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Guo S, Li J, Yang X, Qin Y, Zhao Y, Wei J, Ma H, Yu Z, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Resistance of an intertidal oyster(Saccostrea mordax)to marine heatwaves and the implication for reef building. Sci Total Environ 2024; 928:172474. [PMID: 38621527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have a significant impact on intertidal bivalves and the ecosystems they sustain, causing the destruction of organisms' original habitats. Saccostrea mordax mainly inhabits the intertidal zone around the equator, exhibiting potential tolerance to high temperatures and maybe a species suitable for habitat restoration. However, an understanding about the tolerance mechanism of S. mordax to high temperatures is unclear. It is also unknown the extent to which S. mordax can tolerate repeated heatwaves of increasing intensity and frequency. Here, we simulated the effects of two scenarios of MHWs and measured the physiological and biochemical responses and gene expression spectrum of S. mordax. The predicted responses varied greatly across heatwaves, and no heatwave had a significant impact on the survival of S. mordax. Specifically, there were no statistically significant changes apparent in the standard metabolic rate and the activities of enzymes of the oyster during repeated heatwaves. S. mordax exposed to high-intensity heatwaves enhanced their standard metabolic rate to fuel essential physiological maintenance and increasing activity of SOD and expression of HSP70/90. These strategies are presumably at the expense of functions related to immunity and growth, as best exemplified by significant depressions in activities of enzymes (NaK, CaMg, T-ATP, and AKP) and expression levels of genes (Rab, eEF-2, HMGR, Rac1, SGK, Rab8, etc.). The performance status of S. mordax tends to improve by implementing a suite of less energy-costly compensatory mechanisms at various levels of biological organization when re-exposed to heatwaves. The adaptive abilities shown by S. mordax indicate that they can play a crucial role in the restoration of oyster reefs in tropical seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Marine Eco-environment Engineering Research Institute, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Marine Eco-environment Engineering Research Institute, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Marine Eco-environment Engineering Research Institute, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yanping Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Marine Eco-environment Engineering Research Institute, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yuexin Zhao
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jinkuan Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Marine Eco-environment Engineering Research Institute, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Marine Eco-environment Engineering Research Institute, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Marine Eco-environment Engineering Research Institute, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Guangdong Ocean University, Zhangjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biology Technology, Sanya Marine Eco-environment Engineering Research Institute, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
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Mol N, Priya A, Singh AK, Mago P, Shalimar, Ray AK. "Unravelling the impacts of climatic heat events on cardiovascular health in animal models". Environ Res 2024; 248:118315. [PMID: 38301760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Climate change has led to an increase in high ambient temperatures, causing extreme heat events worldwide. According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), July 2023 marked a historic milestone as the Earth reached its hottest recorded temperature, precisely hitting the critical threshold of 1.5 °C set by the Paris Agreement. This distressing development led to a stark warning from the United Nations, signaling the dawn of what they call "an era of global boiling". The increasing global temperatures can result in high heat stress which leads to various physiological and biochemical alterations in the human body. Given that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, heat events exacerbate this public health issue. While clinical and in-vitro studies have suggested a range of pathophysiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the body's response to heat stress, the complex nature of organ-system level interactions makes precise investigation challenging. To address this knowledge gap effectively, the use of animal models exposed to acute or chronic heat stress can be invaluable. These models can closely replicate the multifaceted effects observed in humans during heat stress conditions. Despite extensive independent reviews, limited focus has been shed on the high heat-induced cardiovascular complications and their mechanisms, particularly utilizing animal models. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, we highlight the crucial biomarkers altered during heat stress, contributing significantly to various CVDs. We explore potential mechanisms underlying heat-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and damage, delving into various animal models. While traditional rodent models are commonly employed, we also examine less conventional models, including ruminants, broilers, canines, and primates. Furthermore, we delve into various potential therapeutic approaches and preventive measures. These insights hold significant promise for the development of more effective clinical interventions against the effects of heat stress on the human cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Mol
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Priya
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Payal Mago
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; Campus of Open Learning, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwini Kumar Ray
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Joshi A, Viswanathan SH, Jaiswal AK, Sadeghi K, Bartels L, Jain RM, Pathikonda G, Vanos JK, Middel A, Rykaczewski K. Characterization of human extreme heat exposure using an outdoor thermal manikin. Sci Total Environ 2024; 923:171525. [PMID: 38458460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Extreme heat is a current and growing global health concern. Current heat exposure models include meteorological and human factors that dictate heat stress, comfort, and risk of illness. However, radiation models simplify the human body to a cylinder, while convection ones provide conflicting predictions. To address these issues, we introduce a new method to characterize human exposure to extreme heat with unprecedented detail. We measure heat loads on 35 body surface zones using an outdoor thermal manikin ("ANDI") alongside an ultrasonic anemometer array and integral radiation measurements (IRM). We show that regardless of body orientation, IRM and ANDI agree even under high solar conditions. Further, body parts can be treated as cylinders, even in highly turbulent flow. This geometry-rooted insight yields a whole-body convection correlation that resolves prior conflicts and is valid for diverse indoor and outdoor wind flows. Results will inform decision-making around heat protection, adaptation, and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Joshi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shri H Viswanathan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ankush K Jaiswal
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lyle Bartels
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rajan M Jain
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gokul Pathikonda
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer K Vanos
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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4
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Lloyd SJ, Striessnig E, Achebak H, Hajat S, Muttarak R, Quijal-Zamorano M, Rizzi S, Vielma C, Ballester J. Remeasuring the influence of ageing on heat-related mortality in Spain, 1980 to 2018. Environ Res 2024; 248:118408. [PMID: 38311205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Climate change and population ageing are converging challenges that are expected to significantly worsen the health impacts of high temperatures. We aimed to remeasure the implications of ageing for heat-related mortality by comparing time trends based on chronological age (number of years already lived) with those derived from the application of state-of-the-art demographic methodology which better captures the dynamics of evolving longevity: prospective age (number of years still to be lived). We conducted a nationwide time-series analysis of 13 regions in Spain over 1980-2018 using all-cause mortality microdata for people aged 65+ and annual life tables from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics, and daily mean temperatures from E-OBS. Based on confounder-adjusted quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag non-linear models and multivariate meta-analysis in moving 15-year timeslices, we assessed sex-specific changes in absolute risk and impacts for heat-related mortality at extreme and moderate temperatures, for chronological and prospective age groups. In the conventional chronological age analysis, absolute risk fell over the study period (e.g. females, extreme heat: -54%; moderate heat: -23%); after accounting for rising longevity, the prospective age analysis, however, found a smaller decline in risk for extreme heat (-15%) and a rise for moderate heat (+46%). Additionally, while the chronological age analysis suggested a shift in mortality towards higher ages, the prospective age analysis showed that over the study period, people of largely the same (prospective) age were impacted. Further, the prospective age analysis revealed excess risk in females (compared to males) rose from 20% to 27% for extreme heat, and from 40% to 70% for moderate heat. Assessing the implications of ageing using a prospective age perspective showed the urgency of re-doubling risk reduction efforts, including accelerating healthy ageing programs that incorporate climate considerations. The age patterns of impacts suggested that such actions have the potential to mitigate ageing-related heat-health threats to generate climate change-ready, healthy societies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erich Striessnig
- Department of Demography, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1010, Austria.
| | - Hicham Achebak
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, 08003, Spain; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Paris, 75013, UK
| | - Shakoor Hajat
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Raya Muttarak
- Department of Statistical Sciences "Paolo Fortunati", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 40126
| | | | - Silvia Rizzi
- The Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5320, Denmark
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5
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White AR. The firestorm within: A narrative review of extreme heat and wildfire smoke effects on brain health. Sci Total Environ 2024; 922:171239. [PMID: 38417511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is generating increased heatwaves and wildfires across much of the world. With these escalating environmental changes comes greater impacts on human health leading to increased numbers of people suffering from heat- and wildfire smoke-associated respiratory and cardiovascular impairment. One area of health impact of climate change that has received far less attention is the effects of extreme heat and wildfire smoke exposure on human brain health. As elevated temperatures, and wildfire-associated smoke, are increasingly experienced simultaneously over summer periods, understanding this combined impact is critical to management of human health especially in the elderly, and people with dementia, and other neurological disorders. Both extreme heat and wildfire smoke air pollution (especially particulate matter, PM) induce neuroinflammatory and cerebrovascular effects, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment, however the combined effect of these impacts are not well understood. In this narrative review, a comprehensive examination of extreme heat and wildfire smoke impact on human brain health is presented, with a focus on how these factors contribute to cognitive impairment, and dementia, one of the leading health issues today. Also discussed is the potential impact of combined heat and wildfire smoke on brain health, and where future efforts should be applied to help advance knowledge in this rapidly growing and critical field of health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Australia.
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6
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Metzger A, Baharav Y, Nichols L, Finke M, Saunders B, Mitchell P, Wellenius GA, Baughman McLeod K, Shickman K. Beliefs and behaviors associated with the first named heat wave in Seville Spain 2022. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9055. [PMID: 38643234 PMCID: PMC11032320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat waves pose a substantial and increasing risk to public health. Heat health early warning systems (HHEWSs) and response plans are increasingly being adopted to alert people to the health risks posed by days of extreme heat and recommend protective behaviors. However, evidence regarding the effectiveness of HHEWSs remains limited. We examined the impact of heat wave naming on heat-related beliefs and behaviors to ascertain the potential effectiveness of heat wave naming as a heat health risk communication and management tool. Specifically, we surveyed members of the public exposed to the proMETEO Sevilla HHEWS messaging campaign which in the summer of 2022 applied a name to heat waves considered to pose the greatest risk to public health. During the heat season we evaluated, the proMETEO Sevilla HHEWS campaign applied a name to one heat wave, heat wave "Zoe". Our analysis of the post-survey of 2022 adults indicated that the 6% of participants who recalled the name Zoe unaided reported greater engagement in heat wave safety behaviors and more positive beliefs about naming heat waves and their local governments' heat wave response. These results provide initial evidence for potential utility in naming heat waves as part of HHEWSs and HAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuval Baharav
- Adrienne Arsht-Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center at the Atlantic Council, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lilly Nichols
- Adrienne Arsht-Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center at the Atlantic Council, Washington, DC, USA.
- Center for Climate and Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Megan Finke
- Center for Climate and Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory A Wellenius
- Center for Climate and Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathy Baughman McLeod
- Adrienne Arsht-Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center at the Atlantic Council, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kurt Shickman
- Adrienne Arsht-Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center at the Atlantic Council, Washington, DC, USA
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7
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Zeng P, Shi D, Helbich M, Sun F, Zhao H, Liu Y, Che Y. Gender disparities in summer outdoor heat risk across China: Findings from a national county-level assessment during 1991-2020. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171120. [PMID: 38382599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Increasing anthropogenic global warming has emerged as a significant challenge to human health in China, as extreme heat hazards increasingly threaten outdoor-exposed populations. Differences in thermal comfort, outdoor activity duration, and social vulnerability between females and males may exacerbate gender inequalities in heat-related health risks, which have been overlooked by previous studies. Here, we combine three heat hazards and outdoor activity duration to identify the spatiotemporal variation in gender-specific heat risk in China during 1991-2020. We found that females' heat risk tends to be higher than that of males. Gender disparities in heat risk decrease in southern regions, while those in northern regions remain severe. Males are prone to overheating in highly urbanized areas, while females in low urbanized areas. Males' overheating risk is mainly attributed to population clustering associated with prolonged outdoor activity time and skewed social resource allocation. In contrast, females' overheating risk is primarily affected by social inequalities. Our findings suggest that China needs to further diminish gender disparities and accelerate climate adaptation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht CS 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Dachuan Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Marco Helbich
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht CS 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Fengyun Sun
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- School of Architecture and Planning, Jilin Jianzhu University, No.5088, Xincheng Road, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yaoyi Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yue Che
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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8
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Pallubinsky H, Blondin DP, Jay O. A double-edged sword: risks and benefits of heat for human health. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:277-279. [PMID: 38593784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Extreme heat events will become more frequent and intense across the globe. In this science and society article we summarize how heat affects our body and discuss the associated health threats, but also the potential health benefits of heat exposure. Moreover, we provide practical suggestions for sustainable and health-oriented strategies to cope with heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pallubinsky
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211KL Maastricht, The Netherlands; Healthy Living Spaces Laboratory, Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Ollie Jay
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Heat and Health Research Incubator, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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9
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Burris HH, Just AC. Extreme Heat and Preterm Birth Risk-Methodologic Considerations and Policy Implications. JAMA Pediatr 2024; 178:337-339. [PMID: 38407899 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather H Burris
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Roberts Center for Pediatric Research, Philadelphia
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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10
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Coker ES, Stone SL, McTigue E, Yao JA, Brigham EP, Schwandt M, Henderson SB. Climate change and health: rethinking public health messaging for wildfire smoke and extreme heat co-exposures. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1324662. [PMID: 38590812 PMCID: PMC10999651 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1324662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
With the growing climate change crisis, public health agencies and practitioners must increasingly develop guidance documents addressing the public health risks and protective measures associated with multi-hazard events. Our Policy and Practice Review aims to assess current public health guidance and related messaging about co-exposure to wildfire smoke and extreme heat and recommend strengthened messaging to better protect people from these climate-sensitive hazards. We reviewed public health messaging published by governmental agencies between January 2013 and May 2023 in Canada and the United States. Publicly available resources were eligible if they discussed the co-occurrence of wildfire smoke and extreme heat and mentioned personal interventions (protective measures) to prevent exposure to either hazard. We reviewed local, regional, and national governmental agency messaging resources, such as online fact sheets and guidance documents. We assessed these resources according to four public health messaging themes, including (1) discussions around vulnerable groups and risk factors, (2) symptoms associated with these exposures, (3) health risks of each exposure individually, and (4) health risks from combined exposure. Additionally, we conducted a detailed assessment of current messaging about measures to mitigate exposure. We found 15 online public-facing resources that provided health messaging about co-exposure; however, only one discussed all four themes. We identified 21 distinct protective measures mentioned across the 15 resources. There is considerable variability and inconsistency regarding the types and level of detail across described protective measures. Of the identified 21 protective measures, nine may protect against both hazards simultaneously, suggesting opportunities to emphasize these particular messages to address both hazards together. More precise, complete, and coordinated public health messaging would protect against climate-sensitive health outcomes attributable to wildfire smoke and extreme heat co-exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Coker
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susan Lyon Stone
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Erin McTigue
- Air and Radiation Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jiayun Angela Yao
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emily P. Brigham
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Schwandt
- Office of the Chief Medical Health Officer, Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah B. Henderson
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Kim GJ, Jo H, Cho MS, Noh NJ, Han SH, Khamzina A, Kim HS, Son Y. Photosynthetic responses of Larix kaempferi and Pinus densiflora seedlings are affected by summer extreme heat rather than by extreme precipitation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5250. [PMID: 38438488 PMCID: PMC10912299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of summer extreme climate events are increasing over time, and have a substantial negative effect on plants, which may be evident in their impact on photosynthesis. Here, we examined the photosynthetic responses of Larix kaempferi and Pinus densiflora seedlings to extreme heat (+ 3 °C and + 6 °C), drought, and heavy rainfall by conducting an open-field multifactor experiment. Leaf gas exchange in L. kaempferi showed a decreasing trend under increasing temperature, showing a reduction in the stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and net photosynthetic rate by 135.2%, 102.3%, and 24.8%, respectively, in the + 6 °C treatment compared to those in the control. In contrast, P. densiflora exhibited a peak function in the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under + 3 °C treatment. Furthermore, both species exhibited increased total chlorophyll contents under extreme heat conditions. However, extreme precipitation had no marked effect on photosynthetic activities, given the overall favorable water availability for plants. These results indicate that while extreme heat generally reduces photosynthesis by triggering stomatal closure under high vapor pressure deficit, plants employ diverse stomatal strategies in response to increasing temperature, which vary among species. Our findings contribute to the understanding of mechanisms underlying the photosynthetic responses of conifer seedlings to summer extreme climate events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-Jung Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejae Jo
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Cho
- Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Pocheon, 11186, Republic of Korea
- Research Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Jin Noh
- Department of Forest Resources, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Pocheon, 11186, Republic of Korea
| | - Asia Khamzina
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sub Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources Research, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yowhan Son
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Berger M. Review of extreme heat and mental health will be useful for extreme heat preparedness efforts. Psychiatry Res 2024; 333:115749. [PMID: 38277812 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Berger
- Public Health Advisor, Department of Health & Human Services, Washington DC, USA.
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13
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Tamminen LM, Båge R, Åkerlind M, Olmos Antillón G. Farmers´ sense of the biological impact of extreme heat and seasonality on Swedish high-yielding dairy cows - A mixed methods approach. Prev Vet Med 2024; 224:106131. [PMID: 38277818 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Supporting dairy farmers in becoming resilient towards extreme weather requires a broad understanding of the experiences and perceived risks associated with these events from those who undergo them. We used a mixed methods approach to explore national trends of biological consequences on dairy cow udder health and fertility, combined with in-depth farmer conversations around extreme weather events, focusing on heat. The aim is to provide a comprehensive picture of how dairy farmer perceptions, priorities and decision-making are related to the season and extreme weather to identify preventive pathways that can reduce biological costs of heat stress on Swedish dairy cattle during summer. Data collected monthly at cow and farm level between 2016-2019 as part of the Swedish milk and disease recording system confirm seasonal trends and show increased somatic cell counts (SCC) and negatively impacted fertility during summers. In addition, transcriptions of 18 interviews with dairy farmers across the country and seasonal variations of SCC and fertility were thematically analysed. The results suggest that farmers have a broad definition of extreme weather and are aware of the negative impacts. Yet handling of extreme weather events can mainly be classified as reactive. Nevertheless, there are long-term effects on the farm economy, health and herd dynamics. Swedish dairy farmers are currently showing resilience, albeit a fragile one. The capability to ensure sufficient feed production in extreme weather is critical for farm self-perceived resilience. However, acknowledging the long-term biological costs related to fertility, currently not perceived by farmers, has the potential to support proactive planning and improve farm resilience and profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena-Mari Tamminen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 75651, Sweden.
| | - Renée Båge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 75651, Sweden.
| | | | - Gabriela Olmos Antillón
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 75651, Sweden.
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14
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Jackson K, Noushad A. The impacts of extreme temperature on mortality and emergency hospital admissions within East Sussex in comparison with pre-existing national trends. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:e23-e31. [PMID: 38055611 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impacts of heatwaves are a rapidly growing area of study; however, much of the existing research focusses on national data analysis. This article aims to add a local perspective using data from only one county, East Sussex, and comparing these with the pre-existing national data. METHODS Population data were obtained from publicly available sources such as the Office of National Statistics, in addition to anonymized data from patients. Statistical analysis calculated excess mortality and emergency hospital admissions associated with both winter and heatwaves. Further analyses into factors associated with worse health outcomes in pre-existing data, such as the extremes of age (under 1 s and over 75 s), dementia and respiratory conditions, were conducted and their effect on excess mortality and emergency admissions was compared with national data. RESULTS Excess winter mortality within East Sussex averaged 22.5%. Excess heatwave mortality averaged 17%, measuring higher than national data. The relative significance of these data is expected to increase over the next 30 years in line with the UK Health Security Agency projection of heat-related mortality tripling by 2050 in the context of global warming and increasing temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Although the number of residents dying or requiring emergency admission due to cold weather is larger than that of heatwaves, trends show a worsening impact of heatwaves. The results of this report are significant findings which show more action is required to mitigate the effects of extreme heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaine Jackson
- East Sussex Healthcare Trust, Foundation Year 2 Doctor, Eastbourne District General Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
| | - Abia Noushad
- East Sussex Healthcare Trust, Foundation Year 2 Doctor, Eastbourne District General Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
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15
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Kadio K, Filippi V, Congo M, Scorgie F, Roos N, Lusambili A, Nakstad B, Kovats S, Kouanda S. Extreme heat, pregnancy and women's well-being in Burkina Faso: an ethnographical study. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 8:e014230. [PMID: 38382997 PMCID: PMC10897842 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is an increasing threat to the health of populations in Africa, with a shift in seasonal temperatures towards more extreme heat exposures. In Burkina Faso, like other countries in the Sahel, many women have little protection against exposure to high temperatures, either outside or inside the home or place of work. This paper investigates how women perceive the impacts of heat on their physical and mental health, in addition to their social relationships and economic activities. Qualitative methods (in-depth interviews and focus group discussions) were conducted with women, community representatives and healthcare professionals in two regions in Burkina Faso. A thematic analysis was used to explore the realities of participants' experiences and contextual perspectives in relation to heat. Our research shows extreme temperatures have a multifaceted impact on pregnant women, mothers and newborns. Extreme heat affects women's functionality and well-being. Heat undermines a woman's ability to care for themselves and their child and interferes negatively with breast feeding. Heat negatively affects their ability to work and to maintain harmonious relationships with their partners and families. Cultural practices such as a taboo on taking the baby outside before the 40th day may exacerbate some of the negative consequences of heat. Most women do not recognise heat stress symptoms and lack awareness of heat risks to health. There is a need to develop public health messages to reduce the impacts of heat on health in Burkina Faso. Programmes and policies are needed to strengthen the ability of health professionals to communicate with women about best practices in heat risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadidiatou Kadio
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique et technologique (CNRST), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Centre, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Mariam Congo
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique et technologique (CNRST), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Centre, Burkina Faso
| | - Fiona Scorgie
- Wits Reproductive Health Institute (WRHI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nathalie Roos
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Britt Nakstad
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sari Kovats
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Seni Kouanda
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique et technologique (CNRST), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Centre, Burkina Faso
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16
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Chen C, Schwarz L, Rosenthal N, Marlier ME, Benmarhnia T. Exploring spatial heterogeneity in synergistic effects of compound climate hazards: Extreme heat and wildfire smoke on cardiorespiratory hospitalizations in California. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj7264. [PMID: 38306434 PMCID: PMC10836726 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Extreme heat and wildfire smoke events are increasingly co-occurring in the context of climate change, especially in California. Extreme heat and wildfire smoke may have synergistic effects on population health that vary over space. We leveraged high-resolution satellite and monitoring data to quantify spatially varying compound exposures to extreme heat and wildfire smoke in California (2006-2019) at ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) level. We found synergistic effects between extreme heat and wildfire smoke on daily cardiorespiratory hospitalizations at the state level. We also found spatial heterogeneity in such synergistic effects across ZCTAs. Communities with lower education attainment, lower health insurance coverage, lower income, lower proportion of automobile ownership, lower tree canopy coverage, higher population density, and higher proportions of racial/ethnic minorities experienced higher synergistic effects. This study highlights the need to incorporate compound hazards and environmental justice considerations into evidence-based policy development to protect populations from increasingly prevalent compound hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lara Schwarz
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Noam Rosenthal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miriam E. Marlier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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17
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Meadows J, Mansour A, Gatto MR, Li A, Howard A, Bentley R. Mental illness and increased vulnerability to negative health effects from extreme heat events: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2024; 332:115678. [PMID: 38150812 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Across countries, extreme heat events are projected to increase in frequency and intensity because of climate change. Exposure to extreme heat events can have a substantial negative impact on human health, and extant research suggests that individuals with mental illness are particularly vulnerable. To date, there has been no review of evidence regarding this vulnerability to inform response strategies and future research. OBJECTIVE A systematic review was undertaken to investigate mental illness as an effect modifier of the relationship between heat exposure and morbidity or mortality. METHODS Six databases (Medline, Embase, Global Health, PsychInfo, CINAHL and Scopus) were searched for studies published between the years 2000 to 2022. Twenty-two observational studies that met the inclusion criteria were investigated through narrative synthesis. The RoBANS tool, ROBIS and GRADE were used to assess the certainty of evidence including the risk of bias. RESULTS Individuals with mental illness experience worse morbidity and mortality outcomes compared to their counterparts without mental illness in all studies investigating high temperature over a single day. This did not hold for studies examining heatwaves, which reported mixed findings. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS People with diagnosed mental illness should be targeted for policy and service attention during high temperature days. Further research should investigate specific mental illness and adjust for a wider range of confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Meadows
- Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Housing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adelle Mansour
- Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Housing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Rosa Gatto
- Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Housing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ang Li
- Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Housing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amber Howard
- Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Housing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Bentley
- Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Housing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Ragonese IG, Sarkar MR, Hall RJ, Altizer S. Extreme heat reduces host and parasite performance in a butterfly-parasite interaction. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232305. [PMID: 38228180 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperature fundamentally shapes insect physiology, fitness and interactions with parasites. Differential climate warming effects on host versus parasite biology could exacerbate or inhibit parasite transmission, with far-reaching implications for pollination services, biocontrol and human health. Here, we experimentally test how controlled temperatures influence multiple components of host and parasite fitness in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and their protozoan parasites Ophryocystis elektroscirrha. Using five constant-temperature treatments spanning 18-34°C, we measured monarch development, survival, size, immune function and parasite infection status and intensity. Monarch size and survival declined sharply at the hottest temperature (34°C), as did infection probability, suggesting that extreme heat decreases both host and parasite performance. The lack of infection at 34°C was not due to greater host immunity or faster host development but could instead reflect the thermal limits of parasite invasion and within-host replication. In the context of ongoing climate change, temperature increases above current thermal maxima could reduce the fitness of both monarchs and their parasites, with lower infection rates potentially balancing negative impacts of extreme heat on future monarch abundance and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella G Ragonese
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maya R Sarkar
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 5455, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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19
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Xu R, Huang S, Wei J, Sun H, Liu Y. Response by Xu et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Extreme Temperature Events, Fine Particulate Matter, and Myocardial Infarction Mortality". Circulation 2024; 149:168-169. [PMID: 38190448 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.067370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (R.X., Y.L.)
| | - Suli Huang
- School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (S.H.)
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park (J.W.)
| | - Hong Sun
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (H.S.)
| | - Yuewei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (R.X., Y.L.)
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20
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Čulić V. Letter by Čulić Regarding Article, "Extreme Temperature Events, Fine Particulate Matter, and Myocardial Infarction Mortality". Circulation 2024; 149:167. [PMID: 38190452 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.066736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Čulić
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Split School of Medicine and University Hospital Center Split, Croatia
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21
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Goerge TM, Miles DB. Behavioral plasticity during acute heat stress: heat hardening increases the expression of boldness. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103778. [PMID: 38171068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is creating novel thermal environments via rising temperatures and increased frequency of severe weather events. Short-term phenotypic adjustments, i.e., phenotypic plasticity, may facilitate species persistence during adverse environmental conditions. A plastic response that increases thermal tolerance is heat hardening, which buffers organisms from extreme heat and may enhance short term survival. However, heat hardening responses may incur a cost with concomitant decreases in thermal preference and physiological performance. Thus, phenotypic shifts accompanying a hardening response may be maladaptive in warming climates. Understanding how heat hardening influences other traits associated with fitness and survival will clarify its potential as an adaptive response to altered thermal niches. Here, we studied the effects of heat hardening on boldness behavior in the color polymorphic tree lizard, Urosaurus ornatus. Boldness in lizards influences traits such as territory maintenance, mating success, and survivorship and is repeatable in U. ornatus. We found that when lizards underwent a heat hardening response, boldness expression significantly increased. This trend was driven by males. Bolder individuals also exhibited lower field active body temperatures. This behavioral response to heat hardening may increase resource holding potential and territoriality in stressful environments but may also increase predation risk. This study highlights the need to detail associated phenotypic shifts with stress responses to fully understand their adaptive potential in rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Goerge
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, 7 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Donald B Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, 7 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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22
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Van Tol Z, Vanos JK, Middel A, Ferguson KM. Concurrent Heat and Air Pollution Exposures among People Experiencing Homelessness. Environ Health Perspect 2024; 132:15003. [PMID: 38261303 PMCID: PMC10805133 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extreme heat and air pollution are important human health concerns; exposure can affect mental and physical well-being, particularly during periods of co-occurrence. Yet, the impacts on people are largely determined by underlying health conditions, coupled with the length and intensity of exposure. Preexisting adverse health conditions and prolonged exposure times are more common for people experiencing homelessness, particularly those with intersectional identity characteristics (e.g., disease, ability, age, etc.). Partially due to methodological limitations, such as data scarcity, there is a lack of research at the intersection of this at-risk population within the climate-health domain. OBJECTIVES We have three distinct objectives throughout this article: a) to advance critical discussions around the state of concurrent high heat and air pollution exposure research as it relates to people experiencing homelessness; b) to assert the importance of heat and air pollution exposure research among a highly vulnerable, too-often homogenized population-people experiencing homelessness; and c) to underline challenges in this area of study while presenting potential ways to address such shortcomings. DISCUSSION The health insights from concurrent air pollution and heat exposure studies are consequential when studying unhoused communities who are already overexposed to harmful environmental conditions. Without holistic data sets and more advanced methods to study concurrent exposures, appropriate and targeted prevention and intervention strategies cannot be developed to protect this at-risk population. We highlight that a) concurrent high heat and air pollution exposure research among people experiencing homelessness is significantly underdeveloped considering the pressing human health implications; b) the severity of physiological responses elicited by high heat and air pollution are predicated on exposure intensity and time, and thus people without means of seeking climate-controlled shelter are most at risk; and c) collaboration among transdisciplinary teams is needed to resolve data resolution issues and enable targeted prevention and intervention strategies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Van Tol
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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23
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Witze A. Earth boiled in 2023 - will it happen again in 2024? Nature 2024; 625:637-639. [PMID: 38216765 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
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24
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O'Dowd A. Extreme heat could cause more than 10 000 annual deaths in the UK by 2050s, warn experts. BMJ 2023; 383:2924. [PMID: 38086562 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
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25
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Sheng S. Residential greenness for mitigating impacts of extreme heat events on depression and supporting mental health. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1310410. [PMID: 38145084 PMCID: PMC10740180 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1310410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Residential green spaces (RGS) are a crucial aspect of urban life, which provide residents with a positive living environment both for mental and physical well-being. However, extreme heat events caused by global warming and local urban heat island effects are threatening the public health of rapidly growing populations. This is especially true for mental health. Depression is a mental illness that can be impacted by extreme heat events, i.e., heatwaves. Objective This study aimed to investigate the potential for residential green spaces (RGS) to alleviate depression by reducing heat stress sensitivity during extreme heat events. Methods We conducted a literature review using scientometric analysis with CiteSpace to summarize existing research on the relationships between RGS, depression, and heatwaves. We proposed a conceptual framework for the relationship between RGS and depression, and that extreme heat events may be an important contributor to depression. Results Our review found that RGS can provide ecosystem services that lower ambient temperatures through evaporative cooling, radiation reflection, humidity regulation, and shading. Different types of RGS, i.e., small green spaces, green roofs, green walls, and street trees, have varying cooling capacities. The mechanisms by which RGS alleviate depression during heatwaves involve green space composition, exposure, physical activity, social contacts, and cohesion. And we proposed a conceptual framework for the relationship between RGS and depression, and that extreme heat events may be an important contributor to depression. Conclusion We present a multidimensional RGS evaluation roadmap to inform green space design for reducing depression during heatwaves. Establishing RGS multidimensional evaluation can guide future research on leveraging RGS to build resilience against extreme heat and improve public mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Research Center of Landscape Heritage Protection and Ecological Restoration, China-Portugal Joint Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Shaojie Sheng
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Yan L, Yin M, Yu H, Qin G, He BJ. Public responses to urban heat and payment for heat-resilient infrastructure: implications for heat action plan formulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:120387-120399. [PMID: 37938491 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Heat action plans should be urgently formulated to enable urban managers, planners, and designers to take appropriate actions for mitigation and adaptation. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the societal needs and knowledge gaps regarding heat mitigation and adaptation. To address such research gaps, this paper presents an empirical study of 574 questionnaires in Chengdu, China, to explore heat-related impacts, public responses, and driving mechanisms. The results indicated that outdoor activities and work/study were more sensitive to extreme heat than transportation, sleep/rest, and diet. Heat-related impacts on physiological health were at the same level as those on psychological health, where digestive system illness and emotional irritability were the most prevalent physiological and psychological symptoms. Respondents' knowledge of heat-related threats, adaptation awareness, and adaptation knowledge were insufficient, compared with heat severity. The payment willingness among the respondents was not strong and payment amount was not high. Poorer, healthier, and the less affected in outdoor activities were positive groups in payment willingness, while the group which experienced heat-related impacts on outdoor activities could pay more compared with other groups. Overall, these results help to shape the main contents of heat action plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Mingqiang Yin
- Centre for Climate-Resilient and Low-Carbon Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy, Chongqing, 401147, China
- Institute for Smart City of Chongqing University in Liyang, Chongqing University, Liyang, 213300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Mianyang Municipal Party School, Fucheng District, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Guojin Qin
- School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Bao-Jie He
- Centre for Climate-Resilient and Low-Carbon Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
- CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy, Chongqing, 401147, China.
- Institute for Smart City of Chongqing University in Liyang, Chongqing University, Liyang, 213300, Jiangsu, China.
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Connolly CL, Milando CW, Vermeer K, Ashmore J, Carvalho L, Levy JI, Fabian MP. Simulating Energy Use, Indoor Temperatures, and Utility Cost Impacts Amidst a Warming Climate in a Multi-family Housing Model. J Urban Health 2023; 100:1234-1245. [PMID: 37947996 PMCID: PMC10728384 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Rising ambient temperatures due to climate change will impact both indoor temperatures and heating and cooling utility costs. In traditionally colder climates, there are potential tradeoffs in how to meet the reduced heating and increased cooling demands, and issues related to lack of air conditioning (AC) access in older homes and among lower-income populations to prevent extreme heat exposure. We modeled a typical multi-family home in Boston (MA) in the building simulation program EnergyPlus to assess indoor temperature and energy consumption in current (2020) and projected future (2050) weather conditions. Selected households were those without AC (no AC), those who ran AC sometimes (some AC), and those with sufficient resources to run AC always (full AC). We considered stylized cooling subsidy policies that allowed households to move between groups, both independently and in conjunction with energy efficiency retrofits. Results showed that future weather conditions without policy changes yielded an increase in indoor summer temperatures of 2.1 °C (no AC), increased cooling demand (range: 34-50%), but led to a decrease in net yearly total utility costs per apartment (range: - $21 to - $38). Policies that allowed households to move to greater AC utilization yielded average indoor summer temperature decreases (- 3.5 °C to - 6.2 °C) and net yearly total utility increases (range: + $2 to + $94) per apartment unit, with greater savings for retrofitted homes primarily due to large decreases in heating use. Our model results reinforce the importance of coordinated public policies addressing climate change that have an equity lens for both health and climate goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Connolly
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 722 W168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Chad W Milando
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | | | - Luis Carvalho
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - M Patricia Fabian
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Institute for Global Sustainability, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Thomson TN, Rupasinghe R, Hennessy D, Easton M, Stewart T, Mulvenna V. Population vulnerability to heat: A case-crossover analysis of heat health alerts and hospital morbidity data in Victoria, Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2023; 47:100092. [PMID: 37852815 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE From 2010 to 2022, the Victorian Department of Health operated a heat health alert system. We explored whether changes to morbidity occurred during or directly after these alerts, and how this differed for certain population groups. METHODS We used a space-time-stratified case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression to examine the associations between heat health alerts and heat-related and all-cause emergency department (ED) presentations and hospital admissions at the state-wide level, with models created for the whole population and subgroups. Data were included for the warm season (November-March) from 2014 to 2021. RESULTS Increases occurred in heat-related ED presentations (OR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.53-1.96) and heat-related hospital admissions (OR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.16-1.30) on days on or after heat health alerts. Effect sizes were largest for those 65 years and older, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and those living in the most disadvantaged areas. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that increases in morbidity occurred in Victoria during heat health alerts and describe which population groups are more likely to require healthcare in a hospital. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH These findings can inform responses before and during periods of extreme heat, data-driven adaptation strategies, and the development of heat health surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilda N Thomson
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Public Health Division, Victorian Department of Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rayiky Rupasinghe
- Public Health Division, Victorian Department of Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daneeta Hennessy
- Public Health Division, Victorian Department of Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marion Easton
- Public Health Division, Victorian Department of Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tony Stewart
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Vanora Mulvenna
- Public Health Division, Victorian Department of Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Vanos J, Guzman-Echavarria G, Baldwin JW, Bongers C, Ebi KL, Jay O. A physiological approach for assessing human survivability and liveability to heat in a changing climate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7653. [PMID: 38030628 PMCID: PMC10687011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies projecting human survivability limits to extreme heat with climate change use a 35 °C wet-bulb temperature (Tw) threshold without integrating variations in human physiology. This study applies physiological and biophysical principles for young and older adults, in sun or shade, to improve current estimates of survivability and introduce liveability (maximum safe, sustained activity) under current and future climates. Our physiology-based survival limits show a vast underestimation of risks by the 35 °C Tw model in hot-dry conditions. Updated survivability limits correspond to Tw~25.8-34.1 °C (young) and ~21.9-33.7 °C (old)-0.9-13.1 °C lower than Tw = 35 °C. For older female adults, estimates are ~7.2-13.1 °C lower than 35 °C in dry conditions. Liveability declines with sun exposure and humidity, yet most dramatically with age (2.5-3.0 METs lower for older adults). Reductions in safe activity for younger and older adults between the present and future indicate a stronger impact from aging than warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Gisel Guzman-Echavarria
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jane W Baldwin
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Coen Bongers
- Department of Medical Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Heat and Health Research Incubator, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristie L Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ollie Jay
- Heat and Health Research Incubator, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Clarke RH, Wescombe NJ, Huq S, Khan M, Kramer B, Lombardi D. Climate loss-and-damage funding: a mechanism to make it work. Nature 2023; 623:689-692. [PMID: 37993575 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
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31
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Nogrady B. Record-breaking heat set to hit Southern Hemisphere as summer begins. Nature 2023; 623:896-897. [PMID: 37981645 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
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32
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Hess JJ, Sheehan TJ, Miller A, Cunningham R, Errett NA, Isaksen TB, Vogel J, Ebi KL. A novel climate and health decision support platform: Approach, outputs, and policy considerations. Environ Res 2023; 234:116530. [PMID: 37394172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adverse health impacts of climate change are increasingly apparent and the need for adaptation activities is pressing. Risks, drivers, and decision contexts vary significantly by location, and high-resolution, place-based information is needed to support decision analysis and risk reduction efforts at scale. METHODS Using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) risk framework, we developed a causal pathway linking heat with a composite outcome of heat-related morbidity and mortality. We used an existing systematic literature review to identify variables for inclusion and the authors' expert judgment to determine variable combinations in a hierarchical model. We parameterized the model for Washington state using observational (1991-2020 and June 2021 extreme heat event) and scenario-driven temperature projections (2036-2065), compared outputs against relevant existing indices, and analyzed sensitivity to model structure and variable parameterization. We used descriptive statistics, maps, visualizations and correlation analyses to present results. RESULTS The Climate and Health Risk Tool (CHaRT) heat risk model contains 25 primary hazard, exposure, and vulnerability variables and multiple levels of variable combinations. The model estimates population-weighted and unweighted heat health risk for selected periods and displays estimates on an online visualization platform. Population-weighted risk is historically moderate and primarily limited by hazard, increasing significantly during extreme heat events. Unweighted risk is helpful in identifying lower population areas that have high vulnerability and hazard. Model vulnerability correlate well with existing vulnerability and environmental justice indices. DISCUSSION The tool provides location-specific insights into risk drivers and prioritization of risk reduction interventions including population-specific behavioral interventions and built environment modifications. Insights from causal pathways linking climate-sensitive hazards and adverse health impacts can be used to generate hazard-specific models to support adaptation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Hess
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Timothy J Sheehan
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alyssa Miller
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nicole A Errett
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tania Busch Isaksen
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason Vogel
- Climate Impacts Group, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristie L Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Dumont CR, Mathis WS. Mapping Heat Vulnerability of a Community Mental Health Center Population. Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:1330-1340. [PMID: 37014585 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-023-01119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with serious mental illness are vulnerable to extreme heat due to biological, social, and place-based factors. We examine the spatial correlation of prevalence of individuals treated at a community mental health center to heat vulnerability. We applied a heat vulnerability index (HVI) to the catchment of the Connecticut Mental Health Center in New Haven, Connecticut. Geocoded addresses were mapped to correlate patient prevalence with heat vulnerability of census tracts. Census tracts closer to the city center had elevated vulnerability scores. Patient prevalence was positively correlated with HVI score (Pearson's r(44) = 0.67, p < 0.01). Statistical significance persists after correction for spatial autocorrelation (modified t-test p < 0.01). The study indicates that individuals treated at this community mental health center are more likely to live in census tracts with high heat vulnerability. Heat mapping strategies can help communicate risk and target resources at the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Dumont
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, 06519, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Walter S Mathis
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, 06519, New Haven, CT, USA
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Chen B, Lin C, Gong P, An J. Optimize urban shade using digital twins of cities. Nature 2023; 622:242. [PMID: 37817037 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
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Song J, Gasparrini A, Fischer T, Hu K, Lu Y. Effect Modifications of Overhead-View and Eye-Level Urban Greenery on Heat-Mortality Associations: Small-Area Analyses Using Case Time Series Design and Different Greenery Measurements. Environ Health Perspect 2023; 131:97007. [PMID: 37728899 PMCID: PMC10510815 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protective effect of urban greenery from adverse heat impacts remains inconclusive. Existing inconsistent findings could be attributed to the different estimation techniques used. OBJECTIVES We investigated how effect modifications of urban greenery on heat-mortality associations vary when using different greenery measurements reflecting overhead-view and eye-level urban greenery. METHODS We collected meteorological and daily mortality data for 286 territory planning units between 2005 and 2018 in Hong Kong. Three greenery measurements were extracted for each unit: a) the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Landsat remote sensing images, b) the percentage of greenspace based on land use data, and c) eye-level street greenery from street view images via a deep learning technique. Time-series analyses were performed using the case time series design with a linear interaction between the temperature term and each of the three greenery measurements. Effect modifications were also estimated for different age groups, sex categories, and cause-specific diseases. RESULTS Higher mortality risks were associated with both moderate and extreme heat, with relative risks (RRs) of 1.022 (95% CI: 1.000, 1.044) and 1.045 (95% CI: 1.013, 1.079) at the 90th and 99th percentiles of temperatures relative to the minimum mortality temperature (MMT). Lower RRs were observed in greener areas whichever of the three greenery measurements was used, but the disparity of RRs between areas with low and high levels of urban greenery was more apparent when using eye-level street greenery as the index at high temperatures (99th percentile relative to MMT), with RRs for low and high levels of greenery, respectively, of 1.096 (95% CI: 1.035, 1.161) and 0.985 (95% CI: 0.920, 1.055) for NDVI (p = 0.0193 ), 1.068 (95% CI: 1.021, 1.117) and 0.990 (95% CI: 0.906, 1.081) for the percentage of greenspace (p = 0.1338 ), and 1.103 (95% CI: 1.034, 1.177) and 0.943 (95% CI: 0.841, 1.057) for eye-level street greenery (p = 0.0186 ). Health discrepancies remained for nonaccidental mortality and cardiorespiratory diseases and were more apparent for older adults (≥ 65 years of age) and females. DISCUSSION This study provides new evidence that eye-level street greenery shows stronger associations with reduced heat-mortality risks compared with overhead-view greenery based on NDVI and percentage of greenspace. The effect modification of urban greenery tends to be amplified as temperatures rise and are more apparent in older adults and females. Heat mitigation strategies and health interventions, in particular with regard to accessible and visible greenery, are needed for helping heat-sensitive subpopulation groups in coping with extreme heat. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12589.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglu Song
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Public Health, Environment and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Environmental Assessment and Management Research Centre, Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kejia Hu
- Institute of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Benoit JB, Finch G, Ankrum AL, Niemantsverdriet J, Paul B, Kelley M, Gantz JD, Matter SF, Lee RE, Denlinger DL. Reduced male fertility of an Antarctic mite following extreme heat stress could prompt localized population declines. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:541-549. [PMID: 37392307 PMCID: PMC10468472 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is leading to substantial global thermal changes, which are particularly pronounced in polar regions. Therefore, it is important to examine the impact of heat stress on the reproduction of polar terrestrial arthropods, specifically, how brief extreme events may alter survival. We observed that sublethal heat stress reduces male fecundity in an Antarctic mite, yielding females that produced fewer viable eggs. Females and males collected from microhabitats with high temperatures showed a similar reduction in fertility. This impact is temporary, as indicated by recovery of male fecundity following return to cooler, stable conditions. The diminished fecundity is likely due to a drastic reduction in the expression of male-associated factors that occur in tandem with a substantial increase in the expression of heat shock proteins. Cross-mating between mites from different sites confirmed that heat-exposed populations have impaired male fertility. However, the negative impacts are transient as the effect on fertility declines with recovery time under less stressful conditions. Modeling indicated that heat stress is likely to reduce population growth and that short bouts of non-lethal heat stress could have substantial reproductive effects on local populations of Antarctic arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Geoffrey Finch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrea L Ankrum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Bidisha Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Melissa Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J D Gantz
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Biology and Health Science, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA
| | - Stephen F Matter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Klingelhöfer D, Braun M, Brüggmann D, Groneberg DA. Heatwaves: does global research reflect the growing threat in the light of climate change? Global Health 2023; 19:56. [PMID: 37568208 PMCID: PMC10422716 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing impacts of climate change, heatwaves are placing an enormous burden on health and social systems and threatening ecological diversity around the world. Heatwaves are increasing not only in frequency but also in severity and magnitude. They are causing the deaths of thousands of people. Research is needed on a multidisciplinary, supra-regional, and regional level. METHODS A detailed evaluation of the research conducted is not yet available. Therefore, this study provides a detailed insight into the publication landscape to identify key players, incentives, and requirements for future scientific efforts that are useful not only for scientists but also to stakeholders and project funders. RESULTS The number of publications on heatwaves is increasing, outpacing the trend of research indexed by the Science Citation Index Expanded. However, funding is lagging behind comparatively. Looking at absolute numbers, the USA, Australia, China, and some European countries have been identified as major players in heatwave research. If socio-economic numbers are included, Switzerland and Portugal lead the way. Australia and the UK dominate if the change in heatwave-exposed people is included. Nevertheless, exposure and economic strength of publishing countries were identified as the main drivers of national research interests. Previous heatwaves, in particular, have driven research efforts primarily at the national level. CONCLUSION For an efficient monitoring or early detection system that also includes the economically weak regions, internationally networked efforts are necessary to enable preventive measures and damage limitation against heatwaves. Regardless of previous regional extreme heat events, research approaches should be focused to the global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dörthe Brüggmann
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
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Buttke DE, Raynor B, Schuurman GW. Predicting climate-change induced heat-related illness risk in Grand Canyon National Park visitors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288812. [PMID: 37556450 PMCID: PMC10411749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The climate crisis is the greatest public health threat of the 21st century. Excessive heat is responsible for more deaths than any other extreme weather event, and the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme heat events are increasing globally due to climate change. Exposure to excessive heat can result in heat related illnesses (HRIs) and long-term poor health outcomes. Physical exertion, sudden exposure to excessive heat, and the lack of physical or behavioral adaptation resources are all associated with greater HRI risk, which is expected to increase for visitors to Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP) and other public lands as climate change worsens. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to understand 1) the relationship between weather and HRI in GCNP visitors, 2) how future HRI rates may change, and 3) how land management agencies can update risk mitigation strategies to match changing risk and better manage an increased HRI burden. METHODS We utilized previously published data on HRI in GCNP visitors, and records of daily visitation, temperatures, and maximum and minimum daily humidity from the same study period to develop a model estimate for HRI risk. We then used future climate projections from the World Climate Research Programme's Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 multi-model dataset to model future HRI risk under different climate scenarios. RESULTS The incidence of HRI was significantly associated with maximum daily temperature and minimum relative humidity, and was more common in the shoulder season months. We estimated that HRI will increase 29%-137% over 2004-2009 levels through 2100, assuming no change in visitation. DISCUSSION Climate change will continue to increase HRI risk for GCNP visitors and poses risks to public land managers' mission to provide for safe recreation experiences for the benefit of this and future generations in places like GCNP. Excessive risk during the shoulder season months presents an opportunity to increase preventative search and rescue and education efforts to mitigate increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Buttke
- Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Directorate, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brinkley Raynor
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregor W. Schuurman
- Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Directorate, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Nogrady B. Controlling pollution and overfishing can help protect coral reefs - but it's not enough. Nature 2023; 620:479. [PMID: 37558791 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
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Cloud DH, Williams B, Haardörfer R, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Cooper HLF. Extreme Heat and Suicide Watch Incidents Among Incarcerated Men. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2328380. [PMID: 37566416 PMCID: PMC10422184 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Extreme heat poses a distinct risk to the 2.1 million incarcerated people in the United States, who have disparately high rates of behavioral health conditions. Suicide is a leading cause of death among people in prisons. Objective To examine associations of extreme heat, solitary confinement, and an indicator of suicidal behaviors among incarcerated men in a Deep South US prison system. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal case series panel study included adult men in prisons in Louisiana, a state with one of the largest prison systems in the United States that has been engaged in litigation due to lack of air conditioning and extreme heat. The unit of analysis was prison facility-days. A facility-level data set was created by merging administrative data files, which included demographic characteristics, health classification, housing location and movement, disciplinary records, and involvement in suicide-watch incidents for all incarcerated men in Louisiana during the observation period. Individual-level variables were aggregated to facility-days to merge in daily maximum heat index data from the US Local Climatological Data, which were linked to the zip codes of prisons. The observation period was January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017. Data set construction occurred from August 2020 to September 2022, and analysis was conducted from December 2022 to February 2023. Exposure The focal exposure was extreme heat days. Daily maximum heat index data were categorized into 6 bins (<30 °F, 30-39 °F, 40-49 °F, 50-59 °F, 70-79 °F, and ≥80 °F) and as an indicator for any facility-day where the maximum heat index exceeded the 90th percentile of heat indices for total days in observation period. Conditional fixed-effects negative binomial regression models were used to calculate incident rate ratios to test associations between extreme heat and suicide watch incidents, while controlling for covariates. Main Outcomes and Measures The focal outcome was daily count of suicide watch incidents that were recorded in a carceral system database. Covariates included daily percentages of incarcerated persons at each prison with serious mental illness diagnosis, daily rate of solitary confinement, and total facility population. Results The sample of 6 state-operated prisons provided 6576 facility-days for the analysis. Results suggest a dose-responsive association between extreme heat and daily counts of suicide-watch incidents; compared with days with temperatures between 60 and 69 °F, the rate of daily suicide incidents increased by 29% when the heat index reached the level of caution (ie, 80-89 °F) and by 36% when reaching extreme caution (90-103 °F) (80-89 °F: incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.17-1.43; P < .001; 90-103 °F: IRR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.15-1.61; P < .001). Compared with other days, those with the extreme heat indicator were significantly associated with a 30% increase in the incident rate of daily suicide-watch incidents (IRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.18-1.45; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance Findings suggest an association between extreme heat and an indicator of suicidality among an incarcerated sample, contribute to an emerging literature exploring linkages between climatological events and health outcomes in prisons, and may have implications for legal interventions and advocacy seeking to abate heat-induced morbidity and mortality in carceral contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Cloud
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Amend at the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
| | - Brie Williams
- Amend at the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
| | - Regine Haardörfer
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Hannah L. F. Cooper
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Chambers EC, Norris KC, Levano SR, Golestaneh L. Extreme Heat Can Exacerbate Disproportionate Burden of Severe Kidney Disease in Historically Marginalized Communities: Call to Action. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 18:1089-1091. [PMID: 36758149 PMCID: PMC10564337 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Earle C. Chambers
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Keith C. Norris
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samantha R. Levano
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ladan Golestaneh
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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McKenna ZJ, Foster J, Atkins WC, Belval LN, Watso JC, Jarrard CP, Orth BD, Crandall CG. Age alters the thermoregulatory responses to extreme heat exposure with accompanying activities of daily living. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:445-455. [PMID: 37410904 PMCID: PMC10538984 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00285.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Older adults are at greater risk for heat-related morbidity and mortality, due in part to age-related reductions in heat dissipating capabilities. Previous studies investigating the impact of age on responses to heat stress used approaches that lack activities of daily living and therefore may not accurately depict the thermal/physiological strain that would occur during actual heatwaves. We sought to compare the responses of young (18-39 yr) and older (≥65 yr) adults exposed to two extreme heat simulations. Healthy young (n = 20) and older (n = 20) participants underwent two 3-h extreme heat exposures on different days: 1) DRY (47°C and 15% humidity) and 2) HUMID (41°C and 40% humidity). To mimic heat generation comparable with activities of daily living, participants performed 5-min bouts of light physical activity dispersed throughout the heat exposure. Measurements included core and skin temperatures, heart rate, blood pressure, local and whole body sweat rate, forearm blood flow, and perceptual responses. Δ core temperature (Young: 0.68 ± 0.27°C vs. Older: 1.37 ± 0.42°C; P < 0.001) and ending core temperature (Young: 37.81 ± 0.26°C vs. Older: 38.15 ± 0.43°C; P = 0.005) were greater in the older cohort during the DRY condition. Δ core temperature (Young: 0.58 ± 0.25°C vs. Older: 1.02 ± 0.32°C; P < 0.001), but not ending core temperature (Young: 37.67 ± 0.34°C vs. Older: 37.83 ± 0.35°C; P = 0.151), was higher in the older cohort during the HUMID condition. We demonstrated that older adults have diminished thermoregulatory responses to heat stress with accompanying activities of daily living. These findings corroborate previous reports and confirm epidemiological data showing that older adults are at a greater risk for hyperthermia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using an experimental model of extreme heat exposure that incorporates brief periods of light physical activity to simulate activities of daily living, the extent of thermal strain reported herein more accurately represents what would occur during actual heatwave conditions. Despite matching metabolic heat generation and environmental conditions, we show that older adults have augmented core temperature responses, likely due to age-related reductions in heat dissipating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J McKenna
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Josh Foster
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Whitley C Atkins
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Luke N Belval
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Joseph C Watso
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Caitlin P Jarrard
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Bonnie D Orth
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Craig G Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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Khatana SAM, Groeneveld PW. Extreme Heat and Poor Air Quality: Dual Threats to Cardiovascular Health. Circulation 2023; 148:324-326. [PMID: 37486994 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.065572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Ahmed M Khatana
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.)
- VA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Philadelphia, PA (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.)
- Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Perelman School of Medicine, and Leonard Davis Institute for Health Economics (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Peter W Groeneveld
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.)
- VA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Philadelphia, PA (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.)
- Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- General Internal Medicine (P.W.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Perelman School of Medicine, and Leonard Davis Institute for Health Economics (S.A.M.K., P.W.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Sanderson K. June's record-smashing temperatures - in data. Nature 2023; 619:232-233. [PMID: 37407780 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
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Owens B. Why are the Canadian wildfires so bad this year? Nature 2023; 618:439-440. [PMID: 37296265 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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Randazza JM, Hess JJ, Bostrom A, Hartwell C, Adams QH, Nori-Sarma A, Spangler KR, Sun Y, Weinberger KR, Wellenius GA, Errett NA. Planning to Reduce the Health Impacts of Extreme Heat: A Content Analysis of Heat Action Plans in Local United States Jurisdictions. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:559-567. [PMID: 36926967 PMCID: PMC10088945 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To examine commonalities and gaps in the content of local US heat action plans (HAPs) designed to decrease the adverse health effects of extreme heat. Methods. We used content analysis to identify common strategies and gaps in extreme heat preparedness among written HAPs in the United States from jurisdictions that serve municipalities with more than 200 000 residents. We reviewed, coded, and analyzed plans to assess the prevalence of key components and strategies. Results. All 21 plans evaluated incorporated data on activation triggers, heat health messaging and risk communication, cooling centers, surveillance activities, and agency coordination, and 95% incorporated information on outreach to at-risk populations. Gaps existed in the specific applications of these broad strategies. Conclusions. Practice-based recommendations as well as future areas of research should focus on increasing targeted strategies for at-risk individuals and expanding the use of surveillance data outside of situational awareness. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(5):559-567. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307217).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette M Randazza
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Hess
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ann Bostrom
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cat Hartwell
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Quinn H Adams
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amruta Nori-Sarma
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Keith R Spangler
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuantong Sun
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kate R Weinberger
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory A Wellenius
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicole A Errett
- At the time of the study, Juliette M. Randazza was with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Jeremy J. Hess is with the Departments of Global Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Ann Bostrom is with the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington. Cat Hartwell and Nicole A. Errett are with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington. Quinn H. Adams, Amruta Nori-Sarma, Keith R. Spangler, Yuantong Sun, and Gregory A. Wellenius are with the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA. At the time of the study, Kate R. Weinberger was with the Occupational and Environmental Health Division, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Sen Gupta A. Marine heatwaves: definition duel heats up. Nature 2023; 617:465. [PMID: 37193814 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Guardaro
- Melissa Guardaro is with the School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe
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Bernhardt JM, Breakey S, Cox R, Olayinka O, Quinn L, Simmonds K, Atkin K, Sipe M, Nicholas PK. Development of a screening tool for assessment of climate change-related heat illness in the clinical setting. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2023; 35:291-298. [PMID: 37052622 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Extreme heat contributes to heat-related illnesses resulting from heat intolerance, which is the inability to maintain a thermal balance to tolerate heat stress. In the United States, heat-related mortality for older persons has almost doubled in the past 20 years. Other populations at risk for heat-related illness (HRI) include children, pregnant people, those who work outside, young people participating in outdoor sports, and at-risk populations such as Black, indigenous, and populations of color. The classic heat tolerance test used for decades monitoring physiological responses to repetitive motions is impractical across large and potentially health challenged populations and does not identify environmental or social factors or specific vulnerable populations. To address this issue, we developed a heat-related illness screening tool (HIST) to identify individuals at risk for HRI morbidity and mortality based on their physical, environmental, and social vulnerabilities with an emphasis on populations of concern. The HIST has the potential to be used as routine clinical screening in the same way as other commonly used screening tools. Heat intolerance affects patient outcomes and quality of life; therefore, early screening with a simple, easy-to-administer screening tool such as the HIST can identify people at risk and refer them to services that address heat exposure and/or create safety nets to prevent heat-related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Bernhardt
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suellen Breakey
- Center for Climate Change, Climate Justice, and Health, MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Cox
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lisa Quinn
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine Simmonds
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn Atkin
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Margie Sipe
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrice K Nicholas
- Center for Climate Change, Climate Justice, and Health, MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, Boston, Massachusetts
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Dong X, Zhang T, Yang X, Li T, Li X. Rice yield benefits from historical climate warming to be negated by extreme heat in Northeast China. Int J Biometeorol 2023; 67:835-846. [PMID: 36964788 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice is currently benefiting from climate warming in Northeast China, but whether such positive effect will continue in the future remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the impacts of individual and combined climate variables on rice yields in Northeast China during 1980-2015. Results show that there is 10% yield increase induced by climate change in Northeast China since 1980. At present, the reduced chilling results in 5.4% yield increase (approximately 28,000 tons) and the higher growing degree-day contributes to 4.6% yield increase (approximately 24,000 tons), while the high-temperature extreme reduced yield by 0.054% (approximately 280 tons). However, with continuous warming, the harmful impact of such high-temperature extreme will outweigh other positive climate effects when the temperature increases by 3.36 °C. Therefore, high-temperature extremes cannot be ignored despite their influence on rice yield being quite limited at present in Northeast China. Climate change mitigation and heat tolerance breeding are thus necessary for rice production in Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- DNDC Applications, Research and Training, 87 Packers Falls Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Xichen Li
- International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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