An open-path dual-comb spectrometer simultaneously measured time-resolved data across a reference path, located near the mountains to the west of the city, and across an over-city path that intersected two-thirds of the city, including two major commuter arteries. By comparing the measured concentrations over the two paths when the wind is primarily out of the west, we observe daytime CO2 enhancements over the city. Given the warm weather and the measurement footprint, the dominant contribution to the CO2 enhancement is from city vehicle traffic. We use a Gaussian plume model combined with reported city traffic patterns to estimate city emissions of on-road CO2 as (6.2 ± 2.2) × 105 metric tons (t) CO2 yr-1 after correcting for non-traffic sources. Within the uncertainty, this value agrees with the city's bottom-up greenhouse gas inventory for the on-road vehicle sector of 4.5 × 105 t CO2 yr-1. Finally, we discuss experimental modifications that could lead to improved estimates from our path-integrated measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Waxman
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Kevin C. Cossel
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Fabrizio Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Gar-Wing Truong
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- now at: Crystalline Mirror Solutions LLC, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - William C. Swann
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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16
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Mao J, Carlton A, Cohen RC, Brune WH, Brown SS, Wolfe GM, Jimenez JL, Pye HOT, Ng NL, Xu L, McNeill VF, Tsigaridis K, McDonald BC, Warneke C, Guenther A, Alvarado MJ, de Gouw J, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Mathur R, Nolte CG, Portmann RW, Unger N, Tosca M, Horowitz LW. Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:2615-2651. [PMID: 29963079 PMCID: PMC6020695 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric trace species in the United States have changed dramatically over the past several decades in response to pollution control strategies, shifts in domestic energy policy and economics, and economic development (and resulting emission changes) elsewhere in the world. Reliable projections of the future atmosphere require models to not only accurately describe current atmospheric concentrations, but to do so by representing chemical, physical and biological processes with conceptual and quantitative fidelity. Only through incorporation of the processes controlling emissions and chemical mechanisms that represent the key transformations among reactive molecules can models reliably project the impacts of future policy, energy and climate scenarios. Efforts to properly identify and implement the fundamental and controlling mechanisms in atmospheric models benefit from intensive observation periods, during which collocated measurements of diverse, speciated chemicals in both the gas and condensed phases are obtained. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS, including SENEX, SOAS, NOMADSS and SEAC4RS) conducted during the summer of 2013 provided an unprecedented opportunity for the atmospheric modeling community to come together to evaluate, diagnose and improve the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of varying temporal and spatial scales. This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models. The effort focused primarily on model representation of fundamental atmospheric processes that are essential to the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and other trace species in the troposphere, with the ultimate goal of understanding the radiative impacts of these species in the southeast and elsewhere. Here we address questions surrounding four key themes: gas-phase chemistry, aerosol chemistry, regional climate and chemistry interactions, and natural and anthropogenic emissions. We expect this review to serve as a guidance for future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Mao
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Annmarie Carlton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joost de Gouw
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nadine Unger
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mika Tosca
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory–National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
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17
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Hoffman E, Guernsey JR, Walker TR, Kim JS, Sherren K, Andreou P. Pilot study investigating ambient air toxics emissions near a Canadian kraft pulp and paper facility in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20685-20698. [PMID: 28712086 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Air toxics are airborne pollutants known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects, including certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), prioritized by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While several EPA-designated air toxics are monitored at a subset of Canadian National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) sites, Canada has no specific "air toxics" control priorities. Although pulp and paper (P&P) mills are major industrial emitters of air pollutants, few studies quantified the spectrum of air quality exposures. Moreover, most NAPS monitoring sites are in urban centers; in contrast, rural NAPS sites are sparse with few exposure risk records. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate prioritized air toxic ambient VOC concentrations using NAPS hourly emissions data from a rural Pictou, Nova Scotia Kraft P&P town to document concentration levels, and to determine whether these concentrations correlated with wind direction at the NAPS site (located southwest of the mill). Publicly accessible Environment and Climate Change Canada data (VOC concentrations [Granton NAPS ID: 31201] and local meteorological conditions [Caribou Point]) were examined using temporal (2006-2013) and spatial analytic methods. Results revealed several VOCs (1,3-butadiene, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride) routinely exceeded EPA air toxics-associated cancer risk thresholds. 1,3-Butadiene and tetrachloroethylene were significantly higher (p < 0.05) when prevailing wind direction blew from the northeast and the mill towards the NAPS site. Conversely, when prevailing winds originated from the southwest towards the mill, higher median VOC air toxics concentrations at the NAPS site, except carbon tetrachloride, were not observed. Despite study limitations, this is one of few investigations documenting elevated concentrations of certain VOCs air toxics to be associated with P&P emissions in a community. Findings support the need for more research on the extent to which air toxics emissions exist in P&P towns and contribute to poor health in nearby communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hoffman
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Judith R Guernsey
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kate Sherren
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Pantelis Andreou
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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18
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Xue Y, Ho SSH, Huang Y, Li B, Wang L, Dai W, Cao J, Lee S. Source apportionment of VOCs and their impacts on surface ozone in an industry city of Baoji, Northwestern China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9979. [PMID: 28855736 PMCID: PMC5577141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Level of surface ozone (O3) has been increasing continuously in China in recent years, while its contributors and formation pathways are less understood. In this study, distributions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the roles on O3 pollution have been investigated in a typical industrial city of Baoji in Northwestern China by means of monitoring of their concentrations and other trace gases. The air samples have been collected at three sites according to urban function area. Concentration of VOCs in Weibin site, which near to industrial zone, was higher than most of other cities in China, and the ambient VOCs were dominated by aromatics and alkenes. The temporal variations of VOCs and O3 coincided with the surface wind, implying that the formation of O3 was impacted by both exports of plumes upwind and local photochemical reactions. Result of source apportionment indicated that industrial emission, vehicular exhaust, and solvent evaporation were three major pollution origins. Alkenes and aromatics contributed to the largest fractions of photochemical reactivity, suggesting the strong influences from industrial and traffic sectors. The study presents the characteristic VOCs and other factors in the contribution of O3 formation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Xue
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Bowei Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Giorgetta FR, Cermak M, Coddington IR, Hesselius D, Ruben S, Swann WC, Truong GW, Rieker GB, Newbury NR. Open-path dual comb spectroscopy to an airborne retroreflector. OPTICA 2017; 4:724-728. [PMID: 29774228 PMCID: PMC5951401 DOI: 10.1364/optica.4.000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new technique for spatial mapping of multiple atmospheric gas species. This system is based on high-precision dual-comb spectroscopy to a retroreflector mounted on a flying multi-copter. We measure the atmospheric absorption over long open-air paths to the multi-copter with comb-tooth resolution over 1.57 to 1.66 pm, covering absorption bands of CO2, Cm, H2O and isotopologues. When combined with GPS-based path length measurements, a fit of the absorption spectra retrieves the dry mixing ratios versus position. Under well-mixed atmospheric conditions, retrievals from both horizontal and vertical paths show stable mixing ratios as expected. This approach can support future boundary layer studies as well as plume detection and source location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Cossel
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Eleanor M. Waxman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Fabrizio R. Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Michael Cermak
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Ian R. Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | | | - Shalom Ruben
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - William C. Swann
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Gar-Wing Truong
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Gregory B. Rieker
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
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Manna B, Sharma S, Mukherjee S, Desai AV, Ghosh SK. Toxic Aromatics Induced Responsive Facets for a Pore Surface Functionalized Luminescent Coordination Polymer. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6864-6869. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Aamod V. Desai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sujit K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Centre for Research in Energy & Sustainable Materials, IISER, Pune 411008, India
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21
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Kim YH, Kim HS, Song CH. Development of a Reactive Plume Model for the Consideration of Power-Plant Plume Photochemistry and Its Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1477-1487. [PMID: 28068079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A reactive plume model (RPM) was developed to comprehensively consider power-plant plume photochemistry with 255 condensed photochemical reactions. The RPM can simulate two main components of power-plant plumes: turbulent dispersion of plumes and compositional changes of plumes via photochemical reactions. In order to evaluate the performance of the RPM developed in the present study, two sets of observational data obtained from the TexAQS II 2006 (Texas Air Quality Study II 2006) campaign were compared with RPM-simulated data. Comparison shows that the RPM produces relatively accurate concentrations for major primary and secondary in-plume species such as NO2, SO2, ozone, and H2SO4. Statistical analyses show good correlation, with correlation coefficients (R) ranging from 0.61 to 0.92, and good agreement with the Index of Agreement (IOA) ranging from 0.76 to 0.95. Following evaluation of the performance of the RPM, a demonstration was also carried out to show the applicability of the RPM. The RPM can calculate NOx photochemical lifetimes inside the two plumes (Monticello and Welsh power plants). Further applicability and possible uses of the RPM are also discussed together with some limitations of the current version of the RPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong H Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyun S Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Chul H Song
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 61005, Korea
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22
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Shao J, Tao Y, Hansen KK. Highly selective NO x reduction for diesel engine exhaust via an electrochemical system. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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Marais EA, Wiedinmyer C. Air Quality Impact of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10739-10745. [PMID: 27611340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollution in Africa is dominated by diffuse and inefficient combustion sources, as electricity access is low and motorcycles and outdated cars proliferate. These sources are missing, out-of-date, or misrepresented in state-of-the-science emission inventories. We address these deficiencies with a detailed inventory of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa) for 2006 and 2013. Fuelwood for energy is the largest emission source in DICE-Africa, but grows from 2006 to 2013 at a slower rate than charcoal production and use, and gasoline and diesel for motorcycles, cars, and generators. Only kerosene use and gas flaring decline. Increase in emissions from 2006 to 2013 in this work is consistent with trends in satellite observations of formaldehyde and NO2, but much slower than the explosive growth projected with a fuel consumption model. Seasonal biomass burning is considered a large pollution source in Africa, but we estimate comparable emissions of black carbon and higher emissions of nonmethane volatile organic compounds from DICE-Africa. Nitrogen oxide (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) emissions are much lower than from biomass burning. We use GEOS-Chem to estimate that the largest contribution of DICE-Africa to annual mean surface fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is >5 μg m-3 in populous Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise A Marais
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christine Wiedinmyer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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Yan S, Cao H, Chen Y, Wu C, Hong T, Fan H. Spatial and temporal characteristics of air quality and air pollutants in 2013 in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13996-14007. [PMID: 27040547 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has become an ever more critical issue in Beijing in more recent years. In this study, we use the air quality index (AQI), corresponding primary pollutant types and meteorological data which are collected at 16 monitoring stations in Beijing between January 2013 and December, 2013 studying the spatial and temporal variations of air quality and air pollutants. The results show that PM2.5 was the most serious pollutant, followed by O3. The average PM2.5 mass concentration was 119.5 ± 13.8 μg m(-3) in Beijing. In addition, the air quality varies across different seasons. More specifically, winter season showed the worst air quality. Moreover, while particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations were relatively higher in the spring and winter seasons, gaseous pollutants (O3 and NO2) were more serious in the summer and autumn. In terms of spatial heterogeneity, the findings showed that AQI and PM2.5 concentrations were higher in south and lower in the north of the city, and the O3 showed exactly a pattern with the opposite direction-higher in the north and lower in the south. NO2 was found to have a greater impact on the central region compared with that in other regions. Furthermore, PM2.5 was found to be positively correlated with the relative humidity, but negatively correlated with wind speed and atmospheric pressure (P < 0.01). However, the dominant meteorological factors that influence the PM2.5 concentrations varied in different seasons. The results in this paper provide additional information for the effective control of the air pollution in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Yan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Tourism, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chengzhen Wu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Ecology and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, China
| | - Tao Hong
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hailan Fan
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Conley S, Franco G, Faloona I, Blake DR, Peischl J, Ryerson TB. Methane emissions from the 2015 Aliso Canyon blowout in Los Angeles, CA. Science 2016; 351:1317-20. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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26
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Motesaddi Zarandi S, Alimohammadi M, Kazemi Moghaddam V, Hasanvand MS, Miranzadeh MB, Rabbani D, Mostafaii GR, Sarsangi V, Hajiketabi S, Mazaheri Tehrani A. Long-term trends of Nitrogen oxides and surface ozone concentrations in Tehran city, 2002-2011. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015; 13:63. [PMID: 26380092 PMCID: PMC4571122 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tropospheric ozone is a problem with multi aspects - hazard to human health, plant, and welfare and a key factor to climate change, air pollution and atmosphere chemistry, as well. Behavior of ozone and nitrogen oxides (NO, and NO2) concentration is highly complex and variable; therefore, their trends as short and long-term were significantly attended. Most of the studies were carried out on the behavior of pollutant concentrations in North America, Europe, and East Asia, but few studies have been conducted in west Asia. The aim of this study was to assess daily changes and long-term trend of ozone and nitrogen oxides concentrations in Tehran city, Iran from March 2002 to September 2011. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were collected from 18 air quality monitoring stations. The data were sorted as daily mean of 10 years (daily changes) and annual mean for each year (long-term trend). One-sample test was used to assess the statistical significance. RESULTS Current findings indicated that changes of ozone, NO, and NO2 concentrations are dependent from job shifts and photochemical reactions. Annual mean concentrations of ozone and NO2 were gradually increased, long-term trend of ozone and NO2 concentration indicated. The correlation between long term trend of ozone and NO2 was significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The controlling program was the most important factor in long-term concentration of ozone, and nitrogen oxides, but some problems and difficulties were accounted to perform controlling program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Motesaddi Zarandi
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Sadegh Hasanvand
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Air Pollution Research Center, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Miranzadeh
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Davarkhah Rabbani
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Mostafaii
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Vali Sarsangi
- />Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sajjad Hajiketabi
- />Student Research Committee, Jiroft university of medical science, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mazaheri Tehrani
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Liao J, Froyd KD, Murphy DM, Keutsch FN, Yu G, Wennberg PO, St Clair JM, Crounse JD, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Jimenez JL, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Hu W, Ryerson TB, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Anderson BE, Ziemba LD, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Diskin G. Airborne measurements of organosulfates over the continental U.S. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:2990-3005. [PMID: 26702368 PMCID: PMC4677836 DOI: 10.1002/2014jd022378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates are important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components and good tracers for aerosol heterogeneous reactions. However, the knowledge of their spatial distribution, formation conditions, and environmental impact is limited. In this study, we report two organosulfates, an isoprene-derived isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) (2,3-epoxy-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol) sulfate and a glycolic acid (GA) sulfate, measured using the NOAA Particle Analysis Laser Mass Spectrometer (PALMS) on board the NASA DC8 aircraft over the continental U.S. during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment (DC3) and the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS). During these campaigns, IEPOX sulfate was estimated to account for 1.4% of submicron aerosol mass (or 2.2% of organic aerosol mass) on average near the ground in the southeast U.S., with lower concentrations in the western U.S. (0.2-0.4%) and at high altitudes (<0.2%). Compared to IEPOX sulfate, GA sulfate was more uniformly distributed, accounting for about 0.5% aerosol mass on average, and may be more abundant globally. A number of other organosulfates were detected; none were as abundant as these two. Ambient measurements confirmed that IEPOX sulfate is formed from isoprene oxidation and is a tracer for isoprene SOA formation. The organic precursors of GA sulfate may include glycolic acid and likely have both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Higher aerosol acidity as measured by PALMS and relative humidity tend to promote IEPOX sulfate formation, and aerosol acidity largely drives in situ GA sulfate formation at high altitudes. This study suggests that the formation of aerosol organosulfates depends not only on the appropriate organic precursors but also on emissions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2), which contributes to aerosol acidity. KEY POINTS IEPOX sulfate is an isoprene SOA tracer at acidic and low NO conditions Glycolic acid sulfate may be more abundant than IEPOX sulfate globally SO2 impacts IEPOX sulfate by increasing aerosol acidity and water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Karl D Froyd
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel M Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA
- Now at Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ge Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied SciencePasadena, California, USA
| | - Jason M St Clair
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
| | - John D Crounse
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Now at Department of Chemistry, University of OlsoOslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Now at Department of Chemistry, University of OlsoOslo, Norway
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California, USA
| | - Glenn Diskin
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
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Buckley PI, Bowdle DA, Newchurch MJ, Sive BC, Mount GH. Extractive FTIR spectroscopy with cryogen-free low-temperature inert preconcentration for autonomous measurements of atmospheric organics: 1: Instrument development and preliminary performance. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:2908-2921. [PMID: 25967207 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.002908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In collaboration with the Jefferson County Department of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the University of Alabama in Huntsville developed a novel sensor for detecting very low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This sensor uses a commercial Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, a commercial long-path IR gas cell, a commercial acoustic Stirling cyrocooler, and a custom cryogen-free cryotrap to improve sensitivity in an autonomous system with on-board quality control and quality assurance. Laboratory and initial field results show this methodology is sensitive to and well-suited for a wide variety of VOC atmospheric research and monitoring applications, including EPA National Air Toxics Trends Stations and the National Core monitoring network.
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Pollution plumes observed by aircraft over North China during the IPAC-NC field campaign. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Enhancement of NOx removal performance for (La0.85Sr0.15)0.99MnO3/Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 electrochemical cells by NOx storage/reduction adsorption layers. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Porter WC, Barsanti KC, Baughman EC, Rosenstiel TN. Considering the air quality impacts of bioenergy crop production: a case study involving Arundo donax. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9777-9784. [PMID: 22852528 DOI: 10.1021/es3013084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The expanding production of bioenergy crops may impact regional air quality through the production of volatile organic compounds such as isoprene. To investigate the effects of isoprene-emitting crops on air quality, specifically ozone (O(3)) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, we performed a series of model runs using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) coupled with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) simulating a proposed cropland conversion to the giant cane Arundo donax for biomass production. Cultivation of A. donax in the relatively clean air of northeastern Oregon resulted in an average increase in 8 h O(3) levels of 0.52 ppb, while SOA was largely unaffected (<+0.01 μg m(-3)). Conversions in U.S. regions with reduced air quality (eastern Texas and northern Illinois) resulted in average 8 h O(3) increases of 2.46 and 3.97 ppb, respectively, with daily increases up to 15 ppb in the Illinois case, and daytime SOA increases up to 0.57 μg m(-3). While cultivation of isoprene-emitting bioenergy crops may be appropriate at some scales and in some regions, other areas may experience increased O(3) and SOA, highlighting the need to consider isoprene emissions when evaluating potential regional impacts of bioenergy crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Porter
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States.
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Wang JL, Chang CC, Lee KZ. In-line sampling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to monitor ambient volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1248:161-8. [PMID: 22717034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An existing GC-MS/FID method coupling with the cryogenic trapping was improved to perform continuous field monitoring of 106 VOCs, covering a wide range of volatilities and polarities (C(2)-C(11) NMHCs, ≥C(1) halocarbons, toxic chlorinated compounds, ethers, some esters and ketones). Cryogenic enrichment was employed from the standpoints of higher signal-to-noise ratio, less carry-over and better protection of thermally labile compounds than chemical sorbent enrichment. However, cryogen consumption is large and creates a great logistical burden for field deployment. As a result, a new in-line sampling manifold was designed and incorporated into the system to separate the sampling from trapping during enrichment of ambient VOCs, which gave rise to two major advantages: (1) the sampling is performed by a pre-evacuated flask, which does not need cryogen when filling a sample, so that the sampling time can be extended to yield better sample representation (approximately one hour was chosen for the sampling time for hourly data resolution in this study) and (2) because the cryo-trapping only takes a short time period (3 min in this study), the consumption of cryogen is greatly reduced (4 L liquid nitrogen per sample for conventional cryo-trapping vs. 0.6L for the new method). The robustness of the automated GC-MS/FID coupling with in-line sampling for the 106 target compounds was assessed with a set of quality assurance criteria of system blank, wall effect, precision, linearity, detection limit and field test to support the field applicability of the method. The configuration of the proposed in-line sampling apparatus is simple and rugged, which can be easily built and connected with any GC or GC-MS and readily deployed in the field to perform high-quality continuous measurements of more than 106 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
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Augustaitis A, Jasineviciene D, Girgzdiene R, Kliucius A, Marozas V. Sensitivity of beech trees to global environmental changes at most north-eastern latitude of their occurrence in Europe. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:743926. [PMID: 22649321 PMCID: PMC3354641 DOI: 10.1100/2012/743926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to detect sensitivity of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) to meteorological parameters and air pollution by acidifying species as well as to surface ozone outside their north-eastern distribution range. Data set since 1981 of Preila EMEP station enabled to establish that hot Summers, cold dormant, and dry and cold first-half of vegetation periods resulted in beech tree growth reduction. These meteorological parameters explained 57% variation in beech tree ring widths. Acidifying species had no significant effect on beech tree growth. Only ozone was among key factors contributing to beech stand productivity. Phytotoxic effect of this pollutant increased explanation rate of beech tree ring variation by 18%, that is, up to 75%. However, due to climate changes the warmer dormant periods alone are not the basis ensuring favourable conditions for beech tree growth. Increase in air temperature in June-August and decrease in precipitation amount in the first half of vegetation period should result in beech tree radial increment reduction. Despite the fact that phytotoxic effect of surface ozone should not increase due to stabilization in its concentration, it is rather problematic to expect better environmental conditions for beech tree growth at northern latitude of their pervasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Augustaitis
- Faculty of Forestry and Ecology, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Akademija, 53362 Kaunas District, Lithuania.
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Yasuda K, Yoshimura A, Katsuma A, Masui T, Imanaka N. Low-Temperature Complete Combustion of Volatile Organic Compounds over Novel Pt/CeO2–ZrO2–SnO2/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Atsuki Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Atsushi Katsuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Toshiyuki Masui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Nobuhito Imanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
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36
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Brown SS, Dubé WP, Karamchandani P, Yarwood G, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Holloway JS, Washenfelder RA, Brock CA, Frost GJ, Trainer M, Parrish DD, Fehsenfeld FC, Ravishankara AR. Effects of NOxcontrol and plume mixing on nighttime chemical processing of plumes from coal-fired power plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Geng C, Wang K, Wang W, Chen J, Liu X, Liu H. Smog chamber study on the evolution of fume from residential coal combustion. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:169-176. [PMID: 22783629 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Domestic coal stoves are widely used in countryside and greenbelt residents in China for heating and cooking, and emit considerable pollutants to the atmosphere because of no treatment of their exhaust, which can result in deteriorating local air quality. In this study, a dynamic smog chamber was used to investigate the real-time emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants during the combustion process and a static smog chamber was used to investigate the fume evolution under simulate light irradiation. The real-time emissions revealed that the total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO increased sharply after ignition, and then quickly decreased, indicating volatilization of hydrocarbons with low molecular weight and incomplete combustion at the beginning stage of combustion made great contribution to these pollutants. There was evident shoulder peak around 10 min combustion for both THC and CO, revealing the emissions from vitrinite combustion. Additionally, another broad emission peak of CO after 30 min was also observed, which was ascribed to the incomplete combustion of the inertinite. Compared with THC and CO, there was only one emission peak for NOx, SO2 and particular matters at the beginning stage of combustion. The fume evolution with static chamber simulation indicated that evident consumption of SO2 and NOx as well as new particle formation were observed. The consumption rates for SO2 and NOx were about 3.44% hr(-1) and 3.68% hr(-1), the new particle formation of nuclei particles grew at a rate of 16.03 nm/hr during the first reaction hour, and the increase of the diameter of accumulation mode particles was evident. The addition of isoprene to the diluted mixture of the fume could promote 03 and secondary particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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38
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Senff CJ, Alvarez RJ, Hardesty RM, Banta RM, Langford AO. Airborne lidar measurements of ozone flux downwind of Houston and Dallas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Washenfelder RA, Trainer M, Frost GJ, Ryerson TB, Atlas EL, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Holloway JS, Parrish DD, Peischl J, Richter D, Schauffler SM, Walega JG, Warneke C, Weibring P, Zheng W. Characterization of NOx, SO2, ethene, and propene from industrial emission sources in Houston, Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Zaveri RA, Berkowitz CM, Brechtel FJ, Gilles MK, Hubbe JM, Jayne JT, Kleinman LI, Laskin A, Madronich S, Onasch TB, Pekour MS, Springston SR, Thornton JA, Tivanski AV, Worsnop DR. Nighttime chemical evolution of aerosol and trace gases in a power plant plume: Implications for secondary organic nitrate and organosulfate aerosol formation, NO3radical chemistry, and N2O5heterogeneous hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Hartikainen K, Nerg AM, Kivimäenpää M, Kontunen-Soppela S, Mäenpää M, Oksanen E, Rousi M, Holopainen T. Emissions of volatile organic compounds and leaf structural characteristics of European aspen (Populus tremula) grown under elevated ozone and temperature. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:1163-1173. [PMID: 19448266 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Northern forest trees are challenged to adapt to changing climate, including global warming and increasing tropospheric ozone (O(3)) concentrations. Both elevated O(3) and temperature can cause significant changes in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions as well as in leaf anatomy that can be related to adaptation or increased stress tolerance, or are signs of damage. Impacts of moderately elevated O(3) (1.3x ambient) and temperature (ambient + 1 degrees C), alone and in combination, on VOC emissions and leaf structure of two genotypes (2.2 and 5.2) of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) were studied in an open-field experiment in summer 2007. The impact of O(3) on measured variables was minor, but elevated temperature significantly increased emissions of total monoterpenes and green leaf volatiles. Genotypic differences in the responses to warming treatment were also observed. alpha-Pinene emission, which has been suggested to protect plants from elevated temperature, increased from genotype 5.2 only. Isoprene emission from genotype 2.2 decreased, whereas genotype 5.2 was able to retain high isoprene emission level also under elevated temperature. Elevated temperature also caused formation of thinner leaves, which was related to thinning of epidermis, palisade and spongy layers as well as reduced area of palisade cells. We consider aspen genotype 5.2 to have better potential for adaptation to increasing temperature because of thicker photosynthetic active palisade layer and higher isoprene and alpha-pinene emission levels compared to genotype 2.2. Our results show that even a moderate elevation in temperature is efficient enough to cause notable changes in VOC emissions and leaf structure of these aspen genotypes, possibly indicating the effort of the saplings to adapt to changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Hartikainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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42
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Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Zheng W, Flocke F, Ryerson TB, Trainer M, Holloway JS, Parrish DD, Frost GJ, Peischl J, Atlas EL, Bahreini R, Wollny AG, Fehsenfeld FC. Relationship between photochemical ozone production and NOxoxidation in Houston, Texas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Darbah JNT, Kubiske ME, Nelson N, Oksanen E, Vapaavuori E, Karnosky DF. Effects of decadal exposure to interacting elevated CO2 and/or O3 on paper birch (Betula papyrifera) reproduction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 155:446-452. [PMID: 18355950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of long-term exposure (nine years) of birch (Betula papyrifera) trees to elevated CO(2) and/or O(3) on reproduction and seedling development at the Aspen FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) site in Rhinelander, WI. We found that elevated CO(2) increased both the number of trees that flowered and the quantity of flowers (260% increase in male flower production), increased seed weight, germination rate, and seedling vigor. Elevated O(3) also increased flowering but decreased seed weight and germination rate. In the combination treatment (elevated CO(2)+O(3)) seed weight is decreased (20% reduction) while germination rate was unaffected. The evidence from this study indicates that elevated CO(2) may have a largely positive impact on forest tree reproduction and regeneration while elevated O(3) will likely have a negative impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N T Darbah
- Michigan Technological University, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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44
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Ortega J, Helmig D. Approaches for quantifying reactive and low-volatility biogenic organic compound emissions by vegetation enclosure techniques - part A. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:343-64. [PMID: 18279913 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The high reactivity and low vapor pressure of many biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) make it difficult to measure whole-canopy fluxes of BVOC species using common analytical techniques. The most appropriate approach for estimating these BVOC fluxes is to determine emission rates from dynamic vegetation enclosure measurements. After scaling leaf- and branch-level emission rates to the canopy level, these fluxes can then be used in models to determine BVOC influences on atmospheric chemistry and aerosol processes. Previously published reports from enclosure measurements show considerable variation among procedures with limited guidelines or standard protocols to follow. This article reviews this literature and describes the variety of enclosure types, materials, and analysis techniques that have been used to determine BVOC emission rates. The current review article is followed by a companion paper which details a comprehensive enclosure technique that incorporates both recommendations from the literature as well as insight gained from theoretical calculations and practical experiences. These methods have yielded new BVOC emission data for highly reactive monoterpenes (MT) and sesquiterpenes (SQT) from a variety of vegetation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ortega
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Wood EC, Herndon SC, Timko MT, Yelvington PE, Miake-Lye RC. Speciation and chemical evolution of nitrogen oxides in aircraft exhaust near airports. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1884-1891. [PMID: 18409608 DOI: 10.1021/es072050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of nitrogen oxides from a variety of commercial aircraft engines as part of the JETS-APEX2 and APEX3 campaigns show that NOx (NOx [triple bond] NO + NO2) is emitted primarily in the form of NO2 at idle thrust and NO at high thrust. A chemical kinetics combustion model reproduces the observed NO2 and NOx trends with engine power and sheds light on the relevant chemical mechanisms. Experimental evidence is presented of rapid conversion of NO to NO2 in the exhaust plume from engines at low thrust. The rapid conversion and the high NO2/NOx emission ratios observed are unrelated to ozone chemistry. NO2 emissions from a CFM56-3B1 engine account for approximately 25% of the NOx emitted below 3000 feet (916 m) and 50% of NOx emitted below 500 feet (153 m) during a standard ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) landing-takeoff cycle. Nitrous acid (HONO) accounts for 0.5% to 7% of NOy emissions from aircraft exhaust depending on thrust and engine type. Implications for photochemistry near airports resulting from aircraft emissions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra C Wood
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA.
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46
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Tagaris E, Manomaiphiboon K, Liao KJ, Leung LR, Woo JH, He S, Amar P, Russell AG. Impacts of global climate change and emissions on regional ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations over the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Karnosky DF, Skelly JM, Percy KE, Chappelka AH. Perspectives regarding 50 years of research on effects of tropospheric ozone air pollution on US forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 147:489-506. [PMID: 17084004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O(3)) was first determined to be phytotoxic to grapes in southern California in the 1950s. Investigations followed that showed O(3) to be the cause of foliar symptoms on tobacco and eastern white pine. In the 1960s, "X" disease of ponderosa pines within the San Bernardino Mountains was likewise determined to be due to O(3). Nearly 50 years of research have followed. Foliar O(3) symptoms have been verified under controlled chamber conditions. Studies have demonstrated negative growth effects on forest tree seedlings due to season-long O(3) exposures, but due to complex interactions within forest stands, evidence of similar losses within mature tree canopies remains elusive. Investigations on tree growth, O(3) flux, and stand productivity are being conducted along natural O(3) gradients and in open-air exposure systems to better understand O(3) effects on forest ecosystems. Given projected trends in demographics, economic output and climate, O(3) impacts on US forests will continue and are likely to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Karnosky
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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48
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Huey LG. Measurement of trace atmospheric species by chemical ionization mass spectrometry: speciation of reactive nitrogen and future directions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:166-84. [PMID: 17243143 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) has proven to be a powerful method for sensitive, fast time response (t approximately 1 sec) measurements of various atmospheric compounds with limits of detection (LOD) of the order of tens of pptv and lower. The rapid time response of CIMS is particularly well suited for airborne measurements and its application has largely grown out of airborne measurements in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. This work reviews some of the advances in CIMS technology that have occurred in the past decade. In particular, CIMS methods for selective measurement of reactive nitrogen species (e.g., HNO3, HO2NO2, PAN, and NH3) in the lower atmosphere (altitudes approximately 0-8 km) are described. In addition, recent developments in CIMS technology for the selective measurement of gas-phase hydroperoxides and aerosol chemical composition are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
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49
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Wilczak J, McKeen S, Djalalova I, Grell G, Peckham S, Gong W, Bouchet V, Moffet R, McHenry J, McQueen J, Lee P, Tang Y, Carmichael GR. Bias-corrected ensemble and probabilistic forecasts of surface ozone over eastern North America during the summer of 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wilczak
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory/Physical Sciences Division; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. McKeen
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory/Chemical Sciences Division; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - I. Djalalova
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory/Physical Sciences Division; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. Grell
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory/Global Systems Division; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Peckham
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory/Global Systems Division; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - W. Gong
- Meteorological Service of Canada; Downsview, Ontario Canada
| | - V. Bouchet
- Meteorological Service of Canada; Dorval, Quebec Canada
| | - R. Moffet
- Meteorological Service of Canada; Dorval, Quebec Canada
| | - J. McHenry
- Baron Advanced Meteorological Systems; Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - J. McQueen
- Weather Service National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Environmental Modeling Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Camp Springs Maryland USA
| | - P. Lee
- Weather Service National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Environmental Modeling Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Camp Springs Maryland USA
| | - Y. Tang
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - G. R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
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50
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Tie X, Li G, Ying Z, Guenther A, Madronich S. Biogenic emissions of isoprenoids and NO in China and comparison to anthropogenic emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 371:238-51. [PMID: 17027064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a regional dynamical model (WRF) is used to drive biogenic emission models to calculate high resolution (10x10 km) biogenic emissions of isoprene (C(5)H(8)), monoterpenes (C(10)H(16)), and nitric oxide (NO) in China. This high resolution biogenic inventory will be available for the community to study the effect of biogenic emissions on photochemical oxidants in China. The biogenic emissions are compared to anthropogenic emissions to gain insight on the potential impact of the biogenic emissions on tropospheric chemistry, especially ozone production in this region. The results show that the biogenic emissions in China exhibit strongly diurnal, seasonal, and spatial variations. The isoprenoid (including both isoprene and monoterpenes) emissions are closely correlated to tree density and strongly vary with season and local time. During winter (January), the biogenic isoprenoid emissions are the lowest, resulting from lower temperature and solar radiation, and highest in summer (July) due to higher temperature and solar radiation. The biogenic NO emissions are also higher during summer and lower during winter, but the magnitude of the seasonal variation is smaller than the emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes. The biogenic emissions of NO are widely spread out in the northern, eastern, and southern China regions, where high-density agricultural soil lands are located. Both biogenic NO and isoprenoid emissions are very small in western China. The calculated total biogenic emission budget is smaller than the total anthropogenic VOC emission budget in China. The biogenic isoprenoid and anthropogenic VOC emissions are 10.9 and 15.1 Tg year(-1), respectively. The total biogenic and anthropogenic emissions of NO are 5.9 and 11.5 Tg(NO) year(-1), respectively. The study shows that in central eastern China, the estimated biogenic emissions of isoprenoids are very small, and the anthropogenic emissions of VOCs are dominant in this region. However, in northeastern and southern China, there are relatively large biogenic emissions of isoprenoids, leading to an important impact on the ozone production in these regions. Furthermore, the emissions of isoprenoids are highest during summer and noontime, which correlates to the peak of ozone production period. For example, the ratio between summer and winter for the emissions of isoprenoids is about 15 in China. As a result, the biogenic emissions of isoprenoids are significantly larger than the anthropogenic emissions of VOCs in China during daytime in summer. Biogenic NO emissions are mostly produced by agricultural soils which co-exist with large populations and human activity. As a result, the biogenic emissions of NO are mostly overlapped with the anthropogenic emissions of NO, leading to the enhancement in NO concentrations in the high anthropogenic NO emission regions. Finally, the future emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes over China are estimated. The results show that the future biogenic emissions may increase significantly due to land cover changes in central eastern China, which could have a very important impact on ozone formation in this region. However, these estimates are highly uncertain and are presented as a potential scenario to show the importance of possible changes of biogenic emissions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexi Tie
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
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