1
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Wang ZB, Gu C, Hu XX, Zhang YT, Zhang JZ, Li G, He XD, Zou XB, Dong CH, Guo GC, Zou CL. Controllable atomic collision in a tight optical dipole trap. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1064-1067. [PMID: 36791011 DOI: 10.1364/ol.479036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single atoms are interesting candidates for studying quantum optics and quantum information processing. Recently, trapping and manipulation of single atoms using tight optical dipole traps has generated considerable interest. Here we report an experimental investigation of the dynamics of atoms in a modified optical dipole trap with a backward propagating dipole trap beam, where a change in the two-atom collision rate by six times has been achieved. The theoretical model presented gives a prediction of high probabilities of few-atom loading rates under proper experimental conditions. This work provides an alternative approach to the control of the few-atom dynamics in a dipole trap and the study of the collective quantum optical effects of a few atoms.
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2
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Deist E, Lu YH, Ho J, Pasha MK, Zeiher J, Yan Z, Stamper-Kurn DM. Mid-Circuit Cavity Measurement in a Neutral Atom Array. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:203602. [PMID: 36462020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.203602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Subsystem readout during a quantum process, or mid-circuit measurement, is crucial for error correction in quantum computation, simulation, and metrology. Ideal mid-circuit measurement should be faster than the decoherence of the system, high-fidelity, and nondestructive to the unmeasured qubits. Here, we use a strongly coupled optical cavity to read out the state of a single tweezer-trapped ^{87}Rb atom within a small tweezer array. Measuring either atomic fluorescence or the transmission of light through the cavity, we detect both the presence and the state of an atom in the tweezer, within only tens of microseconds, with state preparation and measurement infidelities of roughly 0.5% and atom loss probabilities of around 1%. Using a two-tweezer system, we find measurement on one atom within the cavity causes no observable hyperfine-state decoherence on a second atom located tens of microns from the cavity volume. This high-fidelity mid-circuit readout method is a substantial step toward quantum error correction in neutral atom arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deist
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yue-Hui Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Ho
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mary Kate Pasha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Johannes Zeiher
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Zhenjie Yan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dan M Stamper-Kurn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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3
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Unnikrishnan G, Beulenkamp C, Zhang D, Zamarski KP, Landini M, Nägerl HC. Long distance optical transport of ultracold atoms: A compact setup using a Moiré lens. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:063205. [PMID: 34243520 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact and robust setup to optically transport ultracold atoms over long distances. Using a focus-tunable moiré lens that has recently appeared in the market, we demonstrate transport of up to a distance of 465 mm. A transfer efficiency of 70% is achieved with a negligible temperature change at 11 μK. With its high thermal stability and low astigmatism, the moiré lens is superior to fluid-based varifocal lenses. It is much more compact and stable than a lens mounted on a linear translation stage, allowing for simplified experimental setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Unnikrishnan
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Beulenkamp
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Zhang
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K P Zamarski
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Landini
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H-C Nägerl
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Lu XJ, Ruschhaupt A, Martínez-Garaot S, Muga JG. Noise Sensitivities for an Atom Shuttled by a Moving Optical Lattice via Shortcuts to Adiabaticity. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22030262. [PMID: 33286036 PMCID: PMC7516713 DOI: 10.3390/e22030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We find the noise sensitivities (i.e., the quadratic terms of the energy with respect to the perturbation of the noise) of a particle shuttled by an optical lattice that moves according to a shortcut-to-adiabaticity transport protocol. Noises affecting different optical lattice parameters, trap depth, position, and lattice periodicity, are considered. We find generic expressions of the sensitivities for arbitrary noise spectra but focus on the white-noise limit as a basic reference, and on Ornstein–Uhlenbeck noise to account for the effect of non-zero correlation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Lu
- School of Electric and Mechatronics Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China;
| | | | - Sofía Martínez-Garaot
- Departamento de Química Física, UPV/EHU, Apdo 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Gonzalo Muga
- Departamento de Química Física, UPV/EHU, Apdo 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain;
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5
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Reynolds LA, Schwartz E, Ebling U, Weyland M, Brand J, Andersen MF. Direct Measurements of Collisional Dynamics in Cold Atom Triads. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:073401. [PMID: 32142320 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.073401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of optical tweezers for trapping atoms has opened remarkable opportunities for manipulating few-body systems. Here, we present the first bottom-up assembly of atom triads. We directly observe atom loss through inelastic collisions at the single event level, overcoming the substantial challenge in many-atom experiments of distinguishing one-, two-, and three-particle processes. We measure a strong suppression of three-body loss, which is not fully explained by the presently availably theory for three-body processes. The suppression of losses could indicate the presence of local anticorrelations due to the interplay of attractive short range interactions and low dimensional confinement. Our methodology opens a promising pathway in experimental few-body dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Reynolds
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - E Schwartz
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - U Ebling
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Weyland
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J Brand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M F Andersen
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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6
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Bao DQ, Zhu CJ, Yang YP, Agarwal GS. Sensing single atoms in a cavity using a broadband squeezed light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15540-15547. [PMID: 31163749 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a single atom cavity-QED system directly driven by a broadband squeezed light. We demonstrate how the squeezed radiation can be used to sense the presence of a single atom in a cavity. This happens by transferring one of the photons from the field in a state with an even number of photons to the atom and thereby populating an odd number of Fock states. Specifically, the presence of the atom is sensed by remarkable changing in the presence of one photon and the loss of squeezing of the cavity field. A complete study of quantum fluctuations and the excitation of multiphoton transitions is given.
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7
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Schmidt F, Mayer D, Bouton Q, Adam D, Lausch T, Spethmann N, Widera A. Quantum Spin Dynamics of Individual Neutral Impurities Coupled to a Bose-Einstein Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:130403. [PMID: 30312071 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.130403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on spin dynamics of individual, localized neutral impurities immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Single cesium atoms are transported into a cloud of rubidium atoms and thermalize with the bath, and the ensuing spin exchange between localized impurities with quasispin F_{i}=3 and bath atoms with F_{b}=1 is resolved. Comparing our data to numerical simulations of spin dynamics, we find that, for gas densities in the Bose-Einstein condensate regime, the dynamics is dominated by the condensed fraction of the cloud. We spatially resolve the density overlap of impurities and gas by the spin population of impurities. Finally, we trace the coherence of impurities prepared in a coherent superposition of internal states when coupled to a gas of different densities. For our choice of states, we show that, despite high bath densities and, thus, fast thermalization rates, the impurity coherence is not affected by the bath, realizing a regime of sympathetic cooling while maintaining internal state coherence. Our work paves the way toward the nondestructive probing of quantum many-body systems via localized impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schmidt
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Quentin Bouton
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel Adam
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tobias Lausch
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nicolas Spethmann
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Artur Widera
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Gottlieb-Daimler-Strasse 47, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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8
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Dinardo BA, Anderson DZ. A technique for individual atom delivery into a crossed vortex bottle beam trap using a dynamic 1D optical lattice. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:123108. [PMID: 28040917 DOI: 10.1063/1.4972250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a system for loading a single atom from a reservoir into a blue-detuned crossed vortex bottle beam trap using a dynamic 1D optical lattice. The lattice beams are frequency chirped using acousto-optic modulators, which causes the lattice to move along its axial direction and behave like an optical conveyor belt. A stationary lattice is initially loaded with approximately 6000 atoms from a reservoir, and the conveyor belt transports them 1.1 mm from the reservoir to a bottle beam trap, where a single atom is loaded via light-assisted collisions. Photon counting data confirm that an atom can be delivered and loaded into the bottle beam trap 13.1% of the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Dinardo
- JILA, University of Colorado, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Dana Z Anderson
- JILA, University of Colorado, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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9
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He S, Su SL, Wang DY, Sun WM, Bai CH, Zhu AD, Wang HF, Zhang S. Efficient shortcuts to adiabatic passage for three-dimensional entanglement generation via transitionless quantum driving. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30929. [PMID: 27499169 PMCID: PMC4976372 DOI: 10.1038/srep30929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an effective scheme of shortcuts to adiabaticity for generating a three-dimensional entanglement of two atoms trapped in a cavity using the transitionless quantum driving (TQD) approach. The key point of this approach is to construct an effective Hamiltonian that drives the dynamics of a system along instantaneous eigenstates of a reference Hamiltonian to reproduce the same final state as that of an adiabatic process within a much shorter time. In this paper, the shortcuts to adiabatic passage are constructed by introducing two auxiliary excited levels in each atom and applying extra cavity modes and classical fields to drive the relevant transitions. Thereby, the three-dimensional entanglement is obtained with a faster rate than that in the adiabatic passage. Moreover, the influences of atomic spontaneous emission and photon loss on the fidelity are discussed by numerical simulation. The results show that the speed of entanglement implementation is greatly improved by the use of adiabatic shortcuts and that this entanglement implementation is robust against decoherence. This will be beneficial to the preparation of high-dimensional entanglement in experiment and provides the necessary conditions for the application of high-dimensional entangled states in quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang He
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Shi-Lei Su
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.,School of Physical Science &Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Dong-Yang Wang
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Wen-Mei Sun
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Cheng-Hua Bai
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Ai-Dong Zhu
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Hong-Fu Wang
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Shou Zhang
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
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10
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Tan J, Zou M, Luo Y, Hai W. Controlling chaos-assisted directed transport via quantum resonance. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2016; 26:063106. [PMID: 27368771 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first demonstration of chaos-assisted directed transport of a quantum particle held in an amplitude-modulated and tilted optical lattice, through a resonance-induced double-mean displacement relating to the true classically chaotic orbits. The transport velocity is controlled by the driving amplitude and the sign of tilt, and also depends on the phase of the initial state. The chaos-assisted transport feature can be verified experimentally by using a source of single atoms to detect the double-mean displacement one by one, and can be extended to different scientific fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Tan
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Mingliang Zou
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yunrong Luo
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Wenhua Hai
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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11
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Lee W, Kim H, Ahn J. Three-dimensional rearrangement of single atoms using actively controlled optical microtraps. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9816-9825. [PMID: 27137595 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate three-dimensional rearrangements of single atoms. In experiments performed with single 87Rb atoms in optical microtraps actively controlled by a spatial light modulator, we demonstrate various dynamic rearrangements of up to N = 9 atoms including rotation, 2D vacancy filling, guiding, compactification, and 3D shuffling. With the capability of a phase-only Fourier mask to generate arbitrary shapes of the holographic microtraps, it was possible to place single atoms at arbitrary geometries of a few μm size and even continuously reconfigure them by conveying each atom. For this purpose, we loaded a series of computer-generated phase masks in the full frame rate of 60 Hz of the spatial light modulator, so the animation of phase mask transformed the holographic microtraps in real time, driving each atom along the assigned trajectory. Possible applications of this method of transformation of single atoms include preparation of scalable quantum platforms for quantum computation, quantum simulation, and quantum many-body physics.
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12
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Ott H. Single atom detection in ultracold quantum gases: a review of current progress. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:054401. [PMID: 27093632 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/5/054401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in single atom detection and manipulation in experiments with ultracold quantum gases are reviewed. The discussion starts with the basic principles of trapping, cooling and detecting single ions and atoms. The realization of single atom detection in ultracold quantum gases is presented in detail and the employed methods, which are based on light scattering, electron scattering, field ionization and direct neutral particle detection are discussed. The microscopic coherent manipulation of single atoms in a quantum gas is also covered. Various examples are given in order to highlight the power of these approaches to study many-body quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Ott
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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13
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Zhang C, Lu H, Yin Q, Su J. Continuous-wave single-frequency laser with dual wavelength at 1064 and 532 nm. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:6371-6374. [PMID: 25322220 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.006371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A continuous-wave high-power single-frequency laser with dual-wavelength output at 1064 and 532 nm is presented. The dependencies of the output power on the transmission of the output coupler and the phase-matching temperature of the LiB(3)O(5) (LBO) crystal are studied. An output coupler with transmission of 19% is used, and the temperature of LBO is controlled to the optimal phase-matching temperature of 422 K; measured maximal output powers of 33.7 W at 1064 nm and of 1.13 W at 532 nm are obtained with optical-optical conversion efficiency of 45.6%. The laser can be single-frequency operated stably and mode-hop-free, and the measured frequency drift is less than 15 MHz in 1 min. The measured Mx2 and My2 for the 1064 nm laser are 1.06 and 1.09, respectively. The measured Mx2 and My2 for the 532 nm laser are 1.12 and 1.11, respectively.
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14
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Manning AG, Khakimov R, Dall RG, Truscott AG. Single-atom source in the picokelvin regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:130403. [PMID: 25302873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.130403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An important aspect of the rapidly growing field of quantum atom optics is exploring the behavior of ultracold atoms at a deeper level than the mean field approximation, where the quantum properties of individual atoms becomes important. Major recent advances have been achieved with the creation and detection of reliable single-atom sources, which is a crucial tool for testing fundamental quantum processes. Here, we create a source comprised of a single ultracold metastable helium atom, which enables novel free-space quantum atom optics experiments to be performed with single massive particles with large de Broglie wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Manning
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - R Khakimov
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - R G Dall
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - A G Truscott
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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15
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Schmidt OA, Euser TG, Russell PSJ. Mode-based microparticle conveyor belt in air-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:29383-29391. [PMID: 24514492 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.029383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show how microparticles can be moved over long distances and precisely positioned in a low-loss air-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber using a coherent superposition of two co-propagating spatial modes, balanced by a backward-propagating fundamental mode. This creates a series of trapping positions spaced by half the beat-length between the forward-propagating modes (typically a fraction of a millimeter). The system allows a trapped microparticle to be moved along the fiber by continuously tuning the relative phase between the two forward-propagating modes. This mode-based optical conveyor belt combines long-range transport of microparticles with a positional accuracy of 1 µm. The technique also has potential uses in waveguide-based optofluidic systems.
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16
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Morrissey MJ, Deasy K, Frawley M, Kumar R, Prel E, Russell L, Truong VG, Chormaic SN. Spectroscopy, manipulation and trapping of neutral atoms, molecules, and other particles using optical nanofibers: a review. SENSORS 2013; 13:10449-81. [PMID: 23945738 PMCID: PMC3812613 DOI: 10.3390/s130810449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of tapered optical fibers, i.e., optical nanofibers, for spectroscopy and the detection of small numbers of particles, such as neutral atoms or molecules, has been gaining interest in recent years. In this review, we briefly introduce the optical nanofiber, its fabrication, and optical mode propagation within. We discuss recent progress on the integration of optical nanofibers into laser-cooled atom and vapor systems, paying particular attention to spectroscopy, cold atom cloud characterization, and optical trapping schemes. Next, a natural extension of this work to molecules is introduced. Finally, we consider several alternatives to optical nanofibers that display some advantages for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Morrissey
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Kieran Deasy
- Light-Matter Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.F.); (R.K.); (E.P.); (L.R.); (V.G.T.)
| | - Mary Frawley
- Light-Matter Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.F.); (R.K.); (E.P.); (L.R.); (V.G.T.)
- Physics Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Light-Matter Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.F.); (R.K.); (E.P.); (L.R.); (V.G.T.)
- Physics Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugen Prel
- Light-Matter Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.F.); (R.K.); (E.P.); (L.R.); (V.G.T.)
- Physics Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Laura Russell
- Light-Matter Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.F.); (R.K.); (E.P.); (L.R.); (V.G.T.)
- Physics Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Viet Giang Truong
- Light-Matter Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.F.); (R.K.); (E.P.); (L.R.); (V.G.T.)
| | - Síle Nic Chormaic
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; E-Mail:
- Light-Matter Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; E-Mails: (K.D.); (M.F.); (R.K.); (E.P.); (L.R.); (V.G.T.)
- Physics Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-98-966-1551
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17
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Enderlein M, Huber T, Schneider C, Schaetz T. Single ions trapped in a one-dimensional optical lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:233004. [PMID: 23368193 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.233004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on three-dimensional optical trapping of single ions in a one-dimensional optical lattice formed by two counterpropagating laser beams. We characterize the trapping parameters of the standing-wave using the ion as a sensor stored in a hybrid trap consisting of a radio-frequency (rf), a dc, and the optical potential. When loading ions directly from the rf into the standing-wave trap, we observe a dominant heating rate. Monte Carlo simulations confirm rf-induced parametric excitations within the deep optical lattice as the main source. We demonstrate a way around this effect by an alternative transfer protocol which involves an intermediate step of optical confinement in a single-beam trap avoiding the temporal overlap of the standing-wave and the rf field. Implications arise for hybrid (rf-optical) and pure optical traps as platforms for ultracold chemistry experiments exploring atom-ion collisions or quantum simulation experiments with ions, or combinations of ions and atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Enderlein
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Digital atom interferometer with single particle control on a discretized space-time geometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9770-4. [PMID: 22665771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204285109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering quantum particle systems, such as quantum simulators and quantum cellular automata, relies on full coherent control of quantum paths at the single particle level. Here we present an atom interferometer operating with single trapped atoms, where single particle wave packets are controlled through spin-dependent potentials. The interferometer is constructed from a sequence of discrete operations based on a set of elementary building blocks, which permit composing arbitrary interferometer geometries in a digital manner. We use this modularity to devise a space-time analogue of the well-known spin echo technique, yielding insight into decoherence mechanisms. We also demonstrate mesoscopic delocalization of single atoms with a separation-to-localization ratio exceeding 500; this result suggests their utilization beyond quantum logic applications as nano-resolution quantum probes in precision measurements, being able to measure potential gradients with precision 5 x 10(-4) in units of gravitational acceleration g.
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19
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Steuernagel O. Bright and dark helices of light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:14371-14379. [PMID: 22714498 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.014371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Laser beams can be made to form bright and dark intensity helices of light. Such helices have a pitch length on the order of a wavelength and may have applications in lithography and the manipulation of particles through optical forces. The formation of bright helices is more strongly constrained by optical resolution limits than that of dark helices, corresponding scaling laws are derived and their relevance for photo-lithography pointed out. It is shown how to arrange dark helices on a grid in massively parallel fashion in order to create handed materials using photo-lithographic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Steuernagel
- School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
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20
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Gibbons MJ, Hamley CD, Shih CY, Chapman MS. Nondestructive fluorescent state detection of single neutral atom qubits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:133002. [PMID: 21517379 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.133002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate nondestructive (lossless) fluorescent state detection of individual neutral atom qubits trapped in an optical lattice. The hyperfine state of the atom is measured with a 95% accuracy and an atom loss rate of 1%. Individual atoms are initialized and detected over 100 times before being lost from the trap, representing a 100-fold improvement in data collection rates over previous experiments. Microwave Rabi oscillations are observed with repeated measurements of one and the same single atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gibbons
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
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21
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Single-spin addressing in an atomic Mott insulator. Nature 2011; 471:319-24. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Lengwenus A, Kruse J, Schlosser M, Tichelmann S, Birkl G. Coherent transport of atomic quantum states in a scalable shift register. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:170502. [PMID: 21231030 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.170502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the coherent transport of 2D arrays of small ensembles of neutral atoms in a shift register architecture based on 2D arrays of microlenses. We show the scalability of the transport process by presenting the repeated hand over of atoms from site to site. We prove the conservation of coherence during transport, reloading, and a full shift register cycle. This shows that the fundamental shift sequence can be cascaded and thus scaled to complex and versatile 2D architectures for atom-based quantum information processing, quantum simulation, and the investigation of quantum degenerate gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lengwenus
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
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23
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Kim JI, Haubrich D, Meschede D. Efficient sub-Doppler laser cooling of an Indium atomic beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:21216-21221. [PMID: 19997360 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.021216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have realized efficient transverse cooling of an Indium atomic beam by combining optical pumping with a closed cycle UV laser cooling transition at 325.6 nm. The transverse velocity of the atomic beam is reduced to 13.5+/-3.8 cm/s, well below the Doppler cooling limit. The fraction of laser-cooled In atoms is enhanced to 12+/-3 % by optical pumping in the present experiment. It can be scaled up to approach 100% efficiency in cooling, providing high brightness atomic beams for further applications. Our results establish In on the map of elements suitable for applications involving laser cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ihn Kim
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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24
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Aoki T, Parkins AS, Alton DJ, Regal CA, Dayan B, Ostby E, Vahala KJ, Kimble HJ. Efficient routing of single photons by one atom and a microtoroidal cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:083601. [PMID: 19257737 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.083601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Single photons from a coherent input are efficiently redirected to a separate output by way of a fiber-coupled microtoroidal cavity interacting with individual cesium atoms. By operating in an overcoupled regime for the input-output to a tapered fiber, our system functions as a quantum router with high efficiency for photon sorting. Single photons are reflected and excess photons transmitted, as confirmed by observations of photon antibunching (bunching) for the reflected (transmitted) light. Our photon router is robust against large variations of atomic position and input power, with the observed photon antibunching persisting for intracavity photon number 0.03 < or approximately similar n < or approximately similar 0.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Aoki
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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25
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Cavity QED with a Bose-Einstein condensate. Nature 2008; 450:268-71. [PMID: 17994093 DOI: 10.1038/nature06120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) describes the coherent interaction between matter and an electromagnetic field confined within a resonator structure, and is providing a useful platform for developing concepts in quantum information processing. By using high-quality resonators, a strong coupling regime can be reached experimentally in which atoms coherently exchange a photon with a single light-field mode many times before dissipation sets in. This has led to fundamental studies with both microwave and optical resonators. To meet the challenges posed by quantum state engineering and quantum information processing, recent experiments have focused on laser cooling and trapping of atoms inside an optical cavity. However, the tremendous degree of control over atomic gases achieved with Bose-Einstein condensation has so far not been used for cavity QED. Here we achieve the strong coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate to the quantized field of an ultrahigh-finesse optical cavity and present a measurement of its eigenenergy spectrum. This is a conceptually new regime of cavity QED, in which all atoms occupy a single mode of a matter-wave field and couple identically to the light field, sharing a single excitation. This opens possibilities ranging from quantum communication to a wealth of new phenomena that can be expected in the many-body physics of quantum gases with cavity-mediated interactions.
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26
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Toschek PE. Chapter 2 A Single Quantum System: Evolution, Prediction, Observation. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(07)53002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Franke-Arnold S, Leach J, Padgett MJ, Lembessis VE, Ellinas D, Wright AJ, Girkin JM, Ohberg P, Arnold AS. Optical ferris wheel for ultracold atoms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2007; 15:8619-8625. [PMID: 19547196 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.008619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose a versatile optical ring lattice suitable for trapping cold and quantum degenerate atomic samples. We demonstrate the realisation of intensity patterns from pairs of Laguerre-Gauss (exp(i??) modes with different ? indices. These patterns can be rotated by introducing a frequency shift between the modes. We can generate bright ring lattices for trapping atoms in red-detuned light, and dark ring lattices suitable for trapping atoms with minimal heating in the optical vortices of blue-detuned light. The lattice sites can be joined to form a uniform ring trap, making it ideal for studying persistent currents and the Mott insulator transition in a ring geometry.
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28
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Fortier KM, Kim SY, Gibbons MJ, Ahmadi P, Chapman MS. Deterministic loading of individual atoms to a high-finesse optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:233601. [PMID: 17677905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Individual laser-cooled atoms are delivered on demand from a single atom magneto-optic trap to a high-finesse optical cavity using an atom conveyor. Strong coupling of the atom with the cavity field allows simultaneous cooling and detection of individual atoms for time scales exceeding 15 s. The single atom scatter rate is studied as a function of probe-cavity detuning and probe Rabi frequency, and the experimental results are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions. We demonstrate the ability to manipulate the position of a single atom relative to the cavity mode with excellent control and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Fortier
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
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29
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Miroshnychenko Y, Alt W, Dotsenko I, Förster L, Khudaverdyan M, Meschede D, Reick S, Rauschenbeutel A. Inserting two atoms into a single optical micropotential. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:243003. [PMID: 17280277 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.243003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that strings of trapped atoms inside a standing wave optical dipole trap can be rearranged using optical tweezers [Y. Miroshnychenko, Nature 442, 151 (2006)]. This technique allows us to actively set the interatomic separations on the scale of the individual trapping potential wells. Here, we use such a distance-control operation to insert two atoms into the same potential well. The detected success rate of this manipulation is 16(-3)(+4)%, in agreement with the predictions of a theoretical model based on our experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miroshnychenko
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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30
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Miroshnychenko Y, Alt W, Dotsenko I, Förster L, Khudaverdyan M, Meschede D, Schrader D, Rauschenbeutel A. Quantum engineering: an atom-sorting machine. Nature 2006; 442:151. [PMID: 16838011 DOI: 10.1038/442151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Laser cooling and trapping techniques allow us to control and manipulate neutral atoms. Here we rearrange, with submicrometre precision, the positions and ordering of laser-trapped atoms within strings by manipulating individual atoms with optical tweezers. Strings of equidistant atoms created in this way could serve as a scalable memory for quantum information.
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31
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Teper I, Lin YJ, Vuletić V. Resonator-aided single-atom detection on a microfabricated chip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:023002. [PMID: 16907438 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We use an optical cavity to detect single atoms magnetically trapped on an atom chip. We implement the detection using both fluorescence into the cavity and atom-induced reduction in cavity transmission. In fluorescence, we register 2.0(2) photon counts per atom, which allows us to detect single atoms with 75% efficiency in 250 micros. In absorption, we measure transmission attenuation of 3.3(3)% per atom, which allows us to count small numbers of atoms with a resolution of about 1 atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Teper
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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32
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Chuu CS, Schreck F, Meyrath TP, Hanssen JL, Price GN, Raizen MG. Direct observation of sub-Poissonian number statistics in a degenerate bose gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:260403. [PMID: 16486319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.260403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct observation of sub-Poissonian number fluctuation for a degenerate Bose gas confined in an optical trap. Reduction of number fluctuations below the Poissonian limit is observed for average numbers that range from 300 to 60 atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-S Chuu
- Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
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33
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Nussmann S, Hijlkema M, Weber B, Rohde F, Rempe G, Kuhn A. Submicron positioning of single atoms in a microcavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:173602. [PMID: 16383829 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.173602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of individual atoms to a high-finesse optical cavity is precisely controlled and adjusted using a standing-wave dipole-force trap, a challenge for strong atom-cavity coupling. Ultracold Rubidium atoms are first loaded into potential minima of the dipole trap in the center of the cavity. Then we use the trap as a conveyor belt that we set into motion perpendicular to the cavity axis. This allows us to repetitively move atoms out of and back into the cavity mode with a repositioning precision of 135 nm. This makes it possible to either selectively address one atom of a string of atoms by the cavity, or to simultaneously couple two precisely separated atoms to a higher mode of the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nussmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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34
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Karageorgiev P, Neher D, Schulz B, Stiller B, Pietsch U, Giersig M, Brehmer L. From anisotropic photo-fluidity towards nanomanipulation in the optical near-field. NATURE MATERIALS 2005; 4:699-703. [PMID: 16113680 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An increase in random molecular vibrations of a solid owing to heating above the melting point leads to a decrease in its long-range order and a loss of structural symmetry. Therefore conventional liquids are isotropic media. Here we report on a light-induced isothermal transition of a polymer film from an isotropic solid to an anisotropic liquid state in which the degree of mechanical anisotropy can be controlled by light. Whereas during irradiation by circular polarized light the film behaves as an isotropic viscoelastic fluid, it shows considerable fluidity only in the direction parallel to the light field vector under linear polarized light. The fluidization phenomenon is related to photoinduced motion of azobenzene-functionalized molecular units, which can be effectively activated only when their transition dipole moments are oriented close to the direction of the light polarization. We also describe here how the photofluidization allows nanoscopic elements of matter to be precisely manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karageorgiev
- Institute of Physics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
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35
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Dotsenko I, Alt W, Khudaverdyan M, Kuhr S, Meschede D, Miroshnychenko Y, Schrader D, Rauschenbeutel A. Submicrometer position control of single trapped neutral atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:033002. [PMID: 16090739 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.033002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We optically detect the positions of single neutral cesium atoms stored in a standing wave dipole trap with a subwavelength resolution of 143 nm rms. The distance between two simultaneously trapped atoms is measured with an even higher precision of 36 nm rms. We resolve the discreteness of the interatomic distances due to the 532 nm spatial period of the standing wave potential and infer the exact number of trapping potential wells separating the atoms. Finally, combining an initial position detection with a controlled transport, we place single atoms at a predetermined position along the trap axis to within 300 nm rms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dotsenko
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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36
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Koch CP, Masnou-Seeuws F, Kosloff R. Creating ground state molecules with optical feshbach resonances in tight traps. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:193001. [PMID: 16090168 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose to create ultracold ground state molecules in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate by adiabatic crossing of an optical Feshbach resonance. We envision a scheme where the laser intensity and possibly also frequency are linearly ramped over the resonance. Our calculations for (87)Rb show that for sufficiently tight traps it is possible to avoid spontaneous emission while retaining adiabaticity, and conversion efficiencies of up to 50% can be expected.
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37
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Zhao Y, Zhan Q, Zhang Y, Li YP. Creation of a three-dimensional optical chain for controllable particle delivery. OPTICS LETTERS 2005; 30:848-50. [PMID: 15865375 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We propose a design for producing a conveyable quasi-periodic optical chain that can stably trap and deliver multiple individual particles in three dimensions at different planes near the focus. A diffractive optical element (DOE) is designed to spatially modulate the phase of an incoming radially polarized beam. For a tighly focused beam, a three-dimensional (3D) optical chain can be formed because of the difference in the Gouy phase shift from two concentric regions of the DOE. A desired number of particles can be stably tweezed one by one with individual 3D volumes in this trapping structure. By controlling the phase modulation of the incident beam, one can manipulate the interference pattern to accelerate and transport trapped particles along the optical axis in a prescribed way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiong Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei 230026, China
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38
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Schrader D, Dotsenko I, Khudaverdyan M, Miroshnychenko Y, Rauschenbeutel A, Meschede D. Neutral atom quantum register. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:150501. [PMID: 15524857 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.150501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the realization of a quantum register using a string of single neutral atoms which are trapped in an optical dipole trap. The atoms are selectively and coherently manipulated in a magnetic field gradient using microwave radiation. Our addressing scheme operates with a high spatial resolution, and qubit rotations on individual atoms are performed with 99% contrast. In a final readout operation we analyze each individual atomic state. Finally, we have measured the coherence time and identified the predominant dephasing mechanism for our register.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schrader
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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39
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McKeever J, Buck JR, Boozer AD, Kimble HJ. Determination of the number of atoms trapped in an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:143601. [PMID: 15524790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The number of atoms trapped within the mode of an optical cavity is determined in real time by monitoring the transmission of a weak probe beam. Continuous observation of atom number is accomplished in the strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics and functions in concert with a cooling scheme for radial atomic motion. The probe transmission exhibits sudden steps from one plateau to the next in response to the time evolution of the intracavity atom number, from N>or=3 to N=2-->1-->0 atoms, with some trapping events lasting over 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McKeever
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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40
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Miroshnychenko Y, Schrader D, Kuhr S, Alt W, Dotsenko I, Khudaverdyan M, Rauschenbeutel A, Meschede D. Continued imaging of the transport of a single neutral atom. OPTICS EXPRESS 2003; 11:3498-3502. [PMID: 19471484 DOI: 10.1364/oe.11.003498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have continuously imaged the controlled motion of a single atom as well as of a small number of distinguishable atoms with observation times exceeding one minute. The Cesium atoms are confined to potential wells of a standing wave optical dipole trap which allows to transport them over macroscopic distances. The atoms are imaged by an intensified CCD camera, and spatial resolution near the diffraction limit is obtained.
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41
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Kuhr S, Alt W, Schrader D, Dotsenko I, Miroshnychenko Y, Rosenfeld W, Khudaverdyan M, Gomer V, Rauschenbeutel A, Meschede D. Coherence properties and quantum state transportation in an optical conveyor belt. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:213002. [PMID: 14683295 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.213002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared and detected quantum coherences of trapped cesium atoms with long dephasing times. Controlled transport by an "optical conveyor belt" over macroscopic distances preserves the atomic coherence with slight reduction of coherence time. The limiting dephasing effects are experimentally identified, and we present an analytical model of the reversible and irreversible dephasing mechanisms. Our experimental methods are applicable at the single-atom level. Coherent quantum bit operations along with quantum state transport open the route towards a "quantum shift register" of individual neutral atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuhr
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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42
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Long R, Steinmetz T, Hommelhoff P, Hänsel W, Hänsch TW, Reichel J. Magnetic microchip traps and single-atom detection. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2003; 361:1375-1389. [PMID: 12869314 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microchip traps provide a promising approach to quantum information processing and communication (QIPC) with neutral atoms: strong and complex potentials can be produced for acting on the qubit atoms, and the potentials can be scaled to higher qubit numbers by virtue of the microfabrication process. We describe experimental results that are relevant to use in QIPC, such as the transport of Bose-Einstein-condensed atomic ensembles along the chip surface with the help of a magnetic conveyor belt. The second part of the paper is devoted to single-atom detection on the chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Long
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik and Fakultät für Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
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Reymond G, Schlosser N, Protsenko I, Grangier P. Single-atom manipulations in a microscopic dipole trap. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2003; 361:1527-1536. [PMID: 12869327 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have realized a very small optical dipole trap that is designed to store and manipulate individual atoms. Due to the very small dipole-trap volume, a 'collisional blockade' mechanism locks the average number of trapped atoms at a value of 0.5 over a large range of loading rates. Here we describe methods to characterize the motion of a single trapped atom, and we also demonstrate the possibility of trapping two atoms individually at a short distance apart. Finally, we study theoretically the possibility to perform 'conditional quantum logic' by scattering photons from two such atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Reymond
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry de l'Institut d'Optique, UMR 8501 du CNRS, BP 147, 91403 Orsay Cedex, France
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Abstract
Modern cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) illuminates the most fundamental aspects of coherence and decoherence in quantum mechanics. Experiments on atoms in cavities can be described by elementary models but reveal intriguing subtleties of the interplay of coherent dynamics with external couplings. Recent activity in this area has pioneered powerful new approaches to the study of quantum coherence and has fueled the growth of quantum information science. In years to come, the purview of cavity QED will continue to grow as researchers build on a rich infrastructure to attack some of the most pressing open questions in micro- and mesoscopic physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mabuchi
- Department of Physics, Mail Code 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Dumke R, Volk M, Müther T, Buchkremer FBJ, Birkl G, Ertmer W. Micro-optical realization of arrays of selectively addressable dipole traps: a scalable configuration for quantum computation with atomic qubits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:097903. [PMID: 12190441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.097903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate novel structures for the realization of registers of atomic qubits: We trap neutral atoms in one- and two-dimensional arrays of far-detuned dipole traps obtained by focusing a red-detuned laser beam with a microfabricated array of microlenses. We are able to selectively address individual trap sites due to their large lateral separation of 125 microm. We initialize and read out different internal states for the individual sites. We also create two interleaved sets of trap arrays with adjustable separation, as required for many proposed implementations of quantum gate operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dumke
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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46
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Diener RB, Wu B, Raizen MG, Niu Q. Quantum tweezer for atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:070401. [PMID: 12190510 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We propose a quantum tweezer for extracting a desired number of neutral atoms from a reservoir. A trapped Bose-Einstein condensate is used as the reservoir, taking advantage of its coherent nature, which can guarantee a constant outcome. The tweezer is an attractive quantum dot, which may be generated by red-detuned laser light. By moving at certain speeds, the dot can extract a desired number of atoms from the condensate through Landau-Zener tunneling. The feasibility of our quantum tweezer is demonstrated through realistic and extensive model calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto B Diener
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas, Austin 78712-1081, USA
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47
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Arlt J, Macdonald M, Paterson L, Sibbett W, Dholakia K, Volke-Sepulveda K. Moving interference patterns created using the angular Doppler-effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2002; 10:844-852. [PMID: 19451937 DOI: 10.1364/oe.10.000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We use the angular Doppler-effect to obtain stable frequency shifts from below one Hertz to hundreds of Hertz in the optical domain, constituting a control of 1 part in 1014. For the first time, we use these very small frequency shifts to create continuous motion in interference patterns including the scanning of linear fringe patterns and the rotation of the interference pattern formed from a Laguerre-Gaussian beam. This enables controlled lateral and rotational movement of trapped particles.
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Kuhn A, Hennrich M, Rempe G. Deterministic single-photon source for distributed quantum networking. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:067901. [PMID: 12190611 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.067901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A sequence of single photons is emitted on demand from a single three-level atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. The photons are generated by an adiabatically driven stimulated Raman transition between two atomic ground states, with the vacuum field of the cavity stimulating one branch of the transition, and laser pulses deterministically driving the other branch. This process is unitary and therefore intrinsically reversible, which is essential for quantum communication and networking, and the photons should be appropriate for all-optical quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kuhn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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49
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Schlosser N, Reymond G, Grangier P. Collisional blockade in microscopic optical dipole traps. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:023005. [PMID: 12096994 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.023005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the operating regimes of a very small optical dipole trap, loaded from a magneto-optical trap, as a function of the atom loading rate, i.e., the number of atoms per second entering the dipole trap. We show that, when the dipole trap volume is small enough, a "collisional blockade" mechanism locks the average number of trapped atoms on the value 0.5 over a large range of loading rates. We also discuss the "weak loading" and "strong loading" regimes outside the blockade range, and we demonstrate experimentally the existence of these three regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schlosser
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry de l'Institut d'Optique, UMR 8501 du CNRS, 91403 Orsay, France
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50
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MacDonald MP, Paterson L, Volke-Sepulveda K, Arlt J, Sibbett W, Dholakia K. Creation and manipulation of three-dimensional optically trapped structures. Science 2002; 296:1101-3. [PMID: 12004124 DOI: 10.1126/science.1069571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An interferometric pattern between two annular laser beams is used to construct three-dimensional (3D) trapped structures within an optical tweezers setup. In addition to being fully translatable in three dimensions, the trapped structure can be rotated controllably and continuously by introducing a frequency difference between the two laser beams. These interference patterns could play an important role in the creation of extended 3D crystalline structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P MacDonald
- School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews University, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, Scotland
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