1
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Ku HY, Bilder D. Basement membrane patterning by spatial deployment of a secretion-regulating protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2025; 122:e2412161122. [PMID: 40359035 PMCID: PMC12107121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2412161122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
While paradigms for patterning of cell fates in development are well established, paradigms for patterning morphogenesis, particularly when organ shape is influenced by the extracellular matrix (ECM), are not. Morphogenesis of the Drosophila egg chamber (follicle) depends on anterior-posterior distribution of basement membrane (BM) components such as Collagen IV (Col4), whose gradient creates tissue mechanical properties that specify the degree of elongation. Here, we show that the gradient is not regulated by Col4 transcription but instead relies on posttranscriptional mechanisms. The metalloprotease ADAMTS-A, expressed in a gradient inverse to that of Col4, limits Col4 deposition in the follicle center and manipulation of its levels can cause either organ hyper- or hypoelongation. We present evidence that ADAMTS-A acts within the secretory pathway, rather than extracellularly, to limit Col4 incorporation into the BM. High levels of ADAMTS-A in follicle termini are normally dispensable but suppress Col4 incorporation when transcription is elevated. Meanwhile, the terminally expressed metalloprotease Stall increases Col4 turnover in the posterior. Our data show how an organ can employ patterned expression of ECM proteases with intracellular as well as extracellular activity to specify BM properties that control shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Ku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720
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2
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Yang YC, Qin QY, Hua BZ. Comparison of the ovariole structure and oogenesis between Bittacus cirratus Tjeder and Bittacus planus Cheng (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Tissue Cell 2025; 96:102950. [PMID: 40359695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2025.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2025] [Revised: 04/14/2025] [Accepted: 05/01/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
The eggs are subspherical in some species of Bittacidae, but are cuboidal in others. However, the formation mechanism of cuboidal eggs remains unclear so far. Here, we compared the ovariole structure and oogenesis between the hangingflies Bittacus cirratus Tjeder, 1956 with cuboidal eggs and Bittacus planus Cheng, 1949 with subspherical eggs using light and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the ovariole is of the meroistic-polytrophic type, consisting of a terminal filament, a germarium, a vitellarium, and an ovarian pedicel. During the oogenesis, each follicle has one oocyte and three nurse cells surrounded by follicle cells. The difference occurs between B. planus and B. cirratus during the choriogenesis. In B. cirratus, the follicle is in an elliptical shape along the anterior-posterior axis during the late previtellogenesis, but transforms into a cuboidal shape during the choriogenesis. The formation mechanism of the cuboidal eggs is briefly discussed for hangingflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bao-Zhen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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3
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Knudsen C, Moriya A, Nakato E, Gulati R, Akiyama T, Nakato H. Chondroitin sulfate regulates proliferation of Drosophila intestinal stem cells. PLoS Genet 2025; 21:e1011686. [PMID: 40343906 PMCID: PMC12063844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) plays critical roles in stem cell maintenance and activity control. Here we show that chondroitin sulfate (CS), a major component of the Drosophila midgut BM, is required for proper control of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Loss of Chsy, a critical CS biosynthetic gene, resulted in elevated levels of ISC proliferation during homeostasis, leading to midgut hyperplasia. Regeneration assays demonstrated that Chsy mutant ISCs failed to properly downregulate mitotic activity at the end of regeneration. We also found that CS is essential for the barrier integrity to prevent leakage of the midgut epithelium. CS is known to be polymerized by the action of the complex of Chsy and another critical protein, Chondroitin polymerizing factor (Chpf). We found that Chpf mutants show increased ISC division during midgut homeostasis and regeneration, similar to Chsy mutants. As Chpf is induced by a tissue damage during regeneration, our data suggest that Chpf functions with Chsy to facilitate CS remodeling and stimulate tissue repair. We propose that the completion of the repair of CS-containing BM acts as a prerequisite to properly terminate the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Knudsen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ayano Moriya
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eriko Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rishi Gulati
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Takuya Akiyama
- Department of Biology, The Porter Cancer Research Center, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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4
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Richens JH, Dmitrieva M, Zenner HL, Muschalik N, Butler R, Glashauser J, Camelo C, Luschnig S, Munro S, Rittscher J, St Johnston D. MSP-tracker: A versatile vesicle tracking software tool used to reveal the spatial control of polarized secretion in Drosophila epithelial cells. PLoS Biol 2025; 23:e3003099. [PMID: 40208901 PMCID: PMC12021295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2025] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/12/2025] Open
Abstract
Understanding how specific secretory cargoes are targeted to distinct domains of the plasma membrane in epithelial cells requires analyzing the trafficking of post-Golgi vesicles to their sites of secretion. We used the RUSH (retention using selective hooks) system to synchronously release an apical cargo, Cadherin 99C (Cad99C), and a basolateral cargo, the ECM protein Nidogen, from the endoplasmic reticulum and followed their movements to the plasma membrane. We also developed an interactive vesicle tracking framework, MSP-tracker and viewer, that exploits developments in computer vision and deep learning to determine vesicle trajectories in a noisy environment without the need for extensive training data. MSP-tracker outperformed other tracking software in detecting and tracking post-Golgi vesicles, revealing that Cad99c vesicles predominantly move apically with a mean speed of 1.1µm/sec. This is reduced to 0.85 µm/sec by a dominant slow dynein mutant, demonstrating that dynein transports Cad99C vesicles to the apical cortex. Furthermore, both the dynein mutant and microtubule depolymerization cause lateral Cad99C secretion. Thus, microtubule organization plays a central role in targeting apical secretion, suggesting that Drosophila does not have distinct apical versus basolateral vesicle fusion machinery. Nidogen vesicles undergo planar-polarized transport to the leading edge of follicle cells as they migrate over the ECM, whereas most Collagen is secreted at trailing edges. The follicle cells therefore bias secretion of different ECM components to opposite sides of the cell, revealing that the secretory pathway is more spatially organized than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Richens
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mariia Dmitrieva
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science and the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L. Zenner
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Muschalik
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Butler
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jade Glashauser
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carolina Camelo
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Luschnig
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Rittscher
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science and the Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Ranamukhaarachchi SK, Walker A, Tang MH, Leineweber WD, Lam S, Rappel WJ, Fraley SI. Global versus local matrix remodeling drives rotational versus invasive collective migration of epithelial cells. Dev Cell 2025; 60:871-884.e8. [PMID: 39706188 PMCID: PMC11945606 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024]
Abstract
The coordinated movement of cell collectives is essential for normal epithelial tissue development, maintenance, and cancer progression. Here, we report on a minimal 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) system wherein both invasive collective migration (ICM) and rotational collective migration (RCM) arise spontaneously from individually seeded epithelial cells of mammary and hepatic origin, regardless of whether they express adherens junctions, and lead to ductal-like and acinar-like structures, respectively. Quantitative microscopy and cellular Potts modeling reveal that initial differences in cell protrusion dynamics and matrix-remodeling localization generate RCM and ICM behavior in confining 3D ECM. Matrix-remodeling activity by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is localized to the base of protrusions in cells that initiate ICM, whereas RCM does not require MMPs and is associated with ITGβ1-mediated remodeling localized globally around the cell body. Further analysis in vitro and in vivo supports the concept that distinct matrix-remodeling strategies encode collective migration behaviors and tissue structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Walker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Man-Ho Tang
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William D Leineweber
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sophia Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Stephanie I Fraley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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6
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Kim J, Jeong H, Falcó C, Hruska AM, Martinson WD, Marzoratti A, Araiza M, Yang H, Franck C, Carrillo JA, Guo M, Wong IY. Collective Transitions from Orbiting to Matrix Invasion in 3D Multicellular Spheroids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2025:2025.02.10.636936. [PMID: 39990484 PMCID: PMC11844419 DOI: 10.1101/2025.02.10.636936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2025]
Abstract
Coordinated cell rotation along a curved matrix interface can sculpt epithelial tissues into spherical morphologies. Subsequently, radially-oriented invasion of multicellular strands or branches can occur by local remodeling of the confining matrix. These symmetry-breaking transitions emerge from the dynamic reciprocity between cells and matrix, but remain poorly understood. Here, we show that epithelial cell spheroids collectively transition from circumferential orbiting to radial invasion via bi-directional interactions with the surrounding matrix curvature. Initially, spheroids exhibit an ellipsoidal shape but become rounded as orbiting occurs. However, cells gradually reorient from coordinated rotation towards outward strand invasion due to the accumulation of contractile tractions at discrete sites. Remarkably, the initial ellipsoid morphology predicts subsequent invasion of 2-4 strands roughly aligned with the major axis. We then perturb collective migration using osmotic pressure, showing that orbiting can be arrested and invasion can be reversed. We also investigate coordinated orbiting in "mosaic" spheroids, showing a small fraction of "leader" cells with weakened cell-cell adhesions can impede collective orbiting but still invade into the matrix. Finally, we establish a minimal self-propelled particle model to elucidate how collective orbiting is mediated by the crosstalk of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion along a curved boundary. Altogether, this work elucidates how tissue morphogenesis is governed by the interplay of collective behaviors and the local curvature of the cell-matrix, with relevance for embryonic development and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- School of Engineering, Legoretta Cancer Center. Brown University. 184 Hope St Box D, Providence RI 02912, USA
| | - Hyuntae Jeong
- School of Engineering, Legoretta Cancer Center. Brown University. 184 Hope St Box D, Providence RI 02912, USA
| | - Carles Falcó
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Hruska
- School of Engineering, Legoretta Cancer Center. Brown University. 184 Hope St Box D, Providence RI 02912, USA
| | - W. Duncan Martinson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Marzoratti
- School of Engineering, Legoretta Cancer Center. Brown University. 184 Hope St Box D, Providence RI 02912, USA
| | - Mauricio Araiza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Haiqian Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Christian Franck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - José A. Carrillo
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ian Y. Wong
- School of Engineering, Legoretta Cancer Center. Brown University. 184 Hope St Box D, Providence RI 02912, USA
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7
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Saraswathibhatla A, Rabbi MF, Varma S, Srivastava V, Ilina O, Alyafei NHK, Hodgson L, Gartner Z, Friedl P, West R, Kim T, Chaudhuri O. Swirling motion of breast cancer cells radially aligns collagen fibers to enable collective invasion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2025:2025.01.31.635980. [PMID: 39974994 PMCID: PMC11838510 DOI: 10.1101/2025.01.31.635980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
In breast cancer (BC), radial alignment of collagen fibers at the tumor-matrix interface facilitates collective invasion of cancer cells into the surrounding stromal matrix, a critical step toward metastasis. Collagen remodeling is driven by proteases and cellular forces, mediated by matrix mechanical plasticity, or irreversible matrix deformation in response to force. However, the specific mechanisms causing collagen radial alignment remain unclear. Here, we study collective invasion of BC tumor spheroids in collagen-rich matrices. Increasing plasticity to BC-relevant ranges facilitates invasion, with increasing stiffness potentiating a transition from single cell to collective invasion. At enhanced plasticity, cells radially align collagen at the tumor-matrix interface prior to invasion. Surprisingly, cells migrate tangentially to the tumor-matrix interface in a swirling-like motion, perpendicular to the direction of alignment. Mechanistically, swirling generates local shear stresses, leading to distally propagating contractile radial stresses due to negative normal stress, an underappreciated property of collagen-rich matrices. These contractile stresses align collagen fibers radially, facilitating collective invasion. The basement membrane (BM), which separates epithelia from stroma in healthy tissues, acts as a mechanical insulator by preventing swirling cells from aligning collagen. Thus, after breaching the BM, swirling of BC cells at the tumor-stroma interface radially aligns collagen to facilitate invasion.
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8
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Wuergezhen D, Gindroz E, Morita R, Hashimoto K, Abe T, Kiyonari H, Fujiwara H. An eGFP-Col4a2 mouse model reveals basement membrane dynamics underlying hair follicle morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2025; 224:e202404003. [PMID: 39656438 PMCID: PMC11629887 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202404003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 10/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Precisely controlled remodeling of the basement membrane (BM) is crucial for morphogenesis, but its molecular and tissue-level dynamics, underlying mechanisms, and functional significance in mammals remain largely unknown due to limited visualization tools. We developed mouse lines in which the endogenous collagen IV gene (Col4a2) was fused with a fluorescent tag. Through live imaging of developing hair follicles, we reveal a spatial gradient in the turnover rate of COL4A2 that is closely coupled with both the BM expansion rate and the proliferation rate of epithelial progenitors. Epithelial progenitors are displaced with directionally expanding BMs but do not actively migrate on stationary BM. The addition of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor delays COL4A2 turnover, restrains BM expansion, and increases perpendicular divisions of epithelial progenitors, altering hair follicle morphology. Our findings highlight the spatially distinct dynamics of BM and their key roles in orchestrating progenitor cell behavior and organ shape during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duligengaowa Wuergezhen
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Eleonore Gindroz
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Morita
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kei Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fujiwara
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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9
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Shi W, Gupta S, Copos C, Mogilner A. Collective mechanics of small migrating cell groups. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2025; 166:1-12. [PMID: 39647189 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2024.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 11/30/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/10/2024]
Abstract
Migration of adhesive cell groups is a fundamental part of wound healing, development and carcinogenesis. Intense research has been conducted on mechanisms of collective migration of adhesive groups of cells. Here we focus on mechanical and mechanistic lessons from small migrating cell groups. We review forces and locomotory dynamics of two- and three-cell clusters, rotation of cell doublets, self-organization of one-dimensional cell trains, nascent efforts to understand three-dimensional collective migration and border cell clusters in Drosophila embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Shi
- Courant Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.
| | - Selena Gupta
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.
| | - Calina Copos
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.
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10
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Bhatt A, Ruffine V, Töpfer U, Ryu J, Fischer-Friedrich E, Dahmann C. The WIRS motifs in Fat2 are required for Drosophila egg chamber rotation but not for elongation. Development 2025; 152:DEV204201. [PMID: 39823598 PMCID: PMC11829772 DOI: 10.1242/dev.204201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025]
Abstract
The elongation of tissues and organs is important for proper morphogenesis in animal development. In Drosophila ovaries, the elongation of egg chambers involves aligned Collagen IV fiber-like structures, a gradient of extracellular matrix stiffness and actin-based protrusion-driven collective cell migration, leading to the rotation of the egg chamber. Egg chamber elongation and rotation depend on the atypical cadherin Fat2. Fat2 contains in its intracellular region three WRC interacting receptor sequence (WIRS) motifs, which previously had been shown to bind to the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), a conserved actin regulator. Here, we show that in fat2 mutant flies lacking the WIRS motifs, egg chambers fail to rotate and Collagen IV fiber-like structures are impaired, yet a gradient of extracellular matrix stiffness is established and egg chambers properly elongate. We conclude that the WIRS motifs are required for egg chamber rotation and that egg chamber rotation might be a prerequisite for proper formation of Collagen IV fiber-like structures. Egg chamber rotation, however, is dispensable for extracellular matrix stiffness gradient formation and for egg chamber elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Bhatt
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin Ruffine
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Töpfer
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jinhee Ryu
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Christian Dahmann
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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11
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Balachandra S, Amodeo AA. Bellymount-pulsed tracking: a novel approach for real-time in vivo imaging of Drosophila abdominal tissues. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2025; 15:jkae271. [PMID: 39556480 PMCID: PMC11708215 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/03/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative live imaging is a valuable tool that offers insights into cellular dynamics. However, many fundamental biological processes are incompatible with current live-imaging modalities. Drosophila oogenesis is a well-studied system that has provided molecular insights into a range of cellular and developmental processes. The length of the oogenesis, coupled with the requirement for inputs from multiple tissues, has made long-term culture challenging. Here, we have developed Bellymount-pulsed tracking (Bellymount-PT), which allows continuous, noninvasive live imaging of Drosophila oogenesis inside the female abdomen for up to 16 h. Bellymount-PT improves upon the existing Bellymount technique by adding pulsed anesthesia with periods of feeding that support the long-term survival of flies during imaging. Using Bellymount-PT, we measure key events of oogenesis, including egg chamber growth, yolk uptake, and transfer of specific proteins to the oocyte during nurse cell dumping with high spatiotemporal precision within the abdomen of a live female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Balachandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Amanda A Amodeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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12
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Fujiwara H. Dynamic duo: Cell-extracellular matrix interactions in hair follicle development and regeneration. Dev Biol 2024; 516:20-34. [PMID: 39059679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Ectodermal organs, such as hair follicles, originate from simple epithelial and mesenchymal sheets through a complex developmental process driven by interactions between these cell types. This process involves dermal condensation, placode formation, bud morphogenesis, and organogenesis, and all of these processes require intricate interactions among various tissues. Recent research has emphasized the crucial role of reciprocal and dynamic interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), referred to as the "dynamic duo", in the development of ectodermal organs. These interactions provide spatially and temporally changing biophysical and biochemical cues within tissues. Using the hair follicle as an example, this review highlights two types of cell-ECM adhesion units-focal adhesion-type and hemidesmosome-type adhesion units-that facilitate communication between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. This review further explores how these adhesion units, along with other cell-ECM interactions, evolve during hair follicle development and regeneration, underscoring their importance in guiding both developmental and regenerative processes.
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13
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Huang G, Ternes L, Lanciault C, MacPherson-Hawthorne K, Chang YH, Sears RC, Muschler JL. Suppression of dystroglycan function accompanies pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and favours dysplasia development. J Pathol 2024; 264:411-422. [PMID: 39435649 PMCID: PMC11560643 DOI: 10.1002/path.6356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/23/2024]
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is among the predominant microenvironmental factors of normal epithelia and of precancerous epithelial lesions. Evidence suggests that the BM functions not only as a barrier to tumour invasion but also as an active tumour-suppressing signalling substrate during premalignancy. However, the molecular foundations of such mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here we explore potential tumour-suppressing functions of the BM during precancer evolution, focusing on the expression and function of the extracellular matrix receptor dystroglycan in the pancreas and pancreatic disease. We show that the dystroglycan protein is highly expressed in the acinar compartment of the normal pancreas but lower in the ductal compartment. Moreover, there is a strong suppression of dystroglycan protein expression with acinar-to-ductal metaplasia in chronic pancreatitis and in all stages of pancreatic precancer and cancer evolution, from acinar-to-ductal metaplasia to dysplasia to adenocarcinoma. The conditional knockout of dystroglycan in the murine pancreas produced little evidence of developmental or functional deficiency. However, conditional deletion of dystroglycan expression in the context of oncogenic Kras expression led to a clear acceleration of pancreatic disease evolution, including accelerated dysplasia development and decreased survival. These data establish dystroglycan as a suppressor of pancreatic dysplasia development and one that is muted in chronic pancreatitis and at the earliest stages of oncogene-induced transformation. We conclude that dystroglycan is an important mediator of the tumour-suppressing functions of the BM during precancer evolution and that reduced dystroglycan function increases cancer risk, highlighting the dynamics of cell-BM interactions as important determinants of early cancer progression. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Luke Ternes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Young Hwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rosalie C. Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John L. Muschler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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14
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Kametani H, Tong Y, Shimada A, Takeda H, Sushida T, Akiyama M, Kawanishi T. Twisted cell flow facilitates three-dimensional somite morphogenesis in zebrafish. Cells Dev 2024; 180:203969. [PMID: 39191372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Tissue elongation is a fundamental morphogenetic process to construct complex embryonic structures. In zebrafish, somites rapidly elongate in both dorsal and ventral directions, transforming from a cuboidal to a V-shape within a few hours of development. Despite its significance, the cellular behaviors that directly lead to somite elongation have not been examined at single-cell resolution. Here, we describe the motion and shapes of all cells composing the dorsal half of the somite in three-dimensional space using lightsheet microscopy. We identified two types of cell movements-in horizontal and dorsal directions-that occur simultaneously within individual cells, creating a complex, twisted flow of cells during somite elongation. Chemical inhibition of Sdf1 signaling disrupted the collective movement in both directions and inhibited somite elongation, suggesting that Sdf1 signaling is crucial for this cell flow. Furthermore, three-dimensional computational modeling suggested that horizontal cell rotation accelerates the perpendicular elongation of the somite along the dorsoventral axis. Together, our study offers novel insights into the role of collective cell migration in tissue morphogenesis, which proceeds dynamically in the three-dimensional space of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harunobu Kametani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yue Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.
| | - Takamichi Sushida
- Faculty of Informatics, University of Fukuchiyama, Kyoto 620-0886, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Akiyama
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Toru Kawanishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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15
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Sharma I, Padmanabhan A. Mechano-regulation of germline development, maintenance, and differentiation. BBA ADVANCES 2024; 6:100127. [PMID: 39720163 PMCID: PMC11667016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2024.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Biochemical signaling arising from mechanical force-induced physical changes in biological macromolecules is a critical determinant of key physiological processes across all biological lengths and time scales. Recent studies have deepened our understanding of how mechano-transduction regulates somatic tissues such as those in alveolar, gastrointestinal, embryonic, and skeleto-muscular systems. The germline of an organism has a heterogeneous composition - of germ cells at different stages of maturation and mature gametes, often supported and influenced by their accessory somatic tissues. While biochemical signaling underlying germline functioning has been extensively investigated, a deeper interest in their mechanical regulation has been gaining traction in recent years. In this review, we delve into the myriad ways in which germ cell development, maintenance, and functions are regulated by mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Sharma
- Department of Biology, Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, No. 2 Rajiv Gandhi Educational City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Anup Padmanabhan
- Department of Biology, Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, No. 2 Rajiv Gandhi Educational City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
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16
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Pricoupenko N, Marsigliesi F, Marcq P, Blanch-Mercader C, Bonnet I. Src kinase slows collective rotation of confined epithelial cell monolayers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:9273-9285. [PMID: 39545852 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00827h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is key during development, wound healing, and metastasis and relies on coordinated cell behaviors at the group level. Src kinase is a key signalling protein for the physiological functions of epithelia, as it regulates many cellular processes, including adhesion, motility, and mechanotransduction. Its overactivation is associated with cancer aggressiveness. Here, we take advantage of optogenetics to precisely control Src activation in time and show that its pathological-like activation slows the collective rotation of epithelial cells confined into circular adhesive patches. We interpret velocity, force, and stress data during period of non-activation and period of activation of Src thanks to a hydrodynamic description of the cell assembly as a polar active fluid. Src activation leads to a 2-fold decrease in the ratio of polar angle to friction, which could result from increased adhesiveness at the cell-substrate interface. Measuring internal stress allows us to show that active stresses are subdominant compared to traction forces. Our work reveals the importance of fine-tuning the level of Src activity for coordinated collective behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastassia Pricoupenko
- Physics of Cells and Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Flavia Marsigliesi
- Physics of Cells and Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Carles Blanch-Mercader
- Physics of Cells and Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Physics of Cells and Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.
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17
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Huang H, Gao S, Bao M. Exploring Mechanical Forces Shaping Self-Organization and Morphogenesis During Early Embryo Development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2024; 40:75-96. [PMID: 38608312 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120123-105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Embryonic development is a dynamic process orchestrated by a delicate interplay of biochemical and biophysical factors. While the role of genetics and biochemistry in embryogenesis has been extensively studied, recent research has highlighted the significance of mechanical regulation in shaping and guiding this intricate process. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanical regulation of embryo development. We explore how mechanical forces generated by cells and tissues play a crucial role in driving the development of different stages. We examine key morphogenetic processes such as compaction, blastocyst formation, implantation, and egg cylinder formation, and discuss the mechanical mechanisms and cues involved. By synthesizing the current body of literature, we highlight the emerging concepts and open questions in the field of mechanical regulation. We aim to provide an overview of the field, inspiring future investigations and fostering a deeper understanding of the mechanical aspects of embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China;
| | - Min Bao
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China;
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18
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Walther RF, Lancaster C, Burden JJ, Pichaud F. A dystroglycan-laminin-integrin axis coordinates cell shape remodeling in the developing Drosophila retina. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002783. [PMID: 39226305 PMCID: PMC11398702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell shape remodeling is a principal driver of epithelial tissue morphogenesis. While progress continues to be made in our understanding of the pathways that control the apical (top) geometry of epithelial cells, we know comparatively little about those that control cell basal (bottom) geometry. To examine this, we used the Drosophila ommatidium, which is the basic visual unit of the compound eye. The ommatidium is shaped as a hexagonal prism, and generating this 3D structure requires ommatidial cells to adopt specific apical and basal polygonal geometries. Using this model system, we find that generating cell type-specific basal geometries starts with patterning of the basal extracellular matrix, whereby Laminin accumulates at discrete locations across the basal surface of the retina. We find the Dystroglycan receptor complex (DGC) is required for this patterning by promoting localized Laminin accumulation at the basal surface of cells. Moreover, our results reveal that localized accumulation of Laminin and the DGC are required for directing Integrin adhesion. This induces cell basal geometry remodeling by anchoring the basal surface of cells to the extracellular matrix at specific, Laminin-rich locations. We propose that patterning of a basal extracellular matrix by generating discrete Laminin domains can direct Integrin adhesion to induce cell shape remodeling in epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian F. Walther
- Cell Biology of Tissue Architecture and Physiology. Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Courtney Lancaster
- Cell Biology of Tissue Architecture and Physiology. Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima J. Burden
- Cell Biology of Tissue Architecture and Physiology. Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Franck Pichaud
- Cell Biology of Tissue Architecture and Physiology. Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Fuhrmann JF, Krishna A, Paijmans J, Duclut C, Cwikla G, Eaton S, Popović M, Jülicher F, Modes CD, Dye NA. Active shape programming drives Drosophila wing disc eversion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp0860. [PMID: 39121221 PMCID: PMC11637009 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
How complex 3D tissue shape emerges during animal development remains an important open question in biology and biophysics. Here, we discover a mechanism for 3D epithelial shape change based on active, in-plane cellular events that is analogous to inanimate "shape programmable" materials, which undergo blueprinted 3D shape transformations from in-plane gradients of spontaneous strains. We study eversion of the Drosophila wing disc pouch, when the epithelium transforms from a dome into a curved fold, quantifying 3D tissue shape changes and mapping spatial patterns of cellular behaviors on the evolving geometry using cellular topology. Using a physical model inspired by shape programming, we find that active cell rearrangements are the major contributor to pouch eversion and validate this conclusion using a knockdown of MyoVI, which reduces rearrangements and disrupts morphogenesis. This work shows that shape programming is a mechanism for animal tissue morphogenesis and suggests that patterns in nature could present design strategies for shape-programmable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana F. Fuhrmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Abhijeet Krishna
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joris Paijmans
- Max-Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, MPI-PKS, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Max-Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, MPI-PKS, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Greta Cwikla
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marko Popović
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, MPI-PKS, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, MPI-PKS, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carl D. Modes
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie A. Dye
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, MPI-CBG, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum P2, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Töpfer U, Ryu J, Guerra Santillán KY, Schulze J, Fischer-Friedrich E, Tanentzapf G, Dahmann C. AdamTS proteases control basement membrane heterogeneity and organ shape in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114399. [PMID: 38944833 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is an extracellular matrix that plays important roles in animal development. A spatial heterogeneity in composition and structural properties of the BM provide cells with vital cues for morphogenetic processes such as cell migration or cell polarization. Here, using the Drosophila egg chamber as a model system, we show that the BM becomes heterogeneous during development, with a reduction in Collagen IV density at the posterior pole and differences in the micropattern of aligned fiber-like structures. We identified two AdamTS matrix proteases required for the proper elongated shape of the egg chamber, yet the molecular mechanisms by which they act are different. Stall is required to establish BM heterogeneity by locally limiting Collagen IV protein density, whereas AdamTS-A alters the micropattern of fiber-like structures within the BM at the posterior pole. Our results suggest that AdamTS proteases control BM heterogeneity required for organ shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Töpfer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jinhee Ryu
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karla Yanín Guerra Santillán
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jana Schulze
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christian Dahmann
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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21
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Ku HY, Bilder D. Basement membrane patterning by spatial deployment of a secretion-regulating protease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.06.602330. [PMID: 39026720 PMCID: PMC11257494 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.06.602330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
While paradigms for patterning of cell fates in development are well-established, paradigms for patterning morphogenesis, particularly when organ shape is influenced by the extracellular matrix (ECM), are less so. Morphogenesis of the Drosophila egg chamber (follicle) depends on anterior-posterior distribution of basement membrane (BM) components such as Collagen IV (Col4), whose symmetric gradient creates tissue mechanical properties that specify the degree of elongation. Here we show that the gradient is not regulated by Col4 transcription but instead relies on post-transcriptional mechanisms. The metalloprotease ADAMTS-A, expressed in a gradient inverse to that of Col4, limits Col4 deposition in the follicle center and manipulation of its levels can cause either organ hyper- or hypo-elongation. We present evidence that ADAMTS-A acts within the secretory pathway, rather than extracellularly, to limit Col4 incorporation into the BM. High levels of ADAMTS-A in follicle termini are normally dispensable but suppress Col4 incorporation when transcription is elevated. Our data show how an organ can employ patterned expression of ECM proteases with intracellular as well as extracellular activity to specify BM properties that control shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Ku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
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22
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Boutillon A, Banavar SP, Campàs O. Conserved physical mechanisms of cell and tissue elongation. Development 2024; 151:dev202687. [PMID: 38767601 PMCID: PMC11190436 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms have the ability to self-shape into complex structures appropriate for their function. The genetic and molecular mechanisms that enable cells to do this have been extensively studied in several model and non-model organisms. In contrast, the physical mechanisms that shape cells and tissues have only recently started to emerge, in part thanks to new quantitative in vivo measurements of the physical quantities guiding morphogenesis. These data, combined with indirect inferences of physical characteristics, are starting to reveal similarities in the physical mechanisms underlying morphogenesis across different organisms. Here, we review how physics contributes to shape cells and tissues in a simple, yet ubiquitous, morphogenetic transformation: elongation. Drawing from observed similarities across species, we propose the existence of conserved physical mechanisms of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Boutillon
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Samhita P. Banavar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Otger Campàs
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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23
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Balachandra S, Amodeo AA. Bellymount-Pulsed Tracking: A Novel Approach for Real-Time In vivo Imaging of Drosophila Abdominal Tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.31.587498. [PMID: 38617254 PMCID: PMC11014545 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.587498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative live imaging is a valuable tool that offers insights into cellular dynamics. However, many fundamental biological processes are incompatible with current live imaging modalities. Drosophila oogenesis is a well-studied system that has provided molecular insights into a range of cellular and developmental processes. The length of the oogenesis coupled with the requirement for inputs from multiple tissues has made long-term culture challenging. Here, we have developed Bellymount-Pulsed Tracking (Bellymount-PT), which allows continuous, non-invasive live imaging of Drosophila oogenesis inside the female abdomen for up to 16 hours. Bellymount-PT improves upon the existing Bellymount technique by adding pulsed anesthesia with periods of feeding that support the long-term survival of flies during imaging. Using Bellymount-PT we measure key events of oogenesis including egg chamber growth, yolk uptake, and transfer of specific proteins to the oocyte during nurse cell dumping with high spatiotemporal precision within the abdomen of a live female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Balachandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Amanda A Amodeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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24
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Williams AM, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 polarizes Lar and Sema5c to coordinate the motility of collectively migrating epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261173. [PMID: 37593878 PMCID: PMC10508692 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrating epithelial cells globally align their migration machinery to achieve tissue-level movement. Biochemical signaling across leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces can promote this alignment by partitioning migratory behaviors like protrusion and retraction to opposite sides of the interface. However, how signaling proteins become organized at interfaces to accomplish this is poorly understood. The follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila melanogaster have two signaling modules at their leading-trailing interfaces - one composed of the atypical cadherin Fat2 (also known as Kugelei) and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, and one composed of Semaphorin5c and its receptor Plexin A. Here, we show that these modules form one interface signaling system with Fat2 at its core. Trailing edge-enriched Fat2 concentrates both Lar and Semaphorin5c at leading edges of cells, but Lar and Semaphorin5c play little role in the localization of Fat2. Fat2 is also more stable at interfaces than Lar or Semaphorin5c. Once localized, Lar and Semaphorin5c act in parallel to promote collective migration. We propose that Fat2 serves as the organizer of this interface signaling system by coupling and polarizing the distributions of multiple effectors that work together to align the migration machinery of neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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25
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Díaz-de-la-Loza MDC, Stramer BM. The extracellular matrix in tissue morphogenesis: No longer a backseat driver. Cells Dev 2024; 177:203883. [PMID: 37935283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The forces driving tissue morphogenesis are thought to originate from cellular activities. While it is appreciated that extracellular matrix (ECM) may also be involved, ECM function is assumed to be simply instructive in modulating the cellular behaviors that drive changes to tissue shape. However, there is increasing evidence that the ECM may not be the passive player portrayed in developmental biology textbooks. In this review we highlight examples of embryonic ECM dynamics that suggest cell-independent activity, along with developmental processes during which localized ECM alterations and ECM-autonomous forces are directing changes to tissue shape. Additionally, we discuss experimental approaches to unveil active ECM roles during tissue morphogenesis. We propose that it may be time to rethink our general definition of morphogenesis as a cellular-driven phenomenon and incorporate an underappreciated, and surprisingly dynamic ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
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26
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Dennis C, Pouchin P, Richard G, Mirouse V. Basement membrane diversification relies on two competitive secretory routes defined by Rab10 and Rab8 and modulated by dystrophin and the exocyst complex. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011169. [PMID: 38437244 PMCID: PMC10939200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is an essential structural element of tissues, and its diversification participates in organ morphogenesis. However, the traffic routes associated with BM formation and the mechanistic modulations explaining its diversification are still poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster follicular epithelium relies on a BM composed of oriented BM fibrils and a more homogenous matrix. Here, we determined the specific molecular identity and cell exit sites of BM protein secretory routes. First, we found that Rab10 and Rab8 define two parallel routes for BM protein secretion. When both routes were abolished, BM production was fully blocked; however, genetic interactions revealed that these two routes competed. Rab10 promoted lateral and planar-polarized secretion, whereas Rab8 promoted basal secretion, leading to the formation of BM fibrils and homogenous BM, respectively. We also found that the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) and Rab10 were both present in a planar-polarized tubular compartment containing BM proteins. DAPC was essential for fibril formation and sufficient to reorient secretion towards the Rab10 route. Moreover, we identified a dual function for the exocyst complex in this context. First, the Exo70 subunit directly interacted with dystrophin to limit its planar polarization. Second, the exocyst complex was also required for the Rab8 route. Altogether, these results highlight important mechanistic aspects of BM protein secretion and illustrate how BM diversity can emerge from the spatial control of distinct traffic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Dennis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), UMR CNRS 6293—INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Pouchin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), UMR CNRS 6293—INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Graziella Richard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), UMR CNRS 6293—INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Mirouse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), UMR CNRS 6293—INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Happel L, Voigt A. Coordinated Motion of Epithelial Layers on Curved Surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:078401. [PMID: 38427891 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.078401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Coordinated cellular movements are key processes in tissue morphogenesis. Using a cell-based modeling approach we study the dynamics of epithelial layers lining surfaces with constant and varying curvature. We demonstrate that extrinsic curvature effects can explain the alignment of cell elongation with the principal directions of curvature. Together with specific self-propulsion mechanisms and cell-cell interactions this effect gets enhanced and can explain observed large-scale, persistent, and circumferential rotation on cylindrical surfaces. On toroidal surfaces the resulting curvature coupling is an interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic curvature effects. These findings unveil the role of curvature and postulate its importance for tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Happel
- Institute of Scientific Computing, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Voigt
- Institute of Scientific Computing, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Arnoldstr. 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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28
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Berg C, Sieber M, Sun J. Finishing the egg. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad183. [PMID: 38000906 PMCID: PMC10763546 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamete development is a fundamental process that is highly conserved from early eukaryotes to mammals. As germ cells develop, they must coordinate a dynamic series of cellular processes that support growth, cell specification, patterning, the loading of maternal factors (RNAs, proteins, and nutrients), differentiation of structures to enable fertilization and ensure embryonic survival, and other processes that make a functional oocyte. To achieve these goals, germ cells integrate a complex milieu of environmental and developmental signals to produce fertilizable eggs. Over the past 50 years, Drosophila oogenesis has risen to the forefront as a system to interrogate the sophisticated mechanisms that drive oocyte development. Studies in Drosophila have defined mechanisms in germ cells that control meiosis, protect genome integrity, facilitate mRNA trafficking, and support the maternal loading of nutrients. Work in this system has provided key insights into the mechanisms that establish egg chamber polarity and patterning as well as the mechanisms that drive ovulation and egg activation. Using the power of Drosophila genetics, the field has begun to define the molecular mechanisms that coordinate environmental stresses and nutrient availability with oocyte development. Importantly, the majority of these reproductive mechanisms are highly conserved throughout evolution, and many play critical roles in the development of somatic tissues as well. In this chapter, we summarize the recent progress in several key areas that impact egg chamber development and ovulation. First, we discuss the mechanisms that drive nutrient storage and trafficking during oocyte maturation and vitellogenesis. Second, we examine the processes that regulate follicle cell patterning and how that patterning impacts the construction of the egg shell and the establishment of embryonic polarity. Finally, we examine regulatory factors that control ovulation, egg activation, and successful fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Berg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5065 USA
| | - Matthew Sieber
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
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29
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Abstract
Multicellular organisms generate tissues of diverse shapes and functions from cells and extracellular matrices. Their adhesion molecules mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, which not only play crucial roles in maintaining tissue integrity but also serve as key regulators of tissue morphogenesis. Cells constantly probe their environment to make decisions: They integrate chemical and mechanical information from the environment via diffusible ligand- or adhesion-based signaling to decide whether to release specific signaling molecules or enzymes, to divide or differentiate, to move away or stay, or even whether to live or die. These decisions in turn modify their environment, including the chemical nature and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Tissue morphology is the physical manifestation of the remodeling of cells and matrices by their historical biochemical and biophysical landscapes. We review our understanding of matrix and adhesion molecules in tissue morphogenesis, with an emphasis on key physical interactions that drive morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA;
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA;
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30
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Knudsen C, Woo Seuk Koh, Izumikawa T, Nakato E, Akiyama T, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Haugstad G, Yu G, Toyoda H, Nakato H. Chondroitin sulfate is required for follicle epithelial integrity and organ shape maintenance in Drosophila. Development 2023; 150:dev201717. [PMID: 37694610 PMCID: PMC10508698 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are evolutionarily conserved glycosaminoglycans that are found in most animal species, including the genetically tractable model organism Drosophila. In contrast to extensive in vivo studies elucidating co-receptor functions of Drosophila HS proteoglycans (PGs), only a limited number of studies have been conducted for those of CSPGs. To investigate the global function of CS in development, we generated mutants for Chondroitin sulfate synthase (Chsy), which encodes the Drosophila homolog of mammalian chondroitin synthase 1, a crucial CS biosynthetic enzyme. Our characterizations of the Chsy mutants indicated that a fraction survive to adult stage, which allowed us to analyze the morphology of the adult organs. In the ovary, Chsy mutants exhibited altered stiffness of the basement membrane and muscle dysfunction, leading to a gradual degradation of the gross organ structure as mutant animals aged. Our observations show that normal CS function is required for the maintenance of the structural integrity of the ECM and gross organ architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Knudsen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Woo Seuk Koh
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Eriko Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Takuya Akiyama
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Greg Haugstad
- Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Guichuan Yu
- Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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31
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Messer CL, McDonald JA. Rap1 promotes epithelial integrity and cell viability in a growing tissue. Dev Biol 2023; 501:1-19. [PMID: 37269969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Having intact epithelial tissues is critical for embryonic development and adult homeostasis. How epithelia respond to damaging insults or tissue growth while still maintaining intercellular connections and barrier integrity during development is poorly understood. The conserved small GTPase Rap1 is critical for establishing cell polarity and regulating cadherin-catenin cell junctions. Here, we identified a new role for Rap1 in maintaining epithelial integrity and tissue shape during Drosophila oogenesis. Loss of Rap1 activity disrupted the follicle cell epithelium and the shape of egg chambers during a period of major growth. Rap1 was required for proper E-Cadherin localization in the anterior epithelium and for epithelial cell survival. Both Myo-II and the adherens junction-cytoskeletal linker protein α-Catenin were required for normal egg chamber shape but did not strongly affect cell viability. Blocking the apoptotic cascade failed to rescue the cell shape defects caused by Rap1 inhibition. One consequence of increased cell death caused by Rap1 inhibition was the loss of polar cells and other follicle cells, which later in development led to fewer cells forming a migrating border cell cluster. Our results thus indicate dual roles for Rap1 in maintaining epithelia and cell survival in a growing tissue during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luke Messer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jocelyn A McDonald
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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32
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Messer CL, McDonald JA. Expect the unexpected: conventional and unconventional roles for cadherins in collective cell migration. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1495-1504. [PMID: 37387360 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Migrating cell collectives navigate complex tissue environments both during normal development and in pathological contexts such as tumor invasion and metastasis. To do this, cells in collectives must stay together but also communicate information across the group. The cadherin superfamily of proteins mediates junctional adhesions between cells, but also serve many essential functions in collective cell migration. Besides keeping migrating cell collectives cohesive, cadherins help follower cells maintain their attachment to leader cells, transfer information about front-rear polarity among the cohort, sense and respond to changes in the tissue environment, and promote intracellular signaling, in addition to other cellular behaviors. In this review, we highlight recent studies that reveal diverse but critical roles for both classical and atypical cadherins in collective cell migration, specifically focusing on four in vivo model systems in development: the Drosophila border cells, zebrafish mesendodermal cells, Drosophila follicle rotation, and Xenopus neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luke Messer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, U.S.A
| | - Jocelyn A McDonald
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, U.S.A
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Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a thin, planar-organized extracellular matrix that underlies epithelia and surrounds most organs. During development, the BM is highly dynamic and simultaneously provides mechanical properties that stabilize tissue structure and shape organs. Moreover, it is important for cell polarity, cell migration, and cell signaling. Thereby BM diverges regarding molecular composition, structure, and modes of assembly. Different BM organization leads to various physical features. The mechanisms that regulate BM composition and structure and how this affects mechanical properties are not fully understood. Recent studies show that precise control of BM deposition or degradation can result in BMs with locally different protein densities, compositions, thicknesses, or polarization. Such heterogeneous matrices can induce temporospatial force anisotropy and enable tissue sculpting. In this Review, I address recent findings that provide new perspectives on the role of the BM in morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Töpfer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z3
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34
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Lin AJ, Sihorwala AZ, Belardi B. Engineering Tissue-Scale Properties with Synthetic Cells: Forging One from Many. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1889-1907. [PMID: 37417657 PMCID: PMC11017731 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In metazoans, living cells achieve capabilities beyond individual cell functionality by assembling into multicellular tissue structures. These higher-order structures represent dynamic, heterogeneous, and responsive systems that have evolved to regenerate and coordinate their actions over large distances. Recent advances in constructing micrometer-sized vesicles, or synthetic cells, now point to a future where construction of synthetic tissue can be pursued, a boon to pressing material needs in biomedical implants, drug delivery systems, adhesives, filters, and storage devices, among others. To fully realize the potential of synthetic tissue, inspiration has been and will continue to be drawn from new molecular findings on its natural counterpart. In this review, we describe advances in introducing tissue-scale features into synthetic cell assemblies. Beyond mere complexation, synthetic cells have been fashioned with a variety of natural and engineered molecular components that serve as initial steps toward morphological control and patterning, intercellular communication, replication, and responsiveness in synthetic tissue. Particular attention has been paid to the dynamics, spatial constraints, and mechanical strengths of interactions that drive the synthesis of this next-generation material, describing how multiple synthetic cells can act as one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ahmed Z Sihorwala
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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35
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Sculpting with stiffness: rigidity as a regulator of morphogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1009-1021. [PMID: 37114613 PMCID: PMC10317161 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
From a physical perspective, morphogenesis of tissues results from interplay between their material properties and the mechanical forces exerted on them. The importance of mechanical forces in influencing cell behaviour is widely recognised, whereas the importance of tissue material properties in vivo, like stiffness, has only begun to receive attention in recent years. In this mini-review, we highlight key themes and concepts that have emerged related to how tissue stiffness, a fundamental material property, guides various morphogenetic processes in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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36
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Molina López E, Kabanova A, Winkel A, Franze K, Palacios IM, Martín-Bermudo MD. Constriction imposed by basement membrane regulates developmental cell migration. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002172. [PMID: 37379333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM), which underlies or encases developing tissues. Mechanical properties of encasing BMs have been shown to profoundly influence the shaping of associated tissues. Here, we use the migration of the border cells (BCs) of the Drosophila egg chamber to unravel a new role of encasing BMs in cell migration. BCs move between a group of cells, the nurse cells (NCs), that are enclosed by a monolayer of follicle cells (FCs), which is, in turn, surrounded by a BM, the follicle BM. We show that increasing or reducing the stiffness of the follicle BM, by altering laminins or type IV collagen levels, conversely affects BC migration speed and alters migration mode and dynamics. Follicle BM stiffness also controls pairwise NC and FC cortical tension. We propose that constraints imposed by the follicle BM influence NC and FC cortical tension, which, in turn, regulate BC migration. Encasing BMs emerge as key players in the regulation of collective cell migration during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Molina López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anna Kabanova
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Physiology of Cognitive Processes, MPI for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Winkel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Physics and Micro-Tissue Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel M Palacios
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
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37
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Sato K. A cell membrane model that reproduces cortical flow-driven cell migration and collective movement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1126819. [PMID: 37427380 PMCID: PMC10328438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1126819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many fundamental biological processes are dependent on cellular migration. Although the mechanical mechanisms of single-cell migration are relatively well understood, those underlying migration of multiple cells adhered to each other in a cluster, referred to as cluster migration, are poorly understood. A key reason for this knowledge gap is that many forces-including contraction forces from actomyosin networks, hydrostatic pressure from the cytosol, frictional forces from the substrate, and forces from adjacent cells-contribute to cell cluster movement, making it challenging to model, and ultimately elucidate, the final result of these forces. This paper describes a two-dimensional cell membrane model that represents cells on a substrate with polygons and expresses various mechanical forces on the cell surface, keeping these forces balanced at all times by neglecting cell inertia. The model is discrete but equivalent to a continuous model if appropriate replacement rules for cell surface segments are chosen. When cells are given a polarity, expressed by a direction-dependent surface tension reflecting the location dependence of contraction and adhesion on a cell boundary, the cell surface begins to flow from front to rear as a result of force balance. This flow produces unidirectional cell movement, not only for a single cell but also for multiple cells in a cluster, with migration speeds that coincide with analytical results from a continuous model. Further, if the direction of cell polarity is tilted with respect to the cluster center, surface flow induces cell cluster rotation. The reason why this model moves while keeping force balance on cell surface (i.e., under no net forces from outside) is because of the implicit inflow and outflow of cell surface components through the inside of the cell. An analytical formula connecting cell migration speed and turnover rate of cell surface components is presented.
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38
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Mollier C, Skrzydeł J, Borowska-Wykręt D, Majda M, Bayle V, Battu V, Totozafy JC, Dulski M, Fruleux A, Wrzalik R, Mouille G, Smith RS, Monéger F, Kwiatkowska D, Boudaoud A. Spatial consistency of cell growth direction during organ morphogenesis requires CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112689. [PMID: 37352099 PMCID: PMC10391631 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrices contain fibril-like polymers often organized in parallel arrays. Although their role in morphogenesis has been long recognized, it remains unclear how the subcellular control of fibril synthesis translates into organ shape. We address this question using the Arabidopsis sepal as a model organ. In plants, cell growth is restrained by the cell wall (extracellular matrix). Cellulose microfibrils are the main load-bearing wall component, thought to channel growth perpendicularly to their main orientation. Given the key function of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 (CSI1) in guidance of cellulose synthesis, we investigate the role of CSI1 in sepal morphogenesis. We observe that sepals from csi1 mutants are shorter, although their newest cellulose microfibrils are more aligned compared to wild-type. Surprisingly, cell growth anisotropy is similar in csi1 and wild-type plants. We resolve this apparent paradox by showing that CSI1 is required for spatial consistency of growth direction across the sepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Mollier
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Joanna Skrzydeł
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Borowska-Wykręt
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Majda
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Chrisologue Totozafy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Roman Wrzalik
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Françoise Monéger
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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39
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Mirouse V. Evolution and developmental functions of the dystrophin-associated protein complex: beyond the idea of a muscle-specific cell adhesion complex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1182524. [PMID: 37384252 PMCID: PMC10293626 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1182524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dystrophin-Associated Protein Complex (DAPC) is a well-defined and evolutionarily conserved complex in animals. DAPC interacts with the F-actin cytoskeleton via dystrophin, and with the extracellular matrix via the membrane protein dystroglycan. Probably for historical reasons that have linked its discovery to muscular dystrophies, DAPC function is often described as limited to muscle integrity maintenance by providing mechanical robustness, which implies strong cell-extracellular matrix adhesion properties. In this review, phylogenetic and functional data from different vertebrate and invertebrate models will be analyzed and compared to explore the molecular and cellular functions of DAPC, with a specific focus on dystrophin. These data reveals that the evolution paths of DAPC and muscle cells are not intrinsically linked and that many features of dystrophin protein domains have not been identified yet. DAPC adhesive properties also are discussed by reviewing the available evidence of common key features of adhesion complexes, such as complex clustering, force transmission, mechanosensitivity and mechanotransduction. Finally, the review highlights DAPC developmental roles in tissue morphogenesis and basement membrane (BM) assembly that may indicate adhesion-independent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mirouse
- Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne-UMR CNRS 6293-INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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40
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Ready DF, Chang HC. Interommatidial cells build a tensile collagen network during Drosophila retinal morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2223-2234.e3. [PMID: 37209679 PMCID: PMC10247444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila compound eye morphogenesis transforms a simple epithelium into an approximate hollow hemisphere comprised of ∼700 ommatidia, packed as tapering hexagonal prisms between a rigid external array of cuticular lenses and a parallel, rigid internal floor, the fenestrated membrane (FM). Critical to vision, photosensory rhabdomeres are sprung between these two surfaces, grading their length and shape accurately across the eye and aligning them to the optical axis. Using fluorescently tagged collagen and laminin, we show that that the FM assembles sequentially, emerging in the larval eye disc in the wake of the morphogenetic furrow as the original collagen-containing basement membrane (BM) separates from the epithelial floor and is replaced by a new, laminin-rich BM, which advances around axon bundles of newly differentiated photoreceptors as they exit the retina, forming fenestrae in this new, laminin-rich BM. In mid-pupal development, the interommatidial cells (IOCs) autonomously deposit collagen at fenestrae, forming rigid, tension-resisting grommets. In turn, stress fibers assemble in the IOC basal endfeet, where they contact grommets at anchorages mediated by integrin linked kinase (ILK). The hexagonal network of IOC endfeet tiling the retinal floor couples nearest-neighbor grommets into a supracellular tri-axial tension network. Late in pupal development, IOC stress fiber contraction folds pliable BM into a hexagonal grid of collagen-stiffened ridges, concomitantly decreasing the area of convex FM and applying essential morphogenetic longitudinal tension to rapidly growing rhabdomeres. Together, our results reveal an orderly program of sequential assembly and activation of a supramolecular tensile network that governs Drosophila retinal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Ready
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Henry C Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
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41
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Campanale JP, Montell DJ. Who's really in charge: Diverse follower cell behaviors in collective cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 81:102160. [PMID: 37019053 PMCID: PMC10744998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migrations drive morphogenesis, wound healing, and cancer dissemination. Cells located at the front are considered leaders while those behind them are defined topologically as followers. Leader cell behaviors, including chemotaxis and their coupling to followers, have been well-studied and reviewed. However, the contributions of follower cells to collective cell migration represent an emerging area of interest. In this perspective, we highlight recent research into the broadening array of follower cell behaviors found in moving collectives. We describe examples of follower cells that possess cryptic leadership potential and followers that lack that potential but contribute in diverse and sometimes surprising ways to collective movement, even steering from behind. We highlight collectives in which all cells both lead and follow, and a few passive passengers. The molecular mechanisms controlling follower cell function and behavior are just emerging and represent an exciting frontier in collective cell migration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Campanale
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara.
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42
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Gao H, Zhang H, Yuan X, Lin X, Zou J, Yu N, Liu Z. Knockdown of the salivary protein gene NlG14 caused displacement of the lateral oviduct secreted components and inhibited ovulation in Nilaparvata lugens. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010704. [PMID: 37011098 PMCID: PMC10101634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva plays important roles in insect feeding, but its roles in insect reproduction were rarely reported. Here we reported that the knockdown of a salivary gland-specific gene NlG14 disrupted the reproduction through inhibiting the ovulation of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), one of the most devastating rice pests in Asia. NlG14 knockdown caused the displacement of the lateral oviduct secreted components (LOSC), leading to the ovulation disorder and the accumulation of mature eggs in the ovary. The RNAi-treated females laid much less eggs than their control counterparts, though they had the similar oviposition behavior on rice stems as controls. NlG14 protein was not secreted into the hemolymph, indicating an indirect effect of NlG14 knockdown on BPH reproduction. NlG14 knockdown caused the malformation of A-follicle of the principal gland and affected the underlying endocrine mechanism of salivary glands. NlG14 reduction might promote the secretion of insulin-like peptides NlILP1 and NlILP3 from the brain, which up-regulated the expression of Nllaminin gene and then caused the abnormal contraction of lateral oviduct muscle. Another explanation was NlG14 reduction disrupted the ecdysone biosynthesis and action through the insulin-PI3K-Akt signaling in ovary. Altogether, this study indicated that the salivary gland specific protein NlG14 indirectly mediated BPH ovulation process, which established a connexon in function between insect salivary gland and ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Gao
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Yuan
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, China
| | - Xumin Lin
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianzheng Zou
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Yu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, China
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43
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Williams AM, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 polarizes Lar and Sema5c to coordinate the motility of collectively migrating epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.28.530349. [PMID: 36909523 PMCID: PMC10002635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.28.530349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Migrating epithelial cells globally align their migration machinery to achieve tissue-level movement. Biochemical signaling across leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces can promote this alignment by partitioning migratory behaviors like protrusion and retraction to opposite sides of the interface. However, how the necessary signaling proteins become organized at this site is poorly understood. The follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila melanogaster have two signaling modules at their leading-trailing interfaces-one composed of the atypical cadherin Fat2 and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, and one composed of Semaphorin 5c and its receptor Plexin A. Here we show that these modules form one interface signaling system with Fat2 at its core. Trailing edge-enriched Fat2 concentrates both Lar and Sema5c at cells' leading edges, likely by slowing their turnover at this site. Once localized, Lar and Sema5c act in parallel to promote collective migration. Our data suggest a model in which Fat2 couples and polarizes the distributions of multiple effectors that work together to align the migration machinery of neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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44
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Luo S, Furuya K, Matsuda K, Tsukasa Y, Usui T, Uemura T. E-cadherin-dependent coordinated epithelial rotation on a two-dimensional discoidal pattern. Genes Cells 2023; 28:175-187. [PMID: 36562594 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, cells collectively migrate in a variety of developmental and pathological contexts. Coordinated epithelial rotation represents a unique type of collective cell migrations, which has been modeled in vitro under spatially confined conditions. Although it is known that the coordinated rotation depends on intercellular interactions, the contribution of E-cadherin, a major cell-cell adhesion molecule, has not been directly addressed on two-dimensional (2D) confined substrates. Here, using well-controlled fibronectin-coated surfaces, we tracked and compared the migratory behaviors of MDCK cells expressing or lacking E-cadherin. We observed that wild-type MDCK II cells exhibited persistent and coordinated rotations on discoidal patterns, while E-cadherin knockout cells migrated in a less coordinated manner without large-scale rotation. Our comparison of the collective dynamics between these two cell types revealed a series of changes in migratory behavior caused by the loss of E-cadherin, including a decreased global migration speed, less regularity in quantified coordination, and increased average density of topological defects. Taken together, these data demonstrate that spontaneous initiation of collective epithelial rotations depends on E-cadherin under 2D discoidal confinements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Luo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanji Furuya
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimiya Matsuda
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuma Tsukasa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadao Usui
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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45
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Ku HY, Harris LK, Bilder D. Specialized cells that sense tissue mechanics to regulate Drosophila morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:211-223.e5. [PMID: 36708706 PMCID: PMC11345685 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Shaping of developing organs requires dynamic regulation of force and resistance to achieve precise outcomes, but how organs monitor tissue mechanical properties is poorly understood. We show that in developing Drosophila follicles (egg chambers), a single pair of cells performs such monitoring to drive organ shaping. These anterior polar cells secrete a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) that specifies the appropriate degree of tissue elongation, rather than hyper- or hypo-elongated organs. MMP production is negatively regulated by basement membrane (BM) mechanical properties, which are sensed through focal adhesion signaling and autonomous contractile activity; MMP then reciprocally regulates BM remodeling, particularly at the anterior region. Changing BM properties at remote locations alone is sufficient to induce a remodeling response in polar cells. We propose that this small group of cells senses both local and distant stiffness cues to produce factors that pattern the organ's BM mechanics, ensuring proper tissue shape and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Ku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leigh K Harris
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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46
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Abstract
In this chapter, we highlight examples of the diverse array of developmental, cellular, and biochemical insights that can be gained by using Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis as a model tissue. We begin with an overview of ovary development and adult oogenesis. Then we summarize how the adult Drosophila ovary continues to advance our understanding of stem cells, cell cycle, cell migration, cytoplasmic streaming, nurse cell dumping, and cell death. We also review emerging areas of study, including the roles of lipid droplets, ribosomes, and nuclear actin in egg development. Finally, we conclude by discussing the growing conservation of processes and signaling pathways that regulate oogenesis and female reproduction from flies to humans.
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47
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Jackson JA, Imran Alsous J, Martin AC. Live Imaging of Nurse Cell Behavior in Late Stages of Drosophila Oogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:219-232. [PMID: 36715907 PMCID: PMC11555122 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila oogenesis is a powerful and tractable model for studies of cell and developmental biology due to the multitude of well-characterized events in both germline and somatic cells, the ease of genetic manipulation in fruit flies, and the large number of egg chambers produced by each fly. Recent improvements in live imaging and ex vivo culturing protocols have enabled researchers to conduct more detailed, longer-term studies of egg chamber development, enabling insights into fundamental biological processes. Here, we present a protocol for dissection, culturing, and imaging of late-stage egg chambers to study intercellular and directional cytoplasmic flow during "nurse cell dumping." This critical developmental process towards the latter stages of oogenesis (stages 10b/11) results in rapid growth of the oocyte and shrinkage of the nurse cells and is accompanied by dynamic changes in cell shape. We also describe a procedure to record high-time-resolution movies of the flow of unlabeled cytoplasmic contents within nurse cells and through cytoplasmic bridges in the nurse cell cluster using reflection microscopy, and we describe two ways to analyze data from nurse cell dumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Jackson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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48
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Zajac AL, Williams AM, Horne-Badovinac S. A Low-Tech Flow Chamber for Live Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers During Drug Treatments. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:277-289. [PMID: 36715910 PMCID: PMC11232113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila egg chamber is a powerful system to study epithelial cell collective migration and polarized basement membrane secretion. A strength of this system is the ability to capture these dynamic processes in ex vivo organ culture using high-resolution live imaging. Ex vivo culture also allows acute pharmacological or labeling treatments, extending the versatility of the system. However, many current ex vivo egg chamber culture setups do not permit easy medium exchange, preventing researchers from following individual egg chambers through multiple treatments. Here we present a method to immobilize egg chambers in an easy-to-construct flow chamber that permits imaging of the same egg chamber through repeated solution exchanges. This will allow researchers to take greater advantage of the wide variety of available pharmacological perturbations and other treatments like dyes to study dynamic processes in the egg chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Zajac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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49
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Banzai K, Nishimura T. Isolation of a novel missense mutation in insulin receptor as a spontaneous revertant in ImpL2 mutants in Drosophila. Development 2023; 150:285910. [PMID: 36504086 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling (IIS) correlates nutrient levels to metabolism and growth, thereby playing crucial roles in development and adult fitness. In the fruit fly Drosophila, ImpL2, an ortholog of IGFBP7, binds to and inhibits the function of Drosophila insulin-like peptides. In this study, we isolated a temperature-sensitive mutation in the insulin receptor (InR) gene as a spontaneous revertant in ImpL2 null mutants. The p.Y902C missense mutation is located at the functionally conserved amino acid residue of the first fibronectin type III domain of InR. The hypomorphic InR mutant animals showed a temperature-dependent reduction in IIS and body size. The mutant animals also exhibited metabolic defects, such as increased triglyceride and carbohydrate levels. Metabolomic analysis further revealed that defects in InR caused dysregulation of amino acid and ribonucleotide metabolism. We also observed that InR mutant females produced tiny irregular-shaped embryos with reduced fecundity. In summary, this novel allele of InR is a valuable tool for the Drosophila genetic model of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Banzai
- Laboratory for Growth Control Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Growth Control Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
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50
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Anderson MT, Sherrard K, Horne-Badovinac S. Optimized Fixation and Phalloidin Staining of Basally Localized F-Actin Networks in Collectively Migrating Follicle Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:179-191. [PMID: 36715905 PMCID: PMC11229081 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The follicular epithelial cells of the Drosophila egg chamber have become a premier model to study how cells globally orient their actin-based machinery for collective migration. The basal surface of each follicle cell has lamellipodial and filopodial protrusions that extend from its leading edge and an array of stress fibers that mediate its adhesion to the extracellular matrix; these migratory structures are all globally aligned in the direction of tissue movement. To understand how this global alignment is achieved, one must be able to reliably visualize the underlying F-actin; however, dynamic F-actin networks can be difficult to preserve in fixed tissues. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the fixation and phalloidin staining of the follicular epithelium. We also provide a brief primer on relevant aspects of the image acquisition process to ensure high quality data are collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T Anderson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristin Sherrard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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