1
|
de Groot VA, Trueman C, Bates AE. Incorporating otolith-isotope inferred field metabolic rate into conservation strategies. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae013. [PMID: 38666227 PMCID: PMC11044438 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluctuating ocean conditions are rearranging whole networks of marine communities-from individual-level physiological thresholds to ecosystem function. Physiological studies support predictions from individual-level responses (biochemical, cellular, tissue, respiratory potential) based on laboratory experiments. The otolith-isotope method of recovering field metabolic rate has recently filled a gap for the bony fishes, linking otolith stable isotope composition to in situ oxygen consumption and experienced temperature estimates. Here, we review the otolith-isotope method focusing on the biochemical and physiological processes that yield estimates of field metabolic rate. We identify a multidisciplinary pathway in the application of this method, providing concrete research goals (field, modeling) aimed at linking individual-level physiological data to higher levels of biological organization. We hope that this review will provide researchers with a transdisciplinary 'roadmap', guiding the use of the otolith-isotope method to bridge the gap between individual-level physiology, observational field studies, and modeling efforts, while ensuring that in situ data is central in marine policy-making aimed at mitigating climatic and anthropogenic threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valesca A de Groot
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BCV8 P5C2, Canada
| | - Clive Trueman
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO1 43ZH, UK
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BCV8 P5C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
English HM, Börger L, Kane A, Ciuti S. Advances in biologging can identify nuanced energetic costs and gains in predators. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2024; 12:7. [PMID: 38254232 PMCID: PMC10802026 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-024-00448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Foraging is a key driver of animal movement patterns, with specific challenges for predators which must search for mobile prey. These patterns are increasingly impacted by global changes, principally in land use and climate. Understanding the degree of flexibility in predator foraging and social strategies is pertinent to wildlife conservation under global change, including potential top-down effects on wider ecosystems. Here we propose key future research directions to better understand foraging strategies and social flexibility in predators. In particular, rapid continued advances in biologging technology are helping to record and understand dynamic behavioural and movement responses of animals to environmental changes, and their energetic consequences. Data collection can be optimised by calibrating behavioural interpretation methods in captive settings and strategic tagging decisions within and between social groups. Importantly, many species' social systems are increasingly being found to be more flexible than originally described in the literature, which may be more readily detectable through biologging approaches than behavioural observation. Integrating the effects of the physical landscape and biotic interactions will be key to explaining and predicting animal movements and energetic balance in a changing world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly M English
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Luca Börger
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Adam Kane
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simone Ciuti
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maselli A, Gordon J, Eluchans M, Lancia GL, Thiery T, Moretti R, Cisek P, Pezzulo G. Beyond simple laboratory studies: Developing sophisticated models to study rich behavior. Phys Life Rev 2023; 46:220-244. [PMID: 37499620 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Psychology and neuroscience are concerned with the study of behavior, of internal cognitive processes, and their neural foundations. However, most laboratory studies use constrained experimental settings that greatly limit the range of behaviors that can be expressed. While focusing on restricted settings ensures methodological control, it risks impoverishing the object of study: by restricting behavior, we might miss key aspects of cognitive and neural functions. In this article, we argue that psychology and neuroscience should increasingly adopt innovative experimental designs, measurement methods, analysis techniques and sophisticated computational models to probe rich, ecologically valid forms of behavior, including social behavior. We discuss the challenges of studying rich forms of behavior as well as the novel opportunities offered by state-of-the-art methodologies and new sensing technologies, and we highlight the importance of developing sophisticated formal models. We exemplify our arguments by reviewing some recent streams of research in psychology, neuroscience and other fields (e.g., sports analytics, ethology and robotics) that have addressed rich forms of behavior in a model-based manner. We hope that these "success cases" will encourage psychologists and neuroscientists to extend their toolbox of techniques with sophisticated behavioral models - and to use them to study rich forms of behavior as well as the cognitive and neural processes that they engage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Maselli
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Jeremy Gordon
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94704, United States
| | - Mattia Eluchans
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy; University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Lancia
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy; University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Thiery
- Department of Psychology, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Riccardo Moretti
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy; University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Cisek
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kane A, Healy K, Ruxton GD. Was Allosaurus really predominantly a scavenger? Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
5
|
Alston JM, Fleming CH, Kays R, Streicher JP, Downs CT, Ramesh T, Reineking B, Calabrese JM. Mitigating pseudoreplication and bias in resource selection functions with autocorrelation‐informed weighting. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M. Alston
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding Görlitz Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden Germany
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Christen H. Fleming
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park Front Royal Virginia USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Roland Kays
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Jarryd P. Streicher
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Colleen T. Downs
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Tharmalingam Ramesh
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
- Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Björn Reineking
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM Saint‐Martin‐d'Hères France
| | - Justin M. Calabrese
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding Görlitz Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cristescu B, Elbroch LM, Dellinger JA, Binder W, Wilmers CC, Wittmer HU. Kill rates and associated ecological factors for an apex predator. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractKill rates and functional responses are fundamental to the study of predator ecology and the understanding of predatory-prey dynamics. As the most widely distributed apex predator in the western hemisphere, pumas (Puma concolor) have been well studied, yet a synthesis of their kill rates is currently lacking. We reviewed the literature and compiled data on sex- and age-specific kill rate estimates of pumas on ungulates, and conducted analyses aimed at understanding ecological factors explaining the observed spatial variation. Kill rate studies on pumas, while numerous, were primarily conducted in Temperate Conifer Forests (< 10% of puma range), revealing a dearth of knowledge across much of their range, especially from tropical and subtropical habitats. Across studies, kill rates in ungulates/week were highest for adult females with kitten(s) (1.24 ± 0.41 ungulates/week) but did not vary significantly between adult males (0.84 ± 0.18) and solitary adult females (0.99 ± 0.26). Kill rates in kg/day differed only marginally among reproductive classes. Kill rates of adult pumas increased with ungulate density, particularly for males. Ungulate species richness had a weak negative association with adult male kill rates. Neither scavenger richness, puma density, the proportion of non-ungulate prey in the diet, nor regional human population density had a significant effect on ungulate kill rates, but additional studies and standardization would provide further insights. Our results had a strong temperate-ecosystem bias highlighting the need for further research across the diverse biomes pumas occupy to fully interpret kill rates for the species. Data from more populations would also allow for multivariate analyses providing deeper inference into the ecological and behavioural factors driving kill rates and functional responses of pumas, and apex predators in general.
Collapse
|
7
|
McGowan NE, Marks NJ, Maule AG, Schmidt-Küntzel A, Marker LL, Scantlebury DM. Categorising cheetah behaviour using tri-axial accelerometer data loggers: a comparison of model resolution and data logger performance. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2022; 10:7. [PMID: 35123592 PMCID: PMC8818224 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extinction is one of the greatest threats to the living world, endangering organisms globally, advancing conservation to the forefront of species research. To maximise the efficacy of conservation efforts, understanding the ecological, physiological, and behavioural requirements of vulnerable species is vital. Technological advances, particularly in remote sensing, enable researchers to continuously monitor movement and behaviours of multiple individuals simultaneously with minimal human intervention. Cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus, constitute a "vulnerable" species for which only coarse behaviours have been elucidated. The aims of this study were to use animal-attached accelerometers to (1) determine fine-scale behaviours in cheetahs, (2) compare the performances of different devices in behaviour categorisation, and (3) provide a behavioural categorisation framework. METHODS Two different accelerometer devices (CEFAS, frequency: 30 Hz, maximum capacity: ~ 2 g; GCDC, frequency: 50 Hz, maximum capacity: ~ 8 g) were mounted onto collars, fitted to five individual captive cheetahs. The cheetahs chased a lure around a track, during which time their behaviours were videoed. Accelerometer data were temporally aligned with corresponding video footage and labelled with one of 17 behaviours. Six separate random forest models were run (three per device type) to determine the categorisation accuracy for behaviours at a fine, medium, and coarse resolution. RESULTS Fine- and medium-scale models had an overall categorisation accuracy of 83-86% and 84-88% respectively. Non-locomotory behaviours were best categorised on both loggers with GCDC outperforming CEFAS devices overall. On a coarse scale, both devices performed well when categorising activity (86.9% (CEFAS) vs. 89.3% (GCDC) accuracy) and inactivity (95.5% (CEFAS) vs. 95.0% (GCDC) accuracy). This study defined cheetah behaviour beyond three categories and accurately determined stalking behaviours by remote sensing. We also show that device specification and configuration may affect categorisation accuracy, so we recommend deploying several different loggers simultaneously on the same individual. CONCLUSION The results of this study will be useful in determining wild cheetah behaviour. The methods used here allowed broad-scale (active/inactive) as well as fine-scale (e.g. stalking) behaviours to be categorised remotely. These findings and methodological approaches will be useful in monitoring the behaviour of wild cheetahs and other species of conservation interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E McGowan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Nikki J Marks
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Aaron G Maule
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | | | - Laurie L Marker
- Cheetah Conservation Fund, PO Box 1755, Otjiwarongo, Namibia
| | - David M Scantlebury
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Menzies A, Studd EK, Seguin JL, Derbyshire RE, Murray D, Boutin S, Humphries MM. Activity, heart rate, and energy expenditure of a cold-climate mesocarnivore, the Canada lynx. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The energetic consequences of body size, behaviour, and fine-scale environmental variation remain understudied, particularly among free-ranging carnivores, due to logistical and methodological challenges of studying them in the field. Here, we present novel activity, heart rate, and metabolic data on free-ranging Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792) to a) investigate intraspecific patterns of energy expenditure, particularly how they relate to body size, environmental conditions, and activity variation, and b) position lynx - a cold-climate, mesocarnivore - within interspecific allometries of carnivore energetics. Lynx demonstrated limited behavioural and metabolic responses to environmental conditions, despite extreme cold and moderate snow depths during our study, but marked body size patterns with larger lynx having higher activity and lower resting heart rate than smaller lynx. Compared to similar-sized carnivores, lynx were less active and had lower heart rate, likely due to their ambush hunting style, but higher energy expenditure, likely due to their cold-climate existence and access to abundant prey. Overall, lynx were more similar to other ambush hunters than to sympatric cold-climate species and mesocarnivores. Our data provide insight into the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of carnivore energetics and the ways in which predators maintain energy balance in variable environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Menzies
- University of Guelph School of Environmental Sciences, 170218, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | | | - Jacob Luc Seguin
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachael Elizabeth Derbyshire
- Trent University, Biology, DNA B 108.8, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, K9L 0G2,
- 204-180 Edingburgh St.Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, K9H 3E2,
| | - D.L. Murray
- Departments of Biology and Environmental, Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, K9J 7B8
| | - Stan Boutin
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Cw405 Biological Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Murray M Humphries
- McGill University, Natural Resource Sciences, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Ane-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Allen AS, Read AJ, Shorter KA, Gabaldon J, Blawas AM, Rocho-Levine J, Fahlman A. Dynamic body acceleration as a proxy to predict the cost of locomotion in bottlenose dolphins. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274390. [PMID: 35014667 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Estimates of the energetic costs of locomotion (COL) at different activity levels are necessary to answer fundamental eco-physiological questions and to understand the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance to marine mammals. We combined estimates of energetic costs derived from breath-by-breath respirometry with measurements of overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) from biologging tags to validate ODBA as a proxy for COL in trained common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). We measured resting metabolic rate (RMR); mean individual RMR was 0.71-1.42 times that of a similarly sized terrestrial mammal and agreed with past measurements which used breath-by-breath and flow-through respirometry. We also measured energy expenditure during submerged swim trials, at primarily moderate exercise levels. We subtracted RMR to obtain COL, and normalized COL by body size to incorporate individual swimming efficiencies. We found both mass-specific energy expenditure and mass-specific COL were linearly related with ODBA. Measurements of activity level and cost of transport (the energy required to move a given distance) improve understanding of the costs of locomotion in marine mammals. The strength of the correlation between ODBA and COL varied among individuals, but the overall relationship can be used at a broad scale to estimate the energetic costs of disturbance, daily locomotion costs to build energy budgets, and investigate the costs of diving in free-ranging animals where bio-logging data are available. We propose that a similar approach could be applied to other cetacean species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K Alex Shorter
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Fahlman
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Research Department, Valencia, Spain.,Global Diving Research S.L., Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Van der Weyde LK, Theisinger O, Mbisana C, Gielen MC, Klein R. The value of pastoral ranches for wildlife conservation in the Kalahari. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/wr21048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Context Rangelands can play an important role in conservation by providing additional habitat for many threatened species and maintaining global biodiversity. Identifying areas that can integrate both pastoral and conservation activities is important for capturing benefits from wildlife in non-protected areas. Aims To investigate wildlife distribution in a contiguous landscape comprising both pastoral ranches and wildlife-based areas in western Botswana. Methods We deployed motion-activated camera traps to assess mammal richness and occupancy using a multi-species occupancy model. We tested whether environmental factors influenced these parameters in a commercial ranching block in the western Kalahari region of Botswana, and whether species-specific occupancy varied between ranches and neighbouring wildlife management areas. Key results In the ranching block, vegetation, season and distance to wildlife areas influenced species-specific occupancy and species richness, whereas farm type and water availability affected only a few carnivore species. Commercial ranches supported several threatened species such as African wild dog, cheetah and pangolin, and we detected two species, African civet and serval, not previously considered being present in this region. Mammal diversity was similar between ranches and wildlife areas, but species composition varied. Land use affected species-specific occupancy, with many carnivore species occurring close to or in wildlife areas. Conclusions We showed that commercial ranches in the Kalahari are utilised by many mammal species, and these areas may play an important role in the conservation of threatened species. Understanding species-, group- and community-level responses to the impacts of human activities in rangelands is vital as the need for pastoral land increases. Implications We predicted regions of high occurrence of carnivores that can be important for tackling human–wildlife conflict as well as regions with high species diversity that may be useful for increasing integration of conservation endeavours (e.g. eco-tourism) that promote the benefits of wildlife in predominantly livestock regions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilson RP, Rose KA, Gunner R, Holton MD, Marks NJ, Bennett NC, Bell SH, Twining JP, Hesketh J, Duarte CM, Bezodis N, Jezek M, Painter M, Silovsky V, Crofoot MC, Harel R, Arnould JPY, Allan BM, Whisson DA, Alagaili A, Scantlebury DM. Animal lifestyle affects acceptable mass limits for attached tags. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212005. [PMID: 34702077 PMCID: PMC8548787 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-attached devices have transformed our understanding of vertebrate ecology. To minimize any associated harm, researchers have long advocated that tag masses should not exceed 3% of carrier body mass. However, this ignores tag forces resulting from animal movement. Using data from collar-attached accelerometers on 10 diverse free-ranging terrestrial species from koalas to cheetahs, we detail a tag-based acceleration method to clarify acceptable tag mass limits. We quantify animal athleticism in terms of fractions of animal movement time devoted to different collar-recorded accelerations and convert those accelerations to forces (acceleration × tag mass) to allow derivation of any defined force limits for specified fractions of any animal's active time. Specifying that tags should exert forces that are less than 3% of the gravitational force exerted on the animal's body for 95% of the time led to corrected tag masses that should constitute between 1.6% and 2.98% of carrier mass, depending on athleticism. Strikingly, in four carnivore species encompassing two orders of magnitude in mass (ca 2–200 kg), forces exerted by ‘3%' tags were equivalent to 4–19% of carrier body mass during moving, with a maximum of 54% in a hunting cheetah. This fundamentally changes how acceptable tag mass limits should be determined by ethics bodies, irrespective of the force and time limits specified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory P Wilson
- Swansea Laboratory for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Kayleigh A Rose
- Swansea Laboratory for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Richard Gunner
- Swansea Laboratory for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Mark D Holton
- College of Science, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Nikki J Marks
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Stephen H Bell
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Joshua P Twining
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Jamie Hesketh
- Swansea Laboratory for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Milos Jezek
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Painter
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Silovsky
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Margaret C Crofoot
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestraβe 5, Konstanz D-78467, Germany
| | - Roi Harel
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestraβe 5, Konstanz D-78467, Germany.,Germany and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - John P Y Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VC 3125, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blake M Allan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VC 3125, Victoria, Australia
| | - Desley A Whisson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VC 3125, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdulaziz Alagaili
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Van der Weyde LK, Tobler MW, Gielen MC, Cozzi G, Weise FJ, Adams T, Bauer D, Bennitt E, Bowles M, Brassine A, Broekhuis F, Chase M, Collins K, Finerty GE, Golabek K, Hartley R, Henley S, Isden J, Keeping D, Kesch K, Klein R, Kokole M, Kotze R, LeFlore E, Maude G, McFarlane K, McNutt JW, Mills G, Morapedi M, Morgan S, Ngaka K, Proust N, Rich L, Roodbal M, Selebatso M, Snyman A, Stein A, Sutcliff R, Tshimologo B, Whitesell C, Winterbach C, Flyman MV. Collaboration for conservation: Assessing countrywide carnivore occupancy dynamics from sparse data. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K. Van der Weyde
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana Gaborone Botswana
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido CA USA
| | | | | | - Gabriele Cozzi
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust Maun Botswana
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Florian J. Weise
- CLAWS Conservancy Worcester MA USA
- Eugene Marais Chair of Wildlife Management Centre for Invasive Biology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Alienor Brassine
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
| | - Femke Broekhuis
- Wildlife and Ecology and Conservation Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | | | - Kai Collins
- Wilderness Safaris Maun Botswana
- Department of Zoology and Entomology Mammal Research InstituteUniversity of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Steve Henley
- Leopard Ecology and Conservation Khutse Game Reserve Botswana
| | | | - Derek Keeping
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Glyn Maude
- Kalahari Research and Conservation Maun Botswana
| | | | | | - Gus Mills
- Lewis Foundation Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Lindsey Rich
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust Maun Botswana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael V. Flyman
- Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources Conservation and Tourism Gaborone Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Using Machine Learning for Remote Behaviour Classification-Verifying Acceleration Data to Infer Feeding Events in Free-Ranging Cheetahs. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165426. [PMID: 34450868 PMCID: PMC8398415 DOI: 10.3390/s21165426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural studies of elusive wildlife species are challenging but important when they are threatened and involved in human-wildlife conflicts. Accelerometers (ACCs) and supervised machine learning algorithms (MLAs) are valuable tools to remotely determine behaviours. Here we used five captive cheetahs in Namibia to test the applicability of ACC data in identifying six behaviours by using six MLAs on data we ground-truthed by direct observations. We included two ensemble learning approaches and a probability threshold to improve prediction accuracy. We used the model to then identify the behaviours in four free-ranging cheetah males. Feeding behaviours identified by the model and matched with corresponding GPS clusters were verified with previously identified kill sites in the field. The MLAs and the two ensemble learning approaches in the captive cheetahs achieved precision (recall) ranging from 80.1% to 100.0% (87.3% to 99.2%) for resting, walking and trotting/running behaviour, from 74.4% to 81.6% (54.8% and 82.4%) for feeding behaviour and from 0.0% to 97.1% (0.0% and 56.2%) for drinking and grooming behaviour. The model application to the ACC data of the free-ranging cheetahs successfully identified all nine kill sites and 17 of the 18 feeding events of the two brother groups. We demonstrated that our behavioural model reliably detects feeding events of free-ranging cheetahs. This has useful applications for the determination of cheetah kill sites and helping to mitigate human-cheetah conflicts.
Collapse
|
14
|
Rimbach R, Amireh A, Allen A, Hare B, Guarino E, Kaufman C, Salomons H, Pontzer H. Total energy expenditure of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) of different ages. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271194. [PMID: 34350948 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Marine mammals are thought to have an energetically expensive lifestyle because endothermy is costly in marine environments. However, measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE; kcal day-1) are available only for a limited number of marine mammals, because large body size and inaccessible habitats make TEE measurements expensive and difficult to obtain for many taxa. We measured TEE in 10 adult common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) living in natural seawater lagoons at two facilities (Dolphin Research Center and Dolphin Quest) using the doubly labeled water method. We assessed the relative effects of body mass, age and physical activity on TEE. We also examined whether TEE of bottlenose dolphins, and more generally of marine mammals, differs from that expected for their body mass compared with other eutherian mammals, using phylogenetic least squares (PGLS) regressions. There were no differences in body mass or TEE (unadjusted TEE and TEE adjusted for fat-free mass) between dolphins from the two facilities. Our results show that adjusted TEE decreased and fat mass increased with age. Different measures of activity were not related to age, body fat or adjusted TEE. Both PGLS and the non-phylogenetic linear regression indicate that marine mammals have an elevated TEE compared with that of terrestrial mammals. However, bottlenose dolphins expended 17.1% less energy than other marine mammals of similar body mass. The two oldest dolphins (>40 years) showed a lower TEE, similar to the decline in TEE seen in older humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show an age-related metabolic decline in a large non-human mammal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rimbach
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa
| | - Ahmad Amireh
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Austin Allen
- Duke University Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Brian Hare
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Chana Kaufman
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hannah Salomons
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trondrud LM, Pigeon G, Król E, Albon S, Evans AL, Arnold W, Hambly C, Irvine RJ, Ropstad E, Stien A, Veiberg V, Speakman JR, Loe LE. Fat storage influences fasting endurance more than body size in an ungulate. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Monica Trondrud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Gabriel Pigeon
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
- Département de Biologie Faculté des Sciences 2500 boul. de l'Université Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Elżbieta Król
- School of Biological Sciences Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | | | - Alina L. Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Elverum Norway
| | - Walter Arnold
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
| | - Catherine Hambly
- School of Biological Sciences Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - R. Justin Irvine
- The James Hutton Institute Aberdeen UK
- Frankfurt Zoological Society Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Science Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Audun Stien
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | | | - John R. Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
- CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Kunming China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Leif Egil Loe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bourne AR, Ridley AR, McKechnie AE, Spottiswoode CN, Cunningham SJ. Dehydration risk is associated with reduced nest attendance and hatching success in a cooperatively breeding bird, the southern pied babbler Turdoides bicolor. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab043. [PMID: 34150211 PMCID: PMC8208672 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High air temperatures have measurable negative impacts on reproduction in wild animal populations, including during incubation in birds. Understanding the mechanisms driving these impacts requires comprehensive knowledge of animal physiology and behaviour under natural conditions. We used a novel combination of a non-invasive doubly labelled water (DLW) technique, nest temperature data and field-based behaviour observations to test effects of temperature, rainfall and group size on physiology and behaviour during incubation in southern pied babblers Turdoides bicolor, a cooperatively breeding passerine endemic to the arid savanna regions of southern Africa. The proportion of time that clutches were incubated declined as air temperatures increased, a behavioural pattern traditionally interpreted as a benefit of ambient incubation. However, we show that (i) clutches had a <50% chance of hatching when exposed to daily maximum air temperatures of >35.3°C; (ii) pied babbler groups incubated their nests almost constantly (99% of daylight hours) except on hot days; (iii) operative temperatures in unattended nests frequently exceeded 40.5°C, above which bird embryos are at risk of death; (iv) pied babblers incubating for long periods of time failed to maintain water balance on hot days; and (v) pied babblers from incubating groups lost mass on hot days. These results suggest that pied babblers might leave their nests during hot periods to lower the risk of dehydration associated with prolonged incubation at high operative temperatures. As mean air temperatures increase and extreme heat events become more frequent under climate change, birds will likely incur ever greater thermoregulatory costs of incubation, leading to compromised nest attendance and increased potential for eggs to overheat, with implications for nest success and, ultimately, population persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Bourne
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Corresponding author: FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Amanda R Ridley
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew E McKechnie
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0002, South Africa
| | - Claire N Spottiswoode
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Susan J Cunningham
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Herbert E, Ouerdane H, Lecoeur P, Bels V, Goupil C. Thermodynamics of Animal Locomotion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:228102. [PMID: 33315423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.228102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Muscles are biological actuators extensively studied in the frame of Hill's classic empirical model as isolated biomechanical entities, which hardly applies to a living organism subjected to physiological and environmental constraints. Here we elucidate the overarching principle of a living muscle action for locomotion, considering it from the thermodynamic viewpoint as an assembly of actuators (muscle units) connected in parallel, operating via chemical-to-mechanical energy conversion under mixed (potential and flux) boundary conditions. Introducing the energy cost of effort as the generalization of the well-known oxygen cost of transport in the frame of our compact locally linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics model, we analyze oxygen consumption measurement data from a documented experiment on energy cost management and optimization by horses moving at three different gaits. Horses adapt to a particular gait by mobilizing a nearly constant number of muscle units minimizing waste production per unit distance covered; this number significantly changes during transition between gaits. The mechanical function of the animal is therefore determined both by its own thermodynamic characteristics and by the metabolic operating point of the locomotor system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Herbert
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), CNRS UMR 8236, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
| | - H Ouerdane
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 121205, Russia
| | - Ph Lecoeur
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - V Bels
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, CNRS/MNHN/EPHE/UA UMR 7205, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ch Goupil
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), CNRS UMR 8236, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Williams TM, Peter‐Heide Jørgensen M, Pagano AM, Bryce CM. Hunters versus hunted: New perspectives on the energetic costs of survival at the top of the food chain. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terrie M. Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Coastal Biology Building University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
| | | | - Anthony M. Pagano
- Institute for Conservation Research San Diego Zoo Global San Diego CA USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tagwireyi P, Wenga T, Ndaimani H, Mpakairi KS. Environmental Correlates of Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) Space-Use in a Savanna Landscape. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3957/056.050.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paradzayi Tagwireyi
- Geo-information and Earth Observation Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Terence Wenga
- Geo-information and Earth Observation Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Henry Ndaimani
- Geo-information and Earth Observation Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kudzai Shaun Mpakairi
- Geo-information and Earth Observation Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Prugh LR, Sivy KJ. Enemies with benefits: integrating positive and negative interactions among terrestrial carnivores. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:902-918. [PMID: 32185877 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among terrestrial carnivores involve a complex interplay of competition, predation and facilitation via carrion provisioning, and these negative and positive pathways may be closely linked. Here, we developed an integrative framework and synthesized data from 256 studies of intraguild predation, scavenging, kleptoparisitism and resource availability to examine global patterns of suppression and facilitation. Large carnivores were responsible for one third of mesocarnivore mortality (n = 1,581 individuals), and intraguild mortality rates were superadditive, increasing from 10.6% to 25.5% in systems with two vs. three large carnivores. Scavenged ungulates comprised 30% of mesocarnivore diets, with larger mesocarnivores relying most heavily on carrion. Large carnivores provided 1,351 kg of carrion per individual per year to scavengers, and this subsidy decreased at higher latitudes. However, reliance on carrion by mesocarnivores remained high, and abundance correlations among sympatric carnivores were more negative in these stressful, high-latitude systems. Carrion provisioning by large carnivores may therefore enhance suppression rather than benefiting mesocarnivores. These findings highlight the synergistic effects of scavenging and predation risk in structuring carnivore communities, suggesting that the ecosystem service of mesocarnivore suppression provided by large carnivores is strong and not easily replaced by humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Prugh
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kelly J Sivy
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Powering Ocean Giants: The Energetics of Shark and Ray Megafauna. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:1009-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
22
|
Twining JP, Montgomery I, Fitzpatrick V, Marks N, Scantlebury DM, Tosh DG. Seasonal, geographical, and habitat effects on the diet of a recovering predator population: the European pine marten (Martes martes) in Ireland. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
Pagano AM, Williams TM. Estimating the energy expenditure of free-ranging polar bears using tri-axial accelerometers: A validation with doubly labeled water. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4210-4219. [PMID: 31015999 PMCID: PMC6468055 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Measures of energy expenditure can be used to inform animal conservation and management, but methods for measuring the energy expenditure of free-ranging animals have a variety of limitations. Advancements in biologging technologies have enabled the use of dynamic body acceleration derived from accelerometers as a proxy for energy expenditure. Although dynamic body acceleration has been shown to strongly correlate with oxygen consumption in captive animals, it has been validated in only a few studies on free-ranging animals. Here, we use relationships between oxygen consumption and overall dynamic body acceleration in resting and walking polar bears Ursus maritimus and published values for the costs of swimming in polar bears to estimate the total energy expenditure of 6 free-ranging polar bears that were primarily using the sea ice of the Beaufort Sea. Energetic models based on accelerometry were compared to models of energy expenditure on the same individuals derived from doubly labeled water methods. Accelerometer-based estimates of energy expenditure on average predicted total energy expenditure to be 30% less than estimates derived from doubly labeled water. Nevertheless, accelerometer-based measures of energy expenditure strongly correlated (r 2 = 0.70) with measures derived from doubly labeled water. Our findings highlight the strengths and limitations in dynamic body acceleration as a measure of total energy expenditure while also further supporting its use as a proxy for instantaneous, detailed energy expenditure in free-ranging animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Pagano
- Alaska Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyAnchorageAlaska
- Present address:
Institute for Conservation ResearchSan Diego Zoo GlobalSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Terrie M. Williams
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rabaiotti D, Woodroffe R. Coping with climate change: limited behavioral responses to hot weather in a tropical carnivore. Oecologia 2019; 189:587-599. [PMID: 30740614 PMCID: PMC6418050 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-04329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is widely accepted to be one of the greatest threats to species globally. Identifying the species most at risk is, therefore, a conservation priority. Some species have the capacity to adapt to rising temperatures through changing their phenology, behavior, distribution, or physiology, and, therefore, may be more likely to persist under rising temperatures. Recent findings suggest that the African wild dog Lycaon pictus may be impacted by climate change, since reproductive success is consistently lower when pup-rearing coincides with periods of high ambient temperature. We used GPS collars, combined with generalized linear mixed-effects models, to assess wild dogs' potential to adapt to high ambient temperatures through flexible timing of hunting behavior. On days with higher maximum temperatures, wild dogs showed lower daytime activity and greater nocturnal activity, although nocturnal activity did not fully balance the decrease in daytime activity, particularly during the denning period. Increases in nocturnal activity were confined mainly to moonlit nights, and were seldom observed when packs were raising pups. Our findings suggest that nocturnal activity helps this cursorial hunter to cope with high daytime temperatures. However, wild dogs appear not to use this coping strategy when they are raising pups, suggesting that their resource needs may not be fulfilled during the pup-rearing period. Given that moonlight availability-which will not change as the climate changes-constrains wild dogs' nocturnal activity, the species may have insufficient behavioral plasticity to mitigate increasing diurnal temperatures. These findings raise concerns about climate change impacts on this endangered species, and highlight the need for behavior to be considered when assessing species' vulnerability to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Rabaiotti
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK. .,Division of Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1H 0AG, UK.
| | - Rosie Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
HETEM RS, MITCHELL D, DE WITT BA, FICK LG, MALONEY SK, MEYER LCR, FULLER A. Body temperature, activity patterns and hunting in free-living cheetah: biologging reveals new insights. Integr Zool 2019; 14:30-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S. HETEM
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand Medical School; Parktown Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Duncan MITCHELL
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand Medical School; Parktown Johannesburg South Africa
- School of Human Sciences; University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
| | - Brenda A. DE WITT
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand Medical School; Parktown Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Linda G. FICK
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand Medical School; Parktown Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Shane K. MALONEY
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand Medical School; Parktown Johannesburg South Africa
- School of Human Sciences; University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
| | - Leith C. R. MEYER
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand Medical School; Parktown Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| | - Andrea FULLER
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand Medical School; Parktown Johannesburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Thaker M, Gupte PR, Prins HHT, Slotow R, Vanak AT. Fine-Scale Tracking of Ambient Temperature and Movement Reveals Shuttling Behavior of Elephants to Water. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
27
|
Terrestrial locomotion energy costs vary considerably between species: no evidence that this is explained by rate of leg force production or ecology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:656. [PMID: 30679474 PMCID: PMC6345976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-specifically, relative energy costs of terrestrial transport vary several-fold. Many pair-wise differences of locomotor costs between similarly-sized species are considerable, and are yet to be explained by morphology or gait kinematics. Foot contact time, a proxy for rate of force production, is a strong predictor of locomotor energy costs across species of different size and might predict variability between similarly sized species. We tested for a relationship between foot contact time and metabolic rate during locomotion from published data. We investigated the phylogenetic correlation between energy expenditure rate and foot contact time, conditioned on fixed effects of mass and speed. Foot contact time does not explain variance in rate of energy expenditure during locomotion, once speed and body size are accounted for. Thus, perhaps surprisingly, inter-specific differences in the mass-independent net cost of terrestrial transport (NCOT) are not explained by rates of force production. We also tested for relationships between locomotor energy costs and eco-physiological variables. NCOT did not relate to any of the tested eco-physiological variables; we thus conclude either that interspecific differences in transport cost have no influence on macroecological and macrophysiological patterns, or that NCOT is a poor indicator of animal energy expenditure beyond the treadmill.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bourne AR, McKechnie AE, Cunningham SJ, Ridley AR, Woodborne SM, Karasov WH. Non‐invasive measurement of metabolic rates in wild, free‐living birds using doubly labelled water. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Bourne
- FitzPatrick Institute of African OrnithologyDST‐NRF Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Andrew E. McKechnie
- DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick InstituteDepartment of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of Pretoria Hatfield South Africa
- National Zoological GardenSouth African National Biodiversity Institute Pretoria South Africa
| | - Susan J. Cunningham
- FitzPatrick Institute of African OrnithologyDST‐NRF Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Amanda R. Ridley
- FitzPatrick Institute of African OrnithologyDST‐NRF Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
- Centre for Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western Australia Crawley Australia
| | - Stephan M. Woodborne
- iThemba LABS Witwatersrand South Africa
- Mammal Research InstituteDepartment of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of Pretoria Hatfield South Africa
| | - William H. Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Luck in Food Finding Affects Individual Performance and Population Trajectories. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3871-3877.e5. [PMID: 30449669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Energy harvesting by animals is important because it provides the power needed for all metabolic processes. Beyond this, efficient food finding enhances individual fitness [1] and population viability [2], although rates of energy accumulation are affected by the environment and food distribution. Typically, differences between individuals in the rate of food acquisition are attributed to varying competencies [3], even though food-encounter rates are known to be probabilistic [4]. We used animal-attached technology to quantify food intake in four disparate free-living vertebrates (condors, cheetahs, penguins, and sheep) and found that inter-individual variability depended critically on the probability of food encounter. We modeled this to reveal that animals taking rarer food, such as apex predators and scavengers, are particularly susceptible to breeding failure because this variability results in larger proportions of the population failing to accrue the necessary resources for their young before they starve and because even small changes in food abundance can affect this variability disproportionately. A test of our model on wild animals indicated why Magellanic penguins have a stable population while the congeneric African penguin population has declined for decades. We suggest that such models predicting probabilistic ruin can help predict the fortunes of species operating under globally changing conditions.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bidder OR, Goulding C, Toledo A, van Walsum TA, Siebert U, Halsey LG. Does the Treadmill Support Valid Energetics Estimates of Field Locomotion? Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:301-319. [PMID: 28859410 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Quantifying animal energy expenditure during locomotion in the field is generally based either on treadmill measurements or on estimates derived from a measured proxy. Two common proxies are heart rate (ƒH) and dynamic body acceleration (accelerometry). Both ƒH and accelerometry have been calibrated extensively under laboratory conditions, which typically involve prompting the animal to locomote on a treadmill at different speeds while simultaneously recording its rate of oxygen uptake (V̇o2) and the proxy. Field estimates of V̇o2 during locomotion obtained directly from treadmill running or from treadmill-calibrated proxies make assumptions about similarities between running in the field and in the laboratory. The present study investigated these assumptions, focusing on humans as a tractable species. First we investigated experimentally if and how the rate of energy expenditure during treadmill locomotion differs to that during field locomotion at the same speeds, with participants walking and running on a treadmill, on tarmac, and on grass, while wearing a mobile respirometry system. V̇o2 was substantially higher during locomotion in both of the field conditions compared with on a level treadmill: 9.1% on tarmac and 17.7% on grass. Second, we included these data in a meta-analysis of previous, related studies. The results were influenced by the studies excluded due to particulars of the experiment design, suggesting that participant age, the surface type, and the degree of turning during field locomotion may influence by how much treadmill and field locomotion V̇o2 differ. Third, based on our experiments described earlier, we investigated the accuracy of treadmill-calibrated accelerometry and ƒH for estimating V̇o2 in the field. The mean algebraic estimate errors varied between 10% and 35%, with the ƒH associated errors being larger than those derived from accelerometry. The mean algebraic errors were all underestimates of field V̇o2, by around 10% for fH and varying between 0% and 15% for accelerometry. Researchers should question and consider how accurately a treadmill-derived proxy calibration of V̇o2 will estimate V̇o2 during terrestrial locomotion in free-living animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen R Bidder
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstr. 6, Büsum 25761, Germany.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colette Goulding
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15?4JD, UK
| | - Alejandra Toledo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15?4JD, UK
| | - Tessa A van Walsum
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15?4JD, UK
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstr. 6, Büsum 25761, Germany
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15?4JD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Elbroch LM, Kusler A. Are pumas subordinate carnivores, and does it matter? PeerJ 2018; 6:e4293. [PMID: 29379688 PMCID: PMC5786880 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecific competition affects species fitness, community assemblages and structure, and the geographic distributions of species. Established dominance hierarchies among species mitigate the need for fighting and contribute to the realized niche for subordinate species. This is especially important for apex predators, many of which simultaneous contend with the costs of competition with more dominant species and the costs associated with human hunting and lethal management. METHODS Pumas are a widespread solitary felid heavily regulated through hunting to reduce conflicts with livestock and people. Across their range, pumas overlap with six apex predators (gray wolf, grizzly bear, American black bear, jaguar, coyote, maned wolf), two of which (gray wolf, grizzly bear) are currently expanding in North America following recovery efforts. We conducted a literature search to assess whether pumas were subordinate or dominant with sympatric apex predators, as well as with three felid mesocarnivores with similar ecology (ocelot, bobcat, Canada lynx). We also conducted an analysis of the spatial distributions of pumas and their dominant sympatric competitors to estimate in what part of their range, pumas are dominant versus subordinate. RESULTS We used 64 sources to assess dominance among pumas and other apex predators, and 13 sources to assess their relationships with felid mesocarnivores. Evidence suggested that wolves, grizzly bears, black bears, and jaguars are dominant over pumas, but that pumas are dominant over coyotes and maned wolves. Evidence suggested that pumas are also dominant over all three felid mesocarnivores with which they share range. More broadly, pumas are subordinate to at least one other apex carnivore in 10,799,252 (47.5%) of their 22,735,268 km2 range across North and South America. DISCUSSION Subordinate pumas change their habitat use, suffer displacement at food sources, likely experience increased energetic demands from harassment, exhibit increased starvation, and are sometimes directly killed in competitive interactions with dominant competitors. Nevertheless, we lack research clearly linking the costs of competition to puma fitness. Further, we lack research that assesses the influence of human effects simultaneous with the negative effects of competition with other sympatric carnivores. Until the time that we understand whether competitive effects are additive with human management, or even potentially synergistic, we encourage caution among managers responsible for determining harvest limits for pumas and other subordinate, apex carnivores in areas where they are sympatric with dominant species. This may be especially important information for managers working in regions where wolves and brown bears are recolonizing and recovering, and historic competition scenarios among multiple apex predators are being realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kusler
- Panthera, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Pace University Pleasantville/Briarcliff, Pleasantville, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Elbroch LM, Lowrey B, Wittmer HU. The importance of fieldwork over predictive modeling in quantifying predation events of carnivores marked with GPS technology. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake Lowrey
- Systems Ecology Program, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
| | - Heiko U Wittmer
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Loscher DM, Meyer F, Kracht K, Nyakatura JA. Timing of head movements is consistent with energy minimization in walking ungulates. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1908. [PMID: 27903873 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many ungulates show a conspicuous nodding motion of the head when walking. Until now, the functional significance of this behaviour remained unclear. Combining in vivo kinematics of quadrupedal mammals with a computer model, we show that the timing of vertical displacements of the head and neck is consistent with minimizing energy expenditure for carrying these body parts in an inverted pendulum walking gait. Varying the timing of head movements in the model resulted in increased metabolic cost estimate for carrying the head and neck of up to 63%. Oscillations of the head-neck unit result in weight force oscillations transmitted to the forelimbs. Advantageous timing increases the load in single support phases, in which redirecting the trajectory of the centre of mass (COM) is thought to be energetically inexpensive. During double support, in which-according to collision mechanics-directional changes of the impulse of the COM are expensive, the observed timing decreases the load. Because the head and neck comprise approximately 10% of body mass, the effect shown here should also affect the animals' overall energy expenditure. This mechanism, working analogously in high-tech backpacks for energy-saving load carriage, is widespread in ungulates, and provides insight into how animals economize locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Loscher
- AG Humanbiologie, Department of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiete Meyer
- FG Mechatronische Maschinendynamik, Department of Mechanics, Einsteinufer 5, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kracht
- PAConsult GmbH, Environmental and Structural Dynamics Test Lab, Birkenau 3, 22087 Hamburg, Germany
| | - John A Nyakatura
- AG Morphologie und Formengeschichte, Image Knowledge Gestaltung: an interdisciplinary laboratory, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Bryce CM, Wilmers CC, Williams TM. Energetics and evasion dynamics of large predators and prey: pumas vs. hounds. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3701. [PMID: 28828280 PMCID: PMC5563439 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of fine-scale movement, performance, and energetics of hunting by large carnivores is critical for understanding the physiological underpinnings of trophic interactions. This is particularly challenging for wide-ranging terrestrial canid and felid predators, which can each affect ecosystem structure through distinct hunting modes. To compare free-ranging pursuit and escape performance from group-hunting and solitary predators in unprecedented detail, we calibrated and deployed accelerometer-GPS collars during predator-prey chase sequences using packs of hound dogs (Canis lupus familiaris, 26 kg, n = 4-5 per chase) pursuing simultaneously instrumented solitary pumas (Puma concolor, 60 kg, n = 2). We then reconstructed chase paths, speed and turning angle profiles, and energy demands for hounds and pumas to examine performance and physiological constraints associated with cursorial and cryptic hunting modes, respectively. Interaction dynamics revealed how pumas successfully utilized terrain (e.g., fleeing up steep, wooded hillsides) as well as evasive maneuvers (e.g., jumping into trees, running in figure-8 patterns) to increase their escape distance from the overall faster hounds (avg. 2.3× faster). These adaptive strategies were essential to evasion in light of the mean 1.6× higher mass-specific energetic costs of the chase for pumas compared to hounds (mean: 0.76 vs. 1.29 kJ kg-1 min-1, respectively). On an instantaneous basis, escapes were more costly for pumas, requiring exercise at ≥90% of predicted [Formula: see text] and consuming as much energy per minute as approximately 5 min of active hunting. Our results demonstrate the marked investment of energy for evasion by a large, solitary carnivore and the advantage of dynamic maneuvers to postpone being overtaken by group-hunting canids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M. Bryce
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust, Maun, Botswana
| | - Christopher C. Wilmers
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Terrie M. Williams
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lin HT, Leonardo A. Heuristic Rules Underlying Dragonfly Prey Selection and Interception. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1124-1137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
37
|
Energy Landscapes and the Landscape of Fear. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
38
|
Melanson EL. The effect of exercise on non-exercise physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults. Obes Rev 2017; 18 Suppl 1:40-49. [PMID: 28164451 PMCID: PMC5388457 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that structured exercise causes an additive increase in physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). However, the common observation that exercise often leads to a less than expected decrease in body weight, without changes in energy intake, suggests that some compensatory behavioral adaptations occur. A small number of human studies have shown that adoption of structured exercise can lead to decreases in PAEE, which is often interpreted as a decrease in physical activity (PA) behavior. An even smaller number of studies have objectively measured PA, and with inconsistent results. In animals, high levels of imposed PA induce compensatory changes in some components of TDEE. Recent human cohort studies also provide evidence that in those at the highest levels of PA, TDEE is similar when compared to less physically active groups. The objective of this review is to summarize the effects of structured exercise training on PA, sedentary behavior, PAEE and TDEE. Using models from ecological studies in animals and observational data in humans, an alternative model of TDEE in humans is proposed. This model may serve as a framework to investigate the complex and dynamic regulation of human energy budgets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Steenkamp G, Boy SC, Staden PJ, Bester MN. How the cheetahs' specialized palate accommodates its abnormally large teeth. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Steenkamp
- Department of Zoology and Entomology Mammal Research Institute Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - S. C. Boy
- Department of Oral Pathology School of Oral Health Sciences Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University Ga‐Rankuwa Pretoria South Africa
| | - P. J. Staden
- Department of Statistics Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - M. N. Bester
- Department of Zoology and Entomology Mammal Research Institute Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wilson RP, Holton MD, Walker JS, Shepard ELC, Scantlebury DM, Wilson VL, Wilson GI, Tysse B, Gravenor M, Ciancio J, McNarry MA, Mackintosh KA, Qasem L, Rosell F, Graf PM, Quintana F, Gomez-Laich A, Sala JE, Mulvenna CC, Marks NJ, Jones MW. A spherical-plot solution to linking acceleration metrics with animal performance, state, behaviour and lifestyle. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2016; 4:22. [PMID: 27688882 PMCID: PMC5035456 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-016-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are increasingly using recording devices with multiple sensors operating at high frequencies to produce large volumes of data which are problematic to interpret. A particularly challenging example comes from studies on animals and humans where researchers use animal-attached accelerometers on moving subjects to attempt to quantify behaviour, energy expenditure and condition. RESULTS The approach taken effectively concatinated three complex lines of acceleration into one visualization that highlighted patterns that were otherwise not obvious. The summation of data points within sphere facets and presentation into histograms on the sphere surface effectively dealt with data occlusion. Further frequency binning of data within facets and representation of these bins as discs on spines radiating from the sphere allowed patterns in dynamic body accelerations (DBA) associated with different postures to become obvious. METHOD We examine the extent to which novel, gravity-based spherical plots can produce revealing visualizations to incorporate the complexity of such multidimensional acceleration data using a suite of different acceleration-derived metrics with a view to highlighting patterns that are not obvious using current approaches. The basis for the visualisation involved three-dimensional plots of the smoothed acceleration values, which then occupied points on the surface of a sphere. This sphere was divided into facets and point density within each facet expressed as a histogram. Within each facet-dependent histogram, data were also grouped into frequency bins of any desirable parameters, most particularly dynamic body acceleration (DBA), which were then presented as discs on a central spine radiating from the facet. Greater radial distances from the sphere surface indicated greater DBA values while greater disc diameter indicated larger numbers of data points with that particular value. CONCLUSIONS We indicate how this approach links behaviour and proxies for energetics and can inform our identification and understanding of movement-related processes, highlighting subtle differences in movement and its associated energetics. This approach has ramifications that should expand to areas as disparate as disease identification, lifestyle, sports practice and wild animal ecology. UCT Science Faculty Animal Ethics 2014/V10/PR (valid until 2017).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory P. Wilson
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Mark D. Holton
- Visual Computing, Computer Science, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - James S. Walker
- Visual Computing, Computer Science, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Emily L. C. Shepard
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - D. Mike Scantlebury
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Vianney L. Wilson
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Gwendoline I. Wilson
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Brenda Tysse
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Mike Gravenor
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Javier Ciancio
- Centro Nacional Patagonico, Boulevard Brown s/n, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Melitta A. McNarry
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK
| | - Kelly A. Mackintosh
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK
| | - Lama Qasem
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
| | - Frank Rosell
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, N-3800 Bø i, Telemark, Norway
| | - Patricia M. Graf
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, N-3800 Bø i, Telemark, Norway
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-1180 Vienna Austria
| | - Flavio Quintana
- Centro Nacional Patagonico, Boulevard Brown s/n, Chubut, Argentina
| | | | - Juan-Emilio Sala
- Centro Nacional Patagonico, Boulevard Brown s/n, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Christina C. Mulvenna
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Nicola J. Marks
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Mark W. Jones
- Visual Computing, Computer Science, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
White CR, Alton LA, Crispin TS, Halsey LG. Phylogenetic comparisons of pedestrian locomotion costs: confirmations and new insights. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6712-6720. [PMID: 27777742 PMCID: PMC5058540 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The energetic costs for animals to locomote on land influence many aspects of their ecology. Size accounts for much of the among-species variation in terrestrial transport costs, but species of similar body size can still exhibit severalfold differences in energy expenditure. We compiled measurements of the (mass-specific) minimum cost of pedestrian transport (COTmin, mL/kg/m) for 201 species - by far the largest sample to date - and used phylogenetically informed comparative analyses to investigate possible eco-evolutionary differences in COTmin between various groupings of those species. We investigated number of legs, ectothermy and endothermy, waddling, and nocturnality specifically in lizards. Thus, our study primarily revisited previous theories about variations in COTmin between species, testing them with much more robust analyses. Having accounted for mass, while residual COTmin did not differ between bipedal and other species, specifically waddling bipeds were found to have relatively high COTmin. Furthermore, nocturnal lizards have relatively low COTmin although temperature does not appear to affect COTmin in ectotherms. Previous studies examining across-species variation in COTmin from a biomechanical perspective show that the differences between waddling birds and nonwaddling species, and between nocturnal lizards and other ecotherms, are likely to be attributable to differences in ground reaction forces, posture, and effective limb length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia; School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lesley A Alton
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia; School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Taryn S Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- Department of Life Sciences Centre for Research in Ecology University of Roehampton Holybourne Avenue London SW15 4JD UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Smirnova DS, Volodin IA, Demina TS, Volodina EV. Acoustic Structure and Contextual Use of Calls by Captive Male and Female Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158546. [PMID: 27362643 PMCID: PMC4928801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The vocal repertoire of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and the specific role of meow vocalizations in communication of this species attract research interest about two dozen years. Here, we expand this research focus for the contextual use of call types, sex differences and individual differences at short and long terms. During 457 trials of acoustic recordings, we collected calls (n = 8120) and data on their contextual use for 13 adult cheetahs (6 males and 7 females) in four Russian zoos. The cheetah vocal repertoire comprised 7 call types produced in 8 behavioural contexts. Context-specific call types (chirr, growl, howl and hiss) were related to courting behaviour (chirr) or to aggressive behaviour (growl, howl and hiss). Other call types (chirp, purr and meow) were not context-specific. The values of acoustic variables differed between call types. The meow was the most often call type. Discriminant function analysis revealed a high potential of meows to encode individual identity and sex at short terms, however, the vocal individuality was unstable over years. We discuss the contextual use and acoustic variables of call types, the ratios of individual and sex differences in calls and the pathways of vocal ontogeny in the cheetah with relevant data on vocalization of other animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darya S. Smirnova
- Department of Animal Science, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya A. Volodin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Research Department, Moscow Zoo, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Halsey LG. Terrestrial movement energetics: current knowledge and its application to the optimising animal. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1424-31. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.133256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The energetic cost of locomotion can be a substantial proportion of an animal's daily energy budget and thus key to its ecology. Studies on myriad species have added to our knowledge about the general cost of animal movement, including the effects of variations in the environment such as terrain angle. However, further such studies might provide diminishing returns on the development of a deeper understanding of how animals trade-off the cost of movement with other energy costs, and other ecological currencies such as time. Here, I propose the ‘individual energy landscape’ as an approach to conceptualising the choices facing the optimising animal. In this Commentary, first I outline previous broad findings about animal walking and running locomotion, focusing in particular on the use of net cost of transport as a metric of comparison between species, and then considering the effects of environmental perturbations and other extrinsic factors on movement costs. I then introduce and explore the idea that these factors combine with the behaviour of the animal in seeking short-term optimality to create that animal's individual energy landscape – the result of the geographical landscape and environmental factors combined with the animal's selected trade-offs. Considering an animal's locomotion energy expenditure within this context enables hard-won empirical data on transport costs to be applied to questions about how an animal can and does move through its environment to maximise its fitness, and the relative importance, or otherwise, of locomotion energy economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis G. Halsey
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Broekhuis F, Irungu O. Role reversal: record of cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus) kleptoparasitizing a kill from a spotted hyaena ( Crocuta crocuta). Afr J Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Femke Broekhuis
- Mara Cheetah Project; Kenya Wildlife Trust; PO Box 86 00502 Nairobi Kenya
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney House Abingdon Road Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Speakman JR, Hambly C. Using doubly-labelled water to measure free-living energy expenditure: Some old things to remember and some new things to consider. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 202:3-9. [PMID: 27040184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The doubly-labelled water (DLW) method provides the ability to measure the energy expenditure of free-living animals based only on the injection of two isotopes in water (one of oxygen and one of hydrogen) and traditionally the collection of 2 blood samples. We review here the fundamental basis of how the method works, and highlight how the choice of the appropriate calculation equation can have a large impact on the resultant estimates, particularly in species where the difference between the isotope elimination constants is small. This knowledge is not new, but is worth reiterating given the potential for error by making the wrong choice. In particular, it is important to remember that for mammals weighing less than 5kg, and birds weighing less than 2kg, the single pool models perform best in validation studies, while in mammals above 15kg the two-pool models perform best. Above 2kg in birds and between 5 and 15kg in mammals, however, the model superiority is uncertain. Even where the choice based on body mass would appear clear, the decision may need to be tempered by species specific information regarding potential additional sources for hydrogen turnover, such as de novo lipogenesis or methanogenesis. Recent advances in the technique have included attempts to make the method less invasive by using innovative methods for dosing and sample collection. In addition, the advent of laser spectroscopy, as a replacement technology for mass spectrometry, may open up many new opportunities in the field. These potentially include direct sampling of breath in the field and tracking background isotope drift using 17oxygen levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Energy cost and return for hunting in African wild dogs and cheetahs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11034. [PMID: 27023457 PMCID: PMC4820543 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are reported to hunt with energetically costly long chase distances. We used high-resolution GPS and inertial technology to record 1,119 high-speed chases of all members of a pack of six adult African wild dogs in northern Botswana. Dogs performed multiple short, high-speed, mostly unsuccessful chases to capture prey, while cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) undertook even shorter, higher-speed hunts. We used an energy balance model to show that the energy return from group hunting and feeding substantially outweighs the cost of multiple short chases, which indicates that African wild dogs are more energetically robust than previously believed. Comparison with cheetah illustrates the trade-off between sheer athleticism and high individual kill rate characteristic of cheetahs, and the energetic robustness of frequent opportunistic group hunting and feeding by African wild dogs. The long-distance hunting behaviour of African wild dogs is thought to be energetically costly. Here, Hubel et al. show that multiple opportunistic short-distance hunts and group feeding make African wild dogs in mixed woodland savannah energetically robust.
Collapse
|
47
|
Halsey LG. Do animals exercise to keep fit? J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:614-20. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis G. Halsey
- University of Roehampton Holybourne Avenue London SW15 4JD UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bryce CM, Williams TM. Comparative locomotor costs of domestic dogs reveal energetic economy of wolf-like breeds. J Exp Biol 2016; 220:312-321. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.144188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The broad diversity in morphology and geographic distribution of the 35 free-ranging members of the family Canidae is only rivaled by that of the domesticated dog, Canis lupus familiaris. Considered to be among nature's most elite endurance athletes, both domestic and wild canids provide a unique opportunity to examine the variability in mammalian aerobic exercise performance and energy expenditure. To determine the potential effects of domestication and selective breeding on locomotor gait and economy in canids, we measured the kinematics and mass-specific metabolism of three large (>20 kg) dog breed groups (northern breeds, retrievers, and hounds) of varying morphological and genomic relatedness to their shared progenitor, the gray wolf. By measuring all individuals moving in preferred steady-state gaits along a level transect and on a treadmill, we found distinct biomechanical, kinematic, and energetic patterns for each breed group. While all groups exhibited reduced total cost of transport (COT) at faster speeds, the total COT and net COT during trotting and galloping were significantly lower for northern breed dogs (3.0 and 2.1 J∙kg−1∙m−1, respectively) relative to hound (4.2 and 3.4 J∙kg−1∙m−1, respectively) and retriever dogs (3.8 and 3.0 J∙kg−1∙m−1, respectively) of comparable mass. Similarly, northern breeds expended less energy per stride (3.47 J∙kg−1∙stride−1) than hounds or retrievers (4.97 and 4.02 J∙kg−1∙stride−1, respectively). These results suggest that, in addition to their close genetic and morphological ties to gray wolves, northern breed dogs have retained highly cursorial kinematic and physiological traits that promote economical movement across the landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Bryce
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - T. M. Williams
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sutton GJ, Hoskins AJ, Arnould JPY. Benefits of Group Foraging Depend on Prey Type in a Small Marine Predator, the Little Penguin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144297. [PMID: 26674073 PMCID: PMC4682954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group foraging provides predators with advantages in over-powering prey larger than themselves or in aggregating small prey for efficient exploitation. For group-living predatory species, cooperative hunting strategies provide inclusive fitness benefits. However, for colonial-breeding predators, the benefit pay-offs of group foraging are less clear due to the potential for intra-specific competition. We used animal-borne cameras to determine the prey types, hunting strategies, and success of little penguins (Eudyptula minor), a small, colonial breeding air-breathing marine predator that has recently been shown to display extensive at-sea foraging associations with conspecifics. Regardless of prey type, little penguins had a higher probability of associating with conspecifics when hunting prey that were aggregated than when prey were solitary. In addition, success was greater when individuals hunted schooling rather than solitary prey. Surprisingly, however, success on schooling prey was similar or greater when individuals hunted on their own than when with conspecifics. These findings suggest individuals may be trading-off the energetic gains of solitary hunting for an increased probability of detecting prey within a spatially and temporally variable prey field by associating with conspecifics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace J. Sutton
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood Campus), Geelong, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew J. Hoskins
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood Campus), Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shirai M, Niizuma Y, Yamamoto M, Oda E, Ebine N, Oka N, Yoda K. High levels of isotope elimination improve precision and allow individual-based measurements of metabolic rates in animals using the doubly labeled water method. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12552. [PMID: 26611463 PMCID: PMC4673621 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Doubly labeled water (DLW) can be used to measure energy expenditure in free-ranging animals, but questions have been raised about its accuracy in different species or contexts. We investigated whether differences in the extent of isotope elimination affects the precision and accuracy of the DLW method, which can vary according to the experimental design or metabolic rate of the species. Estimated total energy expenditure by the DLW method (TEEdlw) was compared with actual total energy expenditure simultaneously measured via respirometry (TEEresp) in streaked shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas, a pelagic seabird. Subjects were divided into three groups with different experimental conditions: at rest on the ground for 24 h (Group A) or for 48 h (Group B), and at rest on the water for 24 h (Group C). TEEdlw in Group A matched TEEresp, whereas there was an overestimation of TEEdlw in both Groups B and C compared with TEEresp. However, compared with Group A, TEEdlw in Groups B and C had reduced the isotopic analytical variability and thus higher precision. The best regression model (TEEdlw = 1.37 TEEresp - 14.12) showed a high correlation (R(2) = 0.82) between TEEdlw and TEEresp and allows a correction factor for field metabolic rates in streaked shearwaters. Our results demonstrate that the commonly made assumption that the DLW method is not appropriate for individual-based estimates may be incorrect in certain circumstances. Although a correction factor may be necessary when using the DLW method to estimate metabolic rate, greater levels of isotope eliminations provides DLW estimates with high precision, which can adequately represent relative individual estimates. Nevertheless, the DLW method, should be used with caution when characterizing interspecies difference of energy expenditures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shirai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Niizuma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka Niigata, Japan
| | - Emiko Oda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ebine
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nariko Oka
- Division of Natural History, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Abiko Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken Yoda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|