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Ladstädter F, Steiner AK, Gleisner H. Resolving the 21st century temperature trends of the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere with satellite observations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1306. [PMID: 36693881 PMCID: PMC9873623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, observational information about atmospheric temperature has been limited due to a lack of suitable measurements. Recent advances in satellite observations provide new insight into the fine structure of the free atmosphere, with the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere comprising essential components of the climate system. This is a prerequisite for understanding the complex processes of this part of the atmosphere, which is also known to have a large impact on surface climate. With unprecedented resolution, latest climate observations reveal a dramatic warming of the atmosphere. The tropical upper troposphere has already warmed about 1 K during the first two decades of the 21st century. The tropospheric warming extends into the lower stratosphere in the tropics and southern hemisphere mid-latitudes, forming a prominent hemispheric asymmetry in the temperature trend structure. Together with seasonal trend patterns in the stratosphere, this indicates a possible change in stratospheric circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ladstädter
- grid.5110.50000000121539003Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea K. Steiner
- grid.5110.50000000121539003Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hans Gleisner
- grid.14170.33Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhong P, Hua H, Chen S, Zhu Z, Xie F. The prognostic value of lncRNA AGAP2-AS1 in cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28425. [PMID: 34941192 PMCID: PMC8701846 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ArfGAP with GTPase domain, Ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2 Antisense 1 (AGAP2-AS1) is a promising long noncoding RNA that may possess prognostic value for different types of tumors. The objective of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the prognostic value of long noncoding RNA AGAP2-AS1 in cancer patients. METHODS A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science, CNKI, Weipu, and Wanfang electronic databases were carried out in this meta-analysis. Synthetic hazard ratios (HRs) or odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained to determine the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of AGAP2-AS1 expression in tumors. RESULTS The final meta-analysis included 10 studies that contained 948 patients. The pooled results provided evidence that AGAP2-AS1 overexpression predicted reduced overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.49-2.09, P < .00001), disease-free survival (HR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.40-2.41, P < .0001), and progression-free survival (HR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.01-3.33, P = .04) and for various cancers. Additionally, the AGAP2-AS1 overexpression was concerned with lymph node metastasis (positive vs negative, OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.96-4.45, P < .00001), advanced tumor node metastasis stage (III/IV vs I/II, OR = 3.73, 95% CI: 2.71-5.13, P < .00001), and tumor size (larger vs smaller, OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.24-4.18, P = .008). Besides, data from gene expression profiling interactive analysis dataset verified the results in our meta-analysis. The results showed that the expression level of AGAP2-AS1 was higher in most tumor tissues than in the corresponding normal tissues and was linked to poor OS and disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that AGAP2-AS1 overexpression was closely correlated with shorter OS in multiple cancer types, suggesting that AGAP2-AS1 might function as a promising predictor for clinical outcomes in cancer.
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Jahandideh-Tehrani M, Zhang H, Helfer F, Yu Y. Review of climate change impacts on predicted river streamflow in tropical rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:752. [PMID: 31732799 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical regions are characterized by hydrological extreme events, which are likely to be exacerbated by climate change. Therefore, quantifying the extent to which climate change may damage a hydrological system becomes crucial. This paper aims to evaluate the findings from previous research on projected impacts of climate change on hydrological systems located in regions bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It intends to provide an in-depth understanding of the climatic conditions, applied approaches, climate change impacts on future streamflow, and measures to reduce prediction uncertainty in the tropics. The review revealed that there is a significant variation in the magnitude of climate change impacts on streamflow in the tropics. The reason for the inconsistent trend prediction is that projections are heavily dependent on the trajectory of greenhouse gas emissions, climate model structural differences, and uncertainty of downscaling methods and hydrological models. Therefore, to minimize the uncertainty and maximize confidence in streamflow projections, it is essential to apply multi-member model ensembles and to clarify the adaptation strategy (coping, adjusting, or transforming).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Fernanda Helfer
- School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Abstract
The recent development of high-resolution climate models offers a promising approach in improving the simulation of precipitation, clouds and temperature. However, higher grid spacing is also a promising feature to improve the simulation of snow cover. In particular, it provides a refined representation of topography and allows for an explicit simulation of convective precipitation processes. In this study we analyze the snow cover in a set of decade-long high-resolution climate simulation with horizontal grid spacing of 2.2 km over the greater Alpine region. Results are compared against observations and lower resolution models (12 and 50 km), which use parameterized convection. The simulations are integrated using the COSMO (Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling) model. The evaluation of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the simulation of present-day climate, driven by the ERA-Interim reanalysis, against an observational dataset, reveals that the high-resolution simulation clearly outperforms simulations with grid spacing of 12 and 50 km. The latter simulations underestimate the cumulative amount of SWE over Switzerland over the whole annual cycle by 33% (12 km simulation) and 56% (50 km simulation) while the high-resolution simulation shows a spatially and temporally averaged difference of less than 1%. Scenario simulations driven by GCM MPI-ESM-LR (2081–2090 RCP8.5 vs. 1991–2000) reveal a strong decrease of SWE over the Alps, consistent with previous studies. Previous studies had found that the relative decrease becomes gradually smaller with elevation, but this finding was limited to low and intermediate altitudes (as a 12 km simulation resolves the topography up to 2500 m). In the current study we find that the height gradient reverses sign, and relative reductions in snow cover increases above 3000 m asl, where important parts of the cryosphere are present. In addition, the simulations project a transition from permanent to seasonal snow cover at high altitudes, with potentially important impacts to Alpine permafrost. This transition and the more pronounced decline of SWE emphasize the value of the higher grid spacing. Overall, we show that high-resolution climate models offer a promising approach in improving the simulation of snow cover in Alpine terrain.
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The GEWEX Water Vapor Assessment: Overview and Introduction to Results and Recommendations. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, a large variety of water vapour data records from satellite and reanalysis are available. It is key to understand the quality and uncertainty of these data records in order to fully exploit these records and to avoid data being employed incorrectly or misinterpreted. Therefore, it is important to inform users on accuracy and limitations of these data records based on consistent inter-comparisons carried out in the framework of international assessments. Addressing this challenge is the major objective of the Global Water and Energy Exchanges (GEWEX) water vapor assessment (G-VAP) which was initiated by the GEWEX Data and Assessments Panel (GDAP). Here, an overview of G-VAP objectives and an introduction to the results from G-VAP’s first phase are given. After this overview, a summary of available data records on water vapour and closely related variables and a short introduction to the utilized methods are presented. The results from inter-comparisons, homogeneity testing and inter-comparison of trend estimates, achieved within G-VAP’s first phase are summarized. The conclusions on future research directions for the wider community and for G-VAP’s next phase are outlined and recommendations have been formulated. For instance, a key recommendation is the need for recalibration and improved inter-calibration of radiance data records and subsequent reprocessing in order to increase stability and to provide uncertainty estimates. This need became evident from a general disagreement in trend estimates (e.g., trends in TCWV ranging from −1.51 ± 0.17 kg/m2/decade to 1.22 ± 0.16 kg/m2/decade) and the presence of break points on global and regional scale. It will be a future activity of G-VAP to reassess the stability of updated or new data records and to assess consistency, i.e., the closeness of data records given their uncertainty estimates.
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Estimating the Human Influence on Tropical Cyclone Intensity as the Climate Changes. HURRICANE RISK 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02402-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Santer BD, Po-Chedley S, Zelinka MD, Cvijanovic I, Bonfils C, Durack PJ, Fu Q, Kiehl J, Mears C, Painter J, Pallotta G, Solomon S, Wentz FJ, Zou CZ. Human influence on the seasonal cycle of tropospheric temperature. Science 2018; 361:361/6399/eaas8806. [PMID: 30026201 DOI: 10.1126/science.aas8806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We provide scientific evidence that a human-caused signal in the seasonal cycle of tropospheric temperature has emerged from the background noise of natural variability. Satellite data and the anthropogenic "fingerprint" predicted by climate models show common large-scale changes in geographical patterns of seasonal cycle amplitude. These common features include increases in amplitude at mid-latitudes in both hemispheres, amplitude decreases at high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, and small changes in the tropics. Simple physical mechanisms explain these features. The model fingerprint of seasonal cycle changes is identifiable with high statistical confidence in five out of six satellite temperature datasets. Our results suggest that attribution studies with the changing seasonal cycle provide powerful evidence for a significant human effect on Earth's climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Santer
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Stephen Po-Chedley
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Mark D Zelinka
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Ivana Cvijanovic
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Céline Bonfils
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Paul J Durack
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kiehl
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Carl Mears
- Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA
| | - Jeffrey Painter
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Giuliana Pallotta
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Susan Solomon
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Cheng-Zhi Zou
- Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NOAA/NESDIS, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Liu X, Ming X, Jing W, Luo P, Li N, Zhu M, Yu M, Liang C, Tu J. Long non-coding RNA XIST predicts worse prognosis in digestive system tumors: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180169. [PMID: 29752340 PMCID: PMC6013696 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing studies are indicating that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) is associated with the prognosis of cancer patients. However, the results have been disputed. Therefore, we aimed to further explore the prognostic value and clinical significance of XIST in various types of cancers. Then, we focussed our research on the comparison of the predictive value of XIST between digestive system tumors and non-digestive system tumors. We performed a systematic search by looking up PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Medline (up to 3 January 2018). Fifteen studies which matched our inclusion criteria with a total of 920 patients for overall survival and 867 patients for clinicopathological characteristics were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled hazard ratios (HR) and odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to summarize the effects. Our results suggested that high expression levels of XIST were associated with unfavorable overall survival in cancer patients (pooled HR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.45-2.26). Additionally, we found that XIST was more valuable in digestive system tumors (pooled HR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.73-2.92) than in non-digestive system tumors (pooled HR = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.60-2.45). Furthermore, elevated expression levels of XIST were connected with distant metastasis and tumor stage. XIST was correlated with poor prognosis, which suggested that XIST might serve as a novel predictive biomarker for cancer patients, especially for patients of digestive system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xinliang Ming
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Jing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Nandi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Man Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mingxia Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chunzi Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiancheng Tu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Assessment of Atmospheric Wet Profiles Obtained from COSMIC Radio Occultation Observations over China. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Wei N, Zhou L, Dai Y, Xia G, Hua W. Observational Evidence for Desert Amplification Using Multiple Satellite Datasets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2043. [PMID: 28515416 PMCID: PMC5435705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Desert amplification identified in recent studies has large uncertainties due to data paucity over remote deserts. Here we present observational evidence using multiple satellite-derived datasets that desert amplification is a real large-scale pattern of warming mode in near surface and low-tropospheric temperatures. Trend analyses of three long-term temperature products consistently confirm that near-surface warming is generally strongest over the driest climate regions and this spatial pattern of warming maximizes near the surface, gradually decays with height, and disappears in the upper troposphere. Short-term anomaly analyses show a strong spatial and temporal coupling of changes in temperatures, water vapor and downward longwave radiation (DLR), indicating that the large increase in DLR drives primarily near surface warming and is tightly associated with increasing water vapor over deserts. Atmospheric soundings of temperature and water vapor anomalies support the results of the long-term temperature trend analysis and suggest that desert amplification is due to comparable warming and moistening effects of the troposphere. Likely, desert amplification results from the strongest water vapor feedbacks near the surface over the driest deserts, where the air is very sensitive to changes in water vapor and thus efficient in enhancing the longwave greenhouse effect in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wei
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 519082, China.,Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Liming Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
| | - Yongjiu Dai
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 519082, China
| | - Geng Xia
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Wenjian Hua
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.,Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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11
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An atmospheric origin of the multi-decadal bipolar seesaw. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8909. [PMID: 25752943 PMCID: PMC4354075 DOI: 10.1038/srep08909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent feature of recent climatic change is the strong Arctic surface warming that is contemporaneous with broad cooling over much of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Longer global surface temperature observations suggest that this contrasting pole-to-pole change could be a manifestation of a multi-decadal interhemispheric or bipolar seesaw pattern, which is well correlated with the North Atlantic sea surface temperature variability, and thus generally hypothesized to originate from Atlantic meridional overturning circulation oscillations. Here, we show that there is an atmospheric origin for this seesaw pattern. The results indicate that the Southern Ocean surface cooling (warming) associated with the seesaw pattern is attributable to the strengthening (weakening) of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies, which can be traced to Northern Hemisphere and tropical tropospheric warming (cooling). Antarctic ozone depletion has been suggested to be an important driving force behind the recently observed increase in the Southern Hemisphere's summer westerly winds; our results imply that Northern Hemisphere and tropical warming may have played a triggering role at an stage earlier than the first detectable Antarctic ozone depletion, and enhanced Antarctic ozone depletion through decreasing the lower stratospheric temperature.
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Abstract
Water vapor in the upper troposphere strongly regulates the strength of water-vapor feedback, which is the primary process for amplifying the response of the climate system to external radiative forcings. Monitoring changes in upper-tropospheric water vapor and scrutinizing the causes of such changes are therefore of great importance for establishing the credibility of model projections of past and future climates. Here, we use coupled ocean-atmosphere model simulations under different climate-forcing scenarios to investigate satellite-observed changes in global-mean upper-tropospheric water vapor. Our analysis demonstrates that the upper-tropospheric moistening observed over the period 1979-2005 cannot be explained by natural causes and results principally from an anthropogenic warming of the climate. By attributing the observed increase directly to human activities, this study verifies the presence of the largest known feedback mechanism for amplifying anthropogenic climate change.
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Lintner BR, Biasutti M, Diffenbaugh NS, Lee JE, Niznik MJ, Findell KL. Amplification of wet and dry month occurrence over tropical land regions in response to global warming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Williams CN, Menne MJ, Thorne PW. Benchmarking the performance of pairwise homogenization of surface temperatures in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Santer BD, Wigley TML, Taylor KE. The Reproducibility of Observational Estimates of Surface and Atmospheric Temperature Change. Science 2011; 334:1232-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1216273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. D. Santer
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - T. M. L. Wigley
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307–3000, USA
| | - K. E. Taylor
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Sun Y, Ding Y. Responses of South and East Asian summer monsoons to different land-sea temperature increases under a warming scenario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Thorne PW, Brohan P, Titchner HA, McCarthy MP, Sherwood SC, Peterson TC, Haimberger L, Parker DE, Tett SFB, Santer BD, Fereday DR, Kennedy JJ. A quantification of uncertainties in historical tropical tropospheric temperature trends from radiosondes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Zhou YP, Xu KM, Sud YC, Betts AK. Recent trends of the tropical hydrological cycle inferred from Global Precipitation Climatology Project and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Randel WJ, Thompson AM. Interannual variability and trends in tropical ozone derived from SAGE II satellite data and SHADOZ ozonesondes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sohn BJ, Park SC. Strengthened tropical circulations in past three decades inferred from water vapor transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Klotzbach PJ, Pielke RA, Pielke RA, Christy JR, McNider RT. An alternative explanation for differential temperature trends at the surface and in the lower troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Richter I, Xie SP. Muted precipitation increase in global warming simulations: A surface evaporation perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Randall RM, Herman BM. Using limited time period trends as a means to determine attribution of discrepancies in microwave sounding unit-derived tropospheric temperature time series. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robb M. Randall
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Benjamin M. Herman
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
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Zhu P, Hack JJ, Kiehl JT, Bretherton CS. Climate sensitivity of tropical and subtropical marine low cloud amount to ENSO and global warming due to doubled CO2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schmidt GA, LeGrande AN, Hoffmann G. Water isotope expressions of intrinsic and forced variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin A. Schmidt
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Center for Climate Systems Research; Columbia University; New York New York USA
| | - Allegra N. LeGrande
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Center for Climate Systems Research; Columbia University; New York New York USA
| | - Georg Hoffmann
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), Orme des Merisiers; Gif-sur-Yvette France
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Christy JR, Norris WB, Spencer RW, Hnilo JJ. Tropospheric temperature change since 1979 from tropical radiosonde and satellite measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zou CZ, Goldberg MD, Cheng Z, Grody NC, Sullivan JT, Cao C, Tarpley D. Recalibration of microwave sounding unit for climate studies using simultaneous nadir overpasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Santer BD, Wigley TML, Gleckler PJ, Bonfils C, Wehner MF, AchutaRao K, Barnett TP, Boyle JS, Brüggemann W, Fiorino M, Gillett N, Hansen JE, Jones PD, Klein SA, Meehl GA, Raper SCB, Reynolds RW, Taylor KE, Washington WM. Forced and unforced ocean temperature changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13905-10. [PMID: 16968781 PMCID: PMC1599886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602861103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has identified links between changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and hurricane intensity. We use climate models to study the possible causes of SST changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions. The observed SST increases in these regions range from 0.32 degrees C to 0.67 degrees C over the 20th century. The 22 climate models examined here suggest that century-timescale SST changes of this magnitude cannot be explained solely by unforced variability of the climate system. We employ model simulations of natural internal variability to make probabilistic estimates of the contribution of external forcing to observed SST changes. For the period 1906-2005, we find an 84% chance that external forcing explains at least 67% of observed SST increases in the two tropical cyclogenesis regions. Model "20th-century" simulations, with external forcing by combined anthropogenic and natural factors, are generally capable of replicating observed SST increases. In experiments in which forcing factors are varied individually rather than jointly, human-caused changes in greenhouse gases are the main driver of the 20th-century SST increases in both tropical cyclogenesis regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. D. Santer
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | | | - P. J. Gleckler
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - C. Bonfils
- University of California, Merced, CA 95344
| | - M. F. Wehner
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - K. AchutaRao
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - T. P. Barnett
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - J. S. Boyle
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - W. Brüggemann
- Institut für Unternehmensforschung, Universität Hamburg, 22765 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Fiorino
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - N. Gillett
- Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - J. E. Hansen
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025
| | - P. D. Jones
- Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - S. A. Klein
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - G. A. Meehl
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307
| | - S. C. B. Raper
- Centre for Air Transport and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom; and
| | - R. W. Reynolds
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC 28801
| | - K. E. Taylor
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
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White MA, Diffenbaugh NS, Jones GV, Pal JS, Giorgi F. Extreme heat reduces and shifts United States premium wine production in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11217-22. [PMID: 16840557 PMCID: PMC1544068 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603230103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Premium wine production is limited to regions climatically conducive to growing grapes with balanced composition and varietal typicity. Three central climatic conditions are required: (i) adequate heat accumulation; (ii) low risk of severe frost damage; and (iii) the absence of extreme heat. Although wine production is possible in an extensive climatic range, the highest-quality wines require a delicate balance among these three conditions. Although historical and projected average temperature changes are known to influence global wine quality, the potential future response of wine-producing regions to spatially heterogeneous changes in extreme events is largely unknown. Here, by using a high-resolution regional climate model forced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenarios A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario, we estimate that potential premium winegrape production area in the conterminous United States could decline by up to 81% by the late 21st century. While increases in heat accumulation will shift wine production to warmer climate varieties and/or lower-quality wines, and frost constraints will be reduced, increases in the frequency of extreme hot days (>35 degrees C) in the growing season are projected to eliminate winegrape production in many areas of the United States. Furthermore, grape and wine production will likely be restricted to a narrow West Coast region and the Northwest and Northeast, areas currently facing challenges related to excess moisture. Our results not only imply large changes for the premium wine industry, but also highlight the importance of incorporating fine-scale processes and extreme events in climate-change impact studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A White
- Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Brecher H, Davis M, León B, Les D, Lin PN, Mashiotta T, Mountain K. Abrupt tropical climate change: past and present. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10536-43. [PMID: 16815970 PMCID: PMC1484420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three lines of evidence for abrupt tropical climate change, both past and present, are presented. First, annually and decadally averaged delta(18)O and net mass-balance histories for the last 400 and 2,000 yr, respectively, demonstrate that the current warming at high elevations in the mid- to low latitudes is unprecedented for at least the last 2 millennia. Second, the continuing retreat of most mid- to low-latitude glaciers, many having persisted for thousands of years, signals a recent and abrupt change in the Earth's climate system. Finally, rooted, soft-bodied wetland plants, now exposed along the margins as the Quelccaya ice cap (Peru) retreats, have been radiocarbon dated and, when coupled with other widespread proxy evidence, provide strong evidence for an abrupt mid-Holocene climate event that marked the transition from early Holocene (pre-5,000-yr-B.P.) conditions to cooler, late Holocene (post-5,000-yr-B.P.) conditions. This abrupt event, approximately 5,200 yr ago, was widespread and spatially coherent through much of the tropics and was coincident with structural changes in several civilizations. These three lines of evidence argue that the present warming and associated glacier retreat are unprecedented in some areas for at least 5,200 yr. The ongoing global-scale, rapid retreat of mountain glaciers is not only contributing to global sea-level rise but also threatening freshwater supplies in many of the world's most populous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie G Thompson
- Byrd Polar Research Center and Departments of Geological Sciences and Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Neelin JD, Münnich M, Su H, Meyerson JE, Holloway CE. Tropical drying trends in global warming models and observations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6110-5. [PMID: 16606851 PMCID: PMC1435369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601798103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic changes in tropical rainfall are evaluated in a multimodel ensemble of global warming simulations. Major discrepancies on the spatial distribution of these precipitation changes remain in the latest-generation models analyzed here. Despite this uncertainty, we find a number of measures, both global and local, on which reasonable agreement is obtained, notably for the regions of drying trend (negative precipitation anomalies). Models agree on the overall amplitude of the precipitation decreases that occur at the margins of the convective zones, with percent error bars of magnitude similar to those for the tropical warming. Similar agreement is found on a precipitation climate sensitivity defined here and on differential moisture increase inside and outside convection zones, a step in a hypothesized causal path leading to precipitation changes. A measure of local intermodel agreement on significant trends indicates consistent predictions for particular regions. Observed rainfall trends in several data sets show a significant summer drying trend in a main region of intermodel agreement: the Caribbean/Central-American region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Neelin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ramaswamy V, Schwarzkopf MD, Randel WJ, Santer BD, Soden BJ, Stenchikov GL. Anthropogenic and natural influences in the evolution of lower stratospheric cooling. Science 2006; 311:1138-41. [PMID: 16497930 DOI: 10.1126/science.1122587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Observations reveal that the substantial cooling of the global lower stratosphere over 1979-2003 occurred in two pronounced steplike transitions. These arose in the aftermath of two major volcanic eruptions, with each cooling transition being followed by a period of relatively steady temperatures. Climate model simulations indicate that the space-time structure of the observed cooling is largely attributable to the combined effect of changes in both anthropogenic factors (ozone depletion and increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases) and natural factors (solar irradiance variation and volcanic aerosols). The anthropogenic factors drove the overall cooling during the period, and the natural ones modulated the evolution of the cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ramaswamy
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08542, USA
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Vinnikov KY, Grody NC, Robock A, Stouffer RJ, Jones PD, Goldberg MD. Temperature trends at the surface and in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Parkinson CL, Vinnikov KY, Cavalieri DJ. Evaluation of the simulation of the annual cycle of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverages by 11 major global climate models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jc003408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bortz SE, Prather MJ, Cammas JP, Thouret V, Smit H. Ozone, water vapor, and temperature in the upper tropical troposphere: Variations over a decade of MOZAIC measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miller RL, Schmidt GA, Shindell DT. Forced annular variations in the 20th century Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Soden BJ, Jackson DL, Ramaswamy V, Schwarzkopf MD, Huang X. The radiative signature of upper tropospheric moistening. Science 2005; 310:841-4. [PMID: 16210499 DOI: 10.1126/science.1115602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Climate models predict that the concentration of water vapor in the upper troposphere could double by the end of the century as a result of increases in greenhouse gases. Such moistening plays a key role in amplifying the rate at which the climate warms in response to anthropogenic activities, but has been difficult to detect because of deficiencies in conventional observing systems. We use satellite measurements to highlight a distinct radiative signature of upper tropospheric moistening over the period 1982 to 2004. The observed moistening is accurately captured by climate model simulations and lends further credence to model projections of future global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Soden
- Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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Mears CA, Wentz FJ. The Effect of Diurnal Correction on Satellite-Derived Lower Tropospheric Temperature. Science 2005; 309:1548-51. [PMID: 16141071 DOI: 10.1126/science.1114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Satellite-based measurements of decadal-scale temperature change in the lower troposphere have indicated cooling relative to Earth's surface in the tropics. Such measurements need a diurnal correction to prevent drifts in the satellites' measurement time from causing spurious trends. We have derived a diurnal correction that, in the tropics, is of the opposite sign from that previously applied. When we use this correction in the calculation of lower tropospheric temperature from satellite microwave measurements, we find tropical warming consistent with that found at the surface and in our satellite-derived version of middle/upper tropospheric temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Mears
- Remote Sensing Systems, 438 First Street, Suite 200, Santa Rosa, CA 94501, USA
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Sherwood SC, Lanzante JR, Meyer CL. Radiosonde Daytime Biases and Late-20th Century Warming. Science 2005; 309:1556-9. [PMID: 16099950 DOI: 10.1126/science.1115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The temperature difference between adjacent 0000 and 1200 UTC weather balloon (radiosonde) reports shows a pervasive tendency toward cooler daytime compared to nighttime observations since the 1970s, especially at tropical stations. Several characteristics of this trend indicate that it is an artifact of systematic reductions over time in the uncorrected error due to daytime solar heating of the instrument and should be absent from accurate climate records. Although other problems may exist, this effect alone is of sufficient magnitude to reconcile radiosonde tropospheric temperature trends and surface trends during the late 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Sherwood
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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