1
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Bi H, You R, Bian X, Li P, Zhao X, You Z. A magnetic control enrichment technique combined with terahertz metamaterial biosensor for detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 243:115763. [PMID: 37890389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose significant challenges to public health. Developing new methods for early detection and diagnosis is crucial in combatting the disease, mitigating its impact and be prepared for future challenges in pandemic diseases. In this study, we propose a terahertz (THz) biosensing technology that capitalizes on the properties of THz metamaterial in conjunction with magnetic nanoparticles. This approach can accurately identify the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by pinpointing its location on the THz resonance sources grooved surface. The magnetic nanoparticles are employed to selectively bind with target molecules, and migrate towards the THz metamaterial unit cell when exposed to an applied magnetic field. The presence of target molecules in to the metamaterial variation in the frequency, amplitude, and phase of the resonance response, thus enabling swift, accurate and sensitive detection. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed technique, we have conducted a comparative analysis between real samples on platforms controlled by magnetic manipulation and those without the control. It was confirmed that the proposed THz sensing method demonstrated a linear detection range spanning from 0.005 ng mL-1 to 1000 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.002 ng mL-1. Furthermore, it exhibited a frequency shift of 24 GHz and a stability index of 95%. The THz biosensing technique may pave a new avenue in identifying and preempting the spread of potential pandemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bi
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 10029, PR China; School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Rui You
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 10029, PR China; School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Xiaomeng Bian
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 10029, PR China; School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Smart Microsystem, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Xiaoguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Smart Microsystem, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Zheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Smart Microsystem, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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2
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Yang P, Wang Q, Fan Q, Guan S, Li G, Zhang P, Zhang T. Realization of Strong Coupling between Deterministic Single-Atom Arrays and a High-Finesse Miniature Optical Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:173601. [PMID: 37172253 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.173601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate strong coupling between a one-dimensional (1D) single-atom array and a high-finesse miniature cavity. The atom array is obtained by loading single atoms into a 1D optical tweezer array with dimensions of 1×11. Therefore, a deterministic number of atoms is obtained, and the atom number is determined by imaging the atom array on a CCD camera in real time. By precisely controlling the position and spacing of the atom array in the high finesse Fabry-Perot cavity, all the atoms in the array are strongly coupled to the cavity simultaneously. The vacuum Rabi splitting spectra are discriminated for deterministic atom numbers from 1 to 8, and the sqrt[N] dependence of the collective enhancement of the coupling strength on atom number N is validated at the single-atom level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qinxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Shijun Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tiancai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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3
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Mafu M, Sekga C, Senekane M. Loss-tolerant prepare and measure quantum key distribution protocol. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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4
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Abstract
The recent progress in nanotechnology1,2 and single-molecule spectroscopy3-5 paves the way for emergent cost-effective organic quantum optical technologies with potential applications in useful devices operating at ambient conditions. We harness a π-conjugated ladder-type polymer strongly coupled to a microcavity forming hybrid light-matter states, so-called exciton-polaritons, to create exciton-polariton condensates with quantum fluid properties. Obeying Bose statistics, exciton-polaritons exhibit an extreme nonlinearity when undergoing bosonic stimulation6, which we have managed to trigger at the single-photon level, thereby providing an efficient way for all-optical ultrafast control over the macroscopic condensate wavefunction. Here, we utilize stable excitons dressed with high-energy molecular vibrations, allowing for single-photon nonlinear operation at ambient conditions. This opens new horizons for practical implementations like sub-picosecond switching, amplification and all-optical logic at the fundamental quantum limit.
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5
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Dahan R, Gorlach A, Haeusler U, Karnieli A, Eyal O, Yousefi P, Segev M, Arie A, Eisenstein G, Hommelhoff P, Kaminer I. Imprinting the quantum statistics of photons on free electrons. Science 2021; 373:eabj7128. [PMID: 34446445 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj7128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Dahan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alexey Gorlach
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Urs Haeusler
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Aviv Karnieli
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ori Eyal
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Peyman Yousefi
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Mordechai Segev
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ady Arie
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gadi Eisenstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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6
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Karnieli A, Rivera N, Arie A, Kaminer I. Superradiance and Subradiance due to Quantum Interference of Entangled Free Electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:060403. [PMID: 34420316 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When multiple quantum emitters radiate, their emission rate may be enhanced or suppressed due to collective interference in a process known as super- or subradiance. Such processes are well known to occur also in light emission from free electrons, known as coherent cathodoluminescence. Unlike atomic systems, free electrons have an unbounded energy spectrum, and, thus, all their emission mechanisms rely on electron recoil, in addition to the classical properties of the dielectric medium. To date, all experimental and theoretical studies of super- and subradiance from free electrons assumed only classical correlations between particles. However, dependence on quantum correlations, such as entanglement between free electrons, has not been studied. Recent advances in coherent shaping of free-electron wave functions motivate the investigation of such quantum regimes of super- and subradiance. In this Letter, we show how a pair of coincident path-entangled electrons can demonstrate either super- or subradiant light emission, depending on the two-particle wave function. By choosing different free-electron Bell states, the spectrum and emission pattern of the light can be reshaped, in a manner that cannot be accounted for by a classical mixed state. We show these results for light emission in any optical medium and discuss their generalization to many-body quantum states. Our findings suggest that light emission can be sensitive to the explicit quantum state of the emitting matter wave and possibly serve as a nondestructive measurement scheme for measuring the quantum state of many-body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Karnieli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ady Arie
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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7
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Distante E, Daiss S, Langenfeld S, Hartung L, Thomas P, Morin O, Rempe G, Welte S. Detecting an Itinerant Optical Photon Twice without Destroying It. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:253603. [PMID: 34241514 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.253603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nondestructive quantum measurements are central for quantum physics applications ranging from quantum sensing to quantum computing and quantum communication. Employing the toolbox of cavity quantum electrodynamics, we here concatenate two identical nondestructive photon detectors to repeatedly detect and track a single photon propagating through a 60 m long optical fiber. By demonstrating that the combined signal-to-noise ratio of the two detectors surpasses each single one by about 2 orders of magnitude, we experimentally verify a key practical benefit of cascaded nondemolition detectors compared to conventional absorbing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Distante
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Severin Daiss
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Langenfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Hartung
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Philip Thomas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Olivier Morin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan Welte
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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8
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Niemietz D, Farrera P, Langenfeld S, Rempe G. Nondestructive detection of photonic qubits. Nature 2021; 591:570-574. [PMID: 33762772 PMCID: PMC7990738 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in experimental quantum information is to sustain the fragile superposition state of a qubit1. Long lifetimes can be achieved for material qubit carriers as memories2, at least in principle, but not for propagating photons that are rapidly lost by absorption, diffraction or scattering3. The loss problem can be mitigated with a nondestructive photonic qubit detector that heralds the photon without destroying the encoded qubit. Such a detector is envisioned to facilitate protocols in which distributed tasks depend on the successful dissemination of photonic qubits4,5, improve loss-sensitive qubit measurements6,7 and enable certain quantum key distribution attacks8. Here we demonstrate such a detector based on a single atom in two crossed fibre-based optical resonators, one for qubit-insensitive atom–photon coupling and the other for atomic-state detection9. We achieve a nondestructive detection efficiency upon qubit survival of 79 ± 3 per cent and a photon survival probability of 31 ± 1 per cent, and we preserve the qubit information with a fidelity of 96.2 ± 0.3 per cent. To illustrate the potential of our detector, we show that it can, with the current parameters, improve the rate and fidelity of long-distance entanglement and quantum state distribution compared to previous methods, provide resource optimization via qubit amplification and enable detection-loophole-free Bell tests. A nondestructive detector of photonic qubits, comprising a single 87Rb atom trapped in the centre point of two crossed fibre-based optical resonators, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pau Farrera
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.,ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | | | - Gerhard Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
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9
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Park J, Park B, Kim TY, Jung S, Choi WJ, Ahn J, Yoon DH, Kim J, Jeon S, Lee D, Yong U, Jang J, Kim WJ, Kim HK, Jeong U, Kim HH, Kim C. Quadruple ultrasound, photoacoustic, optical coherence, and fluorescence fusion imaging with a transparent ultrasound transducer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e1920879118. [PMID: 33836558 PMCID: PMC7980418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920879118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound and optical imagers are used widely in a variety of biological and medical applications. In particular, multimodal implementations combining light and sound have been actively investigated to improve imaging quality. However, the integration of optical sensors with opaque ultrasound transducers suffers from low signal-to-noise ratios, high complexity, and bulky form factors, significantly limiting its applications. Here, we demonstrate a quadruple fusion imaging system using a spherically focused transparent ultrasound transducer that enables seamless integration of ultrasound imaging with photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence imaging. As a first application, we comprehensively monitored multiparametric responses to chemical and suture injuries in rats' eyes in vivo, such as corneal neovascularization, structural changes, cataracts, and inflammation. As a second application, we successfully performed multimodal imaging of tumors in vivo, visualizing melanomas without using labels and visualizing 4T1 mammary carcinomas using PEGylated gold nanorods. We strongly believe that the seamlessly integrated multimodal system can be used not only in ophthalmology and oncology but also in other healthcare applications with broad impact and interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoo Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byullee Park
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo June Choi
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joongho Ahn
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwan Jeon
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijung Yong
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyung Ham Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea;
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea;
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ruddell SK, Webb KE, Takahata M, Kato S, Aoki T. Ultra-low-loss nanofiber Fabry-Perot cavities optimized for cavity quantum electrodynamics. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4875-4878. [PMID: 32870880 DOI: 10.1364/ol.396725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of ultra-low-loss, all-fiber Fabry-Perot cavities that contain a nanofiber section, optimized for cavity quantum electrodynamics. By continuously monitoring the finesse and fiber radius during the fabrication of a nanofiber between two fiber Bragg gratings, we were able to precisely evaluate taper transmission as a function of radius. The resulting cavities have an internal round-trip loss of only 0.31% at a nanofiber waist radius of 207 nm, with a total finesse of 1380, and a maximum expected internal cooperativity of ∼1050 for a cesium atom on the nanofiber surface. Our ability to fabricate such high-finesse nanofiber cavities may open the door for the realization of high-fidelity scalable quantum networks.
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11
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Jiang YF, Wei K, Huang L, Xu K, Sun QC, Zhang YZ, Zhang W, Li H, You L, Wang Z, Lo HK, Xu F, Zhang Q, Pan JW. Remote Blind State Preparation with Weak Coherent Pulses in the Field. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:100503. [PMID: 31573287 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum computing has seen tremendous progress in past years. Due to implementation complexity and cost, the future path of quantum computation is strongly believed to delegate computational tasks to powerful quantum servers on the cloud. Universal blind quantum computing (UBQC) provides the protocol for the secure delegation of arbitrary quantum computations, and it has received significant attention. However, a great challenge in UBQC is how to transmit a quantum state over a long distance securely and reliably. Here, we solve this challenge by proposing a resource-efficient remote blind qubit preparation (RBQP) protocol, with weak coherent pulses for the client to produce, using a compact and low-cost laser. We experimentally verify a key step of RBQP-quantum nondemolition measurement-in the field test over 100 km of fiber. Our experiment uses a quantum teleportation setup in the telecom wavelength and generates 1000 secure qubits with an average fidelity of (86.9±1.5)%, which exceeds the quantum no-cloning fidelity of equatorial qubit states. The results prove the feasibility of UBQC over long distances, and thus serves as a key milestone towards secure cloud quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Fan Jiang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kejin Wei
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Qi-Chao Sun
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Zhang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Lixing You
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hoi-Kwong Lo
- Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Feihu Xu
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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12
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Wang L, Li ZH, Xu J, Yang Y, Al-Amri M, Zubairy MS. Exchange unknown quantum states with almost invisible photons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:20525-20540. [PMID: 31510145 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose a quasi-counterfactual quantum swap gate for exchanging Alice's unknown photon state and Bob's unknown atomic state under the condition that only Alice's photon may appear in the transmission channel between Alice and Bob, while the probability of the existence of photon in the transmission channel is controllable and can tend to zero. Unlike standard counterfactual quantum communication protocols, quantum states exchange in present scenario is achieved by multiple phase operations, rather than multiple measurements. The total effect of those operations can be considered as a unitary time evolution operator. Therefore, the communication fidelity and efficiency of our protocol are always one if system imperfection and channel noise are not considered. Compared to standard counterfactual communication protocols, our protocol is easy to implement. We also show that it can be easily converted to a standard counterfactual one.
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13
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Daiss S, Welte S, Hacker B, Li L, Rempe G. Single-Photon Distillation via a Photonic Parity Measurement Using Cavity QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:133603. [PMID: 31012633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.133603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single photons with tailored temporal profiles are a vital resource for future quantum networks. Here we distill them out of custom-shaped laser pulses that reflect from a single atom strongly coupled to an optical resonator. A subsequent measurement on the atom is employed to herald a successful distillation. Out of vacuum-dominated light pulses, we create single photons with fidelity 66(1)%, two-and-more-photon suppression 95.5(6)%, and a Wigner function with negative value -0.125(6). Our scheme applied to state-of-the-art fiber resonators could boost the single-photon fidelity to up to 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Daiss
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan Welte
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bastian Hacker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lin Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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14
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Enhanced Bell state measurement for efficient measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution using 3-dimensional quantum states. Sci Rep 2019; 9:687. [PMID: 30679489 PMCID: PMC6345763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an enhanced discrimination measurement for tripartite 3-dimensional entangled states in order to improve the discernible number of orthogonal entangled states. The scheme suggests 3-dimensional Bell state measurement by exploiting composite two 3-dimensional state measurement setups. The setup relies on state-of-the-art techniques, a multi-port interferometer and nondestructive photon number measurements that are used for the post-selection of suitable ensembles. With this scheme, the sifted signal rate of measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution using 3-dimensional quantum states is improved by up to a factor of three compared with that of the best existing setup.
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15
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Guo Q, Cheng LY, Wang HF, Zhang S. Counterfactual entanglement swapping enables high-efficiency entanglement distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:27314-27325. [PMID: 30469802 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose an alternative entanglement swapping scheme based on the principle of the counterfactual quantum communication, which demonstrates nonlocal entanglement swapping can be achieved by the operations of a third party. During the whole process, it is not needed to transmit any physical particles among the participants. Furthermore, all the entangled particles are not destroyed in the counterfactual entanglement swapping process, which means we can obtain two pairs of nonlocal entanglement at the same time, thus achieve high-efficiency entanglement distribution. The numerical analysis about the performance of the presented scheme shows that this counterfactual protocol can be implemented with high success probability and fidelity in the ideal asymptotic limit. The scheme may be meaningful for large-scale quantum communication network and quantum repeater.
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16
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Creating a switchable optical cavity with controllable quantum-state mapping between two modes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14740. [PMID: 30283020 PMCID: PMC6170495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe how an ensemble of four-level atoms in the diamond-type configuration can be applied to create a fully controllable effective coupling between two cavity modes. The diamond-type configuration allows one to use a bimodal cavity that supports modes of different frequencies or different circular polarisations, because each mode is coupled only to its own transition. This system can be used for mapping a quantum state of one cavity mode onto the other mode on demand. Additionally, it can serve as a fast opening high-Q cavity system that can be easily and coherently controlled with laser fields.
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17
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Royer B, Grimsmo AL, Choquette-Poitevin A, Blais A. Itinerant Microwave Photon Detector. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:203602. [PMID: 29864351 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.203602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The realization of a high-efficiency microwave single photon detector is a long-standing problem in the field of microwave quantum optics. Here, we propose a quantum nondemolition, high-efficiency photon detector that can readily be implemented in present state-of-the-art circuit quantum electrodynamics. This scheme works in a continuous fashion, gaining information about the photon arrival time as well as about its presence. The key insight that allows us to circumvent the usual limitations imposed by measurement backaction is the use of long-lived dark states in a small ensemble of inhomogeneous artificial atoms to increase the interaction time between the photon and the measurement device. Using realistic system parameters, we show that large detection fidelities are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Royer
- Institut quantique and Départment de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Arne L Grimsmo
- Institut quantique and Départment de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alexandre Choquette-Poitevin
- Institut quantique and Départment de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Institut quantique and Départment de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
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18
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Murray CR, Mirgorodskiy I, Tresp C, Braun C, Paris-Mandoki A, Gorshkov AV, Hofferberth S, Pohl T. Photon Subtraction by Many-Body Decoherence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:113601. [PMID: 29601756 PMCID: PMC6467281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally and theoretically investigate the scattering of a photonic quantum field from another stored in a strongly interacting atomic Rydberg ensemble. Considering the many-body limit of this problem, we derive an exact solution to the scattering-induced spatial decoherence of multiple stored photons, allowing for a rigorous understanding of the underlying dissipative quantum dynamics. Combined with our experiments, this analysis reveals a correlated coherence-protection process in which the scattering from one excitation can shield all others from spatial decoherence. We discuss how this effect can be used to manipulate light at the quantum level, providing a robust mechanism for single-photon subtraction, and experimentally demonstrate this capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Murray
- Center for Quantum Optics and Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - I Mirgorodskiy
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Tresp
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense-M, Denmark
| | - C Braun
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense-M, Denmark
| | - A Paris-Mandoki
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense-M, Denmark
| | - A V Gorshkov
- Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hofferberth
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense-M, Denmark
| | - T Pohl
- Center for Quantum Optics and Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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19
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Hong CH, Heo J, Kang MS, Jang J, Yang HJ. Optical scheme for generating hyperentanglement having photonic qubit and time-bin via quantum dot and cross-Kerr nonlinearity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2566. [PMID: 29416070 PMCID: PMC5803275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We design an optical scheme to generate hyperentanglement correlated with degrees of freedom (DOFs) via quantum dots (QDs), weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities (XKNLs), and linearly optical apparatuses (including time-bin encoders). For generating hyperentanglement having its own correlations for two DOFs (polarization and time-bin) on two photons, we employ the effects of optical nonlinearities using a QD (photon-electron), a parity gate (XKNLs), and time-bin encodings (linear optics). In our scheme, the first nonlinear multi-qubit gate utilizes the interactions between photons and an electron of QD confined in a single-sided cavity, and the parity gate (second gate) uses weak XKNLs, quantum bus, and photon-number-resolving measurement to entangle the polarizations of two photons. Finally, for efficiency in generating hyperentanglement and for the experimental implementation of this scheme, we discuss how the QD-cavity system can be performed reliably, and also discuss analysis of the immunity of the parity gate (XKNLs) against the decoherence effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Hong
- Base Technology Division, National Security Research Institute, P.O. Box 1, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34188, Republic of Korea
| | - Jino Heo
- College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Sung Kang
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingak Jang
- Base Technology Division, National Security Research Institute, P.O. Box 1, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34188, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, Republic of Korea
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20
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Heo J, Hong CH, Kang MS, Yang H, Yang HJ, Hong JP, Choi SG. Implementation of controlled quantum teleportation with an arbitrator for secure quantum channels via quantum dots inside optical cavities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14905. [PMID: 29097727 PMCID: PMC5668345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a controlled quantum teleportation scheme to teleport an unknown state based on the interactions between flying photons and quantum dots (QDs) confined within single- and double-sided cavities. In our scheme, users (Alice and Bob) can teleport the unknown state through a secure entanglement channel under the control and distribution of an arbitrator (Trent). For construction of the entanglement channel, Trent utilizes the interactions between two photons and the QD-cavity system, which consists of a charged QD (negatively charged exciton) inside a single-sided cavity. Subsequently, Alice can teleport the unknown state of the electron spin in a QD inside a double-sided cavity to Bob's electron spin in a QD inside a single-sided cavity assisted by the channel information from Trent. Furthermore, our scheme using QD-cavity systems is feasible with high fidelity, and can be experimentally realized with current technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jino Heo
- College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Hong
- National Security Research Institute, P.O. Box 1, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34188, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Yang
- College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Phil Hong
- College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gon Choi
- College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Cao C, Duan YW, Chen X, Zhang R, Wang TJ, Wang C. Implementation of single-photon quantum routing and decoupling using a nitrogen-vacancy center and a whispering-gallery-mode resonator-waveguide system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:16931-16946. [PMID: 28789193 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.016931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum router is a key element needed for the construction of future complex quantum networks. However, quantum routing with photons, and its inverse, quantum decoupling, are difficult to implement as photons do not interact, or interact very weakly in nonlinear media. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of implementing photonic quantum routing based on effects in cavity quantum electrodynamics, and present a scheme for single-photon quantum routing controlled by the other photon using a hybrid system consisting of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center coupled with a whispering-gallery-mode resonator-waveguide structure. Different from the cases in which classical information is used to control the path of quantum signals, both the control and signal photons are quantum in our implementation. Compared with the probabilistic quantum routing protocols based on linear optics, our scheme is deterministic and also scalable to multiple photons. We also present a scheme for single-photon quantum decoupling from an initial state with polarization and spatial-mode encoding, which can implement an inverse operation to the quantum routing. We discuss the feasibility of our schemes by considering current or near-future techniques, and show that both the schemes can operate effectively in the bad-cavity regime. We believe that the schemes could be key building blocks for future complex quantum networks and large-scale quantum information processing.
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22
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Distante E, Farrera P, Padrón-Brito A, Paredes-Barato D, Heinze G, de Riedmatten H. Storing single photons emitted by a quantum memory on a highly excited Rydberg state. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14072. [PMID: 28102203 PMCID: PMC5253638 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong interaction between two single photons is a long standing and important goal in quantum photonics. This would enable a new regime of nonlinear optics and unlock several applications in quantum information science, including photonic quantum gates and deterministic Bell-state measurements. In the context of quantum networks, it would be important to achieve interactions between single photons from independent photon pairs storable in quantum memories. So far, most experiments showing nonlinearities at the single-photon level have used weak classical input light. Here we demonstrate the storage and retrieval of a paired single photon emitted by an ensemble quantum memory in a strongly nonlinear medium based on highly excited Rydberg atoms. We show that nonclassical correlations between the two photons persist after retrieval from the Rydberg ensemble. Our result is an important step towards deterministic photon-photon interactions, and may enable deterministic Bell-state measurements with multimode quantum memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Distante
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Farrera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Auxiliadora Padrón-Brito
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Paredes-Barato
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georg Heinze
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Proposal and proof-of-principle demonstration of non-destructive detection of photonic qubits using a Tm:LiNbO 3 waveguide. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13454. [PMID: 27853153 PMCID: PMC5118539 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-destructive detection of photonic qubits is an enabling technology for quantum information processing and quantum communication. For practical applications, such as quantum repeaters and networks, it is desirable to implement such detection in a way that allows some form of multiplexing as well as easy integration with other components such as solid-state quantum memories. Here, we propose an approach to non-destructive photonic qubit detection that promises to have all the mentioned features. Mediated by an impurity-doped crystal, a signal photon in an arbitrary time-bin qubit state modulates the phase of an intense probe pulse that is stored during the interaction. Using a thulium-doped waveguide in LiNbO3, we perform a proof-of-principle experiment with macroscopic signal pulses, demonstrating the expected cross-phase modulation as well as the ability to preserve the coherence between temporal modes. Our findings open the path to a new key component of quantum photonics based on rare-earth-ion-doped crystals. Rare-earth doped crystals are a promising platform for developing quantum devices. Here, Sinclair et al. propose and demonstrate a concept for non-destructive detection of photonic qubits using solid-state waveguides, which could help reduce signal losses in quantum information processing.
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24
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Heshami K, England DG, Humphreys PC, Bustard PJ, Acosta VM, Nunn J, Sussman BJ. Quantum memories: emerging applications and recent advances. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2016; 63:2005-2028. [PMID: 27695198 PMCID: PMC5020357 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1148212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum light-matter interfaces are at the heart of photonic quantum technologies. Quantum memories for photons, where non-classical states of photons are mapped onto stationary matter states and preserved for subsequent retrieval, are technical realizations enabled by exquisite control over interactions between light and matter. The ability of quantum memories to synchronize probabilistic events makes them a key component in quantum repeaters and quantum computation based on linear optics. This critical feature has motivated many groups to dedicate theoretical and experimental research to develop quantum memory devices. In recent years, exciting new applications, and more advanced developments of quantum memories, have proliferated. In this review, we outline some of the emerging applications of quantum memories in optical signal processing, quantum computation and non-linear optics. We review recent experimental and theoretical developments, and their impacts on more advanced photonic quantum technologies based on quantum memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Victor M. Acosta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Center for High Technology Materials, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Joshua Nunn
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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25
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Naeimi G, Alipour S, Khademi S. A photon counting and a squeezing measurement method by the exact absorption and dispersion spectrum of Λ-type Atoms. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1402. [PMID: 27610321 PMCID: PMC4995197 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the master equations for the interaction of two-mode photons with a three-level Λ-type atom are exactly solved for the coherence terms. In this paper the exact absorption spectrum is applied for the presentation of a non-demolition photon counting method, for a few number of coupling photons, and its benefits are discussed. The exact scheme is also applied where the coupling photons are squeezed and the photon counting method is also developed for the measurement of the squeezing parameter of the coupling photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Naeimi
- Physics Groups, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Samira Alipour
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, 6th Km of Tabriz Road, Zanjan, P.O. Box 38791-45371, Iran
| | - Siamak Khademi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, 6th Km of Tabriz Road, Zanjan, P.O. Box 38791-45371, Iran
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26
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Distante E, Padrón-Brito A, Cristiani M, Paredes-Barato D, de Riedmatten H. Storage Enhanced Nonlinearities in a Cold Atomic Rydberg Ensemble. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:113001. [PMID: 27661683 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of electromagnetically induced transparency with the nonlinear interaction between Rydberg atoms provides an effective interaction between photons. In this Letter, we investigate the storage of optical pulses as collective Rydberg atomic excitations in a cold atomic ensemble. By measuring the dynamics of the stored Rydberg polaritons, we experimentally demonstrate that storing a probe pulse as Rydberg polaritons strongly enhances the Rydberg mediated interaction compared to the slow propagation case. We show that the process is characterized by two time scales. At short storage times, we observe a strong enhancement of the interaction due to the reduction of the Rydberg polariton group velocity down to 0. For longer storage times, we observe a further, weaker enhancement dominated by Rydberg induced dephasing of the multiparticle components of the state. In this regime, we observe a nonlinear dependence of the Rydberg polariton coherence time with the input photon number. Our results have direct consequences in Rydberg quantum optics and may enable the test of new theories of strongly interacting Rydberg systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Distante
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Padrón-Brito
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Cristiani
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Paredes-Barato
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Enhancement of Rydberg-mediated single-photon nonlinearities by electrically tuned Förster resonances. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12480. [PMID: 27515278 PMCID: PMC4990648 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping the strong interaction between Rydberg atoms onto single photons via electromagnetically induced transparency enables manipulation of light at the single-photon level and few-photon devices such as all-optical switches and transistors operated by individual photons. Here we demonstrate experimentally that Stark-tuned Förster resonances can substantially increase this effective interaction between individual photons. This technique boosts the gain of a single-photon transistor to over 100, enhances the non-destructive detection of single Rydberg atoms to a fidelity beyond 0.8, and enables high-precision spectroscopy on Rydberg pair states. On top, we achieve a gain larger than 2 with gate photon read-out after the transistor operation. Theory models for Rydberg polariton propagation on Förster resonance and for the projection of the stored spin-wave yield excellent agreement to our data and successfully identify the main decoherence mechanism of the Rydberg transistor, paving the way towards photonic quantum gates. Single photon level of light control is possible by using the effective interaction between single photons and Rydberg atoms. Here the authors utilized such interaction of Stark-tuned Forster resonances to boost the gain of a Rydberg single-photon transistor and perform high precision spectroscopy.
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28
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Hacker B, Welte S, Rempe G, Ritter S. A photon–photon quantum gate based on a single atom in an optical resonator. Nature 2016; 536:193-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature18592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Sun S, Kim H, Solomon GS, Waks E. A quantum phase switch between a single solid-state spin and a photon. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:539-544. [PMID: 26854569 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between single spins and photons are essential for quantum networks and distributed quantum computation. Achieving spin-photon interactions in a solid-state device could enable compact chip-integrated quantum circuits operating at gigahertz bandwidths. Many theoretical works have suggested using spins embedded in nanophotonic structures to attain this high-speed interface. These proposals implement a quantum switch where the spin flips the state of the photon and a photon flips the spin state. However, such a switch has not yet been realized using a solid-state spin system. Here, we report an experimental realization of a spin-photon quantum switch using a single solid-state spin embedded in a nanophotonic cavity. We show that the spin state strongly modulates the polarization of a reflected photon, and a single reflected photon coherently rotates the spin state. These strong spin-photon interactions open up a promising direction for solid-state implementations of high-speed quantum networks and on-chip quantum information processors using nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Hyochul Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Glenn S Solomon
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Edo Waks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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30
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Rodriguez EA, Wang Y, Crisp JL, Vera DR, Tsien RY, Ting R. New Dioxaborolane Chemistry Enables [(18)F]-Positron-Emitting, Fluorescent [(18)F]-Multimodality Biomolecule Generation from the Solid Phase. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1390-1399. [PMID: 27064381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
New protecting group chemistry is used to greatly simplify imaging probe production. Temperature and organic solvent-sensitive biomolecules are covalently attached to a biotin-bearing dioxaborolane, which facilitates antibody immobilization on a streptavidin-agarose solid-phase support. Treatment with aqueous fluoride triggers fluoride-labeled antibody release from the solid phase, separated from unlabeled antibody, and creates [(18)F]-trifluoroborate-antibody for positron emission tomography and near-infrared fluorescent (PET/NIRF) multimodality imaging. This dioxaborolane-fluoride reaction is bioorthogonal, does not inhibit antigen binding, and increases [(18)F]-specific activity relative to solution-based radiosyntheses. Two applications are investigated: an anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) monoclonal antibody (mAb) that labels prostate tumors and Cetuximab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mAb (FDA approved) that labels lung adenocarcinoma tumors. Colocalized, tumor-specific NIRF and PET imaging confirm utility of the new technology. The described chemistry should allow labeling of many commercial systems, diabodies, nanoparticles, and small molecules for dual modality imaging of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ye Wang
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jessica L Crisp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - David R Vera
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Roger Y Tsien
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Richard Ting
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
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31
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Universal quantum gates for photon-atom hybrid systems assisted by bad cavities. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24183. [PMID: 27067992 PMCID: PMC4828709 DOI: 10.1038/srep24183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We present two deterministic schemes for constructing a CNOT gate and a Toffoli gate on photon-atom and photon-atom-atom hybrid quantum systems assisted by bad cavities, respectively. They are achieved by cavity-assisted photon scattering and work in the intermediate coupling region with bad cavities, which relaxes the difficulty of their implementation in experiment. Also, bad cavities are feasible for fast quantum operations and reading out information. Compared with previous works, our schemes do not need any auxiliary qubits and measurements. Moreover, the schematic setups for these gates are simple, especially that for our Toffoli gate as only a quarter wave packet is used to interact the photon with each of the atoms every time. These atom-cavity systems can be used as the quantum nodes in long-distance quantum communication as their relatively long coherence time is suitable for multi-time operations between the photon and the system. Our calculations show that the average fidelities and efficiencies of our two universal hybrid quantum gates are high with current experimental technology.
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32
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Meyer-Scott E, McCloskey D, Gołos K, Salvail JZ, Fisher KAG, Hamel DR, Cabello A, Resch KJ, Jennewein T. Certifying the Presence of a Photonic Qubit by Splitting It in Two. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:070501. [PMID: 26943519 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an implementation of photonic qubit precertification that performs the delicate task of detecting the presence of a flying photon without destroying its qubit state, allowing loss-sensitive quantum cryptography and tests of nonlocality even over long distance. By splitting an incoming single photon in two via parametric down-conversion, we herald the photon's arrival from an independent photon source while preserving its quantum information with up to (92.3±0.6)% fidelity. With reduced detector dark counts, precertification will be immediately useful in quantum communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Meyer-Scott
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Daniel McCloskey
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Klaudia Gołos
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Jeff Z Salvail
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Kent A G Fisher
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Deny R Hamel
- Département de physique et d'astronomie, Université de Moncton, 18 avenue Antonine-Maillet, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada E1A 3E9
| | - Adán Cabello
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kevin J Resch
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Thomas Jennewein
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Quantum Information Science Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Z8
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33
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Brodutch A, Cohen E. Nonlocal Measurements via Quantum Erasure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:070404. [PMID: 26943514 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonlocal observables play an important role in quantum theory, from Bell inequalities and various postselection paradoxes to quantum error correction codes. Instantaneous measurement of these observables is known to be a difficult problem, especially when the measurements are projective. The standard von Neumann Hamiltonian used to model projective measurements cannot be implemented directly in a nonlocal scenario and can, in some cases, violate causality. We present a scheme for effectively generating the von Neumann Hamiltonian for nonlocal observables without the need to communicate and adapt. The protocol can be used to perform weak and strong (projective) measurements, as well as measurements at any intermediate strength. It can also be used in practical situations beyond nonlocal measurements. We show how the protocol can be used to probe a version of Hardy's paradox with both weak and strong measurements. The outcomes of these measurements provide a nonintuitive picture of the pre- and postselected system. Our results shed new light on the interplay between quantum measurements, uncertainty, nonlocality, causality, and determinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Brodutch
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Eliahu Cohen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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34
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Hosseini M, Beck KM, Duan Y, Chen W, Vuletić V. Partially Nondestructive Continuous Detection of Individual Traveling Optical Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:033602. [PMID: 26849595 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.033602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the continuous and partially nondestructive measurement of optical photons. For a weak light pulse traveling through a slow-light optical medium (signal), the associated atomic-excitation component is detected by another light beam (probe) with the aid of an optical cavity. We observe strong correlations of g_{sp}^{(2)}=4.4(5) between the transmitted signal and probe photons. The observed (intrinsic) conditional nondestructive quantum efficiency ranges between 13% and 1% (65% and 5%) for a signal transmission range of 2% to 35%, at a typical time resolution of 2.5 μs. The maximal observed (intrinsic) device nondestructive quantum efficiency, defined as the product of the conditional nondestructive quantum efficiency and the signal transmission, is 0.5% (2.4%). The normalized cross-correlation function violates the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, confirming the nonclassical character of the correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hosseini
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kristin M Beck
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yiheng Duan
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wenlan Chen
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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35
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Xia K, Johnsson M, Knight PL, Twamley J. Cavity-Free Scheme for Nondestructive Detection of a Single Optical Photon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:023601. [PMID: 26824538 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Detecting a single photon without absorbing it is a long-standing challenge in quantum optics. All experiments demonstrating the nondestructive detection of a photon make use of a high quality cavity. We present a cavity-free scheme for nondestructive single-photon detection. By pumping a nonlinear medium we implement an interfield Rabi oscillation which leads to a ∼π phase shift on a weak probe coherent laser field in the presence of a single signal photon without destroying the signal photon. Our cavity-free scheme operates with a fast intrinsic time scale in comparison with similar cavity-based schemes. We implement a full real-space multimode numerical analysis of the interacting photonic modes and confirm the validity of our nondestructive scheme in the multimode case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Xia
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mattias Johnsson
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Peter L Knight
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Twamley
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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36
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Murray CR, Gorshkov AV, Pohl T. Many-body decoherence dynamics and optimized operation of a single-photon switch. NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 2016; 18:10.1088/1367-2630/18/9/092001. [PMID: 31093009 PMCID: PMC6512999 DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/18/9/092001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We develop a theoretical framework to characterize the decoherence dynamics due to multi-photon scattering in an all-optical switch based on Rydberg atom induced nonlinearities. By incorporating the knowledge of this decoherence process into optimal photon storage and retrieval strategies, we establish optimized switching protocols for experimentally relevant conditions, and evaluate the corresponding limits in the achievable fidelities. Based on these results we work out a simplified description that reproduces recent experiments (Nat. Commun. 7 12480) and provides a new interpretation in terms of many-body decoherence involving multiple incident photons and multiple gate excitations forming the switch. Aside from offering insights into the operational capacity of realistic photon switching capabilities, our work provides a complete description of spin wave decoherence in a Rydberg quantum optics setting, and has immediate relevance to a number of further applications employing photon storage in Rydberg media.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Murray
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - A V Gorshkov
- Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA
| | - T Pohl
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
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37
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Luo MX, Wang X. Universal remote quantum computation assisted by the cavity input–output process. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum computing may provide potential superiority to solve some difficult problems. We propose a scheme for scalable remote quantum computation based on an interface between the photon and the spin of an electron confined in a quantum dot embedded in a microcavity. By successively interacting auxiliary photon pulses with spins charged in optical cavities, a prototypical quantum controlled–controlled flip gate (Toffoli gate) is achieved on a remote three-spin system using only one Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen entanglement, and local operations and classical communication. Our proposed model is shown to be robust to practical noise and experimental imperfections in current cavity–quantum electrodynamics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Luo
- Information Security and National Computing Grid Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, UK
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38
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Luo MX, Ma SY, Chen XB, Wang X. Hybrid Toffoli gate on photons and quantum spins. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16716. [PMID: 26568078 PMCID: PMC4644947 DOI: 10.1038/srep16716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum computation offers potential advantages in solving a number of interesting and difficult problems. Several controlled logic gates, the elemental building blocks of quantum computer, have been realized with various physical systems. A general technique was recently proposed that significantly reduces the realization complexity of multiple-control logic gates by harnessing multi-level information carriers. We present implementations of a key quantum circuit: the three-qubit Toffoli gate. By exploring the optical selection rules of one-sided optical microcavities, a Toffoli gate may be realized on all combinations of photon and quantum spins in the QD-cavity. The three general controlled-NOT gates are involved using an auxiliary photon with two degrees of freedom. Our results show that photons and quantum spins may be used alternatively in quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Luo
- Information Security and National Computing Grid Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Song-Ya Ma
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiu-Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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39
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Kato S, Aoki T. Strong Coupling between a Trapped Single Atom and an All-Fiber Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:093603. [PMID: 26371652 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an all-fiber cavity quantum electrodynamics system with a trapped single atom in the strong coupling regime. We use a nanofiber Fabry-Perot cavity, that is, an optical nanofiber sandwiched by two fiber-Bragg-grating mirrors. Measurements of the cavity transmission spectrum with a single atom in a state-insensitive nanofiber trap clearly reveal the vacuum Rabi splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kato
- Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takao Aoki
- Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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40
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Luo MX, Deng Y, Li HR, Ma SY. Photonic ququart logic assisted by the cavity-QED system. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13255. [PMID: 26272869 PMCID: PMC4536487 DOI: 10.1038/srep13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal quantum logic gates are important elements for a quantum computer. In contrast to previous constructions of qubit systems, we investigate the possibility of ququart systems (four-dimensional states) dependent on two DOFs of photon systems. We propose some useful one-parameter four-dimensional quantum transformations for the construction of universal ququart logic gates. The interface between the spin of a photon and an electron spin confined in a quantum dot embedded in a microcavity is applied to build universal ququart logic gates on the photon system with two freedoms. Our elementary controlled-ququart gates cost no more than 8 CNOT gates in a qubit system, which is far less than the 104 CNOT gates required for a general four-qubit logic gate. The ququart logic is also used to generate useful hyperentanglements and hyperentanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting code, which may be available in modern physical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Luo
- Information Security and National Computing Grid Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yun Deng
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 64300, China
| | - Hui-Ran Li
- Information Security and National Computing Grid Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Song-Ya Ma
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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41
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Quantum controlled-phase-flip gate between a flying optical photon and a Rydberg atomic ensemble. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10005. [PMID: 25966448 PMCID: PMC4428053 DOI: 10.1038/srep10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum controlled-phase-flip (CPF) gate between a flying photon qubit and a stationary atomic qubit could allow the linking of distant computational nodes in a quantum network. Here we present a scheme to realize quantum CPF gate between a flying optical photon and an atomic ensemble based on cavity input-output process and Rydberg blockade. When a flying single-photon pulse is reflected off the cavity containing a Rydberg atomic ensemble, the dark resonance and Rydberg blockade induce a conditional phase shift for the photon pulse, thus we can achieve the CPF gate between the photon and the atomic ensemble. Assisted by Rydberg blockade interaction, our scheme works in the N-atoms strong-coupling regime and significantly relaxes the requirement of strong coupling of single atom to photon in the optical cavity.
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42
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43
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Barzanjeh S, Guha S, Weedbrook C, Vitali D, Shapiro JH, Pirandola S. Microwave quantum illumination. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:080503. [PMID: 25768743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantum illumination is a quantum-optical sensing technique in which an entangled source is exploited to improve the detection of a low-reflectivity object that is immersed in a bright thermal background. Here, we describe and analyze a system for applying this technique at microwave frequencies, a more appropriate spectral region for target detection than the optical, due to the naturally occurring bright thermal background in the microwave regime. We use an electro-optomechanical converter to entangle microwave signal and optical idler fields, with the former being sent to probe the target region and the latter being retained at the source. The microwave radiation collected from the target region is then phase conjugated and upconverted into an optical field that is combined with the retained idler in a joint-detection quantum measurement. The error probability of this microwave quantum-illumination system, or quantum radar, is shown to be superior to that of any classical microwave radar of equal transmitted energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Barzanjeh
- Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Saikat Guha
- Quantum Information Processing Group, Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - David Vitali
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Macerata 62032, Italy
| | - Jeffrey H Shapiro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stefano Pirandola
- Department of Computer Science and York Centre for Quantum Technologies, University of York, York YO10 5GH, United Kingdom
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44
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Experimental demonstration of graph-state quantum secret sharing. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5480. [PMID: 25413490 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum communication and computing offer many new opportunities for information processing in a connected world. Networks using quantum resources with tailor-made entanglement structures have been proposed for a variety of tasks, including distributing, sharing and processing information. Recently, a class of states known as graph states has emerged, providing versatile quantum resources for such networking tasks. Here we report an experimental demonstration of graph state-based quantum secret sharing--an important primitive for a quantum network with applications ranging from secure money transfer to multiparty quantum computation. We use an all-optical setup, encoding quantum information into photons representing a five-qubit graph state. We find that one can reliably encode, distribute and share quantum information amongst four parties, with various access structures based on the complex connectivity of the graph. Our results show that graph states are a promising approach for realising sophisticated multi-layered communication protocols in quantum networks.
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45
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Liu C, Sun Y, Zhao L, Zhang S, Loy MMT, Du S. Efficiently loading a single photon into a single-sided Fabry-Perot cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:133601. [PMID: 25302886 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.133601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a single photon with an optimal temporal waveform can be efficiently loaded into a cavity. Using heralded narrow-band single photons with exponential growth wave packet shaped by an electro-optical amplitude modulator, whose time constant matches the photon lifetime in the cavity, we demonstrate a loading efficiency of (87±2)% from free space to a single-sided Fabry-Perot cavity. We further demonstrate directly loading heralded single Stokes photons into the cavity with an efficiency of (60±5)% without the electro-optical amplitude modulator and verify the time reversal between the frequency-entangled paired photons. Our result and approach may enable promising applications in realizing large-scale quantum networks based on cavity quantum electrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luwei Zhao
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanchao Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - M M T Loy
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengwang Du
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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46
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Beck KM, Chen W, Lin Q, Gullans M, Lukin MD, Vuletić V. Cross modulation of two laser beams at the individual-photon level. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:113603. [PMID: 25259978 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.113603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic photon-photon interactions are a long-standing goal in optical science. Using an atomic ensemble inside a cavity, we demonstrate the mutual cross modulation of two continuous light beams at the level of individual photons. The originally uncorrelated beams derived from independent lasers become anticorrelated, as evidenced by an equal-time cross-correlation function g^{(2)}=0.89(1), showing that one photon in one beam extinguishes a photon in the other beam with a probability of 11(1)%. With further technical improvements, our approach should enable the nondestructive continuous detection of traveling optical photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Beck
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wenlan Chen
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Gullans
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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47
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Abstract
Nonlinear optics with single quanta of light and matter becomes reality
[Also see Report by
Shomroni
et al.
]
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Rempe
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany
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48
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Shomroni I, Rosenblum S, Lovsky Y, Bechler O, Guendelman G, Dayan B. All-optical routing of single photons by a one-atom switch controlled by a single photon. Science 2014; 345:903-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1254699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Itay Shomroni
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Serge Rosenblum
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yulia Lovsky
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Orel Bechler
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gabriel Guendelman
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Barak Dayan
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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49
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Tiarks D, Baur S, Schneider K, Dürr S, Rempe G. Single-photon transistor using a Förster resonance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:053602. [PMID: 25126919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.053602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An all-optical transistor is a device in which a gate light pulse switches the transmission of a target light pulse with a gain above unity. The gain quantifies the change of the transmitted target photon number per incoming gate photon. We study the quantum limit of one incoming gate photon and observe a gain of 20. The gate pulse is stored as a Rydberg excitation in an ultracold gas. The transmission of the subsequent target pulse is suppressed by Rydberg blockade, which is enhanced by a Förster resonance. The detected target photons reveal in a single shot with a fidelity above 0.86 whether a Rydberg excitation was created during the gate pulse. The gain offers the possibility to distribute the transistor output to the inputs of many transistors, thus making complex computational tasks possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tiarks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Simon Baur
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Katharina Schneider
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan Dürr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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50
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Gorniaczyk H, Tresp C, Schmidt J, Fedder H, Hofferberth S. Single-photon transistor mediated by interstate Rydberg interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:053601. [PMID: 25126918 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.053601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the realization of an all-optical transistor by mapping gate and source photons into strongly interacting Rydberg excitations with different principal quantum numbers in an ultracold atomic ensemble. We obtain a record switch contrast of 40% for a coherent gate input with mean photon number one and demonstrate attenuation of source transmission by over ten photons with a single gate photon. We use our optical transistor to demonstrate the nondestructive detection of a single Rydberg atom with a fidelity of 0.72(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gorniaczyk
- 5. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Tresp
- 5. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Schmidt
- 5. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Fedder
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Hofferberth
- 5. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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