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Collection, Extraction, and In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33977440 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1358-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are used to treat infectious and inflammatory diseases in various traditional medical systems, and thus could represent a promising source of antimicrobials. To establish the scientific basis for the therapeutic actions of traditional plant medicines, we provide a general workflow for evaluating the anti-infective properties of crude extracts from plants. We provide guidance starting from plant collections in the field and the creation of herbarium voucher specimens, moving to the processing of plants by drying, grinding, and extracting the plant parts collected, and finally ending with the antimicrobial investigation of these plant extracts. In this protocol, we provide a description of our workflow for the growth inhibitory evaluation of plant extracts against common human pathogenic bacteria.
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Lopes EM, Guimarães-Dias F, Gama TDSS, Macedo AL, Valverde AL, de Moraes MC, de Aguiar-Dias ACA, Bizzo HR, Alves-Ferreira M, Tavares ES, Macedo AF. Artemisia annua L. and photoresponse: from artemisinin accumulation, volatile profile and anatomical modifications to gene expression. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:101-117. [PMID: 31576412 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Blue and yellow light affected metabolism and the morphology. Blue and red promote the DOXP/MEP pathway. ADS gene expression was increased in plants cultivated under blue, promoting artemisinin content. Artemisinin-based combination therapies are the most effective treatment for highly lethal malaria. Artemisinin is produced in small quantities in the glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua L. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of light quality in A. annua cultivated in vitro under different light qualities, considering anatomical and morphological changes, the volatile composition, artemisinin content and the expression of two key enzymes for artemisinin biosynthesis. Yellow light is related to the increase in the number of glandular trichomes and this seemed to positively affect the molecular diversity in A. annua. Yellow light-stimulated glandular trichome frequency without triggered area enhancement, whereas blue light stimulated both parameters. Blue light enhanced the thickness of the leaf epidermis. The B-promoting effect was due to increased cell size and not to increased cell numbers. Green and yellow light positively influenced the volatile diversity in the plantlets. Nevertheless, blue and red light seemed to promote the DOXP/MEP pathway, while red light stimulates MVA pathway. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene expression was significantly increased in plants cultivated under blue light, and not red light, promoting artemisinin content. Our results showed that light quality, more specifically blue and yellow light, positively affected secondary metabolism and the morphology of plantlets. It seemed that steps prior to the last one in the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway could be strongly influenced by blue light. Our work provides an alternative method to increase the amount of artemisinin production in A. annua without the use of transgenic plants, by the employment of blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Lopes
- Integrated Laboratory of Plant Biology (LIBV), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur nº 458, 5th Floor, Room 512, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Fábia Guimarães-Dias
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (LGMV), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thália do S S Gama
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy (LAV), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur L Macedo
- Laboratory of Natural Products (LaProMar), Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LaPNEM), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra L Valverde
- Laboratory of Natural Products (LaProMar), Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcela C de Moraes
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Screening Strategies, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina A de Aguiar-Dias
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy (LAV), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Humberto R Bizzo
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Food Agroindustry, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alves-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (LGMV), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliana S Tavares
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea F Macedo
- Integrated Laboratory of Plant Biology (LIBV), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur nº 458, 5th Floor, Room 512, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 22290-240, Brazil.
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Tang X, Demiray M, Wirth T, Allemann RK. Concise synthesis of artemisinin from a farnesyl diphosphate analogue. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1314-1319. [PMID: 28404524 PMCID: PMC5930831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is one of the most potent anti-malaria drugs and many often-lengthy routes have been developed for its synthesis. Amorphadiene synthase, a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin, is able to convert an oxygenated farnesyl diphosphate analogue directly to dihydroartemisinic aldehyde, which can be converted to artemisinin in only four chemical steps, resulting in an efficient synthetic route to the anti-malaria drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Tang
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Melodi Demiray
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Rudolf K Allemann
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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Demiray M, Tang X, Wirth T, Faraldos JA, Allemann RK. An Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Dihydroartemisinic Aldehyde. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4347-4350. [PMID: 28294491 PMCID: PMC5396139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin from the plant Artemisia annua is the most potent pharmaceutical for the treatment of malaria. In the plant, the sesquiterpene cyclase amorphadiene synthase, a cytochrome-dependent CYP450, and an aldehyde reductase convert farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) into dihydroartemisinic aldehyde (DHAAl), which is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of artemisinin and a semisynthetic precursor for its chemical synthesis. Here, we report a chemoenzymatic process that is able to deliver DHAAl using only the sesquiterpene synthase from a carefully designed hydroxylated FDP derivative. This process, which reverses the natural order of cyclization of FDP and oxidation of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, provides a significant improvement in the synthesis of DHAAl and demonstrates the potential of substrate engineering in the terpene synthase mediated synthesis of high-value natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodi Demiray
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATGreat Britain
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATGreat Britain
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATGreat Britain
| | - Juan A. Faraldos
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATGreat Britain
| | - Rudolf K. Allemann
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATGreat Britain
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Demiray M, Tang X, Wirth T, Faraldos JA, Allemann RK. Effiziente chemoenzymatische Synthese von Dihydroartemisinaldehyd. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melodi Demiray
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Juan A. Faraldos
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Rudolf K. Allemann
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
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Tian N, Tang Y, Tian D, Liu Z, Liu S. Determination of dihydroartemisinic acid in Artemisia annua L. by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27557482 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) is the direct precursor to artemisinin, an effective anti-malaria compound from Artemisia annua L. (A. annua), and it can be transformed to artemisinin without the catalysis of enzyme. A rapid and sensitive analysis of DHAA in A. annua is needed to screen excellent plant resources aimed to improve artemisinin production. In order to develop a rapid and sensitive determination method for DHAA in plant, the extraction and analysis conditions were extensively investigated in the present work. As a result, extraction of powdered A. annua leaves at 55°C for 50 min with chloroform resulted in the highest yield of DHAA, with a recovery of >98%. The precision of this gas chromatographic procedure ranged from 1.22 to 2.94% for intra-day and from 1.69 to 4.31% for inter-day, respectively. The accuracy was 99.55-103.02% for intra-day and 98.86-99.98% for inter-day, respectively. The measured LOQ and LOD values of the proposed method reached 5.00 and 2.00 μg/mL, respectively. Validation indicated the method was robust, quick, sensitive and adequate for DHAA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tian
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture and Hardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yuwei Tang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture and Hardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dongming Tian
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture and Hardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture and Hardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture and Hardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shuoqian Liu
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture and Hardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture and Hardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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Hall Z, Allan EL, van Schalkwyk DA, van Wyk A, Kaur H. Degradation of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies Under Tropical Conditions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:993-1001. [PMID: 26951346 PMCID: PMC4856632 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor quality antimalarials, including falsified, substandard, and degraded drugs, are a serious health concern in malaria-endemic countries. Guidelines are lacking on how to distinguish between substandard and degraded drugs. “Forced degradation” in an oven was carried out on three common artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) brands to detect products of degradation using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and help facilitate classification of degraded drugs. “Natural aging” of 2,880 tablets each of ACTs artemether/lumefantrine and artesunate/amodiaquine was undertaken to evaluate their long-term stability in tropical climates. Samples were aged in the presence and absence of light on-site in Ghana and in a stability chamber (London), removed at regular intervals, and analyzed to determine loss of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) over time and detect products of degradation. Loss of APIs in naturally aged tablets (both in Ghana and the pharmaceutical stability chamber) was 0–7% over 3 years (∼12 months beyond expiry) with low levels of degradation products detected. Using this developed methodology, it was found that a quarter of ACTs purchased in Enugu, Nigeria (concurrent study), that would have been classified as substandard, were in fact degraded. Presence of degradation products together with evidence of insufficient APIs can be used to classify drugs as degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harparkash Kaur
- *Address correspondence to Harparkash Kaur, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Ma DM, Wang Z, Wang L, Alejos-Gonzales F, Sun MA, Xie DY. A Genome-Wide Scenario of Terpene Pathways in Self-pollinated Artemisia annua. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1580-98. [PMID: 26192869 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Scenarios of genes to metabolites in Artemisia annua remain uninvestigated. Here, we report the use of an integrated approach combining metabolomics, transcriptomics, and gene function analyses to characterize gene-to-terpene and terpene pathway scenarios in a self-pollinating variety of this species. Eighty-eight metabolites including 22 sesquiterpenes (e.g., artemisinin), 26 monoterpenes, two triterpenes, one diterpene and 38 other non-polar metabolites were identified from 14 tissues. These metabolites were differentially produced by leaves and flowers at lower to higher positions. Sequences from cDNA libraries of six tissues were assembled into 18 871 contigs and genome-wide gene expression profiles in tissues were strongly associated with developmental stages and spatial specificities. Sequence mining identified 47 genes that mapped to the artemisinin, non-amorphadiene sesquiterpene, monoterpene, triterpene, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate and mevalonate pathways. Pearson correlation analysis resulted in network integration that characterized significant correlations of gene-to-gene expression patterns and gene expression-to-metabolite levels in six tissues simultaneously. More importantly, manipulations of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene expression not only affected the activity of this pathway toward artemisinin, artemisinic acid, and arteannuin b but also altered non-amorphadiene sesquiterpene and genome-wide volatile profiles. Such gene-to-terpene landscapes associated with different tissues are fundamental to the metabolic engineering of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Ma
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Zhilong Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Liangjiang Wang
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Fatima Alejos-Gonzales
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ming-An Sun
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Kong J, Yang Y, Wang W, Cheng K, Zhu P. Artemisinic acid: A promising molecule potentially suitable for the semi-synthesis of artemisinin. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40525g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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In vitro antiplasmodial activity of phospholipases A2 and a phospholipase homologue isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:1500-16. [PMID: 23242318 PMCID: PMC3528259 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4121500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial and antiparasite activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from snakes and bees has been extensively explored. We studied the antiplasmodial effect of the whole venom of the snake Bothrops asper and of two fractions purified by ion-exchange chromatography: one containing catalytically-active phospholipases A2 (PLA2) (fraction V) and another containing a PLA2 homologue devoid of enzymatic activity (fraction VI). The antiplasmodial effect was assessed on in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum. The whole venom of B. asper, as well as its fractions V and VI, were active against the parasite at 0.13 ± 0.01 µg/mL, 1.42 ± 0.56 µg/mL and 22.89 ± 1.22 µg/mL, respectively. Differences in the cytotoxic activity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells between the whole venom and fractions V and VI were observed, fraction V showing higher toxicity than total venom and fraction VI. Regarding toxicity in mice, the whole venom showed the highest lethal effect in comparison to fractions V and VI. These results suggest that B. asper PLA2 and its homologue have antiplasmodial potential.
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Quintana JC, Chacón AM, Vargas L, Segura C, Gutiérrez JM, Alarcón JC. Antiplasmodial effect of the venom of Crotalus durissus cumanensis, crotoxin complex and Crotoxin B. Acta Trop 2012; 124:126-32. [PMID: 22884508 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The antiplasmodial activity of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) isolated from different animals has been studied. We explored the in vitro anti Plasmodium falciparum effect of a fraction containing crotoxin, Crotoxin B and whole venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis. Fraction II (crotoxin complex) was obtained by size exclusion chromatography, whereas Crotoxin B was purified by RP-HPLC. The whole venom is active against the parasite at concentrations of 0.17±0.03 μg/ml, fraction II at 0.76±0.17 μg/ml and Crotoxin B at 0.6±0.04 μg/ml. Differences were observed in the cytotoxic activity against peripheral mononuclear cells, with Crotoxin B exhibiting the highest cytotoxicity. The concentration of Crotoxin B required to exert cytotoxic activity was higher than that required to exert antiplasmodial activity. Lethality in mice confirmed the higher toxicity and neurotoxicity of whole venom and fraction II, whereas Crotoxin B was not lethal at the doses tested. These results suggest the potential of Crotoxin B as a lead compound for antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Quintana
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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